Academic literature on the topic 'Analýza a priori'
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Journal articles on the topic "Analýza a priori"
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Nováková, Hana. "Analýza a priori jako součást přípravy učitele na výuku." Scientia in educatione 4, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 20–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18047106.70.
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Článek se zabývá výzkumem v rámci didaktického inženýrství tak, jak je zavedeno a rozpracováno v teorii didaktických situací. Zaměřuje se na analýzu a priori didaktických situací a na její vztah k přípravám na výuku matematiky v praxi učitelů matematiky 1. a 2. stupně a budoucích učitelů matematiky. V textu je podrobně popsán a analyzován experiment umožňující odhalit a vysvětlit možné příčiny rozdílů jednak mezi analýzou a priori podle teorie didaktických situací a přípravami učitelů, a také mezi jednotlivými skupinami učitelů.
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Brada, Jaroslav, and Karel Brůna. "An analysis of PRIBOR interest rates sensitivity to changes in Czech national bank repo rate." Politická ekonomie 52, no. 5 (October 1, 2004): 601–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.478.
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Radić, Nevena, and Damjan Bakić. "Pseudo-cohort approach in the mortality analysis of the population of Serbia: Examples and problems." Demografija 15, no. 15 (2018): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/demografja1815019r.
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Fazio, Rodolfo. "Dinámica y metafísica en la correspondencia con De Volder:." Tópicos. Revista de Filosofía de Santa Fe, no. 39 (December 29, 2020): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/topicos.v0i39.10002.
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En el presente artículo se estudia la prueba a priori de Leibniz en favor de la medición de las fuerzas en su correspondencia con De Volder. El objetivo general es demostrar que este argumento no tiene privilegio para entender la noción leibniziana de acción primitiva de las sustancias. En primer lugar, se analiza el contexto histórico y conceptual que permite comprender dicha prueba a priori. En particular, se explica por qué Leibniz moviliza este argumento y se especifican las nociones allí utilizadas, tales como la de fuerza, acción y acción formal. En segundo lugar, se estudia la estructura de la prueba para analizar su validez. Para ello, se presentan los principales problemas que fueron objeto de las críticas de De Volder y se muestra bajo qué supuesto la prueba es sólida. En tercer lugar, se examina el alcance de esta prueba en relación con el argumento a posteriori y se argumenta que no tiene ninguna ventaja en lo que concierne a la comprensión de la metafísica de Leibniz.
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Niño Contreras, Lya. "Hacia una mayor comprensión del empoderamiento: Las vendedoras ambulantes mixtecas en Tijuana y la participación del Estado." Estudios Fronterizos 14, no. 27 (January 1, 2013): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21670/ref.2013.27.a04.
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La migración indígena femenina hacia ciudades del norte de México, sin perder de vista los conflictos presentes del proceso, generalmente es concebida como un sujeto activo en los lugares de destino, donde las relaciones de poder y la resignificación de la cultura en el nuevo contexto desempeñan un papel fundamental. El propósito es analizar las relaciones de poder de las vendedoras ambulantes mixtecas concretamente en el espacio público; para lo anterior, se analiza el caso de interfaz: las mujeres y el Estado. Nos basamos en una concepción de poder fluida, multidireccional y relacional, donde no hay figuras “poderosas” a priori ni externas a las relaciones sociales, y donde el ejercicio del poder implique ejercerlo y cederlo a la vez (Villarreal, 1994, 2000); Así como en una concepción donde el capital social se genere en las relaciones sociales y se negocie. Lo anterior permitirá desmitificar la idea de que el poder y el empoderamiento son lineales y visualizar a las mujeres mixtecas como sujetos capaces de ejercer poder.
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Aria, Ririn Restu, and Susi Susilowati. "Analisa Data Penjualan SaRa Collection menggunakan metode Apriori." Jurnal Teknik Komputer 7, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/jtk.v7i1.9412.
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Sales are one of the most important things in the SaRa collection. To increase the number of existing sales, SaRa collection must be able to see the opportunities and needs needed by its customers. For this reason, when the Covid 19 pandemic is happening now, the SaRa collection has made a connector that can be used to beautify the use of masks to prevent transmission of the Covid 19 virus. In the process of making the connector, it is still done homemade according to the model that consumers are interested in because it takes time to process and select the model. as well as the appropriate color. Currently, sales are still being recorded manually, so the owner is still having trouble providing a stock of the connector model and color that will be made in order to meet consumer demand. In order to find out what models must be provided, accurate calculations are needed, for that the author uses the a priori algorithm as a method which is expected to be taken into consideration in marketing and sales strategies as well as connecting stock data to be made. A priori calculations with itemset and associations based on sales transaction data in Sara's collection
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Oliveira, A. M., P. Kuo-Peng, N. Sadowski, M. S. de Andrade, and J. P. A. Bastos. "A non-a priori approach to analyze electrical machines modeled by FEM connected to static converters." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 38, no. 2 (March 2002): 933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.996240.
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Başol, Gülşah, Mehmet Fatih Doguyurt, and Seda Demir. "A content analysis and methodological evaluation of meta-analyses on Turkish samplesTürkiye örnekleminde meta analiz çalışmalarının içerik analizi ve metodolojik değerlendirilmesi." International Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 1 (February 11, 2016): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3460.
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<p>This content analysis study aims to methodologically evaluate the appropriateness of meta-analyses, conducted on Turkish samples on a variety of topics. Through an exhausting literature review, 80 meta-analyses were gathered together and coded into a detailed Meta-Analysis Evaluation Form. The form consisted of 59 items (1 = Not Present, 2 = Present and 3 = Not Mentioned) both regarding the study and substantial characteristics. Two researchers coded the studies and the reliability of the coding of five studies indicated no problems with consistencies of the codings (Kappa= .90). According to the results, the most often encountered problem in meta-analyses was reporting both the fixed and random effects analyses without making a priori decision about the model choice. It was found that 60.0% of the meta-analyses investigated by the current study excluded studies conducted abroad which resulted underrepresentation of the literature. Furthermore, the studies suffered from a small sample size issues. The methodology (how the studies were selected, coding form, reliability of the codings and etc.) was not explained clearly in more than a quarter of the studies. Therefore, it would be hard to claim that they have sufficient level of internal and external validity. It was hoped that researchers may benefit from the results of the current study to conduct better quality meta-analysis in the future.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Özet</strong></p><p>Bu içerik analizi çalışmasının amacı Türkiye'de yapılan meta analiz çalışmalarının metodolojik değerlendirmesinin yapılmasıdır. Meta Analiz Değerlendirme Formu üzerinden Türkiye literatüründeki 80 meta analiz çalışması kodlanmıştır. Değerlendirme formu çalışmaların künyelerini ve meta analiz yönteminin kullanımındaki çeşitlenmeyi içeren 59 (Evet-Hayır-Belirtilmemiş şeklinde cevaplanabilecek) maddeyi kapsamaktadır. İki araştırmacı kodlamaları gerçekleştirmiş ve öncesinde beş çalışmalık bir pilot çalışma üzerinden kodlamaları arasındaki uyum hesaplanmış ve Kappa katsayısı (Kappa= .90) yeterli düzeyde bulunmuştur. Sonuçlara göre meta analiz çalışmalarındaki en belirgin problem herhangi bir tercihte bulunmaksızın sabit ve rasgele etkiler modellerinin birlikte rapor edilmesidir. Çalışmaların %60'ında yurtdışı çalışmalar dahil edilmeksizin Türkiye örneklemindeki çalışmaları kullanarak meta analiz yapılmıştır. Yurtdışı çalışmalara yer veren meta analizlerde ise sayının çok düşük olduğu dolayısıyla örneklemin temsil ediciliğinin düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Meta analizlerde örneklem büyüklüğünün sayıca çok yetersiz olduğu ya da olmadığı görülmüştür. Çalışmaların dörtte birinden fazlasında metodoloji bölümünde çalışmaların nasıl toplandığı, kodlama formu, kodlamaların güvenirliği gibi konular açıklanmamıştır. Bu durum ilgili meta analiz çalışmalarının güvenirlik ve geçerliğini düşürmektedir. Mevcut değerlendirme çalışmasının, gelecekte meta analiz konusunda çalışacak araştırmacılara metodolojik bakımdan daha kaliteli araştırmalar ortaya koymaları hususunda katkı sağlayacağı beklenmektedir.</p>
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Radon, U. "Analysis of Reliability and Stability of Bar Structures / Analiza Niezawodnosci I Statecznosci Konstrukcji Pretowej." Archives of Civil Engineering 56, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v.10169-010-0008-7.
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AbstractIn the paper, the Hasofer-Lind index is applied for determining the probability of stability loss of truss structure under random load. In 1974 Hasofer-Lind proposed a modified reliability index that did not exhibit the invariance problem. The “correction” is the evaluation the limit state function at a point known as the “design point”, instead of the mean values. The design point is generally not known a priori, an iteration technique must be used to find out the reliability index. The paper shows how the reliability index changes under the influence of different variables mean value, standard deviation, and probability density function
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RUIZ MOLLEDA, JUAN CARLOS, and ÁLVARO MÁSQUEZ SALVADOR. "LA PAISANA JACINTA Y LOS LÍMITES A LA LIBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN EN MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN MASIVA." YachaQ Revista de Derecho, no. 10 (December 30, 2019): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.51343/yq.vi10.382.
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El presente artículo analiza la demanda de amparo interpuesta por ciudadanas cusqueñas contra el programa de televisión La Paisana Jacinta, así como la sentencia de primer grado emitida recientemente por el Poder Judicial. Bajo un enfoque constitucional e internacional, se cuestiona la caracterización pública de Jacinta en relación con las obligaciones de los medios de comunicación masiva en el Perú. Por último, se analizan los límites de la libertad de expresióny la censura previa, en aparente contradicción, en nuestra legislación y jurisprudencia.
This article analyzes the lawsuit filed by female citizens of Cusco against the television show La Paisana Jacinta, as well as the judgment issued recently by the Judiciary. Under a constitutional and international approach, the public characterization of Jacinta in relation to the obligations of mass media in Peru is questioned. Finally, we analyze the limits of freedom of expression and prior censorship, both in apparent contradiction, in our legislation and jurisprudence.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Analýza a priori"
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Hofmanová, Andrea. "Vícekriteriální analýza portfolia ve spojení s parametrickým programováním." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193345.
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The presented diploma thesis deals with the issue of multi-criteria decision making in practice. The main aim is to demonstrate the possibilities of involvement the parametric programming in multi-criteria linear programming (MCLP). The first, theoretically oriented chapter, describes the necessary theoretical knowledge. In this chapter is presented the role of financial planning together with essential relationships, by which is determined the rest of the work. This chapter also discusses the issue of multi-criteria linear programming including a description of selected a priori methods. The selected a priori methods are lexicographic method, utility function method, minimization of the distance from the ideal solution and minimal component method. The second chapter is devoted to the practical application of multi-criteria optimization portfolio with a parametric budget. For all the analyzed methods are firstly discussed models without integer conditions, and consequently their modification with these conditions. For the purpose of this work was used solver in MS Excel spreadsheet along with the created macro.
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Procházková, Hanka. "Analýza zapojení stakeholders do implementace priorit politiky cestovního ruchu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205074.
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The thesis inquires into the issue of involving stakeholders in the process of implementation of the regional strategy for tourism development, in which the priorities for the realisation of tourism politics in a given area are indicated. This process is being investigated in two domestic regions and one region abroad. The aim of this work is to formulate a set of measures based on identified good practices that will lead to an improvement of the process of involving stakeholders in the implementation strategy for the development of tourism in the South Bohemian Region. To achieve the objective, the thesis utilises findings from previous research, which is then developed towards the proposal and verification of the methodology for determining the attitudes of key groups of stakeholders towards the process of cooperation with the regional destination management organization during the implementation of the development strategy, or rather its priorities
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Kuvík, Ivan. "Ocenenie podniku Obchodné domy PRIOR STRED, a.s." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-2784.
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Diplomová práca sa venuje tržnému oceneniu akciovej spoločnosti na Slovensku. Oceňovaná firma pôsobí v oblasti prenájmu nehnuteľností vo forme obchodných plôch vo vybraných regiónoch Slovenskej republiky. Ako základ ocenenia sa využíva strategická analýza, kde sa pojednáva o vývoji prostredia, v ktorom sa sledovaná firma nachádza. Ďalším východiskom je finančná analýza, ktorá sa venuje finančnému zdraviu podniku a spolu so strategickou analýzou ohodnotí princíp nekonečného trvania podniku ? going concern. Základnou metódou ocenenia bola zvolená metóda DCF Entity.
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Sibagatova, Adel. "Analýza zahraničních ekonomických vztahů ČR se zeměmi BRIC." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81857.
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Today there is a great interest in the strategic markets or priority markets in the world. The list includes such countries as Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine, USA, Vietnam. World find them priority because they hide a great potential and dispose of large amount of wealth, important for the future prosperous development of the whole world. It is clear that other economies that are not in the list, try to establish business relations with these countries and strengthen their positions on their markets. All BRIC countries are currently considered as the priority markets. In my work I tried to describe the current situation in the development of bilateral trade relations between the Czech republic and the BRIC countries. BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) - a young forum of strengthening dialogue and cooperation with major countries among the dynamically developing countries, whose role in the global economy and politics is constantly increasing. During the last decade the BRIC countries became the "locomotive" of economic development in the world. Approximately 50% of world GDP growth in 2010, including the period after the crisis, was produced by BRIC countries. The Czech Republic is a relatively small economy, for which penetration to international trade plays an important role, and therefore for Czech exporters should BRIC markets become in the near term the main object of concentration.
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Binter, Roman. "Platnost Hyptézy očekávání v ČR. Analýza krátkého konce termínové struktury PRIBOR." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-2357.
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Hypotéza očekávání (HO) termínové struktury úrokových sazeb je jednou z nejdéle používaných ekonomických teorií. Ji? od svého vzniku byla předmětem výzkumu mnoha ekonomických a ekonometrických studií. I p°es intenzivní výzkum trvající déle ne? 100 let jsou d?kazy o její platnosti sporné. Důležitými výjimkami v tomto ohledu jsou práce B. Hansena, J. Campbella a R. Shillera, kteří dokládají platnost HO pro případ dlouhodobých "US Treasury bonds", dále A. Longstaffa jehož studie se zaměřuje na krátkodobé instrumenty na amerických trzích a K. Cuthbertsona, který studuje londýnský trh mezibankovních depozit. Tato práce zkoumá platnost HO pro krátkodobé úrokové sazby Pražského mezibankovního trhu. Vzhledem k nejednoznačnosti výsledků v této oblasti aplikuji řadu statistických metod s cílem podrobného zmapování dynamiky sazeb PRIBOR.
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Kadorík, Martin. "Analýza hypotečních produktů bank v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-116551.
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This thesis deals with the analysis of bank mortgage lending in the Czech Republic. The basis of this analysis is a theoretical setting out the specifics of mortgage loans and analysis of all parts of the credit process. Subsequently, following the same principle, are analyzed specific mortgage products of a selected commercial banks. The thesis examines a course of the credit process for each client's products, their characteristics and conditions placed on the client. The thesis also deals with the analysis of interest rate and volume of mortgages in the context of changes in market interest rates and credit volumes in the economy.
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Bubleová, Anna. "Regionální analýza dopadů realizovaných projektů z OP Praha -- Adaptabilita." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191888.
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The aim of this thesis "Regional analysis of the impacts of the projects of the Operational Programme Prague Adaptability (focused on the priority axis 3 Modernization of initial education)" is to find some allocation, aiming and impacts of approved funds of the priority axis 3 Modernization of initial education from the Operational Programme Prague Adaptability, using financial, quantitative and qualitative analysis. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. In the theoretical apart there is analysed the structure of EU funds as well as the implementation of the Operational Programme Prague Adaptability. The practical part covers the financial allocation, the structure of the recipients, the location of the realization of the approved projects and their focus. It makes use of the methods of quantitative and qualitative analyses. The financial and quantitative analyses are defined according to various criteria (e.g. priority axis, recipients, calls etc.). The qualitative analysis guarantees the focus of the completed projects, the impacts and their importance for the surroundings. The expert method is used a semi-structured interview with some experts, a questionnaire survey and the method of cartograms. At the end there are summarized the findings from the individual parts of the thesis.
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Perrett, Jamis J. "Using prior information on the intraclass correlation coefficient to analyze data from unreplicated and under-replicated experiments." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/45.
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Faktor, Vladimír. "Faktor času v řídící práci vedoucích pracovníků." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-258697.
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The diploma thesis is focused on the effectivity of time management skills of three chosen managers. The thesis is split into two parts.
The first part of the thesis provides theoretical basics of time management, basic terminology and methods of time management are layed out for further use in the second part of the thesis.
The second part of the thesis consists of guided interview, time frames and questionnaire which are used to identify individual approaches and problems in time management of three chosen managers, who are representing each level of management (lower, middle and top level) and come from various types of business organizations.
Based on the data provided by the second part of the thesis, the problematical parts of the time management are identified for each manager and recommendations are offered to each individual.
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Rácová, Nikola. "Faktor času v řidící práci manažera." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262778.
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The diploma thesis deals with time management in work of three managers.
The thesis consists of theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is based on study of scientific literature. It is focused on management, managers personality, managers functions and roles. Thereafter, time management techniques and methods are described. Information from theoretical part provides a complex base for the practical part.
In the practical part, the organization and managers, who are the subject of this thesis are described. For the time management analysis was used time frame, forms for analyzing interference and forms for identifying the major time consumers. Furthermore, individual conducted interviews with each manager were made. The interview revealed the managers attitude to the importance of the time factor in their managerial work.
On the basis of information obtained from analyzes and interview, the shortcomings were discovered. Recommendations for elimination of shortcommings were suggested together with recommendation for more efficient use of time.
Books on the topic "Analýza a priori"
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Kuraev, A. A. Moshchnye pribory SVCh: Metody analiza i optimizat͡s︡ii parametrov. Moskva: "Radio i svi͡a︡zʹ", 1986.
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Amannazarov, A. Metody i pribory dli͡a︡ opredelenii͡a︡ vodoroda: Gazovyĭ analiz spravochnik. Moskva: "Khimii͡a︡", 1987.
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Guerrini, Mauro, and Giovanni Mari, eds. Via verde e via d’oro. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-718-0.
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Via verde e via d’oro. Le politiche open access dell’Università di Firenze affronta il poliedrico tema dell’accesso libero e gratuito alla conoscenza. L’open access è un movimento nato nel secolo scorso con lo scopo di potenziare la diffusione dell’informazione scientifica. Negli ultimi dieci anni il movimento ha visto una crescita di interesse legata alle prese di posizioni dei più importanti istituti di ricerca mondiali e agli interventi legislativi di organi politici e accademici. Questa pubblicazione analizza la realtà dell’open access dai diversi punti di vista dei soggetti che la animano: autori, editori, mondo accademico, legislatori, fruitori del sapere, ecc. L’Università di Firenze, che è tra i maggiori protagonisti della promozione dell’accesso aperto in Italia, percorre da tempo la lunga marcia a favore dell’open access, attraverso la green road con FLORE, il suo repository istituzionale e la gold road con la Firenze University Press (FUP) che dai primi anni del 2000 realizza pubblicazioni ad accesso aperto.
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Metody i pribory gazovogo analiza: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Kiev: Vses. nauchno-issl. in-t analiticheskogo priborostroenii͡a︡, 1990.
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Dvoretsky, Marc. School of Chess Excellence: Opening Developments (Progress in Chess Vol. 10). Georg Olms Verlag AG, 2003.
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Dobovišek, Andrej. Osnovna merjenja : Uvod v merske napake in kvantitativno analizo fizikalnih meritve. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-429-3.
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Namen publikacije je študentom posredovati osnovna znanja iz področja merskih napak in njihovo uporabo pri analizi fizikalnih meritev na čimbolj jasen, pregleden in sistematičen način. V knjižici so opisani osnovni pristopi risanja in branja diagramov ob upoštevanju napak pri merjenju. Kot učno gradivo je knjižica namenjena študentom prvega letnika fizike pri obveznem predmetu Osnovna merjenja in študentom fizike na študijskem programu Predmetni učitelj pri laboratorijskih vajah iz mehanike. Izkušnje kažejo, da so osnovna znanja iz področja merskih napak in risanja ter analize diagramov z upoštevanjem merskih napak za študij fizike tako pomembna, da je smiselno tej učni snovi dati več poudarka in jo obravnavati zelo sistematično, znanje pa je smiselno utrditi z dodatnimi računskimi primeri. Tem potrebam sledi prvi del te knjižice. V drugem delu je opisanih 7 laboratorijskih vaj, ki jih študentje izvedejo samostojno v fizikalnem laboratoriju.
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Beiser, Frederick C. Cohen’s Logic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828167.003.0012.
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This chapter is an examination of Cohen’s logic, the central doctrine of his mature philosophy which appears as the first part of his system. It attempts to distinguish Cohen’s conception of logic from modern forms and to analyze its differences from them. The central concept of Cohen’s logic is pure thinking, which is here understood as the regulative ideal of pure a priori knowledge, where the object is no longer given but completely created by the activity of reason. It is argued that it is a mistake to conceive Cohen’s logic in mystical terms as a kind of intellectual intuition. There is no Hegelian metaphysics in Cohen’s logic, which repudiates the concept of the absolute and conceives its ideal of knowledge strictly as a regulative ideal.
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Loenhoff, Jens. Intercorporeality as a Foundational Dimension of Human Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190210465.003.0002.
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This article contributes to embodied communication theory in the way it takes into account the sensorimotor a priori of meaning production in interaction. The idea that intentionality is founded in the experience of movement and sensorimotor feedback loops as functional principles of action originated in the 1920–1940s in phenomenology, philosophical anthropology, and gestalt theory. Using that as a point of departure, this essay will analyze the interwovenness of bodily operations as communicatively effective entities. In this context the intimate connections among embodiment, implicit knowledge, and the normativity of sensorimotor practices should become apparent. Following this, a few suggestions regarding the differentiation of the concept of intercorporeality will be made by identifying some sources of variance which determine the form and intensity of intercorporeality, including forms of communication connected with it.
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Back, Kerry E. Perpetual Options and the Leland Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0019.
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Perpetual options are time‐independent, so the fundamental PDE is actually an ODE. The optimal exercise boundary can be found by directly optimizing over the boundary or by using smooth pasting. The chapter explains the pricing of perpetual calls, perpetual puts, securities that pay a given amount at a hitting time, securities that pay at a hitting time but are knocked out if another boundary is hit first, and securities that pay cash flows continuously prior to a hitting time. The valuation results are applied to analyze the optimal bankruptcy time of a firm with a given debt burden, the optimal amount of debt for the firm, and the optimal time to take on more debt when debt is perpetual (Leland’s model of the trade‐off theory). Finite maturity debt is briey discussed.
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Cardona-Arias, Jaiberth Antonio, Luis Felipe Higuita Gutiérrez, and Juan Carlos Cataño Correa. Vínculos entre minería aurífera y salud: un estudio en Buriticá, Antioquia. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/9789587602876.
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The research about the relation of mining and health has traditionally been carried out ex post, that is, with evaluation of the effects of mining on the health profiles of miners or exposed people, time after to the start of this economic activity. This limits the evaluation of the impact of mining on health, given the lack of knowledge about health indicators prior to the start of mining, or due to the absence of a baseline to analyze series of time. In addition, specific indicators such as vector-borne diseases (for example, malaria morbidity or mortality in endemic areas with mining activity), respiratory problems, effects of contamination with materials used in mining, among other topics, are generally investigated in illegal mining contexts. In Colombia there are few publications about the health profiles in legal mining areas, prior to the mining phase, as a determining aspect to establish a baseline that allows quantitative evaluation of the impacts of this economic activity on the health of the exposed people. This research analyzes the health profile of the residents of a geographic area with the presence of underground gold mining in Buriticá-Antioquia, according to sociodemographic conditions during 2019. The central outcomes of this profile were risk factors related to health services and lifestyle, felt morbidity, overweight and obesity, high blood pressure, STIs, breast disorders, lung conditions, all with their potential socio-economic risks.
Book chapters on the topic "Analýza a priori"
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Snaibi, Wadii, and Abdelhamid Mezrhab. "Livestock Breeders’ Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change in Morocco’s Arid Rangelands." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1853–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_18.
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AbstractSince the mid-1970s, the high plateaus of eastern Morocco have experienced proven trends of climate change (CC) such as a significant decrease in rainfall amounts and an increase in the droughts’ frequency. Consequently, the CC threatens the sustainability of this pastoral ecosystem and negatively affects the breeding of small ruminants, the main local-level livelihood, which becomes more vulnerable due to its high dependence on climatic conditions. This chapter aims to analyze breeders’ adaptation practices by taking into account their social stratification based on the size of the sheep flock in possession. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests to examine the differences in the adoption’ frequency of CC adaptation measures according breeders’ classes and Chi-square independence test to identify the factors explaining these observed differences. The analysis of local adaptation practices reveals that they are endogenous but above all curative, aiming at a short-term logic and have a low to medium relevance compared to the specific objective of adaptation to CC. In addition, there are significant differences in the frequency of adoption of CC adaptation strategies (chi-square value = 8.1112, p = 0.017, df = 2) within categories of breeders, in particular between small and larger breeders (U statistic = 58.000, p = 0.008). The significant factors explaining these differences are socioeconomic (age, household size, equipment, training, and membership of a basic professional organization). It is therefore recommended to target small breeders as a priority and to set up support measures (equipment, training, funding, organization of breeders).
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Lyons, Damian, Ronald C. Arkin, Shu Jiang, Matthew J. O'Brien, Feng Tang, and Peng Tang. "Establishing A-Priori Performance Guarantees for Robot Missions that Include Localization Software." In Robotic Systems, 117–41. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1754-3.ch006.
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One approach to determining whether an automated system is performing correctly is to monitor its performance, signaling when the performance is not acceptable; another approach is to automatically analyze the possible behaviors of the system a-priori and determine performance guarantees. Thea authors have applied this second approach to automatically derive performance guarantees for behavior-based, multi-robot critical mission software using an innovative approach to formal verification for robotic software. Localization and mapping algorithms can allow a robot to navigate well in an unknown environment. However, whether such algorithms enhance any specific robot mission is currently a matter for empirical validation. Several approaches to incorporating pre-existing software into the authors' probabilistic verification framework are presented, and one used to include Monte-Carlo based localization software. Verification and experimental validation results are discussed for real localization missions with this software, showing that the proposed approach accurately predicts performance.
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Rahman, Mohammad Anwar, and Laura Casanovas. "Strategies to Predict E-Commerce Inventory and Order Planning." In Research Anthology on E-Commerce Adoption, Models, and Applications for Modern Business, 212–26. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8957-1.ch011.
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This study examines the characteristics of a prediction model for businesses in the online marketplace by considering the market trend, prior sales and decision maker's preference on potential demand estimate. With the rapid growth of the electronic market, the main challenge for online sellers is the ability to analyze customer expectation, market data, and sales information to make the accurate procurement decision. The proposed model integrates a mathematical structure for a target season sale comprising upcoming demand projection by seller's internal team, data from past sales and the overall trend of seller's e-brand to determine the online customer demand. The study proposed a newsvendor model as a tool for sellers to make the instantaneous decision of ordering merchandise from the supplier when the quick response to the customer order is a priority for electronic market. Results of the study provide insights into the procurement dynamics and implications of the e-commerce inventory plan.
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Eisenstadt, Todd A., and Karleen Jones West. "Does Prior Consultation Diminish Extractive Conflict or Channel It to New Venues?" In Who Speaks for Nature?, 73–104. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190908959.003.0003.
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Extending the argument that individual political interests overrule structural identities based on ethnicities or social values, we argue in chapter 3 that mobilization against extraction has emerged because Ecuador’s government exploits institutional mechanisms meant to protect the environment to pursue extractive populism and maintain power. We define populism as putting short-term interests such as re-election and the provision of patronage and other goods ahead of long-term interests like balancing budgets and cleaning the environment after extractive projects generate revenue. Populist leaders like Ecuador’s Rafael Correa sought both to “speak for nature” as a leftist and pro-indigenous leader, while also needing to finance social programs through extractive royalties. Specifically, we show that the mechanism of free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC, also referred to as consulta previa, prior consultation, or CP), which was designed to protect indigenous communities from unwanted extraction by requiring their explicit permission for extractive activities, has become a political tool of the Ecuadorian government. As such, the factors that influence public support for prior consultation are largely political, and individuals who hope to protect the environment are less supportive of the process. Prior consultation is neither explicitly individual nor explicitly collective, and thus we consider it as an individual practice and analyze survey findings, and as an interest group process, for which we evaluate group decisions relating to prior consultation.
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Baeta, Felipe, and Tales Andreassi. "The Role of Prior Knowledge in the Process of Recognizing Entrepreneurial Opportunities." In Entrepreneurship - Contemporary Issues. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94161.
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Recognizing opportunities has often been raised as a crucial aspect of the entrepreneurial process. It seems that the ability to identify, analyze and develop entrepreneurial opportunities is what differentiates entrepreneurs from those who are not. This assertion highlights the relevance of understanding in greater depth the variables that have an influence on the process of recognizing opportunities. In this context, an entrepreneur’s prior knowledge and experience, which can be broken down into three domains, have an impact on the dimensions of recognizing opportunities, such as the scope of the opportunity and the intensity of the process. Deriving from this dynamic, the objective of this study is to understand the role of prior knowledge in the process of recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities. By way of in-depth interviews with ten entrepreneurs, it was concluded that those who have limited professional experience attribute greater relevance in the process to their educational activities. When it comes to recognizing opportunities, however, these same entrepreneurs have a broader scope and approach the process in a more intense way. Entrepreneurs who have a better-defined mental framework, on the other hand, which results from their vast professional experience, tend to channel any opportunities they recognize towards the industry in which they operate and this results in fewer potential businesses.
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Johnson, J. David. "Profiling Information and Communication Technologies." In Technology Leadership for Innovation in Higher Education, 206–32. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7769-0.ch009.
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Perhaps the most basic decision that educators can make in communicating with students is what communication channel to use. Innovation profiles apply the classic attributes of an innovation—relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability—to new information and communication technologies to facilitate their successful implementation. Most importantly, as the author demonstrates in applying this concept to distance learning and teaching platforms, technology leaders can analyze technologies a priori to determine potential problems. Profiling the affordances offered by various communication channels will greatly facilitate the work of technology leaders as change agents charged with implementing technologies that confront the numerous challenges facing higher education: retention rates, affordability, and preparing students for the work world.
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Halatsyn, Kateryna, and Alla Feshchuk. "SIMULATION OF PROFESSIONAL SITUATIONS AT ENGLISH CLASSES FOR STUDENTS OF TECHNICAL SPECIALTIES." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-17.
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The paper reveals the role and importance of modeling of professional situations at English classes in higher technical education institutions. The professional situation is defined as purposeful modeling of professionally similar circumstances in the process of learning English and conditions of solving engineering and business tasks, making professional decisions, achieving a successful result of business communication. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the content and requirements for modeling of professional situations in the process of studying English by the future specialists in engineering. Realization of the purpose demands performance of the following tasks: 1) define the essence of modeling of professional situations; 2) substantiate the conditions for effective modeling of professional situations at English classes in higher technical educational institutions; 3) offer examples of modeling professional situations at English classes in higher technical educational institutions. In the process of scientific research the methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization, inference, observation have been used. The components of the professional educational situation and the factors that need to be taken into account in the process of its use are identified. The examples of modeling professional situations during the study of the discipline “Practical Course of Foreign language for Business Communication” in higher technical education institutions are given. The forms of modeling of professional situations (individual, pair, group) which are directed on the formation of competences of professional English communication according to various roles of professional activity (head –subordinate, subordinate – subordinate, subordinate – collective) are defined. Special emphasis is focused on the examples of modeling of professional situations through the use of game modeling (role-playing games: controlled, improvised), method of case study and discussion. The requirements to be met in the process of modeling of professional situations: compliance with certain goals (formation of knowledge on the topic, development of ability to analyze complex problems; education of a sense of responsibility for their decisions, moral and personal qualities, etc.); compliance with the level of complexity of students’ learning opportunities; illustration of typical situations from the real facts of professional activity; use of discussion method; variability of decisions of a situation are pointed out.
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Bolívar, Manuel Pedro Rodríguez. "Governance in Smart Cities." In Smart Cities and Smart Spaces, 1688–707. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7030-1.ch076.
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Many of the challenges to be faced by smart cities surpass the capacities, capabilities, and reaches of their traditional institutions and their classical processes of governing, and therefore new and innovative forms of governance are needed to meet these challenges. According to the network governance literature, governance models in public administrations can be categorized through the identification and analysis of some main dimensions that govern in the way of managing the city by governments. Based on prior research and on the perception of city practitioners in European smart cities, this paper seeks to analyze the relevance of main dimensions of governance models in smart cities as well as to identify differences among prior research and perceptions of practitioners regarding these dimensions. Results could shed some light regarding new future research on efficient patterns of governance models within smart cities.
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Bali, Selçuk, and Yeter Demir Uslu. "Enterprise Risk Management in Non-Profit Organization." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 75–93. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0731-4.ch004.
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Prior studies indicate that enterprise risk management has a vital role on firm performance. Enterprise risk management system helps organizations to reach their goals by reducing uncertainty of their operating environment. In this context, this study aims to discuss and analyze the concept of enterprise risk management in non-profit organizations. The term “risk” for non-profit organizations is defined and different types of risk are examined. The significance and need of managing risk in non-profit organizations are revealed.
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Gluchman, Vasil. "Humanity and Moral Rights." In The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, 15–20. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia19987165.
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The priority and absoluteness of rights is often gist for ethical debates. I consider these issues from the perspective of my ethical theory, which I call the "ethics of social consequences." The ethics of social consequences is one means of satisfying non-utilitarian consequentialism. It is characterized by the principles of positive social consequences, humanity, human dignity, legality, justice, responsibility, tolerance as well as moral obligation. I analyze Gewirth’s position regarding the absoluteness of rights as well as Nagel’s opinion that rights enjoy priority forever. However, I also concentrate on Williams’s critique of utilitarianism. I contend that the priority of the protection and respect of individual rights in ordinary situations is acceptable. However, the individual must respect the rights and justified interests of other concerned people. Nevertheless, in extraordinary situations one must accept that consequences are more significant than rights.
Conference papers on the topic "Analýza a priori"
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Shergadwala, Murtuza N., and Jitesh H. Panchal. "Human Inductive Biases in Design Decision Making." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22252.
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Abstract Designers make information acquisition decisions, such as where to search and when to stop the search. Such decisions are typically made sequentially, such that at every search step designers gain information by learning about the design space. However, when designers begin acquiring information, their decisions are primarily based on their prior knowledge. Prior knowledge influences the initial set of assumptions that designers use to learn about the design space. These assumptions are collectively termed as inductive biases. Identifying such biases can help us better understand how designers use their prior knowledge to solve problems in the light of uncertainty. Thus, in this study, we identify inductive biases in humans in sequential information acquisition tasks. To do so, we analyze experimental data from a set of behavioral experiments conducted in the past [1–5]. All of these experiments were designed to study various factors that influence sequential information acquisition behaviors. Across these studies, we identify similar decision making behaviors in the participants in their very first decision to “choose x”. We find that their choices of “x” are not uniformly distributed in the design space. Since such experiments are abstractions of real design scenarios, it implies that further contextualization of such experiments would only increase the influence of these biases. Thus, we highlight the need to study the influence of such biases to better understand designer behaviors. We conclude that in the context of Bayesian modeling of designers’ behaviors, utilizing the identified inductive biases would enable us to better model designer’s priors for design search contexts as compared to using non-informative priors.
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Francisco, Arthur, Aurelian Fatu, and Dominique Bonneau. "Using Design of Experiments to Analyze the Connecting Rod Big-End Bearing Behavior." In ASME/STLE 2007 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2007-44065.
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The present work aims to identify the most influent factor in the behavior of a connecting rod big-end bearing. Supposing that the structure and the operating conditions are given, ten input parameters (oil properties, shells geometry, …) have been kept for this study. If the parameters can vary between a low and a high value, it would a priori require 210 Thermo-Elasto-HydroDynamic (TEHD) calculations. The use of Design Of Experiments (DOE) techniques will reduce this number to 25 insuring, nevertheless, the identification of the main factors.
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Murks, Nina, Anže Omerzu, and Borko Bošković. "Analiza sentimenta komentarjev hotelov z uporabo slovarjev in metode Naivni Bayes." In 7th Student Computer Science Research Conference. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-516-0.15.
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V £lanku smo predstavili pristop k analizi sen-timenta komentarjev hotelskih gostov s pomo£jo slovarjev in metode Naivni Bayes. Najprej smo zgradili slovarja sentimenta, ki sta vsebovala n-grame, ter njihove verjetnosti, da pripadajo pozi-tivnemu ali negativnemu razredu. Nato smo s po-mo£jo zgrajenih slovarjev klasificirali komentarje hotelov, pri £emer smo uporabili metodo Naivni Bayes. Pri klasifikaciji komentarjev s mo ra£u-nali klasifikacijske vrednosti o z. verjetnosti, da so posamezni komentarji pozitivni ali negativni. Komentarje smo klasificirali s p omo£jo unigra-mov in bigramov, ter rezultate primerjali z re-zultati iz literature. Pri unigramih smo dosegli natan£nost 0,92, pri bigramih je natan£nost zna-šala 0,80. Klasifikacijske v rednosti posameznih komentarjev smo si shranili, pri £emer smo pri komentarjih, ki smo jih klacificirali kot negativne, dodali negativen predznak. Predzna£ene klasifi-kacijske vrednosti smo nato sešteli, za vsak hotel ter na tak na£in izra£unali hotelom pripadajo£e to£ke. To£ke hotelov so v našem primeru poka-zatelj splošnega zadovoljstva hotelskih gostov, ki ga najdemo v komentarjih. Glede na to£ke smo hotele uredili po vrsti in prišli do lestvice hote-lov, pri katerih najdemo najbolj pozitivne komen-tarje.
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Perini, Lorenzo, Vincent Vercruyssen, and Jesse Davis. "Class Prior Estimation in Active Positive and Unlabeled Learning." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/403.
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Estimating the proportion of positive examples (i.e., the class prior) from positive and unlabeled (PU) data is an important task that facilitates learning a classifier from such data. In this paper, we explore how to tackle this problem when the observed labels were acquired via active learning. This introduces the challenge that the observed labels were not selected completely at random, which is the primary assumption underpinning existing approaches to estimating the class prior from PU data. We analyze this new setting and design an algorithm that is able to estimate the class prior for a given active learning strategy. Empirically, we show that our approach accurately recovers the true class prior on a benchmark of anomaly detection datasets and that it does so more accurately than existing methods.
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Tao, Zhang, Wang Wei, Gary Z. Wang, Hongyan Luo, Cunzhu Liang, Jiahui Liu, Huijun An, Hao Pei, Huidong Zhong, and Xiaojun Chen. "Using AHP to analyze and ascertain the priority protective order of endangered plants in East Alashan-West Erdos." In SPIE Optics + Photonics, edited by Wei Gao and Susan L. Ustin. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.681226.
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Ferrero, Alessandro, Simona Salicone, and Harsha Vardhana Jetti. "Bayesian approach to uncertainty evaluation: is it always working?" In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), edited by Sandrine Gazal. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201916002.
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Since the GUM has been published, measurement uncertainty has been defined in terms of the standard deviation of the probability distribution of the values that can be reasonably attributed to the measurand, and it has been evaluated using statistical or probabilistic methods. A debate has always been alive, among the metrologists, on whether a frequentist approach or a Bayesian approach should be followed to evaluate uncertainty. The Bayesian approach, based on some available a-priori knowledge about the measurand seems to prevail, nowadays. This paper starts from the consideration that the Bayesian approach is based on the well-known Bayes theorem that, as all mathematical theorems, is valid only to the extent the assumptions made to prove it are valid. The main question, when following the Bayesian approach, is hence whether these assumptions are satisfied in the practical cases, especially when the a-priori information is combined with the information coming from the measurement data to refine uncertainty evaluation. This paper will take into account some case studies to analyze when the Bayesian approach can be usefully and reliably employed by discussing the amount and pertinence of the available a-priori knowledge.
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Wray, Kyle Hollins, Stefan J. Witwicki, and Shlomo Zilberstein. "Online Decision-Making for Scalable Autonomous Systems." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/664.
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We present a general formal model called MODIA that can tackle a central challenge for autonomous vehicles (AVs), namely the ability to interact with an unspecified, large number of world entities. In MODIA, a collection of possible decision-problems (DPs), known a priori, are instantiated online and executed as decision-components (DCs), unknown a priori. To combine their individual action recommendations of the DCs into a single action, we propose the lexicographic executor action function (LEAF) mechanism. We analyze the complexity of MODIA and establish LEAF’s relation to regret minimization. Finally, we implement MODIA and LEAF using collections of partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) DPs, and use them for complex AV intersection decision-making. We evaluate the approach in six scenarios within an industry-standard vehicle simulator, and present its use on an AV prototype.
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Yanagisawa, Hideyoshi. "A Computational Model of Human Perception With Prior Expectation: Bayesian Integration and Efficient Coding." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46669.
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Human perception of sensory stimuli is affected by prior prediction of the sensory experience. For example, perception of weight of an object changes depending on weight predicted with size of the object appearance. We call such psychological phenomena expectation effect. The expectation effect is a key factor to explain a gap between physical variables and their perceptions. In this paper, we propose a novel computational model of human perception involving the expectation effect. We hypothesized that perceived physical variable was estimated using a Bayesian integration of prior prediction and sensory likelihood of a physical variable. We applied efficient coding hypothesis to form a shape of sensory likelihood. We formalized the expectation effect as a function of three factors: expectation error (difference between predicted and actual physical variables), prediction uncertainty (variance of prior distributions), and external noise (variance of noise distributions convolved with likelihood). Using the model, we conducted computer simulations to analyze the behavior of two opposite patterns of expectation effect, that is, assimilation and contrast. The results of the simulation revealed that 1) the pattern of expectation effect shifted from assimilation to contrast as the prediction error increased, 2) uncertainty decreased the extent of the expectation effect, 3) and external noise increased the assimilation.
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Keros, Peter E., Dimitris Assanis, Jill Schlechtweg, and Margaret S. Wooldridge. "Fast Methods to Analyze High-Speed Images of HCCI and Spark-Assisted HCCI Ignition Events." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35143.
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This study presents two new methods to rapidly analyze the ignition and combustion events recorded during in-cylinder high-speed imaging of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and spark-assisted (SA) HCCI engine operation. Two categories of ignition have been observed during HCCI and SA HCCI: auto-ignition of parcels of fuel/air and ignition and propagation of reaction fronts. In this work, two methods of image analysis are developed which accommodate differences in the ignition and propagation events for the two categories. The methods are described by application to high speed imaging data acquired from an optically accessible engine operated in HCCI and SA HCCI modes using indolene fuel. Using method I, the projected area of reaction is identified in each frame, and a circle with a characteristic radius that yields the equivalent area is defined. The rate of area expansion is used to define the speed of reaction. Using method II, an edge-finding algorithm is used to identify the location of well-defined reaction fronts. The maximum dimensions of the reaction front in an x-y coordinate frame are measured. The projected area based on the average of these maximum dimensions is then determined. The change in the characteristic radius of the projected area is defined as the average propagation speed for the reaction front. The two analytical methods are applied to typical HCCI and SA HCCI image sequences. Outcomes of the image analysis indicate propagation speeds are typically between 2–5 m/s prior to volumetric ignition. Volumetric ignition is identified by propagation speeds greater than 20 m/s. The imaging data also identify times when reaction quenching occurred after spark ignition as times when negative propagation speeds are observed. When applied to the same imaging sequence, the two methods yield consistent results for propagation speeds; however, the method based on edge-finding exhibits larger variance.
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Faliszewski, Piotr, Alexander Karpov, and Svetlana Obraztsova. "The Complexity of Election Problems with Group-Separable Preferences." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/29.
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We analyze the complexity of several NP-hard election-related problems under the assumptions that the voters have group-separable preferences. We show that under this assumption our problems typically remain NP-hard, but we provide more efficient algorithms if additionally the clone decomposition tree is of moderate height.
Reports on the topic "Analýza a priori"
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Atuhurra, Julius, and Michelle Kaffenberger. System (In)Coherence: Quantifying the Alignment of Primary Education Curriculum Standards, Examinations, and Instruction in Two East African Countries. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/057.
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Improvements in instructional coherence have been shown to have large impacts on student learning, yet analysis of such coherence, especially in developing countries and at a systems level, is rare. We use an established methodology, the Surveys of Enacted Curriculum (SEC), and apply it to a developing country context to systematically analyze and quantify the content and coherence of the primary curriculum standards, national examinations, and actual teaching delivered in the classroom in Uganda and Tanzania. We find high levels of incoherence across all three instructional components. In Uganda, for example, only four of the fourteen topics in the English curriculum standards appear on the primary leaving exam, and two of the highest-priority topics in the standards are completely omitted from the exams. In Tanzania, only three of fourteen English topics are covered on the exam, and all are assessed at the “memorization” level. Rather than aligning with either the curriculum standards or exams, teachers’ classroom instruction is poorly aligned with both. Teachers tend to cover broad swathes of content and levels of cognitive demand, unrelated to the structure of either the curriculum standards or exams. An exception is Uganda mathematics, for which standards, exams, and teacher instruction are all well aligned. By shedding light on alignment deficits in the two countries, these results draw attention to a policy area that has previously attracted little (if any) attention in many developing countries’ education policy reform efforts. In addition to providing empirical results for Uganda and Tanzania, this study provides a proof-of-concept for the use of the SEC methodology as a diagnostic tool in developing countries, helping education systems identify areas of instructional (in)coherence and informing efforts to improve coherence for learning.