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Shea, Jessica Lauren. "Verbal Operant Transfer with Mands and Tacts Using Multiple Exemplars." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4769.
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Research on the functional independence of tacts and mands is mixed. The conditions under which tact training transfers to mands are unclear. The current study evaluated whether multiple exemplars of tact training followed by mand training would result in the independent transfer from tacts to mands. It was shown that all three participants started manding for the item independently during tact training after one sequence of tact training followed by mand training.
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Rolim, Sidinei Fernando Ferreira. "Efeitos de comportamento verbal metafórico sobre respostas verbais subsequentes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-07082015-160337/.
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A presente dissertação apresenta um estudo experimental do comportamento verbal metafórico, verificando os efeitos deste fenômeno sobre respostas verbais subsequentes de vinte e cinco participantes universitários de uma universidade pública do Estado de São Paulo. Por meio de situações problemas, foi proposta uma investigação do controle de estímulos presente em tatos metafóricos (fera e vírus) como antecedentes verbais descritos pelo experimentador. Houve distintas condições experimentais para cada tato metafórico que exigiu a emissão de respostas verbais subsequentes de cada participante, após a leitura de um texto informativo. As respostas verbais subsequentes envolveram indicar entre alternativas a melhor para a resolução de problemas fictícios entre medidas preventivas e corretivas e informar a uma pessoa desconhecida sobre o texto informativo lido. O experimento foi arranjado, sob a hipótese de que os participantes tenderiam para medidas preventivas, se lessem o texto informativo com o tato metafórico da violência comparada a um vírus, ou para medidas corretivas, se lessem o texto informativo com o tato metafórico da violência comparada a uma fera. Os participantes, individualmente, foram convidados a realizar o mesmo protocolo de tarefas solicitadas na Linha de Base e na Condição Experimental. Este protocolo envolveu quatro tarefas, a saber (1) leitura de um texto informativo (2) escolha de alternativa preventiva ou corretiva para solução de problemas sociais, como fome na Linha de Base e violência na Condição Experimental, (3) indicação de trecho de controle para realização da tarefa anterior e (4) emissão de comportamento intraverbal, ou seja, contar sobre o texto informativo lido na primeira tarefa para uma pessoa desconhecida, que veria virtualmente. Na Condição Experimental, os participantes de cada grupo tiveram contato com informação apresentada por meio de metáforas distintas (grupo G-I e grupo G-II), sem metáfora (grupo G-III) e com estímulos arbitrários (palavra sem sentidos) comparados a metáforas distintas (grupo G-IV e grupo GV). Em todas as condições experimentais, houve avaliação do comportamento do participante como falante e ouvinte de seu próprio comportamento verbal. O experimento trouxe dados instigantes entre os grupos experimentais, visto que os participantes do grupo (a) G-I replicaram os dados de estudos anteriores em apenas 20% das respostas dos participantes, (b) G-II mantiveram controle verbal em 80% das respostas verbais subsequentes, ao assinalarem por medidas preventivas diante da metáfora vírus, (c) G-III mostrou uma prevalência dos participantes por medidas preventivas, visto que todos responderam por esta alternativa, (d) G-IV replicaram os dados de pesquisas anteriores mantendo uma relação entre o tato metafórico fera para 60% respostas verbais subsequentes com medidas corretivas, enquanto que (e) G-V estabeleceram o controle verbal metafórico sobre 100% das respostas verbais subsequentes com medidas preventivas. Na discussão de dados, são tecidas considerações acerca do desempenho dos participantes por grupo ressaltando (1) história de vida e história experimental, (2) contextos atuais e culturais presentes na vida dos participantes, (3) estabelecimento do controle de estímulos pelo tato metafórico, (4) comparativos entre os grupos, entre outras variáveis relevantes. Os achados do presente estudo são curiosos para a temática e mostra a pertinência de novos estudos no campo experimental para a temáticaThis work presents an experimental study of the metaphorical verbal behavior by checking the effects of this phenomenon on subsequent verbal responses. Twenty-five college student from a public university in the state of São Paulo were participants. Through problem situations, it was proposed an investigation of the stimulus control of metaphorical tact (\"beast\" and \"virus\") as verbal history described by the experimenter. There were different experimental conditions for each metaphorical tact which required a subsequent verbal responses of each participant, after reading an informational text. Subsequent verbal responses were: the participants indicated among the best alternatives for resolving problems between fictitious preventive and corrective measures and the participants reported to an unknown person about the text that the participants read. The experiment had the hypothesis that participants tend to give preventive measures, when read the text with the metaphorical tact of \"violence\" compared to a \"virus\" or corrective measures, if they read the information text with tact metaphorical of \"violence\" compared to a \"beast\". The individual participants were asked to perform the same protocol tasks requested in the Baseline and Experimental Condition. This protocol had four tasks, namely (1) reading informational text (2) choosing between preventive or corrective alternative to solve social problems such as hunger in the Baseline and violence in Experimental Condition, (3) showing control on the responses of previous tasks and (4) intraverbal behavior, that is, telling about the informational text read in the first task for an unknown person, which showed up virtually. In the Experimental Condition, participants in each group had contact with informational text presented through different metaphors (G-I and G-II groups), without metaphor (G-III group) and arbitrary stimuli (words without meanings) compared to different metaphors (G-IV and GV groups). In all experimental conditions, there was participant\'s performance evaluation as speaker and listener of his own verbal behavior. The experiment brought compelling data between the experimental groups, as members of the group (a) G-I replicated data from previous studies in only 20% of participants\' responses, (b) G-II remained verbal control in 80% of verbal responses subsequent, by pointing by preventive options before the \"virus\" metaphor (c) G-III showed a prevalence of participants with preventive options, since all accounted for this alternative, (d) G-IV confirmed the previous survey data keeping a relationship between the \"beast\" metaphorical tact and 60% subsequent verbal responses with corrective options, while (e) G-V established the metaphorical verbal control over 100% of subsequent verbal responses with preventive measures. In the data discussion, it was emphasize (1) life history and experimental history, (2) current and cultural contexts present in the lives of the participants, (3) stimulus control of metaphorical tact, (4) comparison between groups, and other relevant variables. The findings of present study are curious and inspires more studies in the experimental field of the theme
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Martel, Chantal Annie. "A relational analysis of verbal interactions in conjoint behavioral consultation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0033/MQ64172.pdf.
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Santana, Luciana Aparecida Martins. "COMPORTAMENTO VERBAL E ESQUIZOFRENIA: ESTRATÉGIA OPERANTE DE INTERVENÇÃO." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2008. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/1976.
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Previous issue date: 2008-02-29The objective of this study was to investigate the verbal behavior of a person diagnosed as a chronic schizophrenic, in a mental health unit, using the principles of behavior analysis. The participant was a person male, 24 years old, single, with level of education fundamental incomplete, with low socio-economic level, retired on disability, with a history of hospitalizations in various institutions specialized in psychiatric treatment. The participant was continuous use high doses of psychiatric medication since the 19-year-old, when was the first psychotic outbreak. All the sessions were recorded on video and transcribed in full, which allowed the verbal behavior analysis of the participant and their categorization into words appropriate and inappropriate. For the control of the procedures were used two experimental design. In the design of elements multiple the verbal behavior of the participant were exposed to four differents conditions: attention (comment standardized contingent to inadequate talk), alone (the participant was in the room experimental alone), attention-no-contingent (of 30 in 30 seconds the researcher read a sentence from a list) and demand (the participant was led to perform an activity), these conditions were replicated in an reverse sequence. Subsequently, the reversion design of type ABAB, followed by follow-up was implemented. The design was started with the collection of data from the baseline I, followed for phase of intervention I, this sequence was repeated (baseline II e intervention II), and concludes with sessions of follow-up. In intervention was used differential reinforcing of alternative behavior (DRA), being made available reinforcing social for the adequate talk and extinction for the inadequate talk. The results demonstrated that the social environment strongly influenced the verbal behavior of the participant and demonstrated that the procedures of the applied behavior analysis were effective to reduce the frequency of inadequate verbal behavior and increase the frequency of verbal behaviors considered adequate. The results were discussed in terms of the methodology applied, of the behavioral principles, the effects achieved and the corroboration of the data with the literature. These studies indicate that the behavioral changes submitted by the participant were relevant.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de investigar o comportamento verbal de uma pessoa diagnosticada como esquizofrênica crônica, em uma unidade de saúde mental, utilizando-se dos princípios da análise do comportamento. O participante era uma pessoa do sexo masculino, com 24 anos, solteira, escolaridade fundamental incompleto, nível sócio-econômico baixo, aposentada por invalidez e com um histórico de internações em várias instituições especializadas para tratamentos psiquiátricos. O participante fazia uso contínuo de altas doses de medicação psiquiátrica desde os 19 anos de idade, quando teve o primeiro surto psicótico . Todas as sessões foram registradas em vídeo e transcritas na íntegra, o que possibilitou a análise do comportamento verbal do participante e sua categorização em falas adequadas e inadequadas. Para o controle dos procedimentos foram utilizados dois delineamentos experimentais. No delineamento de múltiplos elementos os comportamentos verbais do participante foram expostos a quatro condições distintas: atenção (comentário padronizado contingente a fala inadequada), sozinho (o participante ficava desacompanhado na sala experimental), comentário-não-contingente (de 30 em 30 segundos a pesquisadora lia uma frase de uma lista) e demanda (o participante era conduzido a executar uma atividade), estas condições foram reaplicadas numa seqüência inversa. Posteriormente, o delineamento de reversão do tipo ABAB, seguido por follow-up foi aplicado. O delineamento foi iniciado com a coleta de dados de linha de base I, seguida pela fase de intervenção I; esta seqüência foi repetida (linha de base II e intervenção II), sendo encerrado com sessões de follow-up. Nas intervenções foi utilizado reforçamento diferencial de respostas alternativas (DRA), sendo disponibilizado reforço social para as falas adequadas e retirada da atenção social para as falas inadequadas. Os resultados demonstraram que o ambiente social influenciou fortemente o comportamento verbal do participante e demonstrou que os procedimentos da análise do comportamento aplicada foram efetivos para diminuir a freqüência do comportamento verbal inadequado e aumentar a freqüência dos comportamentos verbais considerados adequados. Os resultados foram discutidos em termos da metodologia aplicada, dos princípios comportamentais, dos efeitos alcançados e da corroboração dos dados com os da literatura. Pode-se afirmar com este estudo que as modificações comportamentais apresentadas pelo participante foram relevantes.
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Gomes, Ueliton dos Santos. "ESTUDOS DE VARIÁVEIS DE CONTEXTO EM UM EPISÓDIO VERBAL." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2017. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3885.
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The goal of the present work was: to investigate the relations between the independent variables, which in this study were verbal (instructions) and non-verbal (figures and images of objects) contexts and their effects in the dependent variable, which was the descriptive behavior of OBJECTS and ACTIONS in a total verbal episode. We had also a secondary goal: the development of a software for the collect and analysis of data. An experiment was conducted as a systematic replication of the work by Simonassi, Tizo, Gomes e Alvarenga (2010) in order to verify: 1) if verbal and non-verbal contexts exert control over verbal responses in a total verbal episode. This experiment was conducted with ten (10) participants with ages varying from 19 to 25 yeas. Each participant was exposed to 4 different experimental conditions (CONDITIONS 1, 2, 3 and 4) in a singlecase design. During the CONDITIONS 1, 2 and 3 the following instructions was presented: “BURNING THIS TIP HAS BEEN”, being that in the CONDITIONS 2 and 3 the following non-verbal stimuli were presented: MATCHES and a STRING (figures and images) and in the CONDITION 3: MATCHES and a CANDLE (figures and images). In the CONDITION 4 the instruction presented was “BURN IT ON THIS TIP. CALM SIR, STILL ENDING STRUCTURING CLOTHES”. In each condition the participant was asked to write his answers. A categorization of the textual responses as referent to OBJECT or ACTION was used for analysis. We verified a considerable frequency of textual verbal responses that made reference to the related objects (figures/images) and actions. The results were similar to those found by Simonassi & Cols. We concluded that both the verbal (instruction) and non-verbal (objects) contexts, when altered, controlled changes in the participants’ responses across the experimental conditions in a systematic way.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as relações entre as variáveis independentes, que neste estudo foram os contextos verbais (instrução) e não-verbais (Figura/imagem de objeto) e seu efeito na variável dependente, que foram os comportamentos que descreviam respostas referentes à OBJETOS e a AÇÃO em um episódio verbal total. Teve ainda como objetivo secundário o desenvolvimento de um software para a realização da coleta e análise de dados. Foi realizado um experimento de replicação sistemática do procedimento adotado no estudo de Simonassi e colaboradores para verificar: 1) se contextos verbais (instruções) e não verbais (objetos) exercem controle sobre respostas verbais em um episódio verbal total. Este experimento foi realizado com dez (10) participantes com idades entre 19 a 25 anos. Cada participante foi submetido a 4 condições experimentais diferentes (CONDIÇÃO 1, 2, 3 e 4) em um delineamento de sujeito como seu próprio controle. Nas CONDIÇÕES 1, 2 e 3 foi apresentada a seguinte instrução “QUEIME LOGO ESTA PONTA AÍ”, sendo que nas CONDIÇÕES 2 e 3 foram apresentados os seguintes estímulos não-verbais CONDIÇÃO 2: FÓSFORO e BARBANTE (Figuras/imagens) e na CONDIÇÃO 3: FÓSFORO e VELA (Figuras/imagens). E na CONDIÇÃO 4 foi apresentado a instrução ““QUEIME LOGO ESTA PONTA AÍ. CALMA SENHOR, SENÃO ACABO ESTRAGANDO A ROUPA”. Em cada condição o participante foi solicitado a responder suas respostas por escrito. A análise foi realizada com a categorização das respostas textuais referentes a OBJETO e a AÇÃO. Verificou-se que uma frequência considerável de respostas verbais textuais que faziam referencias aos objetos relacionados (Figuras/imagens) a ações. Os resultados foram semelhantes ao do Experimento de Simonassi e Cols. Concluiu-se que tanto o contexto verbal (instrução) quanto o contexto não-verbal (objetos) quando alterados, também alteravam sistematicamente o responder dos participantes nas diversas condições experimentais.
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Cardoso, João Lucas Bernardy. "Eventos Privados: Perguntas Teóricas e Respostas Empíricas." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2017. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3731.
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Privacy, since the therm was first used by B. F. Skinner it has been subject of theoretical content, but it received little empirical attention. Considering recent theoretical advances on the problem of privacy, namely: (1) privacy as momentary; (2) relative to an observer; (3) different from intern; and (4) measurable in a public-private continuum. We propose the empirical investigation of privacy as a function of two variables, separately analyzed in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively: the access to the controlling variables of momentary private responses, and a common history of reinforcement. In both experiments 20 participants were divided in two groups: Base Group and Referential Group, being that the dependent variable analyzed was the probability of occurrence of verbal responses of the participants of the Referential Group that corresponded to those emitted previously by the participants of the Base Group. In the Experiment 1 the participants were exposed to a set of 8 properties for each one of 6 stimuli, while the participants of the Referential Group accessed the same 6 sets of 8 properties but cumulatively in a series. The data of the Experiment 1 shows that for all participants of the Referential Group the probability of occurrence of correct answers increased as a function of the number o stimulus properties known. In the Experiment 2 the participants were exposed to three test conditions: Baseline (BL.), Post Verbs-Training Test (V.T.) and Post Noun-Training (N.T.), being that between the first and second tests (BL. - V.T.) participants were exposed to a matching-tosample task and relations between shapes and verbs were stablished, and between the second and the third testes (V.T. - N.T.) participants were exposed to similar matching-tosample task, but the relation stablished were between shapes and nouns. All participants were requested to tact the shape stimuli during the test conditions. We observed that the transfer function procedure controlled the emission of correct answers during the tests for all participants of the Group Base. For the participants of the Referential Group the procedure was partially effective. Yet, for 13 out of 16 participants, the probability of occurrence of correct answers was a function of a common history of reinforcement, being that correct answers didn’t occurred for any participant during the Baseline. We concluded that privacy, if described accordingly with some recent theoretical contributions, may be a subject of empirical investigations that could provide conditions for: (1) a better description of the controlling relations during the verbal episode; (2) the development of an empirical agenda that allow a more straightforward analysis of privacy; and (3) an objective description of the role of inference in the analysis of events that are momentarily private considering the commitment of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior with the assumptions of natural sciences.
A temática da privacidade, desde que foi inaugurada na literatura behaviorista radical por B. F. Skinner tem sido discutida a nível teórico mas foi tema de poucos trabalhos empíricos. Considerando-se os avanços teóricos recentes na área, nomeadamente: (1) a privacidade como momentânea; (2) relativa a um observador; (3) diferenciada do interno; e (4) mensurável em um continuum público-privado. Propõe-se no presente trabalho a investigação empírica da privacidade com função de duas variáveis, analisadas individualmente nos Experimentos 1 e 2, respectivamente: o acesso às variáveis controladores de respostas momentaneamente privadas, e um histórico de reforçamento em comum. Nos dois experimentos 20 participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo Base e Grupo Referencial, sendo que a variável dependente analisada foi a probabilidade de ocorrência de respostas verbais dos participantes do Grupo Referencial que correspondiam às emitidas anteriormente por participantes do Grupo Base. No Experimento 1 os participantes foram expostos a conjuntos de estímulos controladores, sendo que os participantes do Grupo Base acessaram oito propriedades de cada um de seis estímulos-palavra simultaneamente, ao passo que os participantes do Grupo Referencial acessaram as mesmas oito propriedades dos seis estímulos-palavra de forma cumulativa em uma série. Os dados do Experimento 1 mostram que, para todos os participantes do Grupo Referencial, a probabilidade de ocorrência de respostas correspondentes variou em função do número de propriedades de estímulos-palavra conhecidas, quanto mais propriedades conhecidas mais a probabilidade de ocorrência de respostas correspondentes. No Experimento 2 os participantes foram expostos a três condições de teste: Linha de Base (L.B.), Teste pós-treino de verbos (T.V.) e Teste pós treino de substantivos (T.S.), sendo que entre o primeiro e o segundo teste (L.B. - T.V.) os participantes foram expostos a um procedimento de escolha de acordo com o modelo no qual foram estabelecidas relações entre formas e verbos, e entre o segundo e o terceiro teste (T.V. - T.S.) os participantes foram expostos a um novo procedimento de escolha de acordo com o modelo no qual foram estabelecidas relações entre formas e substantivos. Foi solicitado a todos os participantes que tateassem os estímulos forma durante as condições de teste. Observou-se que o procedimento de transferência de função controlou a emissão de respostas corretas para todos os participantes do Grupo Base. Para o Grupo Referencial o procedimento de transferência de função foi parcialmente eficiente. Ainda assim, em 13 de 16 participantes a probabilidade de ocorrência de respostas corretas foi uma função de um histórico de reforçamento em comum, sendo que não houve acertos para nenhum dos participantes durante a Linha de Base. Concluiu-se neste trabalho que a privacidade, se descrita conforme determinadas proposições teóricas recentes, pode ser alvo de investigações empíricas que podem fornecer condições para: (1) a melhor descrição das relações de controle envolvidas no episódio verbal; (2) desenvolvimento de uma agenda empírica que possibilite uma análise mais objetiva da privacidade; e (3) uma descrição mais objetiva do papel das inferências na análise de eventos momentaneamente privados, considerando-se o compromisso da Análise Experimental do Comportamento com os pressupostos das ciências naturais.
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Guilhardi, Cintia. "Independência funcional entre tatos e mandos: análise de respostas verbais baseadas na seleção de estímulos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-18082009-133425/.
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Este projeto teve como objetivo (a) investigar a independência funcional entre os operantes tato e mando com respostas verbais baseadas na seleção de estímulos e (b) investigar algumas variáveis que pudessem facilitar que uma dada topografia verbal ensinada em tato fosse emitida em mando sem treino direto e vice-versa. Quatro crianças com diagnóstico de autismo e uma criança com atraso de linguagem foram participantes do estudo. Primeiramente, no Estudo 1, T1 foi ensinado a emitir tatos puros de cinco objetos necessários para a execução de uma cadeia comportamental. Testou-se, então, a emissão das mesmas topografias de respostas na condição de mando. Em um segundo momento, no Estudo 2, T2 foi ensinado a emitir duas topografias de tato impuros (além do participante ser elogiado após a emissão do tato durante o treino, o mesmo recebia um brinquedo, que cumpria a função de um reforço condicionado) e testado em mando, enquanto M1 e M2 foram ensinados a emitir duas topografias de mando impuro (além de adquirirem o item específico após a emissão da resposta verbal, os participantes eram elogiados pelo experimentador) e testados na condição de tato. Em um terceiro momento, no Estudo 3, M3 foi ensinado a emitir mandos para quatro objetos necessários para completar quatro cadeias comportamentais. Concomitante a emissão das respostas verbais de seleção de estímulos emitidas pelo participante, o experimentador nomeava (resposta vocal) o item que era pedido. Os resultados apontaram independência funcional entre os operantes tato e mando com respostas verbais baseadas na seleção de estímulos. O treino de topografias verbais na condição de tato impuro pareceu facilitar que as mesmas topografias fossem emitidas na condição de mando, sem treino direto e vice-versa. Por fim, a resposta verbal vocal emitida pelo experimentador facilitou que as topografias verbais ensinadas em mando fossem emitidas por M3 em tato e também pareceu ser importante na emissão de respostas verbais vocais.This project aimed to (a) investigate functional independence between mand and tact selection-based verbal behaviors and (b) investigate variables that could facilitate that a given verbal topography taught in tact could be emitted in mand and vice versa. Four children diagnosed with autism and a child with language delay were participants of the study. To begin with, in Study 1, T1 was taught to emit pure tacts of five objects necessary for the implementation of a behavioral chain. Then he was tested in same topographies of responses in mand condition. Secondly, in Study 2, T2 was taught to emit two topographies of impure tacts (in addition to the participant being praised after tacting during training, he received a toy, which fulfilled the function of conditioned reinforcer) and tested in mand, while M1 and M2 were taught to emit two topographies of impure mand (besides acquiring the specific item after the emission of verbal response, the participants were praised by the experimenter) and tested in tact. Thirdly, in Study 3, M3 was taught to mand for four objects required to complete four behavioral chains. Concomitant with the selection-based verbal behavior emitted by the participant, the experimenter named (voice response) the required item. The results showed functional independence between mand and tact for selection-based verbal behavior. The training of verbal topographies in impure tact condition seemed to facilitated the same topographies to be emitted in mand condition, without direct training and vice versa. Finally, the vocal verbal response emitted by the experimenter appeared to facilitated to topographies taught in mand to be emitted by M3 in tact and also seemed to be important in the emission of vocal verbal responses
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DeFiore, Kristin Pauline. "EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF A DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT SYSTEM ON MANDING BEHAVIOR." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1787.
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The use of a concurrently running differential reinforcement of alternative behavior intervention was used to manipulate manding behavior in a small sample of young adults with autism. Three young adults with autism aged 17-21, two males and one female, who had severely limited verbal language and communication devices participated in this study. Differential reinforcement was used to alter the mand topography chosen by each participant during manding sessions. Results indicate that by altering the quantity of highly preferred items individuals with autism can demonstrate flexibility in the topography of their language and respond with the mode of communication that is programmed for more reinforcement without the use of punishment or extinction. This research expands on the functional communication training (FCT) literature and the use of differential reinforcement in the use of mand training and also replicates previous research suggesting that punishment and extinction may not be necessary to reduce less preferred behavior.
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Melo, Maria Elisa Midlej Pereira de. "A relação entre o comportamento verbal e o não verbal de crianças na escolha do lanche." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16796.
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Previous issue date: 2007-05-16Many studies have been analyzing treatments that intervene with the occurrence of correspondence between verbal and non verbal behavior. Nevertheless, the role of verbalization for the emission of the correspondent non verbal behavior, in the studies about correspondence between saying and doing, is not clear yet. The present work had the purpose to combine some treatments already used by some of the studies, with the intention to verify which would be the role of verbalization in the control of non verbal behavior, using a different target behavior than those that have been used in the most part of the studies, and introducing some modifications in the procedure and in the experimental design. The target behavior was the choice of food, considered healthful for the snack. 23 children between 5 and 6 years, with normal development, that studied in the same classroom of a Council School for children, participated of the study. The experimental conditions were: baseline, reinforcement of verbalization, reinforcement of compliance (experimenter s verbalization), reinforcement of correspondence, reinforcement of doing and reinforcement of verbalization 2. The children were divided in 3 groups, with 8, 5 and 7 participants. The sequence of presentation of the treatments varied between the groups. A of multiple baseline design between participants of the same group was used. The results pointed that during of baseline the frequency of choice of more healthful snacks is low, but the frequency of correspondence between verbal and non verbal behavior is high. During the phase of reinforcement of verbalization, the frequency of choice of more healthful snacks is low, and so is the frequency of correspondence between verbal and non verbal behavior. In the phase of reinforcement of doing, the frequency of choice of more healthful snacks is low only when this phase precedes the reinforcement of correspondence and the reinforcement of compliance. In the phases of reinforcement of compliance and reinforcement of correspondence, the frequency of choice of more healthful food increases for the three groups. In the phase of reinforcement of verbalization 2, the frequency of choice of more healthful food was higher than in the phase of reinforcement of verbalization, being, therefore, higher the correspondence frequency. The present study suggests that verbalization has an important role to provide the target response; however it can proceed from the participant as well from the experimenter
Diversos estudos vêm analisando tratamentos que interferem na ocorrência de correspondência entre o comportamento verbal e o não verbal. Apesar disso, o papel da verbalização para a emissão do comportamento não verbal correspondente, nos estudos sobre correspondência entre o dizer e o fazer, ainda não foi esclarecido. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de combinar alguns tratamentos já utilizados por alguns dos estudos, com o intuito de verificar qual seria o papel da verbalização no controle do comportamento não verbal, utilizando um comportamento alvo diferente do que tem sido utilizado na maior parte dos estudos, e introduzindo algumas modificações no procedimento e no delineamento experimental. O comportamento alvo foi a escolha de alimentos considerados saudáveis para o lanche. Participaram do estudo 23 crianças entre 5 e 6 anos, com desenvolvimento normal, que estudavam numa mesma classe de uma Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil (EMEI). As condições experimentais introduzidas foram: linha de base, reforçamento da verbalização, reforçamento da obediência (verbalização do experimentador), reforçamento da correspondência, reforçamento do fazer e reforçamento da verbalização 2. As crianças foram divididas em 3 grupos, com 8, 5 e 7 participantes. A seqüência de apresentação dos tratamentos variou entre os grupos. Foi utilizado um delineamento de linha de base múltipla entre sujeitos de um mesmo grupo. Os resultados apontam que durante a fase de linha de base é baixa a freqüência de escolha de lanches mais saudáveis , mas é alta a freqüência de correspondência entre o comportamento verbal e o não verbal. Durante a fase de reforçamento da verbalização, é baixa a freqüência de escolha de lanches mais saudáveis e baixa a freqüência de correspondência entre o comportamento verbal e o não verbal. Na fase de reforçamento do fazer, é baixa a freqüência de escolha de lanches mais saudáveis apenas quando essa fase precede as de reforçamento da correspondência e reforçamento da obediência. Nas fases de reforçamento da obediência e reforçamento da correspondência, a freqüência de escolhas por alimentos mais saudáveis aumenta para os três grupos. Na fase de reforçamento da verbalização 2, a freqüência de escolha por alimentos mais saudáveis foi maior do que na fase de reforçamento da verbalização, sendo, portanto, mais alta a freqüência de correspondência. O presente estudo sugere que a verbalização tem um papel importante na produção da resposta alvo, porém pode ser proveniente tanto do participante quanto do experimentador
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Luttrell, Meagan D. "Effects of Aging and Reward Motivation on Non-Verbal Recognition Memory." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1729.
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There is a long history of research on the effects of reward motivation on memory, but there are still questions concerning how such motivational variables affect memory. In a study that examined the influence of reward anticipation on episodic memory, Adcock, Thangavel, Whitfield-Gabireli, Knutson, and Gabrieli (2006) found that memory was better for scenes preceded by high value reward cues than low value cues (see also Cushman, 2012; Spaniol, Schain, & Bowen, 2013). More recently, Castel, Murayama, Friedman, McGillivray, & Link (2013) observed that anticipation of reward influences selective attention to “to be remembered” (TBR) words and the memories that are formed in both younger (YA) and older adults (OA). Finally, in an examination of reward-motivated memory for both word items and pairs, Mutter, Luttrell, & Steen (2013) found that high reward enhanced associative memory for word pairs for both YA and OA. The theoretical explanation for this finding attributed word pair stimuli as promoting and high reward motivation as selectively enhancing relational encoding strategies for both OA and YA, producing reward effects for associative recognition performance only.
The present study conceptually replicated the methodology from Mutter, Luttrell, and Steen (2013) in an examination of how reward motivation at study affects non-verbal single item recognition and dual item recognition for picture pair stimuli. It was expected that high reward will induce both YA and OA to engage in more extensive encoding of TBR information, but that, due to age-related associative deficits (e.g., Naveh – Benjamin, Hussain, Guez, & Bar-On, 2003), the type of encoded representations would differ for the two groups. YA would perform better than OA on the types of recognition that require memory for relational information (i.e., associative and context recognition), but YA and OA would perform equally well on the types of recognition that require memory for item-specific information (i.e., pair and no context recognition). As compared to the word pair stimuli used by Mutter and colleagues (2013), it was expected that picture pair stimuli would alternatively promote item-specific encoding strategies for both OA and YA and high reward would selectively enhance single item recognition performance.
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Keinz, Kayde Lou. "EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF THE PEAK-E CURRICULUM IN ESTABLISHING EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2241.
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This study sought to evaluate the efficiency of the methods outlined in the Promoting the Emergence of Advanced Knowledge Relational Training System Equivalence Module (PEAK-E) utilizing a single-subject design. Three participants from a Midwest town were recruited to participate in the study and were assessed and validity, reliability, and efficacy were evaluated to determine the assessments ability to identify three language skills that weren’t currently present in their repertoire. Baseline levels determined that the 3 skills for each participant (a total of 9 skills across the 3 participants) were not currently present in their repertoire prior to implementation of PEAK-E programs, as the participants demonstrated low levels of correct responding. Upon completion of program implementation across all three participants with autism, mastery criteria was obtained for all directly trained skills, and relations were derived for 9 out of 9 programs.
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Hirata, Jomi. "EVALUATING PRE- AND POST- FUNCTIONAL INTRAVERBAL CLASS FORMATION IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM USING THE PEAK-E CURRICULUM." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1935.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the procedures described in the PEAK-E curriculum in generating derived intraverbal categorization responses in both a vocal categorization context and written problem-solving context, replicated across three children with disabilities. Six four-member equivalence classes were taught, including three class member stimuli (A, B, and C) as well as one function class name (D), using a match-to-sample arrangement. These classes were divided into two stimulus sets (i.e., classes 1-3 and classes 4-6) and trained using pre-class (D-C training followed by mixed A-B/B-C training) and post-class formations (Mixed A-B/B-C training followed by D-C training). The procedures were efficacious in generating derived intraverbal categorization responses for one participant in a vocal context, and additional exemplar training was required for the emergence of vocal categorization responses in the other two participants. None of the participants were able to solve the written problem-solving tasks following training and testing of all target relations.
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Jeffries, Tricia. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Tablet Application to Increase Eye Contact in Children Diagnosed with Autism." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4696.
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Studies have shown that increasing eye contact can be accomplished by using reinforcement, prompting, shaping, functional movement training, punishment, and self-monitoring. However, there is a lack of research that evaluates the use of technology as a way to increase eye contact. This study tested the effectiveness of a tablet application at increasing eye contact in children diagnosed with autism. The application requires the child to look at a picture of a person's face and identify the number displayed in the person's eyes in order to receive reinforcement. Data was collected immediately after training, one hour after training, and in the natural environment. The tablet application was not effective at increasing eye contact for any of the three participants. Once the tablet application was shown to be ineffective, the researcher used differential reinforcement to increase eye contact. All three participants showed an increase in eye contact once the differential reinforcement training was implemented.
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Messa, Luciana Chequer Saraiva. "Ironia verbal: do conceito Skinneriano á análise do discurso jurídico irônico." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6653.
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-30This paper presents two studies of verbal irony in Behavior Analysis. This work shows the contributions of other areas (Linguistics, Cognitive Psychology) for Behavior Analysis, so that it can construct in behavioral foundations, a sustainable framework for studying the functions of production and comprehension of verbal irony, and, at the same time, so they can test empirically some of the verbal irony interpretations. The first study is conceptual and is intended to introduce the concept of irony in two areas of knowledge :Linguistics, through the author Paiva (1961), A Contribution to The Stylistics Irony, and Behavior Analysis, through the author Skinner (1957), Verbal Behavior. From these two classics, was analyzed and discussed through the method of BAS (Behavioral Analysis of Speech), the concept of verbal irony and the possibilities for a functional analysis of verbal behavior that involves the phenomenon. This method is self-description of the effects of text-speech under the researcher. The results showed that the irony in Skinner can be conceptualized as verbal behavior under multiple control - multiple audience, multiple stimuli (especially non-verbal) and motivational operations from these stimulus and multiple audiences - with the function of allowing the listener to produce a response (in general, contrary to what was said). The different consequences on audiences, functionally classify subtypes of irony (sarcasm, satire, allegory, cynicism, etc).The authors Skinner and Paiva share the same elements of irony concept. Skinner describes the function of irony from the context of multiple control on verbal behavior (ironic), that includes more than one audience as part of that context; Paiva demonstrates an outstanding contribution in the differentiation of five types (pure, satirical, disfemistic, restrictive and contornant) and climates (naive, rhetoric, sacred, scientific and familiar) of irony. The junction of the approaches of Skinner and Paiva suggests that investigation of irony in speech should analyze the production and comprehension of verbal irony considering the context (stimulus control) and the audience that define multiple types of climates and ironies. We conclude that functional analysis of verbal irony helped to go beyond simply saying how irony it is "used", indicating where, how and why (for what) this behavior is emitted. Study II presents an empirical analysis of production and comprehension of verbal irony in the legal environment. A Jury was recorded, filmed and the speech of the Prosecutor and Lawer was analysed. From the recorded statements, four ironic phrases were selected from each participant, chosen by the researcher and judged by three people (a trainee, the supervisor of this dissertation and the participant s opponent). The phrases were separated and analyzed using the BAS method. The results demonstrated a clear understanding of the participant s irony by definition in the dictionary. Moreover, the high emission of manipulative autoclitics made the irony be issued more in order to persuade listeners than to humor function, for example. It was concluded that the emission of irony can be understood as something inappropriate in legal environment. Furthermore, when investigated by the Behavior Analysis (along with the addition of Linguists definitions), is issued under multiple control, highlighting the humor functions and disqualification of the opponent s speech (such as sarcasm or mockery)
Neste trabalho são apresentados dois estudos sobre ironia verbal na Análise do Comportamento. Essa dissertação traz as contribuições de outras áreas (Linguística, Psicologia Cognitiva) para a Análise do Comportamento, de maneira que se possa construir, em alicerces comportamentais, um arcabouço sustentável para o estudo das funções da produção e da compreensão da ironia verbal; e, ao mesmo tempo, para que se possam testar empiricamente algumas das interpretações behavioristas sobre a ironia verbal. O Estudo I é conceitual e seu objetivo é apresentar o conceito de ironia em duas grandes áreas do conhecimento: a Linguística, através da autora Paiva (1961), Contribuição Para Uma Estilística Da Ironia; e a Análise do Comportamento, através do autor Skinner (1957), Verbal Behavior. A partir dessas duas obras clássicas, foi analisado e discutido, através do método da ACD (Análise Comportamental do Discurso), o conceito de ironia verbal e as possibilidades de uma análise funcional do comportamento verbal que envolve o fenômeno. Esse método é auto-descrição dos efeitos do texto-discurso sob o pesquisador. Os resultados mostraram que a ironia em Skinner pode ser conceituada como comportamento verbal sob controle múltiplo audiência múltipla, estímulos múltiplos (especialmente não verbais) e operações motivacionais a partir desses estímulos e audiências múltiplas com a função de deixar que o ouvinte produza uma resposta (em geral contrária ao que foi dito). As diferentes consequências sobre as audiências classificam funcionalmente subtipos de ironia: sarcasmo, sátira, alegoria, cinismo, etc. Esses elementos do conceito de ironia do autor são compartilhados pelas definições de ironia de Paiva. Skinner descreve a função da ironia a partir do contexto do controle múltiplo do comportamento verbal (irônico), que inclui mais de uma audiência como parte desse contexto; Paiva demonstra uma relevante contribuição na diferenciação dos cinco tipos (pura, satírica, disfemística, restritiva e contornante) e climas (ingênuo, retórico, sagrado, científico e familiar) da ironia.A junção das abordagens de Skinner e de Paiva aponta que o estudo da ironia no discurso deve analisar a produção e a compreensão do comportamento verbal irônico levando em consideração o contexto (controle de estímulo) e a audiência múltipla que definem tipos e climas de ironias. Conclui-se que a análise funcional do comportamento verbal irônico ajudou a ir além de simplesmente dizer como a ironia é utilizada , apontando onde, como e porque (para que) esse comportamento é emitido. No Estudo II é apresentada uma análise empírica da produção e compreensão da ironia verbal em ambiente jurídico. Foi gravado e filmado um Júri Popular e analisadas as falas do Promotor e do Advogado. Dessas falas gravadas foram selecionadas quatro frases irônicas de cada participante, escolhidas pela pesquisadora e julgadas por outras três pessoas (um estagiário, o orientador desta dissertação e o oponente do participante). As frases foram separadas e analisadas com base no método da ACD. Os resultados demonstraram uma clara compreensão da ironia por parte dos participantes pela definição mais dicionarizada. Além disso, a alta emissão de autoclíticos manipulativos fez com que a ironia fosse mais emitida com o objetivo de persuadir os ouvintes do que com função humorística, por exemplo. Concluiu-se que a emissão da ironia pode ser compreendida como algo inapropriado em ambiente jurídico. Além disso, quando investigada pela Análise do Comportamento (juntamente com a junção das definições na Linguística), é emitida sob controle múltiplo, destacando-se as funções de humor e de desqualificação da fala do oponente (como sarcasmo ou deboche)
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Perez, Glendon Emily L. "Cultivating Liberation within a Verbal Community: Evaluating the Effects of Collective Shaping on Written Narratives and Reflective Statements about Social Issues." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707343/.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects that a training workshop and collective shaping had on the reflective statements and feeling and emotion labels in a written response to videos relating to social issues. The workshop included a presentation interspersed with videos to help practice dialoguing and guide discussion toward generating discourse for social change. The effects of the workshop were evaluated using a single subject A – B design with multiple probe measures across three participants. Participants were given a prompt to write a descriptive narrative in response to a video clip, creating a permanent product for quantitative and qualitative analyses. The study resulted in slight increasing trends for both reflective statements and feeling and emotion labels for Participants 1 and 2. Further analyses show that Participant 3, despite showing little change across reflective statements and feeling and emotion labels, showed significant increase and more stability in the percentage of total words within reflective statements. The results of the workshop are discussed in the context of future research, including the role of social issues in our everyday language and how that affects us at a personal level.
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Garcia, Yors Alexander. "Effect of training structures on the establishment of equivalence classes in college students and individuals with intellectual disabilities." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/355.
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The present studies evaluated the effect of training structures on the development of equivalence classes in college students and individuals with intellectual disabilities. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of two types of training structures, One-To-Many (OTM) (AB, AC, AD), and Many-To-One (MTO) (BA, CA, DA), on the establishment of equivalence classes in college students. A between group comparison was used in Experiment 1. Forty-two participants were randomly assigned to two different groups. Twenty-one were assigned to the OTM group and twenty-one to the MTO group. Participants in both groups were taught 3 four-member stimulus classes. Participants in both groups were exposed to conditional discrimination training, mixed training, symmetry and equivalence test. Response accuracy and response latency were measured in both groups. The results showed that the MTO training structure was slightly more effective in establishing equivalence classes in college students. In the Experiment 2, six young adults with intellectual disabilities were taught mathematical relations using the MTO training structure which was the most effective training structure in Experiment 1. All participants were taught three 3-member stimulus equivalence classes using the MTO training structure. The experimental sequence consisted of a generalization probe and pretest followed by conditional discrimination training, symmetry test, equivalence test, and posttest. Upon the completion of the training and testing phases a generalization probe was evaluated. Five participants demonstrated equivalence relations. The results show that the MTO training was superior to the OTM in the Experiment 1. Response latencies were faster in the MTO group during the training phases and slower in the testing conditions. Experiment 2 showed that only five participants demonstrated equivalence relations and transferred untaught relations to new setting. Results and implications are discussed in light of the research on equivalence and training structures in both adults and individual with intellectual disabilities.
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Jordan, Danielle. "Evaluating the Validity and Efficacy of the PEAK-E Curriculum." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2112.
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The present study evaluated the validity and efficacy of the Promoting the Emergence of Advanced Knowledge Relational Training System Equivalence Module (PEAK-E) using a single-case, multiple baseline across skills design with 3 adolescents with autism. Total scores from the PEAK-E assessment (PEAK-E-A) and programs were used to evaluate the degree to which the assessment was able to identify language skills to teach using the PEAK-E curriculum, and how effective the PEAK-E curriculum was at teaching those target skills. Baseline results suggested that the programs selected using the PEAK-E-A were not currently in the participant’s language repertoire. Upon completion of 9 total programs across three participants (3 programs per participant), mastery was achieved and all derived relations emerged for all 9 programs. The PEAK-E pre-assessment, assessment, and training programs were proven to be valid and efficacious at improving participant’s language skill repertoire. Keywords: autism, applied behavior analysis, verbal behavior, derived relational responding, stimulus equivalence, PEAK
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Lucado, Charles Hubbart. "Enhancing teacher growth through conversation : an analysis of colleague conversation during the planning and teaching of a reading assessment course /." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022007-144902/.
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Garden, Regan E. "Creating a Verbal Community for Describing Emotional Responses within a Contingency Lens: The Effects of a Brief Training Workshop." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955041/.
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Observing emotional responses is recognized as a valuable clinical skill in a variety of professions, including applied behavior analysis. Emotional responses can flag possible contingencies thereby guiding a behavior analyst to better select valid measures, goals, and procedures. Additionally, emotional responses can be goals in and of themselves. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a workshop on the observation and description of emotional responses by behavior analysts-in-training. The procedures included instructions, modeling, practice, discussion and feedback. The workshop included a blend of trainer presentation and interteaching strategies. The effects of the workshop were evaluated using a single-subject A-B design with multiple probe measures across four students. During probe assessments participants watched short video clips of family interactions and wrote a descriptive narrative in response to several questions. This created a permanent record for quantitative evaluation and analysis. The study resulted in an increase in the number of descriptions of emotional responses among all participants. The participants also increased responses tying the emotional response to external environmental events more often in the post-workshop assessment than the pre-workshop assessment. Results are discussed within the context of training applied behavior analysts, the analysis of verbal behavior, and the role of emotions in clinical practice.
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Hersh, Susan B. "An analysis of verbal behavior to describe task systems in a resource classroom and two mainstream classrooms /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487592050229225.
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Baker, Jane Ellen. "Teacher talk, teaching philosophy, and effective literacy instruction in primary-grade classrooms : a dissertation presented to the faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University /." Click to access online version, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=85&did=1400963541&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1255441787&clientId=28564.
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Schultz, Lorie G. "Using the ABLLS with second language learners [electronic resource] : implications for students and teachers / by Lorie G. Schultz." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000190.
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Lambert, Lindsey L. "The Effects of Modeling and Coaching on Verbal Narratives of Teaching Interactions by Novice Behavior Analysts." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404591/.
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Research has shown that well-trained staff within early and intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) provide more effective treatment. An important part of training is learning the vocabulary and concepts of treatment. This aids in conceptual understanding of the principles and procedures. The process of learning behavioral concepts also develops the necessary verbal repertoire needed to communicate among members of a community of practice; a group of people who have common reinforcers and are working toward a common goal. Learning to tact a series of sequential descriptions, or verbally narrate, exemplary teaching interactions should be a goal when teaching behavior analysis because it is how we, as a community, interact and establish an understanding of behavior analysis. The purpose of the current study is to train novice behavior analysts to narrate exemplary intervention sequences that are responsive, flexible, and effective teaching interactions. The effects of the training were evaluated using a multiple baseline design across training conditions, replicated across 3 participants. The results suggest that the training was effective in increasing the number of narrative statements as well as the number of narrative statements related to five critical features of a teaching interaction and the relations between those features. The results are discussed in the context of future research directions, including studies of correspondence between verbal behavior and teaching interaction performance.
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Morris, Lynnae Carol. "Power and Status with Small Groups: An Analysis of Students' Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior and Responses to One Another." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11082007-042527/.
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The purpose of this research has been to determine the influence of verbal and nonverbal behavior on power and status within small groups. The interactions which took place within five small groups of students in a middle school spatial reasoning elective were analyzed. Verbal responses to requests for help were analyzed using sequential analysis software. Results indicated that the identity of the child asking a question or requesting help in some form or another is a better predictor of whether he/she will receive help than the type of questions he/she asks. Nonverbal behavior was analyzed for social gestures, body language, and shifts in possession of tools. Each nonverbal act was coded as either ?positive? (encouraging participation) or ?negative? (discouraging participation); and, the researchers found that in groups in which there was unequal participation and less ?help? provided among peers (according to the verbal analysis results) there tended to be more ?negative? nonverbal behavior demonstrated than in groups in which ?shared talk time? and ?helping behavior? were common characteristics of the norm. The combined results from the analyses of the verbal and nonverbal behavior of students within small groups were then reviewed through the conflict, power, status perspective of small group interactions in order to determine some common characteristics of high functioning (collaborative) and low functioning (non-collaborative) groups. Some common characteristics of the higher functioning groups include: few instances of conflict, shared ?talk time? and decision making, inclusive leadership, frequent use of encouraging social gestures and body language, and more sharing of tools than seizing; while, some shared traits among the lower functioning groups include: frequent occurrences of interpersonal conflict, a focus on process (rather than content), persuasive or alienating leadership, unequal participation and power, frequent use of discouraging social gestures and body language, and more seizing of tools than sharing. While ?functionality? was easily defined, labeling groups according to this characteristic proved to be a more difficult task. Although there was clearly a ?highest functioning? and a ?lowest functioning? group among the five, the other three groups fell somewhere in between these two, along a continuum (dependent upon the day).
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Diaz, Alejandro Rene. "An Efficiency Evaluation of Procedures to Evoke Vocalizations in Children with Autism." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3771.
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Development of vocalizations in early learners with autism is critical to the acquisition of verbal behavior and other important life skills. The purpose of the present studies was to (1) evaluate the efficiency and efficacy of Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing (SSP) and standard Echoic Training (ET) procedures for the development and onset of verbal behavior in early learners with ASD to improve early intervention efficiency and (2) elucidate predictive characteristics or variables for the effective use of SSP. The present studies were comprised of a multiple-baseline (across behaviors) experimental design buttressed within a reversal design, also known more broadly as within-subject controlled experimental designs. It was found that SSP can have a greater treatment efficacy than ET, but any efficacy advantage is transitory. Shifting an SSP treatment to direct reinforcement contingencies once vocalizations are produced are likely the most effective strategy. SSP produces discrepant effects across learners, thus highlighting the need to assess a learner’s characteristics and assumed reinforcer effectiveness. It was also found that higher-functioning learners will benefit more greatly from ET as opposed to SSP.
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Tardem, Marcio Felipe. "Comparação do tempo de apresentação de dois tipos de dicas no ensino de respostas intraverbais a crianças com desenvolvimento típico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-29012019-173347/.
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Estudar o comportamento humano é uma tarefa desafiadora pela sua complexidade e multideterminação. Dentre as relações comportamentais complexas estão as relações verbais. A Análise do Comportamento estuda tais eventos destacando as variáveis fundamentais envolvidas, analisadas pela tríplice contingência. Uma das maiores características de uma criança com atraso no desenvolvimento é o atraso ou prejuízo em aquisição ou expansão da linguagem. Nesse sentido, estudos anteriores buscaram identificar procedimentos efetivos na aquisição e expansão de operantes verbais. Dentre os procedimentos efetivos, estão aqueles que empregam dicas. Já se sabe que a história de reforçamento com determinada dica influencia a velocidade de aquisição do operante intraverbal, outros estudos apontam a hipótese de que o tempo de permanência da dica exposta aos participantes pode influenciar na aquisição do operante intraverbal, porém, essa variável não havia sido mensurada e controlada até o momento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar se o aumento no tempo de apresentação das dicas textuais e de tato tem efeito sobre o responder intraverbal. Os resultados demonstraram que para três dos cinco participantes, o tempo de permanência das dicas teve efeito no aumento da velocidade de aquisição de respostas intraverbais, já que para esses participantes, ocorreu diminuição no blocos de tentativas para atingir o critério de aprendizagem quando houve a manipulação do tempo de apresentação das dicasStudying human behavior is a challenging task because of its complexity and multi-determination. Among complex behavioral relationships are verbal relations. Behavior Analysis studies such events prioritizing the fundamental variables involved, analyzed by the three term contingency. One of the greatest characteristics of a child with developmental disorder is the delay in language acquisition or expansion. In this sense, previous studies have sought to identify effective procedures in the acquisition and expansion of verbal operants. Among the effective procedures are those that employ prompts. It is already known that the history of reinforcement with a certain prompt influences the speed of intraverbal operant acquisition. Previous studies point to the hypothesis that the time of exposed prompts to the participants may influence intraverbal operant acquisition. However, this variable did not exist been measured and controlled so far. The objective of the present study was to compare increased time of exposed presentation of textual and tact prompt and verify effects on intraverbal responses acquisition. The results showed that for three of the five participants, the time of presentation of the prompts had an effect on the speed of acquisition of intraverbal responses, one can conclude this because there was a decrease in the blocks of attempts to reach the learning criterion when there was manipulation of the time of exposed of the prompts
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Morris, Gabrielle N. "Cultivating Liberation: The Effects of Collective Shaping on Context and Power Dynamics within Social Justice Narratives." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707279/.
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Social issues are becoming increasingly apparent. More people are experiencing the impact of social issues directly and through their media consumption. It is important to understand and reflect on our collective impact on the media and how the media affects the collective. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a collaborative workshop (collective shaping) and a verbal community that examined media depictions of social justice and injustice related to context and power dynamics. The effects of the workshop were evaluated using an A-B design with multiple probe measures across three participants. During the pre-, probe, and post-training assessments, participants watched videos and responded to a written prompt. Results of the study suggest that written responses were not adequately trained during the workshop. However, anecdotally, participant's verbal responding shifted drastically during the training workshop. The results are discussed within the context of the training apparatus, effects the workshop had on the participants and researchers, and progression forward.
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Fidalgo, Adriana Piñeiro. "O estudo do comportamento verbal no Brasil: uma análise com base em resumos de dissertações e teses." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16627.
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Previous issue date: 2011-06-10Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The purpose of this dissertation was to evaluate how the verbal behavior study, based on the Skinner (1957) proposal, was established and conducted in Brazil. For that, this study performed a historical revision of Brazilian dissertations and theses related to the subject and carried out from 1969 to 2007. The aspects investigated include: (a) number of dissertation and thesis related to the subject, (b) thesis advisor, (c) type of research (descriptive or experimental), (d) line of research (basic, applied, conceptual and historical), (e) concepts of the Behavior Analyses, (f) area of application, (g) subjects, (h) units of analyses and measures, (i) designs of single subject or group design, and (j) participants. It was analyzed how such aspects varied over the years and the appropriateness of the methodological aspects employed in research, based on Skinner's propositions (1957). The publications (articles, abstracts in scientific events and book chapters) based on dissertations and theses were also investigated in order to estimate the diffusion of knowledge. In total, 141 dissertations and 41 theses related to the subject were identified. The Universidade de São Paulo produced the largest number of studies, and was primarily responsible for expanding such research field in the country; forming and exporting thesis advisors for other institutions of higher education. Other major research centers identified were: UnB, UFSCar, UFPA, PUC-SP, UCG and UEL. The researchers identified by the large number of orientations in this field of study are: Carolina Bori, Deisy das Graças, Emmanuel Tourinho, Maria Amália Andery, Roberto Banaco, Maria Amélia Matos, Antônio Ribeiro, and Júlio de Rose. Of the 182 studies reviewed, 104 were applied research, 63 were basic, and 15 were historical and conceptual research. The most recurrent themes were: operant control of verbal behavior, rule-governed behavior, stimulus equivalence, correspondence between verbal and nonverbal behavior, and finally, functional hypotheses about the possible control variables involved in verbal behavior. Generally, Brazilian dissertations and theses about verbal behavior have followed the methodological model proposed by the Behavior Analysis field, consisting of experimentation, design of single subject, and unit of functional analysis. Only 51% of the analyzed studies were published, indicating the need to expand the dissemination of the knowledge produced by behavior analysts. The results obtained in this research allow to say that the study of verbal behavior in Brazil was established as a research program and has grown over the years, following the expansion of the Behavior Analysis through the country
A fim de avaliar como o estudo do comportamento verbal se estabeleceu e vem sendo conduzido no Brasil, com base na proposta de Skinner (1957), o presente trabalho realizou uma revisão histórica de dissertações e teses brasileiras sobre o tema, produzidas entre 1969 e 2007. Foram investigados: (a) número de dissertações e teses sobre o tema, (b) orientador, (c) tipo de pesquisa (descritiva ou experimental), (d) linha de pesquisa (básica, aplicada ou históricoconceitual), (e) conceitos da Análise do Comportamento, (f) área de aplicação, (g) tema, (h) unidade de análise e medida, (i) delineamento de sujeito único ou de grupo e (j) participantes. Analisou-se como tais fatores variaram ao longo dos anos, bem como a adequação dos aspectos metodológicos empregados nas pesquisas, à luz das proposições de Skinner (1957). Foram investigadas também as publicações (artigos, resumos em anais de eventos científicos e capítulos de livro) decorrentes das dissertações e teses, com o objetivo de avaliar a divulgação do conhecimento produzido. No total, identificaram-se 141 dissertações e 41 teses sobre o tema. A USP produziu o maior número de trabalhos, sendo a principal responsável pela expansão deste campo de pesquisa no país, ao destacar-se na formação e na exportação de orientadores para outras instituições de ensino superior. Outros importantes centros de pesquisa identificados foram: UnB, UFSCar, UFPA, PUC-SP, UCG e UEL. Entre os principais pesquisadores na área, sobressaíram Carolina Bori, Deisy das Graças, Emmanuel Tourinho, Maria Amália Andery, Roberto Banaco, Maria Amélia Matos, Antônio Ribeiro e Júlio de Rose. Dos 182 trabalhos analisados, 104 foram pesquisas aplicadas, 63 pesquisas básicas e 15 pesquisas históricoconceituais. Os temas mais recorrentes foram: controle operante do comportamento verbal, comportamento governado por regras, equivalência de estímulos, correspondência entre comportamento verbal e comportamento não verbal e, por fim, hipóteses funcionais a respeito das possíveis variáveis de controle envolvidas no comportamento verbal. De modo geral, dissertações e teses brasileiras sobre comportamento verbal têm respeitado à metodologia proposta pela Análise do Comportamento, composta por experimentação, delineamento de sujeito único e unidade de análise funcional. Apenas 51% dos trabalhos analisados foram publicados, indicando a necessidade de ampliar a divulgação do conhecimento produzido pelos analistas do comportamento. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho permitem afirmar que o estudo do comportamento verbal, no Brasil, estabeleceu-se como programa de pesquisa e cresceu ao longo dos anos, acompanhando a expansão da Análise do Comportamento pelo país
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Carpenter, Robert Alan. "A descriptive analysis of relationships between verbal behaviors of teacher-conductors and ratings of selected junior high and senior high school band rehearsals." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1302627132.
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White, Jane P. "Assessing the Effects of Derived Relational Responding on Intraverbal Use of Same-Opposite and More Than-Less Than Relations in Children with Autism." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5403.
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Relational Frame Theory provides an analysis of verbal behavior involving a focus on the development of relational operants which are seen as a basis for language. From this basis, a framework is provided for establishing relational networks in individuals who lack derived relational ability. Establishment of relational frames may increase the probability of responding relationally to novel instances and use of the specific relational frames during social interactions; therefore, training verbal relations in accordance with an RFT approach may enhance intraverbal responding and facilitate the emergence of untrained responses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the emergence of specific relationships in the context of intraverbal responding as a collateral effect of training on relational networks in four children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Two participants demonstrated mastery of derived relational responding (DRR) without training, one participant demonstrated mastery of DRR following training, and a fourth participant demonstrated mutual entailment and some combinatorial entailment. Increases in vocal verbal behavior during generalization probes were observed, although increased use of all target relations was not observed in all participants. Further research is needed to evaluate specific deficits in derived relational responding among individuals with ASD, as well as the correlation between DRR and language ability.
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Macchione, Ana Carolina Ceneviva. "Como crianças relatam seu desempenho acadêmico? estudo de correspondência fazer-dizer em situação escolar." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16679.
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Previous issue date: 2012-05-04Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The expression correspondence between verbal and nonverbal behavior has been used to refer to the accuracy with which the individual reports what he did. Several studies have been conducted in this area, observing precisely the discriminative stimulus that should control the verbal response to later compare it with the verbal report. The present research aimed to investigate whether the manipulation of contingencies can affect the correspondence between doing and saying in a natural situation involving academic tasks; whether there is a relationship between the correction of the task made by the child and his or her history of success or error; and if the fact that the reporting behavior of the children occurs in a group affects the correspondence. To meet this objective, the children did exercises in the classroom given by the teacher and then, in another room, did the correction with the experimenter, who wrote the correct answers on the board where each child had to correct (mark right or wrong) their own exercise. After this correction, the child reported to the experimenter if he or she made the exercises correctly or not. Depending on the phase of the study, the child received tokens exchangeable for adhesives. In the Individual Baseline and Group Baseline phases, no contingency was planned for the reports; in the Group Reinforcement of the Correspondence and Individual Reinforcement of Correspondence, all correspondent reports were reinforced. Besides those, there was a Non-contingent Reinforcement session, in which the children won all the tokens and exchanged for the stickers before they started the report. During Individual Baseline sessions, it was observed that, in general, the number of correspondent reports was much greater than the non-correspondent reports, despite the significant number of the latter. Comparing this result to the group sessions, it can be observed that the number of error reports diminished substantially, increasing the number of non-correspondent reports of being right. For most participants, it was not possible to reverse the number of non-correspondent reports in the Reinforcement of Correspondence phases. The data from this research indicate that, in general, the different arrangements of reinforcement contingencies presented by the researcher were less effective in controlling the report than the contingencies involved in the groups in which the reports were made. Only a few participants seem to have been less affected by the presence of colleagues and more by the contingencies arranged by the experimenter. Moreover, when the participants were exposed to different experimental conditions, they had not only their report about academic tasks affected but also the corrections made by them
A expressão correspondência entre comportamento verbal e não verbal tem sido utilizada para se referir à acurácia com que o indivíduo relata o que fez. Diversos estudos nessa área têm sido realizados, observando-se precisamente o estímulo discriminativo que deveria controlar a resposta verbal para, posteriormente, compará-lo com o relato verbal. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar se a manipulação de contingências pode afetar a correspondência fazer-dizer em uma situação natural, envolvendo tarefas acadêmicas; se há relação entre a correção da tarefa, feita pela criança, e seu relato de acerto ou de erro; e se o fato de o comportamento de relatar das crianças ocorrer em grupo afeta a correspondência. Para atender a tal objetivo, as crianças realizavam exercícios em sala de aula, passados pela professora, e, em seguida, numa outra sala, faziam a correção dos mesmos com a experimentadora esta escrevia na lousa as respostas corretas e cada criança corrigia (marcava certo ou errado) seu próprio exercício. Terminada a correção, a criança relatava à experimentadora se havia acertado ou errado cada um dos exercícios. Dependendo da fase do estudo, a criança recebia fichas trocáveis por adesivos, segundo diferentes critérios. Foram realizadas fases de Linha de Base Individual e de Linha de Base em Grupo, em que nenhuma contingência foi planejada para os relatos; fases de Reforçamento da Correspondência em Grupo e de Reforçamento da Correspondência Individual, em que todos os relatos emitidos de forma correspondente foram reforçados; e uma sessão de Reforçamento Não Contingente, na qual as crianças ganharam todas as fichas e as trocaram por adesivos antes de iniciar o relato. Durante as sessões de linha de base individual, foi possível observar que, de maneira geral, o número de relatos correspondentes foi muito maior que o de relatos não correspondentes, apesar do número expressivo destes últimos. Se comparado esse resultado ao das sessões de grupo, observa-se que o número de relatos de erro diminui substancialmente, aumentando o número de relatos de acerto não correspondentes. Para grande parte dos participantes, não foi possível reverter o número de relatos não correspondentes nas fases de Reforçamento da Correspondência. Os dados obtidos neste estudo apontam que, de modo geral, os diferentes arranjos de contingências de reforçamento dispostos pela experimentadora foram menos efetivos no controle do comportamento de relatar das crianças do que as contingências dispostas pelos grupos em que os relatos foram feitos. Apenas alguns poucos participantes parecem ter sido menos afetados pela presença dos colegas e mais pelas contingências programadas pela experimentadora. Além disso, quando os participantes foram expostos a diferentes condições experimentais tiveram não só o seu relato sobre tarefas acadêmicas afetado, como também as correções feitas por eles mesmos
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Gharbieh, Chafica Mansour. "The effects of applied verbal behaviour approach “AVB” in teaching children with autism." Thesis, Brunel University, 2009. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4345.
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The idea which has initiated this research came firstly from being a mother of an autistic child and secondly, being an experienced Applied Behaviour Analysis/Applied Verbal Behaviour “ABA/AVB” therapist working with children with autism and related disorders. It has been the researcher ambition for some time to study the effects of implementing an ABA/AVB programme on children with autism, and to report on their performance. The previous and current research has shown the importance of an early intervention in teaching children with autism. However, finding an appropriate intervention for an individual with autism is still debated among parents and professionals. Previous research has highlighted the importance of an ABA programme using the Lovaas model programme in teaching children with autism. No wider research on the AVB model has been conducted. This has led the researcher to investigate this issue further. This research has taken place at “The Autistic Centre” in Beirut. This research is the author’s attempt to study the effects and the impacts of implementing an AVB programme on children with autism. Children’s performance on specific skills will be assessed, evaluated and reported by four parties: 1. The researcher. 2. The independent psychologists. 3. The teachers. 4. The parents. The research used a combination of quantitative and some qualitative methods. The AVB Intervention used for this study was based on multiple baseline design across behaviour, participants and settings. The different use of methods for this research has contributed to the methodology, by using different methods to collect data and involving many parties who can evaluate the children’s performance and report their progress from their own perspectives. The present study demonstrated the efficiency of the AVB programme with ten children with autism. Its effects have been clear on the emergence of speech, collateral gains in social communicative behaviours and decrease of problems behaviours and the decrease of parental level stress. This research also proposed several key suggestions based on the literature review and the research undertaken. It has also contributed to knowledge of the current research regarding the implementation of an AVB Programme as an educational provision and its effects on the child and the parents.
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Jacobsen, Blair Nichole. "Evaluation of Using an Interrupted Behavior Chain Procedure to Teach Mands to Children with Autism." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4511.
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Abstract
Interrupted behavior chain procedures have been shown to be an effective way to teach individuals with intellectual disabilities and autism to mand for missing objects and information concerning missing objects. Research has shown that an interrupted behavior chain procedure is more effective than traditional mand teach trials, which occur at the onset of a behavior chain or in a massed trial format. However, there is a lack of research evaluating the use of interrupted behavior chain procedures to teach vocal mands for missing items and the possible generalization effects thereof. This study evaluated the acquisition of vocal mands for missing items using interrupted behavior chain procedures, as well as participants' generalization of learned mands to novel behavior chains when said chains were interrupted. Each participant exhibited some form of generalization to a novel chain suggesting that interrupted behavior chains may be an efficient means to teach mands to children with autism. However, the extent to which a mand generalized across topographically distinct chains was different for each participant, suggesting that an individual's verbal repertoire could be a factor influencing generalization.
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Marcon, Roberta Maia. "O Comportamento Verbal do Esquizofrênico sob Múltiplas Condições de Controle." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2010. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2064.
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Previous issue date: 2010-03-15This study aimed at functionally analyzing the verbal behavior of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia undergoing treatment in a specialized service. The participant is a female, diagnosed with simple schizophrenia, 27 years old, from the state of Bahia, single, incomplete elementary school, low social-economic status, and presenting a history of treatment in several institutions. To control the procedures, we used the design of multiple conditions with three main conditions: condition attention (A), condition alone (S), and condition control (C). Condition (A) was manipulated in four sub-conditions: (A1) attention, eye contact (inappropriate speech was followed by 10 seconds of eye contact); (A2) attention, physical contact (inappropriate speech was followed by 10 seconds of physical contact); (A3) attention, comment (inappropriate speech was followed by the comment It is difficult to understand when you talk like this ); and (A4) attention, task execution (appropriate speech was followed by social attention in the form of signs of approval); condition (S) was manipulated in two sub-conditions: (S1) alone, without demand (participant remained in the room in the absence of the researcher) and (S2) alone, with demand (participant remained in the room in the absence of the researcher, with demand); and condition (C) (participant remained in the room composed by reinforcers, in the presence of the researcher, who was writing on a sheet of paper). Under the conditions studied, we also aimed at observing some emotional behaviors of the participant, such as annoyance, anger, pleasure, elation, anxiety, sadness, and relief inferred from the intonation of her voice and her behavioral topography. The results demonstrated that the social attention manipulated under the different conditions controlled the participant s inappropriate speech, which may have worked as a motivational operation for the occurrence of her verbalization. They also demonstrated that under condition (A) there were more manifestations of emotional phenomena, and rage (attention, eye contact, and alone, without demands) was the most frequent emotion, followed by elation (attention, comment), whereas the least frequent emotions were pleasure and relief (attention, comment, and eye contact, respectively). These findings are discussed in terms of the implications of the effects of a motivational operation as a component for the functional analysis of the verbal behavior of the participant in the present investigation.
O presente estudo objetivou analisar funcionalmente o comportamento verbal de uma pessoa esquizofrênica, que se encontrava em tratamento especializado em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS), fazendo uso de uma metodologia de análise funcional. A participante era do sexo feminino, diagnosticada com esquizofrenia simples, 27 anos de idade à época, natural do estado da Bahia, solteira, primeiro grau incompleto, de nível socioeconômico baixo e com histórico de internação em várias instituições. Para essa finalidade foi empregado o delineamento de múltiplas condições com três condições principais: condição atenção (A), condição sozinha (S) e condição controle (C). A condição (A) incluiu quatro subcondições: (A1) atenção, contato olho a olho (a fala inapropriada foi seguida por 10 segundos de contato olho a olho); (A2) atenção, contato físico (a fala inapropriada foi seguida por 10 segundos de contato físico); (A3) atenção, comentário (a fala inapropriada foi seguida pelo comentário Fica difícil compreender quando você fala assim ); e (A4) atenção, executar tarefa (o comportamento apropriado foi seguido pela atenção social sob a forma de sinais de aprovação); a condição (S) incluiu duas subcondições: (S1) sozinha, sem demanda (a participante permaneceu na sala na ausência da pesquisadora) e (S2) sozinha, com demanda (a participante permaneceu na sala na ausência da pesquisadora, com demanda); e a condição (C) (a participante permaneceu na sala composta por reforçadores, na presença da pesquisadora, que escrevia em uma folha de papel). Dentro das condições estudadas foi também objeto deste estudo observar alguns comportamentos emocionais da participante, tais como aborrecimento, raiva, prazer, elação, ansiedade, tristeza e alívio inferidos das entonações de sua voz e de suas topografias comportamentais. Os resultados demonstraram que a atenção social manipulada nas diferentes condições exerceu controle sobre o comportamento verbal da participante, o que pode ter funcionado como uma operação motivadora para a ocorrência de suas verbalizações. Demonstraram, ainda, que na condição atenção (A) houve maiores manifestações dos comportamentos emocionais, sendo a raiva a emoção mais frequente, seguida pela elação, enquanto as de menores ocorrências foram prazer e alívio. Esses achados foram discutidos em termos das implicações dos efeitos de uma operação motivadora como componente para a análise funcional do comportamento verbal da participante da presente investigação.
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Malherbe, Neil. "A critical analysis of the importance of oracy in the classroom, with particular reference to secondary schools in the Cape Education Department." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003355.
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In the past thirty years, oracy has received prominence as a means to enhance teaching styles and assist with learning. Much of what has been written in this field has been by those interested in a 'language across the curriculum' approach, such as Barnes (1969) who developed the terms 'exploratory talk' and 'final draft talk'. The linguist, M.A.K. Halliday {1989} and others have suggested that the teacher's approach should be to encourage what he terms 'heuristic talk' i.e. relatively unstructured exploratory language used by the pupils in talking towards an understanding of a concept. It is more evident in certain school subjects that pupils may have difficulty in understanding abstract or complex concepts. In this regard, English, mathematics and physical science were selected for the purpose of this study, as each has its own metalanguage, specific to that subject. It is presumed that some pupils may find difficulty in these subjects because of the subject-specific language inherent in each. This work explores whether a programme of increased oracy alleviates some of these problems and it makes recommendations for the implementation of such a programme. The period involved for the purpose of this study was five weeks, during which teachers of three selected classes presented lessons in such a way that oral work was stressed. At the completion of this programme, a test was written for comparison with past experiences. Pupils answered a comprehensive questionnaire and staff involved were interviewed; the results of this feedback, in conjunction with what has been written by others in this field, forms the basis for this work. The primary recommendation emerging from this and other studies is that a shift away from a teacher-/ and textbook-dominated approach is necessary. Pupils need to contextualise knowledge in their own terms. One important way of accomplishing this is by affording them theopportunity to interact orally with each other and with the teacher.
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Siebert, Graziela. "Transtorno do p?nico: investiga??o sobre altera??es de relato em terapia anal?tico-comportamental." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2006. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/168.
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Previous issue date: 2006-02-01Universidade Estadual Paulista J?lio de Mesquita Filho
Panic Disorder is one of the most frequent and incapability problems among anxiety disturbing, representing one of major reasons people look for health support in Brazil and in world. The Behavior Analyses Therapy constitutes a treatment propose with very satisfactory results, focusing on the relation between clients felt and described symptoms and the operation contingencies, of which his/her behavior means the functions. The fully removal of symptoms (private events described by client) may occur since contingencies changing. The goal of this present work is to verify the changing occurrence from a verbal report of a client (25 years old) diagnosed with Panic Disorder by a psychiatrist. The changes occurred were verbalizations on auto-analyses and symptom descriptions for observation report and description of the relation among behavior/symptoms/environment, creating an initial strategy for psychotherapy treatment of such disorder. First eleven psychotherapy sessions were recorded and transcribed, and verbalizations were divided into categories by three independent judges - categories of client verbalization: Symptom, Environment, Behavior, Symptom/ Environment, Others; and functional categories of therapist verbalizations: Information, Investigation, Feedback, Advice/Rule, Interpretations, Others. Results have demonstrated as an answer for therapy intervention an important decrease on client verbalization frequency concerning category of symptom and an increase on category concerning symptom/environment. Those results contribute with clinical practice based on Radical Behaviorism philosophy, by demonstrating, in a natural clinical situation, that client behavior statement is selected (by therapist), as any other behavior, following the behavior concept as a result of environmental concern.
O Transtorno do P?nico ? um dos mais freq?entes e incapacitantes problemas dentre os transtornos ansiosos, representando um dos motivos de maior procura dos servi?os de sa?de no Brasil e no mundo. A Terapia Anal?tico-Comportamental constitui uma proposta com resultados bastante satisfat?rios para seu tratamento, e seu enfoque ? o esclarecimento da rela??o entre os sintomas sentidos e descritos pelo cliente e as conting?ncias em opera??o, das quais seus comportamentos s?o fun??o. A completa remo??o dos sintomas (eventos privados descritos pelo cliente) poder? ocorrer em conjunto com a altera??o das conting?ncias. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a ocorr?ncia da mudan?a do relato verbal de uma cliente (25 anos) diagnosticada com Transtorno do P?nico por um psiquiatra. A mudan?a ocorrida foi de verbaliza??es sobre auto-observa??o e descri??o de sintomas para o relato de observa??o e descri??o da rela??o comportamento / sintoma / ambiente, compondo uma estrat?gia inicial para o tratamento psicoterap?utico deste transtorno. Foram gravadas e transcritas as onze primeiras sess?es de psicoterapia, e as verbaliza??es categorizadas por tr?s juizes independentes - categorias para verbaliza??es da cliente: Sintoma, Ambiente, Comportamento, Sintoma / Ambiente, Outras; e categorias funcionais para verbaliza??es do terapeuta: Informa??o, Investiga??o, Feedback, Conselhos / Regras, Interpreta??es, Outras. Os resultados demonstraram uma diminui??o acentuada na freq??ncia de verbaliza??es da cliente referentes ? categoria sintoma e um aumento na freq??ncia da categoria rela??o sintoma / ambiente, como produto da interven??o terap?utica desenvolvida. Estes resultados contribuem com a pr?tica cl?nica baseada na filosofia do Behaviorismo Radical, por demonstrar, em uma situa??o cl?nica natural , que o comportamento da cliente de relatar ? selecionado (no caso, pelo terapeuta), como qualquer outro comportamento, seguindo uma concep??o de comportamento como produto de rela??es ambientais.
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Santos, Daísy Cléia Oliveira dos. "ANÁLISE DA FALA PSICÓTICA VIA ESTRATÉGIAS OPERANTES DE INTERVENÇÃO." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2007. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/1956.
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Previous issue date: 2007-03-09Since the initial definition of schizophrenia, the psychotic speech has been a constant goal of analysis. In this study, it was investigated the relation between three different interventions on valuation of the verbal behavior of a person who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. For all the interventions it has established the social reinforcement to the appropriated speech. Besides a procedure of interruption of the social attention for the psychotic speech in the Intervention 1, the functional analysis of the contents of the psychotic speech in the Intervention 2, and a verbal skills training in the Intervention 3. The program of intervention was effective on the diminution of the psychotic speech and on the amplitude of the appropriated speech. With principal effects in the Interventions 2 and 3. In consequence, the psychotic speech shows modifications according on the programmed contingences.
Desde a definição inicial da esquizofrenia, a fala psicótica tem sido alvo constante de análise. Neste estudo investigou-se a relação entre três diferentes intervenções na avaliação do comportamento verbal de uma pessoa com o diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Em todas as intervenções, estabeleceu-se o reforçamento social para as falas apropriadas. Além de um procedimento de suspensão da atenção social para as falas psicóticas na Intervenção 1, a análise funcional dos conteúdos da fala psicótica na Intervenção 2, e um treinamento de habilidade verbal na Intervenção 3. O programa de intervenção foi efetivo na diminuição das falas psicóticas e na ampliação das falas apropriadas. Com modificações comportamentais significativas nas Intervenções 2 e 3. Conseqüentemente, a fala psicótica mostrou-se modificável de acordo com as contingências programadas.
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Campos, Adriana da Silva Arantes. "Consequências Arbitrárias: Análise de Diferentes Magnitudes em Cadeias de Respostas Públicas e Privadas." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2009. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/1999.
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Previous issue date: 2009-01-06This study examined experientially behaviors considered mental processes by other psychological guidelines, but for Behavior Analysis, founded by the philosophy of Radical Behaviorism proposed by Skinner, are considered private verbal behaviors, as thought. To verify functional relations that artificial contingencies perform on participants performance and the relationship of these artificial contingencies with public and private pre-happenings in a mathematical task of troubleshooting. Two experiments were conducted with 6 participants in a subject design as his own control. Experiment I objected to verify functional relations of public pre-happenins and magnitude of strengthening. Experiment II aimed to verify if participants performance in a mathematical task of troubleshooting is function of artificial contingencies and the relationship of these contingencies with public and private pre-happenins during the task proposed. Results suggested that magnitudes of strengthening defined as points do not interfere in participants performance on solving mathematical equations with unknowns (private behavior), natural reinforcement seems to have controlled participants behavior in this type of task resolution.
O presente estudo analisou experimentalmente comportamentos considerados processos mentais por outras orientações psicológicas, mas que para a Análise do Comportamento, ciência fundamentada pela filosofia do Behaviorismo Radical proposta por Skinner, são considerados comportamentos verbais privados, tal como o pensamento. Com o objetivo de verificar as relações funcionais que contingências arbitrárias exercem sobre o desempenho de participantes e a relação dessas contingências arbitrárias com precorrentes públicos e privados em uma tarefa de solução de problemas matemáticos. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com 6 participantes com um delineamento do sujeito como seu próprio controle. O Experimento I objetivou verificar as relações funcionais de precorrentes públicos e magnitude do reforço. O Experimento II teve como objetivo verificar se o desempenho dos participantes em uma tarefa de resolução de problemas matemáticos é função de contingências arbitrárias e a relação destas contingências com precorrentes públicos e privados na tarefa proposta. Os resultados sugeriram que magnitudes de reforço definidas como pontos não interferem no desempenho dos participantes em resolver equações matemáticas com incógnitas (comportamento privado), o reforço natural de resolver a tarefa parece ter controlado o comportamento dos participantes neste tipo de tarefa.
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Felipe, Gabriela Rodrigues. "Efeitos das Estratégias Operantes em uma Pessoa com o Diagnóstico de Esquizofrenia e Família." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2009. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2056.
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Previous issue date: 2009-05-29The objective of this study was to investigate the verbal behavior of a person diagnosed as schizophrenic for 28 years in a mental health unit, using the principles of behavior analysis. The participant was a person of the female, married, mother of three children, lived with her husband and with a history of two admissions to psychiatric institutions, with the first 24 years of age and last for 35 years. The participant had daily use of drugs: haloperidol 5mg, 25mg and Pamergan Risperidone 2mg. The participant was selected among patients in care in CAPS. The research activities included experimental sessions in the form of clinical care in the home of the participant. All sessions were recorded on video and transcribed in full, which allowed the analysis of verbal behavior of the participant and their categorization into appropriate words and inappropriate words. For the control procedures were used two experimental designs. In the design of interventions in alternate format ABAC. The design of alternative interventions was the alternation between the conditions of the baseline (A) which was free and talk to different interventions, and (B) Functional analysis, (C) training of social skills has been divided into two phases, the first with the participant and the second with a family member to guide the family to deal with these difficulties. In all, during this design were seventeen sessions. The design of withdrawal or reversal in the ABA. The design consisted of withdrawal or reversal of the baseline phase (A) before the intervention phase, (B) which is characterized by alternative differential reinforcement (DRA) of verbal behavior and appropriate procedures for withdrawal of social attention to the behavior inappropriate verbal (EXT) and (A) a kind of 'return to the baseline. " Other nine sessions were held until the final period of data collection. The results showed that the strengthening influence the social behavior of verbal participant and that the procedures for the analysis of behavior intervention were effective in reduction of inappropriate words and increase the appropriate lines. The results were discussed in terms of applied methodology, principles of behavior, the effects achieved and the corroboration of data. You can say to this study that the behavioral changes made by the participant were relevant.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de investigar o comportamento verbal de uma pessoa diagnosticada como esquizofrênica há 28 anos, em uma unidade de saúde mental, utilizando-se dos princípios da análise do comportamento. A participante era uma pessoa do sexo feminino, casada, mãe de três filhos, residia com o marido e com um histórico de duas internações em instituições psiquiátricas, sendo a primeira aos 24 anos de idade e a última aos 35 anos. A participante fazia uso diário dos medicamentos: Haloperidol 5mg, Pamergan 25mg e Risperidona 2mg. A participante foi selecionada entre os pacientes em atendimento no CAPS. As atividades da pesquisa incluíram sessões experimentais no formato de atendimento clínico na casa da participante. Todas as sessões foram registradas em vídeo e transcritas na íntegra, o que possibilitou a análise do comportamento verbal da participante e sua categorização em falas apropriadas e falas inapropriadas. Para o controle dos procedimentos foram utilizados dois delineamentos experimentais. No delineamento de intervenções alternadas no formato A-B-A-C-A. O delineamento de intervenções alternadas consistiu na alternância entre as condições de linha de base (A) que foi conversas livres e de diferentes intervenções, sendo (B) análises funcionais, (C) treinamento das habilidades sociais que foi dividido em duas fases, a primeira com a participante e a segunda com um membro da família para orientar a família como lidar com essas dificuldades existentes. Ao todo, durante esse delineamento foram realizadas dezessete sessões. O delineamento de retirada ou reversão no formato AB- A. O delineamento de retirada ou reversão consistiu de uma fase de linha de base (A) antes da fase de intervenção, (B) que se caracterizou pelo reforçamento diferencial alternativo (DRA) dos comportamentos verbais apropriados e procedimentos de retirada da atenção social para os comportamentos verbais inapropriados (EXT) e (A) uma espécie de retorno à linha de base . Outras nove sessões foram realizadas até ao prazo final da coleta de dados. Os resultados demonstraram que o reforço social influenciou no comportamento verbal da participante e que os procedimentos de intervenção da análise do comportamento foram efetivos para diminuição das falas inapropriadas e aumento das falas apropriadas. Os resultados foram discutidos em termos da metodologia aplicada, dos princípios comportamentais, dos efeitos alcançados e da corroboração dos dados da literatura. Pode-se afirmar com este estudo que as modificações comportamentais apresentadas pela participante foram relevantes.
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Alves, Ana Carolina Pereira. "Mídia e construção social do conhecimento: atentados terroristas no relato de dois jornais brasileiros." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2006. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16776.
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Previous issue date: 2006-05-26Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O conhecimento socialmente construído tem sido um tema explorado por estudiosos das Ciências Sociais, da Psicologia, e mesmo da Análise do Comportamento. Conhecimento socialmente construído é conhecimento que um indivíduo adquire do mundo por meio de descrições fornecidas pela comunidade verbal. Tal conhecimento é comportamento verbal que envolveria tatos, autoclíticos e intraverbais - que são especificamente respostas verbais sob controle antecedente de estímulos também verbais. Nas sociedades ocidentais contemporâneas a mídia de massa tem desempenhado um papel importante na construção e manutenção de conhecimento socialmente construído, fornecendo às pessoas, através de seus veículos - jornais, TV, internet, rádio, cinema, entre outros - relatos verbais acerca de eventos que ocorrem no mundo. O presente estudo constituiu uma tentativa de desenvolver ferramentas e procedimentos de investigação do material produzido por dois jornais diários brasileiros sobre eventos que ficaram conhecidos como: (a) o atentado terrorista de 11 de Setembro de 2001, ocorrido nos EUA, e (b) o atentado terrorista de 11 de Março de 2004, ocorrido em Madri, na Espanha. Partiu-se da suposição de que a veiculação destes eventos por estes jornais funcionaria como estimulação verbal que promoveria no leitor respostas que identificamos como seu conhecimento desses eventos. Foram analisados aspectos formais e de conteúdo das manchetes e imagens de notícias em 12 edições da Folha de São Paulo e do O Estado de São Paulo, publicadas nos 3 dias subseqüentes à ocorrência de cada um dos eventos. Selecionou-se para análise as matérias que faziam referência direta ou indireta aos eventos, no título ou no primeiro parágrafo. Foram registrados para cada matéria: os títulos, leads, o tipo de matéria, a origem da matéria, a presença, o tipo, e a origem da imagem. Os títulos e imagens foram classificados de acordo com o conteúdo apresentado e com classificações utilizadas pela rede CNN na cobertura do 11 de Setembro. Os resultados apontam para uma semelhança entre os jornais na configuração das suas primeiras páginas na veiculação de ambos os eventos: apresentando um relato dos eventos no primeiro dia, a reação imediata do país atingido no segundo, e a ênfase em apontar um suspeito no terceiro dia. No entanto, o conteúdo relatado foi diferente para cada evento - ambos os jornais mostraram o de 11 de Setembro como um ato de guerra e o foco da reação foi a agência governamental; já o 11 de Março foi contado como uma tragédia com ênfase nas vítimas e o foco da reação foram as manifestações da sociedade civil pela paz. Nos dois jornais, para os dois eventos, houve predomínio de manchetes e imagens de origem externa, provenientes de agências e jornais estrangeiros, sugerindo que o próprio comportamento verbal emitido pelos jornalistas já é, em muitas ocasiões, comportamento intraverbal ou conhecimento socialmente construído, com a implicação de que seus leitores têm um acesso mais indireto ao fenômeno do que o próprio relato do jornal permite supor. Estes resultados, apesar de iniciais, sugerem a importância de produzir alternativas metodológicas de coleta e análise de dados com o objetivo de descrever (a) as variáveis que controlam aspectos específicos do comportamento verbal de quem produz o relato e (b) os possíveis efeitos comportamentais de tais relatos sobre os leitores.
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Miranda, Ana Carolina Arruda. "Estratégias de ampliação do repertório verbal em crianças pré-escolares por meio de leitura compartilhada de histórias." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-21112018-112132/.
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As contingências verbais promovidas pelo ambiente da educação infantil são importantes para que crianças pré-escolares desenvolvam seus repertórios verbais. Estudos indicam que a leitura compartilhada de histórias (LCH) tem efeitos significativos no desenvolvimento desses repertórios, principalmente quando associada a estratégias de ensino explícito de vocabulário. Porém, muitos educadores não têm conhecimento sobre essas estratégias e sobre como ocorre a aprendizagem a partir da LCH. Este trabalho, composto por três estudos, teve dois objetivos gerais: identificar as principais estratégias de LCH empregadas para o ensino explícito de palavras a crianças pré-escolares, estudadas pela literatura; e elaborar e implementar duas intervenções: uma delas voltada diretamente para crianças pré-escolares, e outra para professoras da Educação Infantil, ambas focadas no ensino de palavras por meio da leitura compartilhada de histórias. O Estudo 1 consistiu em uma revisão integrativa das estratégias de LCH testadas como prática de ensino publicadas em diferentes bases de dados entre 2006 e 2016. Foram analisados 13 artigos e foi possível identificar que todas as estratégias analisadas foram correlacionadas positivamente com ganhos por parte das crianças em diversas habilidades linguísticas. O Estudo 2 teve como objetivo testar os efeitos cumulativos do uso de estratégias de ensino de palavras a partir de sessões de LCH na aprendizagem de palavras por crianças pré-escolares. Foram realizadas três sessões de leitura compartilhada de uma mesma história e uma sessão composta por uma atividade complementar sobre as palavras da história lida, em uma classe de 13 crianças de 4 a 5 anos. Em cada sessão foi implementada uma estratégia de ensino de substantivos e verbos: Destacar a palavra-alvo, Explicar o significado da palavra-alvo, Iniciar conversas sobre a palavra-alvo e Atividades Complementares. Foi possível identificar ganhos significativos (p<0,05) das crianças em tarefas de emparelhamento ao modelo para substantivos e ganhos muito significativos (p<0,01) nas tarefas de nomeação tanto para substantivos quanto para verbos, na comparação entre medidas de pré e pós-teste. O Estudo 3 testou os efeitos de um programa de desenvolvimento profissional sobre estratégias de ensino de palavras a partir de LCH no uso dessas estratégias por parte de três professoras (medida primária) e na aprendizagem de palavras por parte das crianças, alunas dessas professoras (medida secundária). O programa de desenvolvimento profissional foi composto por um workshop sobre estratégias de ensino de palavras a partir de LCH e sessões de consultoria colaborativa, testados em um delineamento de linha de base múltipla. Foi possível identificar um aumento no uso de estratégias por parte das professoras após o workshop, além de manutenção e aumento desse uso durante os períodos Atividade de Contação de História e Atividades Complementares, respectivamente, após a implementação das sessões de consultoria colaborativa. Verificou-se, também, ganhos muito significativos (p>0,01) por parte das crianças nas tarefas de emparelhamento e definição de palavras. Além disso, as sessões de consultoria colaborativa permitiram a identificação de problemas vivenciados pelas professoras que influenciam, tanto em atividades cotidianas em sala de aula, quanto nas atividades propostas por esse estudo. O conjunto dos estudos confirmou a eficácia da LCH para ensino de repertórios verbais a crianças e apontou a necessidade de desenvolvimento de mais intervenções voltadas para professores nessa áreaVerbal contingencies, promoted by early childhood education, and are important for preschool children to develop their verbal repertoires. Studies indicate that shared book reading (SBR) has a significant effect in developing there repertoires, especially when associated with explicit vocabulary teaching strategies. However, many educators have no knowledge about those strategies or about how SBR can promote learning processes. This research, composed by three studies, has two general purposes: to identify the main vocabulary-teaching strategies used during SBR with preschool children studied by the literature; and develop and implement two interventions: one applied to preschool children, and the other applied to early childhood educators, focused on vocabulary-teaching through SBR. Study 1 consisted in an integrative review of strategies used in SBR activities, tested as a teaching practice, published in different databases between 2006 and 2016. We analyzed 13 articles and identified that all strategies analyzed were positively correlated with gains in several language skills. The Study 2 aimed to test the cumulative effects in the use of word teaching strategies through SBR in word learning by preschool children. Three sessions of SBR of the same story, and one session of one complementary activity about words found in the story were implemented in a class of 13 children, from 4 to 5 years old. In each session, one teaching strategy was implemented to teach nouns and verbs: \"Highlight the target word\", \"Explain the target word\", \"Start conversations about the target word\" and \"Complementary Activities\". Significant gains (p <0.05) in matching to sample tasks for substantive and more significant gains (p <0.01) in naming tasks, between pre-test and post-test measures were identified . Study 3 tested the effects of a professional development program of word teaching strategies through SBR in measures of strategies use by three educators (primary measure) and in word learning by children in their class (secondary measure). The Professional development program was composed by a workshop about word teaching strategies trough SBR and collaborative consulting sessions, tested in a multiple baseline design. We identified a raise in strategies use by all the teachers after the workshop, and also a maintenance and a increase of this use in Telling Story Activity and Complementary Activities periods, respectively, after the implementation of collaborative consulting sessions. Significant gains (p>0,01) in childrens matching to sample and definition tasks performances were also observed. Moreover, collaborative consulting sessions allowed the identification of problems experienced by those educators that had influence, not only in everyday activities, but also activities proposed by this study. This set of studies confirm the efficacy of SBR in teaching verbal repertoires to children and pointed out the necessity of developing more interventions for educators in this area
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Campbell, Betsy. "Entrepreneurship as a conversational accomplishment : an inductive analysis of the verbal sensemaking behaviors of early-stage innovative entrepreneurial teams." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15931.
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Within the stream of research on entrepreneurial opportunity there is a school of thought that affords entrepreneurs an agentic role in the creation of opportunities – with opportunities understood as a combination of both product and market innovation. Recently scholars working from this Creative Model have associated the opportunity shaping work of entrepreneurs with sensemaking – a social process in which teams gather information, ascribe meaning, and take action in the face of the uncertainties, which some have said define the context of entrepreneurship. Few, if any, scholars have studied the naturally occurring conversations between entrepreneurial team members as they discuss the information, meaning, and action relevant to their innovation efforts. This dissertation makes a contribution to current understanding of entrepreneurship by capturing the naturally occurring conversations of innovative entrepreneurial teams in action, analyzing these recorded conversations for use of sensemaking language, and comparing the language patterns between teams that achieve different levels of performance.
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Fonseca, Julia. "Responder por exclusão em crianças com atraso de linguagem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59134/tde-02082016-162919/.
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Crianças com atraso de linguagem são geralmente identificadas a partir dos dois anos de idade, e são indicadas por seu vocabulário menor do que de seus pares de mesma idade, ainda que sem nenhuma patologia subjacente. Tarefas de responder por exclusão e dica contextual têm sido empregadas na literatura como meios para estudar as possíveis dificuldades presentes no repertório verbal de crianças com atraso de linguagem. Foram realizados dois estudos voltados para explorar o desempenho desta população nestas tarefas: o primeiro testou o responder por exclusão destas crianças, em tarefas de matching-to-sample para ensino de discriminações condicionais auditivo-visuais com nomes e figuras de objetos. O segundo também utilizou tarefas de matching-to-sample e avaliou o responder por exclusão em sondas com estímulos auditivos com topografia de substantivos e verbos no gerúndio, utilizando como estímulos comparação vídeos de ações e imagens de objetos estáticos. Participaram da pesquisa 64 crianças, sendo 32 com desenvolvimento típico e 32 com atraso de linguagem, com idades entre 3 e 4 anos. Esses estudos tiveram como objetivos gerais: a) investigar a ocorrência de responder por exclusão em relações nome-objeto em crianças com indícios de atraso de linguagem, em comparação com crianças de desenvolvimento típico, e b) verificar a interferência de dicas contextuais no responder por exclusão destas crianças, empregando estímulos com topografia de substantivos e de verbos. Os resultados encontrados em ambos os estudos indicam que crianças com desenvolvimento típico e com atraso de linguagem conseguem apresentar responder por exclusão de maneira consistente uma vez que um procedimento de linha de base garanta a aprendizagem da tarefa. Os resultados do segundo estudo, entretanto, indicam que ambos os grupos apresentaram uma queda brusca em seu resultado em tarefas de responder sob controle da dica lexical. Foram encontradas diferenças durante a aquisição da linha de base de verbos, na qual as crianças com desenvolvimento típico apresentaram um desempenho significativamente melhor do que seus pares com atraso de linguagem. Diferenças significativas entre idades também foram encontradas: entre crianças de 3 anos e 4 anos do mesmo grupo e, entre crianças de 3 anos de grupos de diferentes. O mesmo não foi encontrado em relação aos participantes de 4 anos de grupos diferentes. Estes achados permitem concluir que o atraso de linguagem não interferiu no responder por exclusão, mesmo com estímulos de classes lexicais distintas. Além disso, o treino de linha de base de substantivos e verbos, não foram suficientes para estabelecer efetivamente duas classes de estímulos e manter um responder tão robusto quanto na fase de sondas de exclusão para todas as crianças.Children with language delay are usually identified by the age of two years old, and are appointed by their smaller vocabulary than peers of the same age, although without any underlying pathology. Tasks of responding by exclusion and contextual cue have been reported in the literature as resources to study the possible difficulties present in the verbal repertoire of children with language delay. Two studies were developed to explore the performance of this population in these tasks: the first tested the responding by exclusion of children in matching-to-sample tasks for the teaching of audio-visual conditional discriminations with names and pictures of objects. The second also used matching-tosample tasks and assessed the responding by exclusion at probes with auditory stimuli with topography of nouns and verbs in gerund, using as stimuli comparison videos of actions and images of static objects. The participants were 64 children, 32 with typical development and 32 with language delay, ages 3 and 4 years-old. These studies had as general objectives: a) to investigate the occurrence of responding by exclusion in objectname relations in children with language delay indications compared with children with typical development, and b) to verify the interference of contextual cues in responding by exclusion, using stimuli with topography of nouns and verbs. The results in both studies indicate that children with normal development and language delay can display responding by exclusion consistently since a baseline procedure ensures learning the task. The results of the second study, however, indicate that both groups exhibited a sudden decrease in their performances in tasks of responding under the control of lexical cue. Differences were found during the acquisition of baseline verbs, in which the typically developed children presented a significantly better performance than children with language delay. Significant differences were also found comparing ages: between children of 3 and 4 years old from the same group, and amid 3 year-old-children from different groups, but the same was not found in relation to the participants of 4 years from different groups. These findings indicate that language delay did not affect the responding by exclusion, even with different lexical classes stimuli. In addition, baseline training with nouns and verbs was not sufficient to establish two classes of effective stimuli and to maintain a responding performance as robust as the exclusion probes phase for all children.
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Silva, Damares Souza. "Avaliação do repertório de leitura de alunos de 3ª série do ensino fundamental: uma análise das dificuldades apresentadas." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16523.
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Previous issue date: 2009-05-06This study has as objective to evaluate the repertoire of reading of 40 students of 3rd grade of elementary public school, identifying the types of difficulties occurred. Additionally, two repertoires on writing were evaluated: the copy and the construction of dictated words. Data were collected with the application of the Instrumento de Avaliação de Leitura Repertório Inicial (IAL-I), with the assistant of Mestre® software. Based on stimulus equivalences paradigm, the IAL-I evaluates the performance of students focusing the reading behavior as relations between different types of stimuli: Sound (A), picture / image (B), Text (C). In addition, the IAL-I assess two writing repertories: the copy and the construction of dictated words. Data showed that the students named correctly the letters of the alphabet and have good performance in (CC) (printed word-printed word) relation. A low level of performance was identified in (BC) (picture-printed word), (CB) (printed word - picture), (AC) (dictated word - printed word), specially when words were composed by complex syllables. The lower level of performance occurred in (CD) relation (expressive reading), in which only one participant has achieved satisfactory performance and only in words which were composed by simple syllables. The students achieved satisfactory performance in (CE) relation (copy), both in words with simple syllables and in words with complex syllables, but in (AE) relation (construction of dictated words) no participant has reached a satisfactory performance in words with simple syllables or complex syllables. Among other results, it was found that students have not discriminated the letters b, p , d and the letters m , n; they didn t know when to use s , z and /s/, /ss/, /c/ in words with similar sound, and when to write /r/ or /rr/ . A detailed assessment of students' repertoire of reading made by IAL-I and the analysis of errors emitted by the students in reading and writing can serve as a subsidy for the teacher to plan activities aimed to overcoming the student s difficulties in these repertories
O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o repertório de leitura de 40 alunos que freqüentam a 3ª série do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública estadual e que, segundo seus professores, apresentam desempenho insatisfatório, identificando-se os tipos de dificuldades existentes. Adicionalmente, avaliaram-se dois repertórios relativos à escrita: o de cópia e o de construção de palavras ditadas. Os dados foram coletados com a aplicação do Instrumento de Avaliação de Leitura - Repertório Inicial (IAL-I), com o auxílio do Software Mestre®. Apoiando-se no paradigma de equivalência de estímulos, o IAL-I avalia o desempenho dos alunos, a partir de relações entre três modalidades de estímulos: Som (A), imagem/figura(B), Texto (C). Além de avaliar a leitura, o IAL-I avalia dois repertórios relacionados à escrita: a cópia e a construção de palavras ditadas. Os dados coletados pelo referido instrumento mostraram que os participantes identificaram, de modo satisfatório, as letras do alfabeto e os itens da relação (CC) (palavra escrita- palavra escrita). Um nível de baixo desempenho foi apresentado quando os alunos foram submetidos às tarefas da relação (BC) (figura- palavra escrita), (CB) (palavra escrita - figura), (AC) (palavra ditada - palavra escrita); foi constatado um índice de maior dificuldade quando os itens de tais relações apresentavam palavras com sílabas complexas. O pior desempenho ocorreu na relação (CD) (palavra escrita palavra falada), correspondente à leitura expressiva; apenas um participante alcançou desempenho satisfatório e somente quando as palavras eram compostas por sílabas simples. Na relação de avaliação de escrita (CE) (Texto-Letras), correspondente à cópia, os participantes alcançaram desempenho satisfatório tanto nas palavras com silabas simples quanto nas palavras com sílabas complexas. O mesmo resultado não ocorreu quando os alunos fizeram a relação (AE) (Som-Letras), correspondente à construção de palavras ditadas, na qual nenhum participante alcançou desempenho satisfatório seja em palavras compostas por sílabas simples, seja nas palavras que continham sílabas complexas. Quanto aos erros observados, verificou-se que alguns participantes confundiam as letras b, p, e d e também as letras m e n. Os participantes invertem o uso do s e do z, em palavras com sonorização semelhante; há também troca de letras nas palavras compostas por /s/, /ss/, /ç/ e por /r/, /rr/. Foi constatado que há interferência do aspecto fonológico das palavras e que há o desconhecimento dos alunos sobre as regras ortográficas que envolvem o uso das referidas letras, na leitura e na escrita. A avaliação detalhada do repertório de leitura dos alunos possibilitada pelo IAL-I e a análise dos erros de leitura e de escrita decorrentes das complexidades da língua portuguesa podem servir como subsídio para que o professor planeje atividades de ensino visando à superação das dificuldades existentes
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Hsu, Lisa Li-I. "The relationship among teachers' verbal and nonverbal immediacy behaviors and students' willingness to speak in English in central Taiwanese college classrooms /." Free full text is available to ORU patrons only; click to view:, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1147197891&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=456&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Souza, Marcelo Cabral de. "Comparação entre procedimentos baseados em seleção de estímulos e topografia de respostas no aprendizado de tatos em crianças diagnosticadas com TEA." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-22022017-114216/.
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Há ainda resultados controversos na literatura indicando a superioridade ou não do procedimento de seleção de estímulos em relação ao de emissão de diferentes topografias de respostas no ensino de comportamento verbal para indivíduos não verbais ou com repertório verbal limitado. Os resultados dos estudos publicados anteriormente, por possuírem dados conflitantes em diferentes populações com atraso no desenvolvimento, parecem não ser generalizáveis. O estudo teve por objetivo realizar comparações entre os dois procedimentos, em que diferentes tatos foram treinados, buscando com isso, caracterizar o procedimento que produzisse a) menor quantidade de respostas necessárias para atingir critério de aprendizagem e b) menor número de erros e c) maior número de respostas corretas no pós-teste de simetria. No presente estudo foram empregados três participantes, com idades entre três e treze anos, diagnosticados com o transtorno do espectro autista, sem outras comorbidades psiquiátricas. Para o estudo foram criadas duas condições experimentais divididas em duas fases cada, duas para Seleção de Estímulos e duas para Topografia de Respostas e cada uma das fases se utilizou de conjuntos de estímulos (um objeto, um símbolo não familiar e um sinal de linguagem de sinais) especialmente desenvolvidos para o estudo. A primeira condição foi a de resposta baseada em Topografia, em que o participante é exposto a um objeto e o experimentador pergunta o que é isso? . A criança tem até cinco segundos para fazer o sinal de língua de sinais arbitrária correspondente ao estímulo. A segunda condição foi a de resposta baseada em seleção de estímulos ( tais condições foram invertidas na Fase 2). O experimentador apresentava um objeto e a criança tinha até cinco segundos para apontar o símbolo não familiar correspondente, que era randomizado com outros dois estímulos arbitrários. A randomização foi produzida por sorteio dos conjuntos de estímulos e a posição dos mesmos foi alterada em posição e ordem de apresentação. Após a aplicação de C1 e C2 na fase 1 e aplicação de C2-C1 na fase 2, foi aplicado um pós-teste de simetria para os tatos treinados. Os resultados apontam que apesar de haver vantagem no procedimento baseado em Topografias de Respostas, pode haver um efeito de ordem significativo e que a direção de aplicação dos procedimentos não apresenta diferenças significativas entre si. Tais achados parecem coadunar com as ideias de Shaffer (1993) que defende a busca de métodos individualizados de acordo com os repertórios particulares de cada aluno e a união de procedimentos deve ser adotada como principal estratégia de ensino para crianças com TEAThere still are controversies in the literature regarding the superiority or not of the Selection Based procedure as compared to Topography Based in verbal behavior teaching for nonverbal individuals or individuals with limited verbal repertoire. The results of previously published studies, having conflicting data in different populations with developmental delay, do not seem to be generalizable. The study aimed to make comparisons between the two procedures in which different tacts were trained, seeking thereby to characterize the procedure that produced a) lower number of responses needed to meet criteria for learning, b) fewer errors and c) higher number of correct answers in symmetry posttest. The present study employed three participants, aged between three and thirteen, diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder without other psychiatric comorbidities. For the study were created two experimental conditions divided into two stages each, two for Stimuli Selection and two for Responses Topography. Each phase used stimuli sets (an object, an unfamiliar symbol and a speech signal signals) specially developed for the study. The first condition was the topography based response, in which the participant is exposed to an object and the experimenter asks \"what is this? \". The child had up to five seconds to make the arbitrary language sign corresponding to the stimulus. The second condition was a response based on stimuli selection (such conditions are reversed in phase 2). The experimenter had an object and the child had up to five seconds to point the corresponding unfamiliar symbol, which was randomized with two other arbitrary stimuli. Randomization was produced by drawing of the sets of stimuli and the position thereof was changed in position and presentation order. After application of C1 and C2 in phase 1 and applying C1-C2 in step 2, a symmetry post-test for trained tacts was applied. The results show that although the Topography Based procedure has its advantages, there may be a significant order effect. Also, the direction of application of the procedures does not show significant differences. These findings appear to be consistent with the ideas of Shaffer (1993) who argues for the pursuit of methods customized to the particular repertoires of each student and that a unification of procedures should be adopted as the main teaching strategy for children with ASD
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Verma, Mohini. "Temporal patterns of co-occurrence between children's self-regulatory behaviour and their private and social speech." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273906.
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The role of language has been identified as crucial in the cognitive development of young children, and has been observed on different time-scales. In particular, the real-time verbal mediation of behaviour has been studied in the context of private speech use and self-regulation, pioneered by Vygotsky and continued by others who followed this line of research. However previous studies have mainly attempted to find correlations between speech and self-regulatory behaviour, but have been unable to capture the dynamic and real-time temporal interactions between these phenomena. Hence, without being able to carry out a contextual analysis of the actual instances of temporal co-occurrence between speech and behaviour, correlational analysis is limited in determining the various kinds of verbal mediation that children spontaneously employ as strategies during problem-solving and while exercising self-regulation. The current study proposes ‘temporal pattern analysis’ as an effective method of extracting significantly recurring patterns of task-relevant speech and goal-directed behaviour, as they repeatedly occur in a stream of naturalistic behaviour which may also contain other temporally random events. These recurring temporal patterns are then contextually analysed, considering the pragmatic content of the speech involved and the goal-directedness of the behaviour towards a specific goal of the episode. Goal-directed episodes of behaviour in eight typically-developing preschool children were video-recorded during their self-initiated activities in the classroom as well as during a problem-solving task held in a laboratory setting. The proposed method of temporal and contextual analysis was used to examine the role of both private as well as social speech in the verbal mediation of self-regulatory behaviour during goal-attainment. A Contextual Model of Verbal Mediation was proposed in the study to account for the diverse functions that both social and private speech perform during verbal mediation of one’s own and others’ behaviour in a goal-directed setting, depending on the specific social and task-related context. A dynamic framework of assessment of performance was developed in the study, to account for both successful attempts at self-regulation as well as failures of self-regulation. The study also attempted to determine any consistent group differences in the styles of verbal mediation employed by the children, across the classroom and the laboratory settings.
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Cézar, Elisabete Honório Custódio. "Concordância verbal: uma proposta de ensino de discriminações condicionais utilizando software educativo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/15962.
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Previous issue date: 2010-11-26Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The failure of school continues to be part of the reality of our country, mainly in elementary school in São Paulo. Many students present performance deficient, so we need to search new methodologies to help students. Behavioral researchers have conducted studies based on the equivalence of stimuli model, with positive results. The present work proposes to teach adequate use of verbs to 20 students retained at the end of the elementary school. The teaching program is based in the equivalence of stimuli model and was applied with educational software Mestre® (Goyos e Almeida, 1996). First, there was the assessment of the Repertoire of Verbal Agreement by the Repertoire in Verbal Agreement (DRCV) which evaluated different relationships between name/number/pronoun/person of verbal/verb conjugation present perfect/past tense/ future with regular conjugation. Some relations were teached and, after than, emergence of other not trained and held the Test of Generalization for other verbs not taught. Finally, the DRCV was applied again, to measure performance after the experimental treatment. Comparing the prior performance with performance obtained with of the teaching procedure, except one participant, all the others presented have improved performance, getting the desirable goal, which was 80% correct answer at their least. The results show the adequate use of relations between name, number, pronoun, person of verbal conjugation by participants and point out that equivalence relations can be use with efficacy to improve the adequate use of verbs by individuals
O fracasso escolar continua a fazer parte da realidade de nosso país, principalmente em alunos concluintes do Ciclo II do Ensino Fundamental. Muitos apresentam desempenho deficitário para a relação série/idade, por isso é necessário realizar pesquisas com novas metodologias que auxiliem os alunos em seu aprendizado. Pesquisadores da abordagem comportamental têm realizados estudos baseados no paradigma de equivalência de estímulos, com resultados positivos. O presente trabalho teve como propósito aplicar uma programação de ensino de Concordância Verbal em alunos retidos no final do Ciclo II do Ensino Fundamental, tendo como base o paradigma de equivalência de estímulos e utilizando o software educativo Mestre® (Goyos e Almeida, 1996). Participaram 20 alunos do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola estadual da grande São Paulo. Inicialmente, ocorreu a avaliação do repertório de Concordância Verbal, por meio do Diagnóstico do Repertório em Concordância Verbal (DRCV), no qual se avaliaram diferentes relações entre nome/número/pronome/pessoa da conjugação verbal/verbo no presente/verbo no pretérito perfeito/ verbo no futuro do presente, sendo os verbos no Modo Indicativo com terminações AR, ER, IR com conjugação regular. Ocorreu o ensino de diferentes relações, e testou-se a emergência de outras relações não treinadas e realizou-se o Teste de Generalização para outros verbos não ensinados. Por fim, reaplicou-se o instrumento de avaliação do repertório de Concordância Verbal após encerrado o procedimento de ensino. Comparando o desempenho prévio com o apresentado após finalizado o ensino programado, verificou-se que todos os participantes melhoraram o desempenho, sendo que, com exceção de um deles, todos chegaram ao patamar desejável de 80% de acertos no mínimo. Os resultados mostrando o uso adequado das relações entre nome, número, pronome, pessoa da conjugação verbal e declinações do verbo pelos participantes, evidenciam que propostas de ensino com base na equivalência de estímulos, são eficazes no aperfeiçoamento do repertório de Concordância Verbal
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Wang, Maria Auxiliadora de Lima. "Análise de interações verbais em um blog jornalístico: possíveis relações de controle entre jornalista e leitores e leitores entre si." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16820.
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Previous issue date: 2008-04-25In his analysis of verbal behavior, Skinner emphasizes the importance of considering the behavior of the listener to obtain a proper understanding of the behavior of the speaker and vice versa. In this work, verbal interactions in a journalistic blog were analyzed to look for possible relations of control among the participants of the blog: from the journalist to the readers and vice versa, and among the readers themselves. Thirty-seven texts were analyzed; they were published by the journalist to his blog during three and a half days, in the period immediately after the TAM airplane accident that took place in Sao Paulo on July, 17, 2007, as well as 1673 comments on these texts. Comments were classified according to their target - whether they were addressed to the journalist or to other readers, or had no specific target. These comments were also classified into categories such as agreement, disagreement and contribution. The results suggest: 1) the existence of mutual control between the journalist and his readers and among the readers themselves; 2) strong control of the topics relating to the accident on the writing of the participants of the blog; 3) differential control by the journalist on the readers writing behavior compared to the control among readers themselves; 4) strong influence of emotional variables on the writing behavior of the participants of the blog. In this respect, however, it was concluded that, although the data allow supposing the existence of these control relations, further studies are needed to clarify these supposed control relationships. The average delay between the publication of a text and the publication of its first comment was 2 hours and 37 minutes. This delay was less than an hour in 22 out of 37 texts analyzed. These data suggest that new technologies, such as Internet and its byproducts, such as blogs, can reduce extraordinarily the interval between the verbal behavior and its effects, while at the same time the reach of the product of that behavior can be dramatically increased. Thus, these new technologies should be considered in the planning of contingencies for the teaching and the study of the verbal behavior. In addition, the blogs, by allowing the inclusion of new individuals in the process of news production, may increase the possibilities of countercontrol by the reader over the press and cause the relationship between reader and press to become less distant
Em sua análise do comportamento verbal, Skinner destaca a importância de se considerar o comportamento do ouvinte para uma adequada compreensão do comportamento do falante e vice-versa. Neste trabalho, analisaram-se interações verbais em um blog jornalístico, em busca de possíveis controles mútuos entre os participantes desse blog: do jornalista sobre os leitores e vice-versa e de leitores entre si. Foram analisados 37 textos publicados pelo jornalista no blog durante três dias e meio, em período imediatamente posterior ao acidente do avião da TAM, ocorrido dia 17 de julho de 2007, em São Paulo, bem como 1.673 comentários a esses textos. Os comentários foram classificados quanto à direção se foram dirigidos ao jornalista, a outros leitores ou se não tiveram direção específica e foram classificados em categorias como concordância, discordância, contribuição, entre outras. Os resultados sugerem: 1) a existência de controle mútuo entre jornalista e leitores e leitores entre si; 2) forte controle de assuntos relativos ao acidente sobre a escrita dos participantes do blog; 3) existência de controle diferencial do jornalista sobre os leitores em comparação com o controle entre leitores; 4) forte influência de variáveis emocionais sobre a escrita dos participantes do blog. Concluiu-se, porém, a esse respeito que, embora os dados permitam supor a existência dessas relações de controle, outros estudos são necessários para esclarecer essas relações. O atraso médio entre a publicação de um texto e a publicação do 1º comentário a esse texto foi de 2 horas e 37 minutos, sendo que em 22 textos o atraso foi menor que uma hora. Esse dado mostra que novas tecnologias como a Internet e seus subprodutos, como os blogs, podem reduzir sobremaneira o atraso do efeito do comportamento verbal, ao mesmo tempo em que podem aumentar extraordinariamente a abrangência do produto desse comportamento. Assim, devem ser consideradas no planejamento de contingências de ensino e de estudo do comportamento verbal. Além disso, os blogs, ao permitir a inclusão de novos personagens no processo de produção de notícia, poderão aumentar as possibilidades de contracontrole do leitor sobre a imprensa e tornar a relação imprensa-leitor mais eqüidistante
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Amaral, Sueli de Sousa. "Efeitos da solicitação e de subsequente descrição dos relatos verbais de um terapeuta sobre seu desempenho em sessões posteriores." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16893.
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Previous issue date: 2010-06-17The present study had the purpose to verify if a report request from a therapist s verbal report classes on ongoing clinical counseling could affect his performance on future therapeutic sessions, as suggested in literature. Therefore, a procedure from an early study was replied apart from changes on the response classes investigated. One psychology therapist and one client participated in this study and 11 counseling sessions were recorded on video. The therapist s verbal responses were categorized according to the Multidimensional System For Coding Behaviors In Therapist-Client Interaction and measured by occurrences. The therapist s verbal responses were requested after the fourth and eighth sessions concerning previous sessions and categorized as analysis reflexion request and recommendation. The results confirm the replied study suggesting that reports request can modify the therapist behavior in future sessions. It was identified a low correspondence between observed and reported verbal responses differently from previous study. The research line seems relevant for providing knowledge regarding the verbal processes that interfere on therapists behavior when submitted to supervision sessions and probably the clients behavior in counseling sessions
O presente de estudo teve como objetivo verificar se a solicitação de relatos sobre classes de respostas verbais de um terapeuta em atendimento clínico pode afetar seu desempenho em sessões terapêuticas posteriores, como sugerido na literatura. Para tanto, foi replicado o procedimento de um estudo anterior alterando-se as classes de respostas investigadas. Participaram deste estudo um terapeuta e um cliente e foram registradas em vídeo 11 sessões de atendimento. As respostas verbais do terapeuta foram categorizadas segundo o Sistema Multidimensional de Categorização de Comportamentos na Interação Terapêutica e mensuradas por ocorrência. Respostas verbais do terapeuta foram solicitadas, após a quarta e a oitava sessões, referentes a classes de respostas verbais observadas em sessões anteriores e categorizadas como solicitação de reflexão de análise e recomendação. Os resultados corroboraram o estudo replicado sugerindo que a solicitação de relatos pode alterar o comportamento do terapeuta em sessões futuras. Observou-se uma baixa correspondência entre as respostas verbais observadas nas sessões e as relatadas pelo terapeuta, diferentemente do estudo replicado. Esta parece ser uma linha de pesquisa relevante, por produzir conhecimento sobre os processos verbais que interferem no responder de terapeutas quando submetidos a sessões de supervisão, e possivelmente de clientes em sessões terapêuticas