Books: 'Analgesics/opioids'

1

Freye, Enno. Opioid agonists, antagonists and mixed narcotics analgesics: Theoretical background and considerations for practical use. Berlin: Springer, 1987.

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2

I, Basbaum A., and Besson Jean-Marie R, eds. Towards a new pharmacotherapy of pain: Report of the Dahlem Workshop on Towards a New Pharmacotherapy of Pain: Beyond Morphine, Berlin, 1989, November 12-17. Chichester [England]: Wiley, 1991.

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3

Opioids in cancer pain. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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4

Stannard, Catherine F. Opioids in non-cancer pain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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5

J, Meynadier, and Zenz M, eds. Regional opioid analgesia: Physiopharmacological basis, drugs, equipment, and clinical application. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

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6

Stimmel, Barry. Pain and its relief without addiction: Clinical issues in the use of opioids and other analgesics. 2nd ed. New York: Haworth Medical Press, 1996.

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7

Victor, Levy Joseph, ed. Opioids in medicine: A systematic and comprehensive review on the mode of action and the use of analgesics in different clinical pain states. Dordrecht: Springer, 2008.

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8

Katz, Nathaniel. Opioid prescribing toolkit. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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9

Opioid prescribing toolkit. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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10

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists., ed. Demystifying opioid conversion calculations: A guide for effective dosing. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2010.

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11

Webster, Lynn R. Avoiding opioid abuse while managing pain: A guide for practitioners. North Branch, MN: Sunrise River Press, 2007.

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12

Bannwarth, Bernard, and Francis Berenbaum. Systemic analgesics (including paracetamol and opioids). Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0029.

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Apart from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), there are only two categories of systemic analgesics, namely paracetamol (acetaminophen) and opioids, that are currently available worldwide for clinical use. Paracetamol is poorly effective in relieving pain and improving function in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA). Furthermore, its safety profile is less favourable than classically thought. In fact, there is evidence paracetamol acts as a weak inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase enzymes. Given that paracetamol poses a lower risk of severe adverse events than NSAIDs while being better tolerated than opioids, it is usually considered as the first-line systemic analgesic for OA. Commonly prescribed opioids are primarily agonists of the mu receptors, thereby producing similar desirable (analgesia) and untoward effects. Meta-analyses of short-term clinical trials showed that, on average, the modest clinical benefits of opioids did not outweigh the side effects in patients with knee or hip OA. Accordingly, most current guidelines support the use of opioids for selected OA patients only (e.g. patients who have not had an adequate response to other treatment modalities and are not candidates for total joint arthroplasty). In view of the limited efficacy and/or potential harms of available analgesics, particular attention was paid to novel painkillers, especially nerve growth factor (NGF) antagonists. Although these agents provided clinically meaningful improvements in pain and physical function in patients with hip or knee OA, they lead to severe side effects, including rapidly destructive arthropathies and neuropathies. Thus, if approved for marketing, NGF antagonists would be reserved for selected and well-defined patients with OA.

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13

Opioid Agonists, Antagonists and Mixed Narcotic Analgesics. Springer Verlag, 1987.

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14

Peppin, John F., Coleman John J. III, Kelly K. Dineen, and Adam J. Ruggles. Prescription Drug Diversion and Pain: History, Policy, and Treatment. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2018.

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15

Hatfield, Anthea. Analgesics. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199666041.003.0007.

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Analgesics are drugs used to relieve pain. They are divided into groups: opioids, non-steroidals, and adjuvants. This chapter gives you detailed information on their pharmacology. Once you fully understand the chemistry of these drugs you can go on to understand their clinical properties, how they react differently in different groups of people, and their side effects.

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16

Karen, Forbes, ed. Opioids in cancer pain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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17

Patel, Mayur B., and Pratik P. Pandharipande. Analgesics in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0043.

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Analgesia is a critical component of intensive care unit (ICU) care. Accordingly, understanding the mechanism, physiological consequences, and assessment of pain is important when caring for the ICU patient. Non-pharmacological approaches should be attempted before supplementing analgesia with pharmacological agents. Pharmacologically-based therapies are divided into regional and systemic therapies. Regional analgesic therapies target specific areas of the body while limiting the systemic effects of intravenous analgesics, but at the risk of invasiveness, local anaesthetic toxicity, and infection of in-dwelling catheters. Systemic analgesic therapy is comprised of two main categories—non-opioids and opioids. Typically, non-opioid analgesics are used as adjunctive therapies and consist of agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, gabapentinoids, ketamine, or α‎2 agonists. Opioid analgesia in the ICU is commonly infusion-based using fentanyl, hydromorphone, morphine, or recently, remifentanil.

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18

Opioids in Cancer Pain. Oxford University Press, USA, 2005.

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19

P, Davis Mellar, Glare Paul, and Hardy Janet, eds. Opioids in cancer pain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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20

Foo, Joanne, Benazir Saleem, and Philip G. Conaghan. Analgesics. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0078.

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Pain is one of the commonest presenting symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders and may be one the hardest to treat successfully. The available analgesic options provide different modes of action and their ranks continue to expand with new agents, some with multiple target action. This chapter reviews currently available analgesics (paracetamol and opioids) used for managing musculoskeletal pain and the agents used for neuropathic pain, including their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and side effects. The role of neuroleptic agents is reviewed, and a brief outline of some newer therapies for the treatment of pain such as tapentadol, and a potential therapy, anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibodies.

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21

Opioids in Cancer Pain (Oxford Pain Management Library Series). Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.

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22

Opioids in Non-Cancer Pain. Oxford University Press, 2013.

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23

Regional Opioid Analgesia: Physiopharmacological Basis, Drugs, Equipment and Clinical Application. Springer, 2012.

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24

Pain and Its Relief Without Addiction: Clinical Issues in the Use of Opioids and Other Analgesics. 2nd ed. Haworth Press, 1997.

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25

Stimmel, Barry. Pain and Its Relief Without Addiction: Clinical Issues in the Use of Opioids and Other Analgesics. 2nd ed. Haworth Press, 1997.

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26

Pham, Thien C., Courtney Kominek, Abigail Brooks, and Jeffrey Fudin. Opioid Pharmacotherapies for Chronic Pain (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0014.

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Chronic pain management employing opioids is divided into subtopics, including: risk–benefit balance; a review of the mode of action of opioid analgesics (Chap. 8); the suitability of synthetic opioids for neuropathic pain; endocrinopathy proceeding from opioid use; the use of the morphine-equivalent daily dose as a conversion tool for managing multiple opioids; the place of extended-release and long-acting opioids; current technology in abuse deterrence; and an overview of the challenges entailed in prescribing. This last section details the complex components of a decision to prescribe opioids for chronic pain. A table is provided of the classification of common opioid analgesics and their duration of activity. A text box gives the table of contents of Appendix B, supportive tables and figures therein for this chapter; there is also a text box listing additional resources.

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27

Sommer, Claudia. Endogenous opioids mediate stress-induced analgesia. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0031.

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This chapter reviews the landmark paper published in 1990 by Stein et al. and entitled ‘Opioids from immunocytes interact with receptors on sensory nerves to inhibit nociception in inflammation’. Opioids, besides acting centrally as analgesics, may act peripherally upon opioid receptors located on axons and on immune cells. In the publication by Stein et al., it was shown for the first time that endogenous opioid peptides released from immune cells mediate stress-induced analgesia, potentially through opioid receptors on peripheral nerve endings. This finding has led to numerous follow-up studies on endogenous analgesia, including work showing that cannabinoid analgesia is mediated via the peripheral release of opioids, and to the concept of topical opioid analgesia, which may be a good way of using the potent analgesia that opioids can convey, without their CNS-associated side effects.

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28

Sjøgren, Per, Frank Elsner, and Stein Kaasa. Non-opioid analgesics. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0096.

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Non-opioid analgesics encompass the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol (acetaminophen). The NSAIDs include acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin), dipyrone (metamizole), and numerous other drugs in diverse classes. The NSAIDs have potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity, and are among the most widely used drugs worldwide. In palliative medicine, they represent the first step of the World Health Organization’s analgesic ladder used for mild pain and they are an important supplement to opioids and adjuvant drugs at higher steps of the ladder. The disadvantages of non-opioid analgesics include a ceiling effect for pain relief and the risk of side effects. NSAIDs are also associated with an increased risk of adverse gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular effects and hepatotoxicity can result from overdosing with paracetamol. This chapter describes the clinical pharmacology of NSAIDs, their classification, molecular mechanisms of action and adverse effects, as well as some recent developments aimed at designing effective anti-inflammatory agents with improved safety and tolerability profiles.

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29

Pickering, Anthony, Cathy Stannard, and Micheal H. Coupe. Opioids in Non-Cancer Pain (Oxford Pain Management Library Series). Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.

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30

Candido, Kenneth D., and Teresa M. Kusper. Long-Acting Perioperative Opioids. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0009.

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Opioid medications are extensively utilized in the management of acute and chronic pain in the outpatient and inpatient clinical settings, as well as being used worldwide during both routine and complex surgeries. They have a long-standing, proven history of providing pain control during the perioperative period and have become an indispensable element of postsurgical analgesia. This chapter describes perioperative application of opioid medications, with a special focus on the long-acting opioids, morphine and hydromorphone. Most common side effects engendered using these agents and the remedies available for the treatment of those side effects are briefly discussed. Finally, the chapter provides a concise summery of various factors influencing the effectiveness of opioid analgesics, as well as analgesic considerations for special patient populations.

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31

Fomberstein, Kenneth, Marissa Rubin, Dipan Patel, John-Paul Sara, and Abhishek Gupta. Perioperative Opioid Analgesics of Use in Pain Management for Spine Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190626761.003.0004.

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This chapter compares the basic properties of several opioid analgesics and explores their applications in perioperative pain control in spine surgery. Parenteral opioids have long been the cornerstone of treatment for postoperative pain; they work by inhibiting voltage-gated calcium channels and increasing potassium influx, which results in reduced neuronal excitability, thereby inhibiting the ascending transmission of painful stimuli and activating the descending inhibitory pathways. This chapter reviews concepts including opioid conversion and rotation, opioid tolerance, and opioid cross-tolerance. It discusses common opioid side effects, and it explores the perioperative use of several specific opioids including remifentanil, sufentanil, methadone, oxycodone, morphine, and tapentadol and discusses their use in spine surgery. Additionally, this chapter discusses patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and its importance in postoperative pain control.

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32

Hester, Joan. Opioids in palliative care. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0018.

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Before Twycross published the paper discussed in this chapter, the use of opioids in palliative care was more folkloric than evidence based, relying on the wisdom of the ages rather than being observation based: patients with advanced cancer received little or no narcotic (opioid) analgesics because of fears of addiction, of rapid escalation in dose, and of impairment of mental faculties. This paper, published in 1975, was instrumental in questioning some of the myths that had surrounded the dark art of opioid use, and expounding a rational and practical treatise for their use in palliative care. Although it describes an era over 40 years ago, when practice was markedly different from that used today, it also introduced concepts that were ahead of their time, such as the psychosocial aspects of pain.

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33

Smith, Howard S. Opioid Therapy in the 21st Century (Oxford American Pain Library). Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.

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34

1956-, Smith Howard S., ed. Opioid therapy in the 21st century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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35

Fallon, Marie T., and Nathan I. Cherny. Opioid therapy: optimizing analgesic outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0094.

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Treatment with analgesic drugs is the mainstay of cancer pain management. The major group of drugs used in cancer pain management is the opioid analgesics. During the last 30 years, there has been a dramatic increase in our knowledge of the sites and mechanism of action of the opioids. The development of analytical methods has also been of great importance in facilitating pharmacokinetic studies of the disposition and fate of opioids in patients. More recently, advances in genomic research have indicated the potential importance of pharmacogenetic factors in the response to opioid analgesics. These studies have begun to offer us a better understanding of some of the sources of variation between individuals in their response to opioids and to suggest ways of minimizing some of their adverse effects. This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the pre-clinical pharmacology and clinical aspects of opioid analgesia and the principles of opioid administration.

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36

John, Grant. Understanding the opioid epidemic. 2018.

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37

Opioid Therapy in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2013.

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38

C, Strain Eric, and Stitzer Maxine L, eds. The treatment of opioid dependence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.

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39

The treatment of opioid dependence. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.

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40

Armstrong, Sarah L., and Gary M. Stocks. Postoperative analgesia after caesarean delivery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0024.

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Caesarean delivery (CD) is one of the most common operations in the world and providing effective pain relief is important not only for humanitarian reasons but also to speed up recovery and reduce postoperative complications. An understanding of the anatomy and physiology of pain transmission after CD has led to a multimodal approach to analgesia. This involves combining analgesics which work by different mechanisms resulting in an additive effect whilst at the same time reducing side effects. In contemporary practice, most CDs are carried out under neuraxial anaesthesia and neuraxial techniques using either intrathecal or epidural opioids have become central to the provision of effective postoperative analgesia. They reduce the need for systemic opioid analgesia and have few side effects, respiratory depression being the most significant but extremely uncommon. In circumstances where it is not possible to use neuraxial analgesia, for example, after general anaesthesia, other techniques such as intravenous patient-controlled analgesia using opioids and the transversus abdominis plane block have been shown to be effective. As part of the multimodal analgesic approach, many patients will require systemic analgesics to further improve pain relief and to limit side effects. Paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are now widely established in the management of postoperative CD pain where they have been shown to potentiate opioid effects, decrease opioid consumption, reduce side effects, and complement the somatic pain relief provided by opioids. As part of a step-down approach after primary management with neuraxial or intravenous opioids, oral opioids are often required as part of a multimodal regimen.

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41

Cashman, Jeremy N. Acute pain management in principle. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0004.

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Pain measurement is essential in evaluating response to analgesic therapy. The oral route is the route of choice for analgesics in non-fasting patients. Administering opioids by the neuraxial route provides superior analgesia to the same drug administered by parenteral routes. Clinical practice guidelines may be useful in acute pain management. Acute Pain Services improve the quality of post-operative pain management.

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42

Otis, James A. D. Non-Opioid Pharmacotherapies for Chronic Pain (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0015.

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The objective of chapter 15 is to describe analgesic approaches to chronic pain, excluding opioids. As such, it emphasizes, first, the available pharmacotherapies; and then procedures. The pharmacotherapies divide into analgesics, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); adjuvant analgesics, such as tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants; oral anesthetic agents (cardiotropics); adrenergic agonists; topical agents such as capsaicin and local anesthetic solutions and ointments; and muscle relaxants such as cyclobenzaprine, tizanidine, and baclofen. Interventions include many best administered by anesthesiologists such as infusions of anesthetic agents; trigger point injections; local and regional blockade, spinal injections including corticosteroids; and electrical spinal cord stimulation. A text box is provided with additional resources.

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43

Jianren, Mao, ed. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia. New York: Informa Healthcare USA, 2009.

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44

Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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45

Furnish, Timothy, and Engy Said. New Vistas in Perioperative Pain Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0022.

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The chapter “New Vistas in Perioperative Pain Management” provides an overview of analgesics for acute pain that have been recently introduced and that are in development as well as a discussion of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs that make use of multimodal analgesic regimens. It reviews the innovation in analgesics that has focused on new formulations and uses of older compounds including oral, intravenous, and transmucosal agents. It describes the potential role of mu-opioid g-protein modulators as novel opioids with an improved adverse effect profile as well as a novel opioid with the potential for lower abuse potential. It also explains the use of analgesic regimens and pathways in ERAS programs to reduce recovery times and length of hospital stays.

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46

Meldrum, Marcia L., ed. Opioids and Pain Relief: A Historical Perspective (PROGRESS IN PAIN RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT). International Association for the Study of Pain, 2003.

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47

Mofeez, Ali, and Upal Hossain. Acute pain in haematological disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0014.

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The use of painkillers ranging from simple analgesics to strong opioids is a common feature in the acute pain management of haematological conditions. However, each disease also has its own specific aetiological factors for pain, requiring specific treatment. Haematological patients with chronic pain on long-term opioid therapy may require multidisciplinary pain management to improve quality of life and prevent chronic escalation of opioid doses. Intramuscular injections should be avoided in all patients. The use of pethidine (meperidine) is not recommended.

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48

Dashfield, Adrian. Acute pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0040.

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This chapter discusses the management of acute pain. It begins with an introduction which describes the benefits of acute pain management and the measurement of pain. Analgesic drugs are then described, including paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids (including their comparative efficacy). Patient-controlled analgesia, epidural analgesia, and continuous peripheral nerve blockade are described. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture are discussed. The management of the patient with a substance misuse disorder is discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of non-opioid adjuvant analgesics.

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49

Dashfield, Adrian. Acute pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0040_update_001.

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This chapter discusses the management of acute pain. It begins with an introduction which describes the benefits of acute pain management and the measurement of pain. Analgesic drugs are then described, including paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids (including their comparative efficacy). Patient-controlled analgesia, epidural analgesia, and continuous peripheral nerve blockade are described. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture are discussed. The management of the patient with a substance misuse disorder is discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of non-opioid adjuvant analgesics.

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50

Chun-Su, Yuan, ed. Handbook of opioid bowel dysfunction. New York: Haworth Medical Press, 2005.

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Books on the topic 'Analgesics/opioids'

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