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1
Apostolov, Mico. "Corporate governance in Macedonia – micro and macro analysis." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 1, no. 1 (2011): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv1i1art10.
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The corporate governance issue in Macedonian companies has been brought forward during the recent few years. The main reason is the fact that the privatization process completion of socially-owned and partly state-owned enterprises has put emphasis to the challenge to reasonably regulate relationships established within companies on one hand, and relationships between companies and larger society on the other. All market economies, including those with longest tradition, have faced this kind of challenge so far. Corporate governance becomes an increasingly important issue for the Macedonian economy. It is being taken with greater consideration by the companies, regulators and government. The strong wave of privatization programs from mid-90’ have resulted in an altered business environment, and new legal and institutional frameworks have been established. Indeed, corporate governance contributes to sustainable economic development by enhancing the performance of companies and increasing their access to external sources of capital. In this paper we will make attempt to analyze the predominant factors that Create a prolific corporate governance environment in two terms; a) micro level and macro level.
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Uluskan, Meryem, and A. Blanton Godfrey. "Business environment-supply chain framework and benchmarking supply chain structures." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 8 (November 29, 2018): 3021–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-11-2017-0293.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a supply chain management framework covering different business environment levels, that is, macro, micro and supply chain levels, and also to evaluate Haiti vs China as apparel-sourcing partners by assessing macro-level, supply-chain-level and micro-level environments from the US apparel buyers’ perspective. Design/methodology/approach In order to achieve this, first, a framework covering these business environment levels was developed and tested through path analysis. Prior to path analysis exploratory factor analysis was conducted to verify proposed factor structures. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews with a sample of 41 apparel companies that operate in the USA and source from China and Haiti. Findings This study found that both supply-chain-level and micro-level environments positively impact global supply chain performance. Supply-chain-level also has a direct effect on micro-level environment and macro-level environment has only a direct effect on supply-chain-level environment. Interviews and discussions based on this framework indicate that Haiti’s proximity to the USA, price, low-wage rates, small-order sourcing opportunities and good basic sewing skills are among Haiti’s strengths. Originality/value This study is unique in developing a multi-level environment framework for supply chain management and in comparing Haiti and China in terms of their supply chains to evaluate the potential competitiveness of Haitian apparel supply chain.
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Остаев, Гамлет, Gamlet Ostaev, Айгуль Клычова, Augul Klychova, Ирина Соколова, and Irina Sokolova. "MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING OF MACRO ENVIRONMENT, MESA ENVIRONMENT AND MICRO ENVIRONMENT IN AGRARIAN BUSINESS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5ccedf7810aeb6.58459686.
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An important and difficult problem in the agricultural business is not only the production of crop and livestock products, but also their processing. Agricultural business has a great impact on the country’s economy in modern times. In the conditions of the modern market, there is an increasing demand for the study of the theory and practice of management accounting and its features in relation to a specific target audience. Among the variety of agricultural organizations that has emerged, the most important is to determine priorities in improving our own business in order to increase its efficiency and uniqueness. For reliable information and analytical support for agricultural business and management decisions, it is necessary to keep management records in organizations (production accounting, budgeting, management, planning, analysis, evaluation, abstraction, etc.). At the present stage of economic relations between business entities, it can be said that the success of any agricultural business depends largely on management accounting, which should point to the advantages, novelty and main features of the business that distinguish it from its competitors in the field of agriculture. The success of management accounting, as an instrument of the entire business mechanism of an economic entity, is currently determined by three main factors: purposefulness; systematic character; and clearly defined quality of information provision for management decision-making. Any management decision made in the agricultural business should be based on timely analyzed information on the macro environment, the environment and the microenvironment. Thus, management accounting gives impetus to the development of agricultural business on the basis of the studied factors.
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Pereverzieva, Anna, Olena Hubar, and Oleh Moskalenko. "ASSESSMENT OF THE FACTORS OF MICRO- AND MACRO-MARKETING ENVIRONMENT OF THE FIRM ACTIVITY IN THE MARKET." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 3-4 (2021): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2021.3-4.16.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is to offer a method of estimating the factors of micro- and macro-marketing environment, which will allow identifying potentially profitable markets of the world. Methodology of research. Theoretical analysis of concepts and principles is carried out on the basis of using general scientific methods. The main tools of practical research are based on the use of matrix methods that allow systematizing the results and presenting them in tabular form, which facilitates the implementation of comparative analysis. Certain mathematical dependences, namely the formula of the geometric mean, are used to determine the weighted values of the factors of micro- and macro-marketing environment. This uses two approaches, one of which allows you to take into account all the factors at once, and the other involves the compensation of lower values of higher values. Findings. Factors of macro- and micro-marketing environment are singled out. Among the main macro-factors are identified political-legal, economic, demographic, technical-technological and cultural. At the micro level, the key role for the company’s activities in the international market is played by such marketing factors as: competitors, consumers, intermediaries and others. A toolkit for assessing the factors of the micro- and macro-marketing environment is proposed, which allows identifying markets, attractive activities and development. Originality. An evaluation method was developed that allows taking into account not only quantitative but also qualitative factors in the analysis. An element of scientific novelty is the application of the matrix method to the analysis of factors of the micro- and macro-economic environment, which ultimately allows determining the country’s market, which has the most favourable environment for functioning. Practical value. Practical significance determines the universality of the proposed method, which can be used for any group of factors, regardless of the classification criteria, and the method of presenting the results in a convenient form – in the form of a matrix – significantly optimizes and facilitates comparative analysis and allows to determine country and market for exit, which have the most favourable conditions for activity and development. Key words: micro-marketing environment, macro-marketing environment, factors, competition, consumers, market, intermediaries.
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Zavadskas, Edmundas Kazimieras, Artūras Kaklauskas, Povilas Vainiūnas, and Jonas Šaparauskas. "A MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT FORMATION." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 8, no. 4 (December 31, 2004): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2004.9637519.
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Life in any modern city of the world is concentrated mostly in a particular ever‐changing environment. Micro, meso and macro environments have a direct impact on sustainable urban development opportunities. This may facilitate sustainable urban development or, on the contrary, it may create constraints. Micro, meso and macro environments must be considered as an aggregate of forces influencing sustainable urban development and combining both the factors that have a direct impact and those whose impact is indirectly. This researches aim was to develop a model of sustainable urban development formation by undertaking a complex analysis of micro, meso and macro environmental factors affecting it and to present recommendations for the increase of its competitive abilities.
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Kui, Zhao, Kui Zhao, and Jiang Xin Yang. "Evaluation Architecture and Method of Quality Survival and Development Index for Product." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 4661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.4661.
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This paper proposed the concept of quality survival and development index. The evaluation indicators system for quality survival and development index was established which includes customer satisfaction indicators of micro-environment and quality fitness Indicators of macro-environment. Breaking the traditional limitations of quality studying that focus only on customer satisfaction rather than from a macro perspective to evaluate the quality of products. Combining micro-environment and macro-environment together to established a mathematical model of quality survival and development index. Finally, an example of CNC machine tools was employed to analysis, utilizing fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Through all this, we validate this method of evaluation index system practicality and effectiveness.
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Zavadskas, Edmundas Kazimieras, Romualdas Ginevičius, Artūras Kaklauskas, and Audrius Banaitis. "ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF THE LITHUANIAN REAL ESTATE SECTOR." Journal of Business Economics and Management 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2005.9636102.
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The model for an efficient real estate sector as suggested by this research is based on the presumption that the efficiency of a real estate sector depends on many macro and micro level variables. The presence of specific macro and micro level variable factors right away imposes objective limitations for efficient activities within the real estate sector. The real estate sector, in the presence of these objective limitations, tries to perform its functions within their bounds with the utmost efficiency. The research aimed at producing a model of a rational real estate sector by undertaking a complex analysis of micro and macro environment factors that affect it and to provide recommendations that would increase its competitive ability. In order to demonstrate the application of the above research by developing a model for an efficient real estate sector, a selection of rational housing investment instruments and lenders will be considered in this paper as a sample.
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Cavender, RayeCarol, and Doris H. Kincade. "A luxury brand management framework built from historical review and case study analysis." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 43, no. 10/11 (October 6, 2015): 1083–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-07-2014-0103.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a luxury brand management (LBM) framework that accounts for the changing luxury environment (i.e. heterogeneous consumer populations, operations within markets of varying maturity, need for seamless customer experiences, and Omni-channel retailing). Framework set within this new luxury business environment and environmental phenomena unique to the fashion industry (i.e. fashion adoption, zeitgeist). Design/methodology/approach – Case study of leading luxury conglomerate, Louis Vuitton Möet Hennessy (LVMH), combined with in-depth historical review of luxury industry. Primary and secondary data sources yielded thick descriptions of brands in LVMH portfolio and larger luxury industry, in which conglomerate is the predominant organizational structure. Content analysis of data-tracked relationships and emergent patterns. Recontextualization techniques were employed to identify key dimensions of brand management operations for sample company and further explicated indicators, sub-variables, and measurements. Macro and micro dimensions were combined for the final framework. Findings – Findings revealed a LBM framework with specific dimensions at the micro or company level that are combined with variables and indicators in the macro-business environment. Strategic management response was also identified as a tool companies can use to synthesize brand management strategies throughout company and remain adaptive to environment. Originality/value – Contributes to company-based luxury research. Holistic findings; framework was constructed from the micro-company level within a macro-environmental context, increasing its relevancy for firms. Potential to be employed in strategic brand management decisions of luxury companies, regardless of their corporate structure, size, or age.
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Kosoy, Boris. "Micro channels in macro thermal management solutions." Thermal Science 10, no. 1 (2006): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0601081k.
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Modern progress in electronics is associated with increase in computing ability and processing speed, as well as decrease in size. Future applications of electronic devices in aviation, aero space and high performance consumer products? industry demand on very stringent specifications concerning miniaturization, component density, power density and reliability. Excess heat produces stresses on internal components inside the electronic device, thus creating reliability problems. Thus, a problem of heat generation and its efficient removal arises and it has led to the development of advanced thermal control systems. Present research analyses a thermodynamic feasibility of micro capillary heat pumped net works in thermal management of electronic systems, considers basic technological constrains and de sign availability, and identifies perspective directions for the further studies. Computer Fluid Dynamics studies have been per formed on the laminar convective heat transfer and pressure drop of working fluid in silicon micro channels. Surface roughness is simulated via regular constructal, and stochastic models. Three-dimensional numerical solution shows significant effects of surface roughness in terms of the rough element geometry such as height, size, spacing and the channel height on the velocity and pressure fields.
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Petrovic, Nenad, Selena Vasic, Dejan Milic, Suad Suljovic, and Samir Konicanin. "GPU-supported simulation for ABEP and QoS analysis of a combined macro diversity system in a gamma-shadowed k-μ fading channel." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 34, no. 1 (2021): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee2101089p.
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In this paper we have analyzed macro-diversity (MD) system with one macro SC diversity (MD SC) receiver and two micro MRC (mD MRC) receivers over correlated Gamma-shadowed k-? fading channel. The average bit error probability (ABEP) is calculated using the moment generating function (MGF) approach for BDPSK and BPSK modulations. Graphical representation of the results illustrates the effects of different parameters of the system on its performance as well as the improvements due to the benefits of a combined micro and macro diversity. The obtained analytical expressions are used for the GPU-enabled mobile network modeling, planning and simulation environment to determine the value of Quality of Service (QoS) parameter. Finally, linear optimization is proposed as an approach to improve the QoS parameter of the fading-affected system observed in this paper.
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Tripathi, I. D., M. Singh, and S. Chandra. "Genotype X macro- and micro-environment interactions in barley populations (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Journal of Agricultural Science 106, no. 3 (June 1986): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600063371.
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SummaryTriple test cross progenies arising from F2 of three crosses, namely, C164 x EB1556 BG25 x NP21 and BH15 x RD103, were used for investigating their interactions with macro- and micro-environments for number of days to heading, plant height, number of tillers per plant, ear length, number of grains per ear, 100-grain weight and yield per plant in barley. The analysis indicated, in general, that the additive component of genetic variance was more sensitive to macro-environment than non-additive components. In order to have a more precise estimate of this component, an experiment repeated over a larger number of locations and years would be desirable. The ‘j and l’type of epistasis showed sensitivity equal to the dominance components in response to the change of soil conditions. Covariances between family means and variances were used to detect the interactions of genetic components with the micro-environmental differences. The additive and the dominance components showed sensitivity to microenvironmental changes and were not differentially affected by the adverse soil condition compared with normal soil. The additive gene effects were relatively more sensitive, indicating the probable superiority of heterozygotes over the corresponding homozygotes with regard to stability.Amongst the three populations, the population resulting from BH15 x RD103 was found to be most sensitive. Although the genotype x environment interaction for a character was population-specific, number of grains per ear and yield per plant were invariably the most sensitive.
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Khan, Eijaz Ahmed, and Mohammed Quaddus. "Financial bootstrapping of informal micro-entrepreneurs in the financial environment." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 11/12 (March 6, 2020): 1533–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-07-2019-0138.
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PurposeThis study first examines whether the capital structure served as a mediator between financing mix and firm performance. Furthermore, the authors investigate whether this mediation effect was moderated by the financial environment. Grounded in the pecking order theory (POT) and dynamic capability view (DCV), this study extends these concepts by configuring all links to a moderated mediation model.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach and multiple regression analysis using “Hayes PROCESS macro” to empirically examine the model using data collected from 384 informal micro-firms operating in Bangladesh.FindingsIn the mediation analyses, results found that capital structure was a mediator in the link between financing mix and firm performance. In further moderated mediation analyses, outcomes confirmed that this mediation effect was moderated by the financial environment.Research limitations/implicationsThis investigation shows paths for future research including implications for theory advancement and intervention development.Originality/valueThis investigation offers the first step towards examining a moderated mediation effect, using POT and DCV, of the relationship between financial environment, financing mix, capital structure and firm performance.
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Posukhova, Oxana, Oxana Nor-Arevyan, Pavel Zayats, and Ludmila Klimenko. "SCENARIO FOR PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF RUSSIAN MEGAPOLISES (USING THE EXAMPLE OF ‘WHITE COLLAR’ WORKERS)." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 27, 2018): 716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1238.
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Scenarios for professional identity development are studied using level-based sociological analysis, i.e., at a social micro-level in a group of peer professionals and at an institutional macro-level in a social and professional structure of a megapolis. Based on the research, in which ‘white collar’ workers were chosen as a reference group, the authors conclude that a professional identity in a megapolis experiences multidirectional influence of imitative professionalism. In addition, an identification model matrix is formed that focuses on professional identity as a self-identification that self-attributes to a group of professionals as a power with active social and civil position. The discovered trends are reviewed at macro- and micro-levels.
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Rogov, Mikhail, and Céline Rozenblat. "Urban Resilience Discourse Analysis: Towards a Multi-Level Approach to Cities." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 4431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124431.
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This study aims to understand the current state of research in urban resilience, its relations to urban sustainability and to integrate several distinct approaches into a multi-level perspective of cities comprising micro, meso and macro levels and their interactions. In fact, based on the meta-analysis of nearly 800 papers from Scopus from 1973 to 2018, we show that urban resilience discourses address micro and meso levels, considering shocks of bottom-up origin such as natural disasters. In contrast, the regional resilience approach addresses meso and macro levels (regional and global scales), considering shocks of top-down origin such as world economic crises. We find these approaches complementary and argue that in order to expand the urban resilience theory and overcome its limitations, they should be combined. For that purpose we propose a multi-level perspective that integrates both top-down and bottom-up dynamic processes. We argue that urban resilience is shaped by the synchronicity of adaptive cycles on three levels: micro, meso and macro. To build the multi-level approach of dynamics of adaptive cycles we use the panarchy framework.
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O’Neill, Brian. "Ecological perspectives and children’s use of the Internet: exploring micro to macro level analysis." Eesti Haridusteaduste Ajakiri. Estonian Journal of Education 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2015): 32–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/eha.2015.3.2.02b.
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Age-old debates on children’s encounters with media technologies reveal a long, fractured and contentious tradition within communication and media studies. Despite the fact there have been studies of effects of media use by children since the earliest days of broadcasting, the subject remains under-theorised, poorly represented in the literature and not widely understood in media policy debates. Old debates have intensified in relation to the study of children and the internet. Pitted between alarmist accounts of risks, excessive use and harmful effects on the one hand and the many accounts about "digital natives" and the transformational power of technology is the empirical project – represented by EU Kids Online among others – of building an evidence base for understanding the evolving environment for youth online engagement. In this paper, I situate that body of work in an ecological context, both in the sense of the Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological model that has been so important in the new sociology of childhood, as well as in the more loosely defined theoretical approach of media ecology. The latter tradition, associated primarily with McLuhan and later Postman, frames the media environment as a complex interplay between technology and society in which modes of communication and mediated interaction fundamentally shape human behaviour and social life. These strands offer the basis for framing some of the issues of evidence-based policymaking relating to internet governance, regulation and youth protection online.
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Tournier, Hugues, Kaisheng Hu, and Shuhui Deng. "Mix of analog and digital circuitry analysis in a noisy environment." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-wp1-paper3.
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High transient current from a digital circuitry, fast di/dt, within an analog circuitry co-existence is very demanding. Analysis of the diverse potential noise coupling path, and suggested solutions, is required to guarantee proper functionality and performances of both circuitries. Our noise analysis includes the die, package and PCB power supply and decoupling strategy. This analysis takes into consideration the efficiency of the power delivery Network, PDN, at a Macro and Micro environment. The analysis is using 3D Simulations techniques based on causal model. With this novel technique, we investigate the potential noise induction through the ground path and isolation. For the conclusion, we suggest a method that improve the PI analysis over a mix signal IC..
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Grilli, Annette Renee, Malcolm Spaulding, Christopher O'Reilly, and Gopu Potty. "OFFSHORE WIND FARM MACRO AND MICRO SITING PROTOCOL APPLICATION TO RHODE ISLAND." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 15, 2012): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.73.
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Since 2008, the Rhode Island (RI) Coastal Resources Management Council has been leading the development of an Ocean Special Area Management Plan (Ocean SAMP), in partnership with the University of Rhode Island, resulting in an extensive multidisciplinary analysis of the Rhode Island offshore environment and its suitability to site offshore wind farms. As part of SAMP, a comprehensive macro-siting optimization tool: the Wind Farm Siting Index (WIFSI), integrating technical, societal, and ecological constraints, was developed within the conceptual framework of ecosystem services. WIFSI uses multivariate statistical analyses (principal component and k-means cluster analyses) to define homogeneous regions, which integrate and balance ecological and societal constraints as part of a Cost/Benefit tool. More recently, a Wind Farm micro-Siting Optimization Tool was developed (WIFSO), which uses a genetic algorithm to derive the optimal layout of a wind farm sited within one of the macro-siting selected regions. In this work, we present an overview of the current state of development of the integrated macro- and micro- siting tools.
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Nieuwendyk, L. M., A. P. Belon, H. Vallianatos, K. D. Raine, D. Schopflocher, J. C. Spence, R. C. Plotnikoff, and Candace I. Nykiforuk. "How perceptions of community environment influence health behaviours: using the Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity Framework as a mechanism for exploration." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 36, no. 9 (September 2016): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.36.9.01.
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Introduction Overweight and obesity are influenced by a complex interplay of individual and environmental factors that affect physical activity and healthy eating. Nevertheless, little has been reported on people’s perceptions of those factors. Addressing this critical gap and community partner needs, this study explored how people perceived the influence of micro- and macroenvironmental factors on physical activity and healthy eating. Methods Community partners wanted the study results in a format that would be readily and easily used by local decision makers. We used photovoice to engage 35 community members across four municipalities in Alberta, Canada, and to share their narratives about their physical activity and healthy eating. A combination of inductive and deductive analysis categorized data by environmental level (micro vs. macro) and type (physical, political, economic, and sociocultural), guided by the Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity Framework. Results Participants conceptualized health-influencing factors more broadly than physical activity and healthy eating to include “community social health.” Participants spoke most often about the influence of the microenvironment (n = 792 ANGELO Framework coding tallies) on their physical activity, healthy eating and community social health in comparison to the macroenvironment (n = 93). Photovoice results provided a visual narrative to community partners and decision makers about how people’s ability to make healthy choices can be limited by macroenvironmental forces beyond their control. Conclusion Focussing future research on macro- and microenvironmental influences and localized community social health can inform practice by providing strategies on how to implement healthy changes within communities, while ensuring that research and interventions echo diverse people’s perceptions.
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Zhang, Hong, Quan Luo, Xu Hui Liu, Peng Wang, and Ding Feng. "Fracture Failure Analysis of N80 Q Marine Casing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 318 (May 2013): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.318.331.
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The 13-3/8〞casing of a well was bent down and broken off in the marine development completion process. The cause for the fracture is systematically analyzed by means of chemical composition analysis, mechanical properties testing, macro and micro fracture analysis and metallographic analysis. The results indicate that, the heterogeneity of the casing material and large oxide metallurgical inclusions found in fracture place severely reduce the properties of the material, which lead to the failure of casing pipe in bad service environment.
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Yu, Yan Yan, Ti Jie Song, and Zeng Wei Lu. "Crack Analysis of Casting Stainless Steel Support." Materials Science Forum 1032 (May 2021): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1032.201.
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A crack is found on the surface of stainless steel casting support. The crack was analyzed by macro and micro observation of fracture surface, Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) analysis, chemical analysis, microstructure examination and hardness test. Moreover, the stress distribution was simulated by finite element analysis. The results show that the crack model of the support is stress corrosion. The stress at the crack location is the largest. Three main factors of stress corrosion were the crack of paint layer, marine atmospheric environment and the pretightening force for the support. Because the service environment cannot be changed, therefore, surface paint protective effect and reduction of preload can be improved to avoid stress corrosion cracking again on the support.
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Tan, Lay Hong, Boon Cheong Chew, and Syaiful Rizal Hamid. "A holistic perspective on sustainable banking operating system drivers." Qualitative Research in Financial Markets 9, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 240–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrfm-12-2016-0052.
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PurposeThis paper aims to provide a more holistic perspective on rationales that motivated Maybank to move toward a sustainable banking operating system. Design/methodology/approachThe case study was based on primary data collected through a series of qualitative interview with 35 bankers who were from different departments. Besides, the secondary data such as academic books and journals, government and regulatory authority’s publications, website publications, Maybank’s annual reports and Maybank’s sustainability reports were reviewed to obtain a more comprehensive understanding on rationales that motivated Maybank to move toward a sustainable banking operating system. FindingsWithin the corporation studied, the rationales for moving Maybank toward sustainable banking operating system are driven by macro-, meso- and micro-level drivers. In terms of macro-level drivers, the pressures come from the bank’s external environment. A PESTLE analysis is used to discuss the drivers for change present within the macro environment. The different national government bodies and non-government organizations are calling upon financial institutions to implement more socially and environmentally friendly lending policies. In terms of meso-level drivers, stakeholders are viewed as important driving forces for Maybank to integrate sustainability into banking operations. Internal driving forces are likely to emanate from employees, the board of directors and shareholders. External driving forces result from pressure from customers, governments, competitors, NGOs and society at large. Micro-level drivers are drivers of sustainable banking that include pressures generated from within the bank’s internal environment. Maybank is largely motivated by its mission statement and vision statement, which is articulated in their sustainable banking agenda. Research limitations/implicationsViewing the rationales that motivated Maybank to move toward a sustainable banking operating system through multiple perspectives – macro-, meso- and micro-level drivers present an interesting approach for research. Originality/valueThe rationales for moving Maybank toward a sustainable banking operating system are driven by macro-, meso- and micro-level drivers. This paper provides fresh insight into rationales that move toward the sustainable banking operating system.
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Jusel, Tomaš, and Aurelija Burinskienė. "PERĖJIMAS PRIE ŽIEDINĖS EKONOMIKOS: STABDANČIŲ IR SKATINANČIŲ VEIKSNIŲ SĄVEIKA MIKRO-, MEZO- IR MAKROLYGMENIMIS / TRANSITION TO CIRCULAR ECONOMY: BARRIERS AND DRIVERS INTERACTION AT MICRO, MESO AND MACRO LEVELS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 11 (June 26, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2019.9633.
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Threats caused by linear economy pushes humanity for transition to circular economy model. At macro level benefits of circular economy are seen very clearly, due to that, governments set priorities to reduce the environmental impact of economic growth and encourage businesses and consumers to implement circular economy principles. However, implementation of circular economy at micro level, by businesses and consumers, still appears to be in early stages. The purpose of this article is to create holistic view of barriers and drivers of circular economy, which would help to understand ways for encouraging business and consumer to use circular economy principles. For this purpose, 28 circular economy barriers and 22 circular economy drivers described in scientific literature was analysed. The result of the analysis - created system of circular economic barriers and drivers, which shows: directions for required macro level support to promote the transition of micro and meso level to circular economy model; way for benefits generated by micro and meso level, to achieve a macro level environment. The results of the research are theoretical and refer to the direction of further research.
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Yao, Yuan, and Ying Lin. "Acoustic adaptation hypothesis in macro‐ and micro environments: An analysis of frog calls." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116, no. 4 (October 2004): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4785528.
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Tao, Yuanyuan, Qianxin Wang, and Yan Zou. "Simulation and Analysis of Urban Production–Living–Ecological Space Evolution Based on a Macro–Micro Joint Decision Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 9832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189832.
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The precise simulation of urban space evolution and grasping of the leading factors are the most important basis for urban space planning. However, the simulation ability of current models is lacking when it comes to complicated/unpredictable urban space changes, resulting in flawed government decision-making and wasting of urban resources. In this study, a macro–micro joint decision model was proposed to improve the ability of urban space evolution simulation. The simulation objects were unified into production, living and ecological space to realize “multiple planning in one”. For validation of the proposed model and method, remote sensing images, geographic information and socio-economic data of Xuzhou, China from 2000 to 2020 were collected and tested. The results showed that the simulation precision of the cellular automata (CA) model was about 87% (Kappa coefficient), which improved to 89% if using a CA and multi-agent system (MAS) joint model. The simulation precision could be better than 92% using the prosed model. The result of factor weight determination indicated that the micro factors affected the evolution of production and living space more than the macro factors, while the macro factors had more influence on the evolution of ecological space than the micro factors. Therefore, active policies should be formulated to strengthen the ideological guidance towards micro individuals (e.g., a resident, farmer, or entrepreneur), and avoid disordered development of living and production space. In addition, ecological space planning should closely link with the local environment and natural conditions, to improve urban ecological carrying capacity and realize urban sustainable development.
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Keane, Michael, and Richard Rogerson. "Micro and Macro Labor Supply Elasticities: A Reassessment of Conventional Wisdom." Journal of Economic Literature 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 464–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.2.464.
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The response of aggregate labor supply to various changes in the economic environment is central to many economic issues, especially the optimal design of tax policies. Conventional wisdom based on studies in the 1980s and 1990s has long held that the analysis of micro data leads one to conclude that aggregate labor supply elasticities are quite small. In this paper we argue that this conventional wisdom does not hold up to empirically reasonable and relevant extensions of simple life cycle models that served as the basis for these conclusions. In particular, we show that several pieces of conventional wisdom fail in the presence of human capital accumulation or labor supply decisions that allow for adjustment along both the extensive and intensive margin. We conclude that previous estimates of small labor supply elasticities based on micro data are fully consistent with large aggregate labor supply elasticities. (JEL D91, E24, J22)
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Тихомиров, Олег Алексеевич. "ECOLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS STATE OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE TVER REGION." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 1(39) (March 19, 2020): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2020.1.15.
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Приводится эколого-геохимический анализ состояния природной среды Тверской области. Рассматриваются природные условия и геохимия ландшафтов. Анализируются основные источники загрязняющих веществ, оценивается геохимическая трансформация городской среды. Дается характеристика концентраций основных макро- и микрополлютантов в компонентах природы региона. Выявляются основные закономерности распределения загрязняющих веществ в компонентах природной среды. Ecological and geochemical analysis of the natural environment of the Tver region is given. Natural conditions and Geochemistry of landscapes are considered. The main sources of pollutants are analyzed, the geochemical transformation of the urban environment is estimated. The characteristic of the concentrations of the main macro-and micro-pollutants in the components of the nature of the region is given. The main regularities of the distribution of pollutants in the components of the natural environment are revealed.
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Goyal, Nihit, and Michael Howlett. "Combining internal and external evaluations within a multilevel evaluation framework: Computational text analysis of lessons from the Asian Development Bank." Evaluation 25, no. 3 (February 10, 2019): 366–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356389019827035.
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Although the literature on evaluation has theorized about the distinction between internal and external evaluation, hardly any research has compared them empirically. This article examines whether the lessons of internal evaluations differed from those of external evaluations in the case of international development aid. It analyzes internal evaluations of the Asian Development Bank for nearly 1000 sovereign interventions across 38 countries in the Asia-Pacific during 1996–2016, using computational text analysis or text mining techniques. The results show that internal evaluations focused more on micro- and meso-level characteristics, while external evaluations laid more emphasis on meso- and macro-level constructs, such as dimensions of policy and the institutional environment in the recipient country, or its level and rate of economic growth. The article concludes that internal and external evaluations can be combined to create a multilevel evaluation framework that integrates micro-, meso-, and macro-level lessons to facilitate better learning.
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Kaklauskas, Artūras. "INTEGRATED MODEL AND SYSTEM FOR PASSIVE HOUSES MULTIPLE CRITERIA ANALYSIS / INTEGRUOTAS PASYVIŲJŲ NAMŲ DAUGIAKRITERINĖS ANALIZĖS MODELIS IR SISTEMA." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 15, no. 1 (April 14, 2011): 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2011.574903.
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In order to design and implement a high-quality passive house project, it is neces sary to take care of its efficiency from the brief stage to the end of its life's service. The entire process should be planned and executed with a consideration of the goals that are aspired to by the participating and interested parties and the micro, meso and macro environment levels. In order to realize the above purposes, an original Model for an Integrated analysis of Passive Houses and Passive Houses Design Multiple Criteria Decision Support System was developedby the authors, enabling one to analyze a passive house's life cycle, the parties involved in the project and its micro, meso and macro environment as one integrated entity. Santrauka Norint suprojektuoti ir įgyvendinti kokybišką pasyvųjį namą, reikia jo efektyvumu rūpintis nuo projekto idėjos iki pasyviojo namo gyvavimo ciklo pabaigos. Visas procesas turi būti suplanuotas ir įgyvendintas atsižvelgiant į suinteresuotų projekto grupių siekiamus tikslus ir mikro-, mezo- bei makroaplinką. Tikslams įgyvendinti buvo sukurtas originalus integruotas pasyviųjų namų analizės modelis ir pasyviųjų namų projektų analizės daugiakriterinė sprendimų paramos sistema, kuria remiantis galima analizuoti pasyviojo namo gyvavimo ciklą, suinteresuotas projekto grupes ir projekto mikro-, mezo- bei makroaplinką kaip vieną integruotą visumą.
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Mugosa, Ana, Mirjana Cizmovic, Tanja Lakovic, and Milenko Popovic. "Accelerating progress on effective tobacco tax policies in Montenegro." Tobacco Control 29, Suppl 5 (August 25, 2020): s293—s299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055197.
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BackgroundThe objective of this study is to estimate the sensitivity of cigarette quantity demanded to price and income changes in Montenegro.Data and methodsThe sensitivity of cigarette quantity demanded to price and income changes was estimated using micro and macro analysis. Micro analysis implied the use of Deaton’s model on Household Budget Survey data (2006–2017). In macro analysis, conventional static demand model is applied using error correction and autoregressive distributed lag time series methodology on annual time series aggregated data (2001–2017).ResultsThe same results were obtained using micro and macro analysis which contributes to the objectivity of the conducted research. Results derived from the Deaton’s model indicate a negative price elasticity of cigarettes in the range between −0.62 and −0.80 (conditional and unconditional), while in macro model estimated price elasticity is in that range and equals −0.68. Simulation results confirm the efficiency of excise tax policy changes, having an evident decrease in consumption and increase of public revenues.ConclusionAnalysis of the tobacco market and regulatory environment suggests that the increase of excise and other taxes on tobacco have an important direct impact on the reduction of cigarettes and other tobacco products consumption. Our estimates of long and short-run price elasticity show that direct impact is strong and very much in accordance with the results obtained so far for other low-income and middle-income countries. This paper gives a contribution to the analysis of price elasticity of demand for cigarettes, which was for the first time conducted in Montenegro.
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Atighechian, Golrokh, Mohammadreza Maleki, Aidin Aryankhesal, and Katayoun Jahangiri. "Are Macro and Micro Environment Affecting Management of Fresh Water Resources? A Case from Iran with PESTLE Analysis." Materia Socio Medica 28, no. 4 (2016): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/msm.2016.28.307-313.
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Iqbal, Meesha, Zafar Fatmi, Kausar Khan, and Asaad Nafees. "Violence and abuse among working children in urban and suburban areas of lower Sindh, Pakistan." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 27, no. 5 (May 26, 2021): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2021.27.5.501.
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Background: Child labourers are exposed to an insecure environment and higher risk of violence. Violence among child labourers is an under-studied phenomenon which requires contextual assessment. Aims: We applied Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model (micro-, exo- and macro-system) to understand the interplay of individual, community, societal and policy context fuelling violence. Methods: Focus group discussions and family ethnographies of child-labourers working in common occupational sectors of suburban areas of Sindh were carried out to gain in-depth understanding of their immediate environment and abuse (micro-system). Frequency of emotional, physical and sexual violence (5–14 years; n = 634) was also determined. Indepth interviews with employers (exo-system, n = 4) and key-informant-interviews of prominent stakeholders in Pakistan (macro-system, n = 4) working against labour/violence were carried out Thematic-content analysis was performed using MAXQDA, version 8.0. Results: We estimated that 21%, 19% and 9% of children suffered from emotional, physical and sexual violence respectively. Child labourers’ interviews indicated the existence of all forms of abuse at home and in the workplace; sexual violence by grandfathers was highlighted (micro-system). Children reported frequent scolding and insults in the workplace along with physical violence that could be fatal (exo-system). The legal environment of violence in Pakistan was considered deficient as it did not address the hidden forms (touching, kissing, etc.; macro-system). Conclusion: We documented that all forms of violence were rampant among the child labourers, and improved efforts and comprehensive legislation is direly needed to alleviate the situation.
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Hamdan, A., F. Mustapha, and MTH Sultan. "The macro-fibre composite–bonded effect analysis on the micro-energy harvester performance and structural health–monitoring system of woven kenaf turbine blade for vertical axis wind turbine application." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 2018): 168781401880204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018802046.
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The application of vertical axis wind turbine is suitable in a low wind speed environment. Nevertheless, vertical axis wind turbine with kenaf turbine blade will promote an additional green concept by utilising biocomposite materials. The innovation in turbine blade via macro-fibre composite as structural health–monitoring system and micro-energy harvester can enhance the vertical axis wind turbine technology application. Hence, this research’s objective is to evaluate the factors influencing the performance of micro-energy harvester and to assess the feasibility of structural health–monitoring application in biocomposite turbine blade. There are two methods to attach the macro-fibre composite used in this study, which are surface bonded and embedding into the turbine blade. Vibration simulation experiment and modal testing approach are conducted on the kenaf turbine blade, and further analysis was performed via the Taguchi statistical analysis to determine the factors affecting the micro-energy harvester and structural health–monitoring performance. The results show that by bonded to the surface as proposed is the best technique in promoting higher micro-energy harvesting at the vibration range of 10–90 Hz. Furthermore, the structural health–monitoring system was proved to operate simultaneously with the micro-energy harvesting system in turbine blades.
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Chornyi, Oleh. "ECONOMIC KNOWLEDGE OPTIMIZATION IN UKRAINIAN AGRARIAN UNIVERSITIES: A KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 5, no. 1 (March 2020): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe091.
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A university as knowledge-intensive organization is an important actor that has a powerful influence on knowledge-economy formation. Implementation of knowledge management in universities is inevitable by-product of economic grows and improvements in diverse branches of national industry complex. The aim of this paper is to analyze the economic knowledge functioning in Ukrainian agrarian universities. The author uses statistical analysis to measure the number of economic departments and academic disciplines in Ukrainian agrarian universities. The study shows that up to 37,5% of educational departments in Ukrainian agrarian universities consists of economic educational departments. The analysis of economic knowledge functioning in Vinnytsia National Agrarian University showed that within economic educational departments almost 55% belong solely to economic disciplines and almost 30% belong to interdisciplinary economic courses. The author also uses theoretical modeling to show the knowledge environment of the universities. Attention is focused on differentiation between the inner, micro and macro knowledge environments of the universities. The author strongly recommends the use of knowledge management instruments with the aim of improving economic knowledge. Improvement of knowledge flows between an agrarian university and other important stakeholders will allow the optimization of the knowledge infrastructure of the universities, including the structure of economic knowledge. Government bodies, managers of the universities, and heads of university departments should use knowledge management tools on the systemic basis in order to achieve significant organizational results and make progress. Universities should take into consideration the specificity of micro and macro environments. Factors of globalization, new technologies, politics and legislation, economics and finances, society and culture, nature and geography should be examined and included in the information infrastructure of a university. It is clear that macro environment information is already under the consideration of academic governing bodies.
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Stojanovic, Ivana, Mladen Koprivica, Nenad Stojanovic, and Aleksandar Neskovic. "Analysis of the impact of network architecture on signal quality in LTE technology." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 17, no. 1 (2020): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee2001095s.
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In this paper, the impact of the network architecture on signal quality in the fourth generation of the public mobile network is analyzed. The analysis was performed using RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power), RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality), SINR (Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio) and throughput parameters in indoor environment. The signal quality parameters were collected by measurement using TEMS Investigation and TEMS Pocket software. The measurements were carried out at the School of Electrical Engineering on the ground floor of the Technical Faculty building for the macro and micro cell scenario. It has been found that better signal quality is ensured in micro cells. Quality of the signal is also considered by the various services provided to the users.
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Gray, Sarah, Grady Hanrahan, Ian McKelvie, Alan Tappin, Florence Tse, and Paul Worsfold. "Flow Analysis Techniques for Spatial and Temporal Measurement of Nutrients in Aquatic Systems." Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 1 (2006): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en05059.
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Environmental Context.Eutrophication is a growing problem globally, and it has significant ecological and socio-economic consequences. Understanding the causes of eutrophication requires a knowledge of nutrient biogeochemistry in aquatic systems. Owing to the high spatial and temporal variability of nutrients in these systems, there is a need for autonomous in situ measurement techniques with rapid response and the ability to collect long-term data. Flow injection analysis is one technique that meets these demands. Abstract.Flow analysis offers a versatile and powerful approach to monitoring of the aquatic environment. The present review highlights the drivers for determining macro- and micro-nutrients in marine and fresh waters, and outlines the instrumental requirements for in situ instrumentation. The principles of flow analysis, specifically flow injection and derivative techniques, and the chemical bases for macro- and micro-nutrient detection are discussed, and key examples of suitable approaches are considered. The successful deployment of flow analysis nutrient monitoring systems for spatial and temporal measurements is illustrated by specific examples relating to surface transects, depth profiles and temporal deployments. Finally, the challenges and imperatives of research in this area are outlined.
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Cerioni, Eva, Alessia D’Andrea, Marco Giuliani, and Stefano Marasca. "Non-Financial Disclosure and Intra-Industry Comparability: A Macro, Meso and Micro Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031177.
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The inadequacy of financial reports for meeting the information needs of stakeholders has prompted companies to adopt non-financial communication systems (also called non-financial disclosure—NFD). Comparability of NFD is an issue as it allows making sense of the information. Nevertheless, while some argue that comparability is particularly difficult to pursue in practice on a general level, it can be achieved among companies belonging to the same industry. This study aims to understand whether, at the empirical level, the comparability of NFD is achieved and to what extent (macro, meso or micro). To achieve this aim, a text analysis of the NFD was performed. The object of analysis is represented by the NFD published by the listed companies belonging to the energy and banking industries, and that is part of the Dow Jones sustainability index. The main results are the following. First, there is a de facto comparability in terms of adopted standards, but not in terms of how the standards are applied. Second, the phenomenon of label creativity represents a relevant barrier. Third, although content standardization is lacking, common information dimensions in the reports seem to emerge. This appears to be an invitation to policymakers to transpose virtuous behavior and to implement the desired harmonization of jure.
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Wang, Dongxing, Jiaye Zhu, and Ruihong Wang. "Assessment of magnesium potassium phosphate cement for waste sludge solidification: Macro- and micro-analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 294 (April 2021): 126365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126365.
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You, Shuang, Hongguang Ji, Juanhong Liu, Chenglin Song, and Wendi Tang. "Fracture performance of macro synthetic steel fiber concrete exposed to a sulfate environment." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 63, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-12-2015-1622.
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Purpose Macro synthetic steel fibers were incorporated into the concrete material as a toughening agent to improve the corrosion and cracking resistances of concrete in a sulfate-containing service environment. Design/methodology/approach To study the basic mechanical properties of this system, an accelerated concrete degradation test was designed to evaluate the influence of the sulfate ions on the concrete. A three-point bending test was carried out in the laboratory to evaluate the fracture toughness. The thickness of the damaged concrete layer and changes of microstructure of the degraded concrete were monitored by using ultrasound, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction detection methods. Findings The results showed that compared to the performance of ordinary concrete, in an exposure environment containing sulfate ions, the structure compactness of macro synthetic steel fiber concrete was improved, degradation resistance to the sulfate solution was enhanced and the fracture resistance performance was improved significantly. Originality/value The thickness of the degradation layer on the macro synthetic steel fiber concrete was less than a half of that of ordinary concrete in the sulfate environment, and was generally unchanged with increase in the sulfate concentration. Through micro-structural analysis, it was confirmed that macro synthetic steel fiber improved the compactness of the concrete structure, inhibiting access of sulfate ions to the interior of the concrete and thereby reducing the degree of sulfate degradation to the concrete.
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Shen, Limei, Huanxin Chen, Fu Xiao, and Shengwei Wang. "The practical performance forecast and analysis of thermoelectric module from macro to micro." Energy Conversion and Management 100 (August 2015): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.04.060.
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WOLF, DOUGLAS A., and SONALI S. BALLAL. "Family support for older people in an era of demographic change and policy constraints." Ageing and Society 26, no. 5 (August 1, 2006): 693–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x06005289.
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This paper introduces the Special Issue of four empirical studies on the provision of family support to older people that have been written members of the Family Support for Older People: Determinants and Consequences (FAMSUP) network. They have in common the use of individual-level data and recognition of the importance of demographic forces, cultural variations and public policy in shaping patterns of elder care. The four papers are also explicitly comparative, and emphasise both between- and within-country differences. The European countries examined by the FAMSUP researchers exhibit several broadly similar demographic trends, but these are superimposed on very different policy regimes. The ‘macro’ focus of much comparative policy-oriented research facilitates the identification and description of population ageing, while illuminating the policy issues raised by demographic change. A macro-focus is also characteristic of much comparative welfare-state analysis. The ‘micro’ orientation of the research presented in this collection typically treats the policy environment as an implicit or residual category. We argue that progress in understanding comparative patterns of elder care, and in developing policy responses to demographic change, will be facilitated through blending the macro and micro perspectives, in which variations in the policy environment are explicitly linked to individual- and family-level behaviour.
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Yun, JinHyo Joseph, and Zheng Liu. "Micro- and Macro-Dynamics of Open Innovation with a Quadruple-Helix Model." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 14, 2019): 3301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123301.
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This paper explores how sustainability can be achieved through open innovation in the current 4th industrial revolution. Through a literature and practice review, we identify micro- and macro-dynamics of open innovation in addition to the dynamic roles of industry, government, university, and society. In particular, the industry continuously adopts open platforms to create and maintain ecosystem innovation. The government’s role has changed from regulation control toward facilitation. Universities have become proactively engaged in multiple areas, from technology transfer to knowledge co-creation. Societies and customers have started to form new concepts, R&D, and commercialization, resulting in a shared economy. Based on the analysis, we propose a conceptual framework to understand open innovation micro- and macro-dynamics with a quadruple-helix model for social, environmental, economic, cultural, policy, and knowledge sustainability. Furthermore, this provides an overview of the special issue, “Sustainability of Economy, Society, and Environment in the 4th Industrial Revolution”, which aims to respond to the 4th industrial revolution in terms of open innovation and cyber-physics from manufacturing to the service industry.
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Gvozdenac, Dusan. "Heat exchanger operating point determination." Thermal Science 13, no. 4 (2009): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0904151g.
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This paper indicates 21 possible tasks for the calculation of heat exchangers and specifies in particular the procedure for determining heat exchanger operating point. Features of heat exchanger energy micro-balance are contained in its mathematical model, and features of its macro-balance hold in relations for heat flow rate. Operating point of heat exchanger is defined by satisfying micro and macro balances. The paper presents basic relations for determining operating points for some types of tasks and algorithms of certain procedures. A special case in which two, one or none non-trivial solutions appear within two of 21 tasks is analyzed and discussed separately. Presented procedures are very suitable for the preparation of own software for the calculation of operating parameters of any heat exchanger and analysis of heat exchangers network.
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Hommes, Cars. "Behavioral and Experimental Macroeconomics and Policy Analysis: A Complex Systems Approach." Journal of Economic Literature 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 149–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20191434.
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This survey discusses behavioral and experimental macroeconomics, emphasizing a complex systems perspective. The economy consists of boundedly rational heterogeneous agents who do not fully understand their complex environment and use simple decision heuristics. Central to our survey is the question of under which conditions a complex macro-system of interacting agents may or may not coordinate on the rational equilibrium outcome. A general finding is that under positive expectations feedback (strategic complementarity)—where optimistic (pessimistic) expectations can cause a boom (bust)—coordination failures are quite common. The economy is then rather unstable, and persistent aggregate fluctuations arise strongly amplified by coordination on trend-following behavior leading to (almost-)self-fulfilling equilibria. Heterogeneous expectations and heuristics switching models match this observed micro and macro behavior surprisingly well. We also discuss policy implications of this coordination failure on the perfectly rational aggregate outcome and how policy can help to manage the self-organization process of a complex economic system. (JEL C63, C90, D91, E12, E71, G12)
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Mudjijana, Rela Adi Himarosa, and Sudarisman. "Macro-Micro Analysis on 2-Layer Semiautomatic MIG Welding of AA5052 Material Using ER5356 Electrode." Key Engineering Materials 867 (October 2020): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.867.204.
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Lightweight structures have widely been used due to their weight saving. Aluminum alloys are among the alternative for their material, and they are mostly manufactured by employing welding process using the same filler material as the base metal. Aluminum welding process can be conducted employing 2-layer semiautomatic MIG when the thickness of the plate is no more than 5 mm. Porosity in aluminum alloy welding is considerably difficult to avoid due to hydrogen and oxygen environment. Macro-micro analyses on 2-layer semiautomatic MIG welding of AA5052 material using ER5356 electrode have been carried out. A pair of AA5052 plates of 400 mm x 75 mm x 5 mm were clamped at three points of one side and welded using 2-layer semiautomatic MIG welding using ER5356 filler such that angular distortion can happen. Welding speed of 6, 7, and 8 mm/s using electrical voltage of 23 Volt, current of 130 Ampere, filler diameter of 0.8 mm, and shielded using argon gas. After completion of the welding, angular distortion was measured using dial indicator possessing accuracy of 0.01 mm. Welding result was micro-Vickers (VHN0.1) hardness, tension and Charpy impact, as well as micro structure using OM and SEM-EDS. The highest tensile strength was found at welding speed of 7 mm/s, angular distortion of 6.780, average VHN0.1 of the BM, HAZ, and WM of 47.82, 49.14, and 51.75, respectively. Tensile strength of 156.5 MPa and joint efficiency of 70%, BM failure strain of 17%, Charpy impact of 0.26 J/mm2. SEM-EDX at spot shows that the amount of Mg is not significant for being Al2Mg3 precipitate such that Vickers hardness distribution do not show any difference among BM, HAZ, and WM.
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Liu, Zhaoyi, Ligang Zhang, GR Liu, Wei Li, Shibin Li, Fengshan Wang, Yuanyuan Ma, Hao Li, Haijun Zhang, and Lingling Han. "Material constituents and mechanical properties and macro-micro-failure modes of tight gas reservoirs." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 6 (July 30, 2020): 2631–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598720913069.
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In this work, a series of intensive laboratory tests are conducted to measure the material constituents, mechanical properties, and to examine macro-micro-failure modes of various types of rocks from tight gas reservoirs in the Da Qing oilfield in China. A set of key parameters are experimentally determined, including porosity, mineralogical compositions, microstructure, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, triaxial compressive strength, as well as macro- and micro-morphology failure modes. The relationships of these parameters are systematically analyzed, and the effects of the material constituents and microstructure characteristics such as cementation type, porosity, and mineral composition on rock mechanical properties are revealed as well as the patterns of micro- and macro-failures in types of rocks are investigated. The result shows that the micro-failure mainly exhibits features of transgranular and intergranular porous polymer fracture, and the macro-failure modes are mainly three types: shear-dominated, mixed shear–tensile and mixed tensile–shear. The mixed tensile–shear failure has mainly tensile fractures with branch fractures crossing each other, which forms a complex system fracture network. These findings are of importance for “sweet pot” evaluations, wellbore stability analysis, and hydraulic fracturing design for oil and gas production in tight gas reservoirs.
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Robertson, Michelle M., Michelle M. Robertson, Marie Robinson, Michael O'Neill, and Julie Sless. "Measuring the Impact of Work Environment Change Programs: A Systems Approach." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 13 (October 1998): 984–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201308.
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To understand and address multi-causal work and organizational problems associated with intensive office technologies environments, a macroergonomic approach is taken incorporating a systems analysis tool and process. This paper describes the application of a systems analysis model, coupled with research and case study findings derived from a macroergonomic framework to provide a process for developing and evaluating strategic and systematic solutions. An Economic Advantage analysis is used to evaluate and determine the cost/benefits of each proposed alternative or program solution based on direct and indirect costs and compensation. The benefit of this systems analysis model is the integration of micro and macro-ergonomic approaches for solving organizational problems. Work environment change programs implemented by companies that incorporate a macroergonomic, systems approach demonstrate positive results in minimizing negative health effects based on financial and indirect costs and improved employee and business unit effectiveness.
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Pocock, Tessa, Antoni Moore, Javier Molina-García, Ana Queralt, and Sandra Mandic. "School Neighbourhood Built Environment Assessment for Adolescents’ Active Transport to School: Modification of an Environmental Audit Tool and Protocol (MAPS Global-SN)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072194.
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School neighbourhood built environments (SN-BE) can influence adolescents’ active transport to school habits. Typically, SN-BE assessment has involved micro-scale (i.e., environmental audits) or macro-scale (Geographic Information Systems (GIS)) assessment tools. However, existing environmental audits are time/resource-intensive and not specific to school neighbourhoods, while GIS databases are not generally purposed to include micro-scale data. This study evaluated the inter-rater reliability and feasibility of using a modified audit tool and protocol (Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes Global–School Neighbourhood (MAPS Global-SN)) to assess the SN-BE of twelve secondary schools in Dunedin, New Zealand. Correlations between MAPS Global-SN and GIS measures of the SN-BE were also examined. Specifically, MAPS Global-SN audit and GIS spatial analysis (intersection density, residential density, land use mix, walkability) was conducted within a 0.5 km street-network buffer-zone around all twelve schools. Based on investigator and expert consultation, MAPS Global-SN included eight modifications to both auditing processes and items. Inter-rater reliability data was collected from two independent auditors across two schools. The feasibility of a condensed audit protocol (auditing one side of each street segment in the neighbourhood, compared to both sides) was also assessed. Results indicated the modified MAPS Global-SN tool had good to excellent inter-rater reliability and the condensed MAPS Global-SN audit protocol appeared to sufficiently represent the micro-scale SN-BE. Results also highlighted the complementary nature of micro- and macro-scale assessments. Further recommendations for SN-BE assessment are discussed.
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Zavadskas, Edmundas K., and Aleksandras V. Rutkauskas. "DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONAL MODEL FOR LITHUANIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY/LIETUVOS RACIONALIOS STATYBOS ŠAKOS MODELIO KŪRIMAS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 5, no. 2 (April 30, 1999): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.1999.10531446.
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By modelling and forecasting future perspectives and trends of the construction industry, it is possible to get prepared in advance to respond to the changes of macro- and microlevel variables (eg enterprise restructuring and structural change, sources of company finance, information system of construction, financial sector, interest rate, inflation, innovation, etc) which affect the Lithuanian economy. The lifetime process model suggested by this research is based on the presumption that the efficiency of the construction industry depends on many micro- and macrolevel variables. The presence of specific macro- and microlevel variable factors immediately imposes objective limitations for the efficient use of the resources of the construction industry. The construction industry, in the presence of these limitations, performs its functions within these constraints as efficiently as possible. For instance, construction organisations, being influenced by particular macro- and microlevel environment variables, would do their best to undertake the activities within restricted aspects of the construction industry (eg designing, production of building materials, construction of dwellings, thermal refurbishment of buildings, etc), geographic locations, and with such interested parties, where the goals of all parties would find maximum satisfaction. Organisations which base themselves on this assertion, try to create a rational environment and operating conditions to achieve the best satisfaction of their customers' needs, to win a better reputation and to earn more profit. Therefore, based on the main development trends of the construction industry (in advanced industrial economies), it is possible to develop recommendations on how to increase the efficiency of the transitional construction industry in Lithuania. This research seeks to produce a model of the rational construction industry in Lithuania by undertaking a complex analysis of micro- and macroenvironment factors affecting it and to give recommendations on the increase of its competitive ability. Simulation modelling was undertaken to provide insight into how to create an effective environment for the construction industry by choosing rational micro- and macrofactors. This research seeks to explore ways of harmonising the relationship between the transitional Lithuanian construction and its environment. The research outlines the changing nature of the Lithuanian transitional construction economy, examines the effect of the changing external environment on the efficiency of the construction industry, proposes a theoretical model representing the current situation in Lithuania and presents a model for an efficient environment in the Lithuanian construction industry. While the construction organisations cannot alter the micro- and macrolevel variables, they can assess their impact and take them into consideration when realising projects. Organisations, being aware of the micro- and macrolevel factors which affect the projects being realised, should be able to organise their present and future activities more successfully.
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Sukhanova, Angelina S. "FUNCTIONING OF THE TERM ‘ENVIRONMENT’ IN LANGUAGES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES: FRAME ANALYSIS." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 12, no. 4 (2020): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2020-4-44-53.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the functioning of the English-language term ‘environment’ in the humanities and technical sciences. The main aim of the research was to construct the frame denoted by the word ‘environment’ based on the frame approach in the description of word semantics, the application of etymological data, language corpora analysis, and to find the similarities and differences in the structure of the resulting frame depending on the particular topic of scientific discourse that a text is devoted to. The frame approach to the study of word semantics provides a more complete and accurate picture of the diversity of meanings of the given word in the English-language scientific worldview. The research was conducted on the materials of the articles published on the Science Direct platform and data provided by the British National Corpus. The English word ‘environment’ was found to be used in various contexts, which include environmental issues, medicine, biology, economics, psychology, computer technology and other areas of special discourse, where the slots of the ‘environment’-associated frame are manifested in the surrounding context. The article presents a graphical depiction of the ‘environment’ frame structure, defines a set of its basic slots and their possible content, demonstrates the differences and similarities in the structure of the frame when ‘environment’ is used as a term or part of a term. There have been identified the main parameters of the frame: the fact of its belonging to the physical or non-material aspect of the worldview, varying in physical parameters from the micro to the macro world. The frame ‘environment’ has also revealed a universal structure, including the surrounding factors, the object and the interaction between them, which is preserved regardless of the text specialization.
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Kholid, Mohd Fairus, and Puteri Mayang Bahjah Zaharin. "Micro Housing: Typological study and implementation in Malaysia." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 4, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i12.1934.
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The micro-housing project introduced by Kuala Lumpur City Council (DBKL) has received cynical rumours amongst the B40 income group due to its impracticality, thus suggesting that micro-housing standard is misinterpreted and simplified. As such, this paper intends to investigate the potentiality of ideal micro-housing that is suitable for the Malaysian context, specifically for the B40 community. Based on a bottom-up approach, this research divides into the micro and macro study. In the micro-study, the focus is specifically on the typological design of micro-housing. Hence this leads to a macro context, which developed the typological analysis in regards to the regional cultural influence. In thoroughly, from seven (7) international precedents, micro-housing can be formulated into four main typologies that include Box, Mobile, Machine, and Props type. These typologies incline towards two (2) cultural domains, namely Possession Domesticity, which demonstrates Westerners influence through technological advancement and Transience Domesticity that portrays Orientalist influenced by the mixture of practicality and human psychology. These attributes tested in three (3) local micro-housing projects that consist of two prototypes by local architect and a built micro-housing project by DBKL. The result shows that both prototypes are potentially ideal. However, DBKL’s built project demonstrated a minimal standard of appropriate micro-housing living. It founds that the lack of axiological human needs may lead to a degradation of values and behaviour. Thus, it significantly recommends that the projects reconsider of adapting the psychological needs for the betterment of its user’s living.Keywords: micro-living, adaptable housing typology, regional cultural study, psychological needseISSN: 2398-4287 © 2019. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i12.1934