Relevant bibliographies by topics / Anammox

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Academic literature on the topic 'Anammox'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Anammox"

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Tan, Feng Xun, Min Huang, Dao Ji Wu, and Zhao Liang Zhu. "Research Progress on the Anammox Technology." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2015.

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With the continuing phenomenon of eutrophication, the pollution of nitrogen has caused wide concern. Lack of organic carbon sources is always considered to be a key problem for nitrogen removal efficiency and cost when conventional biological nitrogen removal process was used to the treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater, but the anaerobic ammonium oxidation（ANAMMOX）can solve this problem .Anammox has so many advantages that it has good prospects in the biological nitrogen removal in wastewater. Anammox bacteria grows slowly, has a long generation time, and is susceptible to the environmental conditions. DO, Temperature, pH and organic can impact the process of anammox, so it is necessary to take careful methods to cultivate Anammox biomass. Depending on the purpose of improve water quality, appropriate treatment reactors and seed sludge should be selected to start ANAMMON process. The discovery of anaerobic ammonia oxidation, the reaction mechanism, influence application, the enrichment of anammox bacteria, physiological and biochemical characteristics of anammox bacteria, the start of anaerobic ammonia oxidation are reviewed in this paper.
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Ni, Shou-Qing, and Jian Zhang. "Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation: From Laboratory to Full-Scale Application." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/469360.

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From discovery in the early 1990s to completion of full-scale anammox reactor, it took almost two decades to uncover the secret veil of anammox bacteria. There were three milestones during the commercialization of anammox: the development of the first enrichment culture medium, the completion of the first commercial anammox reactor, and the fast start-up of full-scale anammox plant. Till now, the culture of anammox bacteria experienced a big progress through two general strategies: (a) to start up a reactor from scratch and (b) to seed the reactor with enriched anammox sludge. The first full-scale anammox reactor took 3.5 years to realize full operation using the first approach due to several reasons besides the lack of anammox sludge. On the other hand, the first Asian anammox reactor started up in two months, thanks to the availability of anammox seed. Along with the implementation of anammox plants, anammox eventually becomes the priority choice for ammonium wastewater treatment.
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Date, Y., K. Isaka, T. Sumino, S. Tsuneda, and Y. Inamori. "Microbial community of anammox bacteria immobilized in polyethylene glycol gel carrier." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 5 (2008): 1121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.466.

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Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a recently discovered microbial pathway in the biological nitrogen cycle and a new cost-effective way to remove ammonium from wastewater. We have so far developed new immobilization technique that anammox bacteria entrapped in polyethylene glycol (PEG) gel carrier. However, fate and behavior of anammox bacteria in a gel carrier is not well understood. In the present study, we focused on the population changes of anammox bacteria in a gel carrier. Three specific primer sets were designed for real-time PCR. For quantification of anammox bacteria in a gel carrier, real-time PCR was performed. The anammox bacteria related to HPT-WU-N03 clone were increased the rate in anammox population, and found to be a major population of anammox bacteria in a gel carrier. Furthermore, from the results of nitrogen removal performance and quantification of anammox bacteria, the correlation coefficient between copy numbers of anammox bacteria and nitrogen conversion rate was calculated as 0.947 in total anammox population. This is the first report that population changes of anammox bacteria immobilized in a gel carrier were evaluated.
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Yang, Xiao-Ru, Hu Li, San-An Nie, et al. "Potential Contribution of Anammox to Nitrogen Loss from Paddy Soils in Southern China." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 3 (2014): 938–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02664-14.

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ABSTRACTThe anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (anammox) process has been observed in diverse terrestrial ecosystems, while the contribution of anammox to N2production in paddy soils is not well documented. In this study, the anammox activity and the abundance and diversity of anammox bacteria were investigated to assess the anammox potential of 12 typical paddy soils collected in southern China. Anammox bacteria related to “CandidatusBrocadia” and “CandidatusKuenenia” and two novel unidentified clusters were detected, with “CandidatusBrocadia” comprising 50% of the anammox population. The prevalence of the anammox was confirmed by the quantitative PCR results based on hydrazine synthase (hzsB) genes, which showed that the abundance ranged from 1.16 × 104to 9.65 × 104copies per gram of dry weight. The anammox rates measured by the isotope-pairing technique ranged from 0.27 to 5.25 nmol N per gram of soil per hour in these paddy soils, which contributed 0.6 to 15% to soil N2production. It is estimated that a total loss of 2.50 × 106Mg N per year is linked to anammox in the paddy fields in southern China, which implied that ca. 10% of the applied ammonia fertilizers is lost via the anammox process. Anammox activity was significantly correlated with the abundance ofhzsBgenes, soil nitrate concentration, and C/N ratio. Additionally, ammonia concentration and pH were found to be significantly correlated with the anammox bacterial structure.
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Awata, Takanori, Yumiko Goto, Tomonori Kindaichi, Noriatsu Ozaki, and Akiyoshi Ohashi. "Nitrogen removal using an anammox membrane bioreactor at low temperature." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 12 (2015): 2148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.436.

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Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have the ability to completely retain biomass and are thus suitable for slowly growing anammox bacteria. In the present study, an anammox MBR was operated to investigate whether the anammox activity would remain stable at low temperature, without anammox biomass washout. The maximum nitrogen removal rates were 6.7 and 1.1 g-N L−1 day−1 at 35 °C and 15 °C, respectively. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analysis revealed no change in the predominant anammox species with temperature because of the complete retention of anammox biomass in the MBR. These results indicate that the predominant anammox bacteria in the MBR cannot adapt to a low temperature during short-term operation. Conversely, anammox activity recovered rapidly after restoring the temperature from the lower value to the optimal temperature (35 °C). The rapid recovery of anammox activity is a distinct advantage of using an MBR anammox reactor.
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Kanders, Linda, Maike Beier, Regina Nogueira, and Emma Nehrenheim. "Sinks and sources of anammox bacteria in a wastewater treatment plant – screening with qPCR." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 2 (2018): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.318.

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Abstract The deammonification process, which includes nitritation and anammox bacteria, is an energy-efficient nitrogen removal process. Starting up an anammox process in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is still widely believed to require external seeding of anammox bacteria. To demonstrate the principle of a non-seeded anammox start-up, anammox bacteria in potential sources must be quantified. In this study, seven digesters, their substrates and reject water were sampled and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to quantify both total and viable anammox bacteria. The results show that mesophilic digesters fed with nitrifying sludge (with high sludge ages) can be classified as a reliable source of anammox bacteria. Sludge hygienization and dewatering of digestate reduce the amount of anammox bacteria by one to two orders of magnitude and can be considered as a sink. The sampled reject waters contained on average >4.0 × 104 copies mL−1 and the majority of these cells (>87%) were viable cells. Furthermore, plants with side-stream anammox treatment appear to have higher overall quantities of anammox bacteria than those without such treatment. The present study contributes to the development of sustainable strategies for both start-up of anammox reactors and the possibility of improving microbial management in WWTPs.
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Güven, Didem, Ana Dapena, Boran Kartal, et al. "Propionate Oxidation by and Methanol Inhibition of Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 2 (2005): 1066–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.2.1066-1071.2005.

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ABSTRACT Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a recently discovered microbial pathway and a cost-effective way to remove ammonium from wastewater. Anammox bacteria have been described as obligate chemolithoautotrophs. However, many chemolithoautotrophs (i.e., nitrifiers) can use organic compounds as a supplementary carbon source. In this study, the effect of organic compounds on anammox bacteria was investigated. It was shown that alcohols inhibited anammox bacteria, while organic acids were converted by them. Methanol was the most potent inhibitor, leading to complete and irreversible loss of activity at concentrations as low as 0.5 mM. Of the organic acids acetate and propionate, propionate was consumed at a higher rate (0.8 nmol min−1 mg of protein−1) by Percoll-purified anammox cells. Glucose, formate, and alanine had no effect on the anammox process. It was shown that propionate was oxidized mainly to CO2, with nitrate and/or nitrite as the electron acceptor. The anammox bacteria carried out propionate oxidation simultaneously with anaerobic ammonium oxidation. In an anammox enrichment culture fed with propionate for 150 days, the relative amounts of anammox cells and denitrifiers did not change significantly over time, indicating that anammox bacteria could compete successfully with heterotrophic denitrifiers for propionate. In conclusion, this study shows that anammox bacteria have a more versatile metabolism than previously assumed.
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Tal, Yossi, Joy E. M. Watts, and Harold J. Schreier. "Anaerobic Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria and Related Activity in Baltimore Inner Harbor Sediment." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 4 (2005): 1816–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.4.1816-1821.2005.

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ABSTRACT The discovery of bacteria capable of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) has generated interest in understanding the activity, diversity, and distribution of these bacteria in the environment. In this study anammox activity in sediment samples obtained from the Inner Harbor of Baltimore, Md., was detected by 15N tracer assays. Anammox-specific oligonucleotide primer sets were used to screen a Planctomycetales-specific 16S rRNA gene library generated from sediment DNA preparations, and four new anammox bacterial sequences were identified. Three of these sequences form a cohesive new branch of the anammox group, and the fourth sequence branches separately from this group. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of sediment incubated with anammox-specific media confirmed the presence of the four anammox-related 16S rRNA gene sequences. Evidence for the presence of anammox bacteria in Inner Harbor sediment was also obtained by using an anammox-specific probe in fluorescence in situ hybridization studies. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anammox activity and related bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences from the Chesapeake Bay basin area, and the results suggest that this pathway plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle of this estuarine environment. Furthermore, the presence of these bacteria and their activity in sediment strengthen the contention that anammox-related Plactomycetales are globally distributed.
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Wen, Ruolan, Yue Jin, and Wenjie Zhang. "Application of the Anammox in China—A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (2020): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031090.

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Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) has been one of the most innovative discoveries for the treatment of wastewater with high ammonia nitrogen concentrations. The process has significant advantages for energy saving and sludge reduction, also capital costs and greenhouse gases emissions are reduced. Recently, the use of anammox has rapidly become mainstream in China. This study reviews the engineering applications of the anammox process in China, including various anammox-based technologies, selection of anammox reactors and attempts to apply them to different wastewater treatment plants. This review discusses the control and implementation of stable reactor operation and analyzes challenges facing mainstream anammox applications. Finally, a unique and novel perspective on the development and application of anammox in China is presented.
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Rao, Yifu, Jia Meng, Yajie Tian, and Jianzheng Li. "Metabolic activity of an anammox population affected by major environmental factors." E3S Web of Conferences 293 (2021): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129301027.

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Anammox is known as a cost-effective approach to nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich wastewater. However, the eco-physiological characteristics of anammox population have not well been understood so far, which has obstructed the practical application of anammox process. In the present research work, an enrichment culture of anammox population was collected from an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, and the anammox activity was evaluated by various pH, temperature and reactant density, progressively. The results showed that the optimal ecological amplitude of pH and temperature for the anammox population was ranged from 7.0-7.5 and 30°C-35°C, respectively. To make anammox process more efficient, the density of NH4+-N and NO2−-N should be around 10.0 and 4.0 mmol·L−1, respectively. It was found that anammox population was more sensitive to NO2−-N density than NH4+-N density, and then NO2−-N density was proposed as a key indicator to practicing anammox process in engineering. With the findings, the present research will be significant in practicing annamox process.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Anammox"

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Pritchard, William James. "Anammox in a temperate estuary." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8852.

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The seasonal variation of anammox is yet to be comprehensively studied, unlike denitrification, the more traditional sink for fixed nitrogen. A seasonal study of anammox, denitrification and benthic oxygen consumption using the revised isotope pairing technique is presented in Chapter 2. Experimental temperature and NO3- concentration were kept constant throughout so that the capacity of the sediment for anammox could be estimated. Similar seasonal variations in the rates of anammox, denitrification and oxygen consumption suggest that anammox is controlled by the availability of organic carbon. Furthermore the effect of tidal inundation by overlying water rich in NO3- was investigated by measuring rates of anammox, denitrification and oxygen consumption at three tidal elevations throughout the year. A significant relationship between anammox and denitrification was established at each tidal elevation, which increased in strength as length of inundation decreased. To complement this seasonal study, additional experiments were undertaken, which are described in Chapter 3, to determine how anammox, denitrification and sediment metabolism responds to variations in experimental NO3- concentration and temperature. There were significant increases in rates of anammox, denitrification and sediment metabolism with temperature until 20oC when rates of anammox began to reduce. Furthermore there was significant variation in the response of all three processes to temperature in samples collected at different dates, which suggested that reduced bioavailability of organic carbon in the winter months was limiting the response to temperature. In addition to exploring how inorganic N is cycled in estuarine sediments, the ability of estuarine sediments to oxidize urea via nitrite was examined using 15N and 13C labelled substrates. Results, which are presented in Chapter 4, indicate that urea added to anaerobic sediment slurries was rapidly hydrolysed to ammonium before being oxidized via the anammox pathway.
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Cema, Grzegorz. "Comparative study on different Anammox systems." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : KTH, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11933.

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Viancelli, Aline. "Caracterização e análise filogenética de ANAMMOX." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/93355.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2009<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T20:57:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 276208.pdf: 1155606 bytes, checksum: 02db951a03ba6e8a6371b3e60baa9e4f (MD5)<br>O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar e analisar filogeneticamente bactérias anaeróbias oxidadoras de amônio (ANAMMOX) coletadas de bioreator de bancada de fluxo ascendente inoculado com lodo aclimatado proveniente de lagoa anaeróbia de um sistema de Lagoas de Tratamento de Dejetos de Suínos e padronizar técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) objetivando amplificação de uma região de 436 pares de base (pb) correspondente a subunidade menor (16S rRNA) do ribossomo de bactérias ANAMMOX. Visando a identificação dos organismos presentes no bioreator, foram utilizadas as técnicas de PCR, clonagem e sequenciamento da região 16S rRNA e dos fragmentos de 436 pb amplificados. Os iniciadores desenvolvidos foram avaliados quanto sua especificidade e limite de detecção. Foram obtidos 29 clones, dos quais 17 carregavam o gene 16S rRNA e 12 carregavam o fragmento de 436 pb. Entre os 17 clones obtidos, três apresentaram 97% de identidade com ANAMMOX Candidatus Jettenia asiática e Planctomycete KSU-1, 12 tiveram identidade com Janthinobacterium (99%) e dois apresentaram similaridade com clones não cultivados. Dos clones carregando o fragmento de 436 pb, oito apresentaram 96-100% de semelhança com ANAMMOX Candidatus Anammoxoglobus propionicus, Planctomycete KSU-1 e Candidatus Jettenia asiatica. Um clone teve 99% de similaridade com Pseudomonas sp. e outros três clones apresentaram semelhança com clones não cultivados. Embora os iniciadores tenham amplificado fragmentos genômicos de organismos não-ANAMMOX, o teste de limite de detecção mostrou que com a PCR foi possível amplificar a região alvo usando concentrações extremamente baixas (0,3 ng) de material genético. A utilização de tais ferramentas (extração de material genômico e execução de PCR com os novos iniciadores aqui desenvolvidos) mostrou-se eficiente, econômica e de fácil execução para caracterização de organismos ANAMMOX, abrindo uma gama de oportunidades para ampliar nosso conhecimento sobre estas bactérias e consequentemente melhorar o tratamento de dejeto de suíno.
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Campolong, Cody James. "Bioaugmentation and Retention of Anammox Granules to a Mainstream Deammonification Bio-Oxidation Pilot with a Post Polishing Anoxic Partial Denitrification/Anammox Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99964.

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The Chesapeake Bay watershed has seen an increase in population, nutrient loading, and stringent effluent limits; therefore, cost-effective technologies must be explored and implemented to intensify the treatment of regional wastewater. This work describes the bioaugmentation and retention of anammox (AMX) granules in a continuous adsorption/bio-oxidation (A/B) mainstream deammonification pilot-scale process treating domestic wastewater. The AMX granules were collected from the underflow of a sidestream DEMON® process. The bioaugmentation rate was based on several factors including full-scale sidestream DEMON® wasting rate and sidestream vs mainstream AMX activity. The retention of bioaugmented AMX granules required a novel settling column at the end of the deammonification step. The settling column was designed to provide a surface overflow rate (SOR) that allowed dense AMX granules to settle into the underflow and less dense floccular biomass to outselect into the overflow. B-Stage was operated to out-select nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) by maintaining an ammonia residual (>2 mg NH4-N/L), a relatively high dissolved oxygen (DO) (>1.5 mg O2/L) concentration, an aggressive solids retention time (SRT) for NOB washout, and intermittent aeration for transient anoxia. AMX activity was not detected in the mainstream at any time. The settling column AMX retention quantification suggested but did not confirm AMX were maintained in the mainstream. NOB were not suppressed during this study and no nitrite accumulation was present in the mainstream process. It was theorized that AMX granules were successfully settled into the settling column underflow and accumulated in the intermittently mixed sidestream biological phosphorus reactor (SBPR) where they disintegrated. This work also describes optimization of carbon addition to an anoxic partial denitrification anammox (PdN/A) moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) testing glycerol, acetate, and methanol as carbon sources to maximize total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal through the anammox pathway and to minimize effluent TIN. A carbon feeding strategy was developed and was evaluated by the extent of partial denitrification vs full denitrification (partial denitrification efficiency, PdN efficiency). All three carbon sources were capable of high TIN removal, low effluent TIN, and moderate to high PdN efficiency. Average TIN removal for glycerol was 10.0 ± 3.6 mg TIN/L, for acetate it was 8.7 ± 2.9 mg TIN/L, and for methanol it was 11.5 ± 5.6 mg TIN/L. Average effluent TIN for glycerol was 6.0 ± 4.0 mg TIN/L, for acetate it was 5.0 ± 1.1 mg TIN/L, and for methanol it was 4.3 ± 1.5 mg TIN/L. Average PdN efficiency for glycerol was 91.0 ± 9.0%, for acetate it was 88.0 ± 7.7%, and for methanol it was 74.0 ± 8.5%. When PdN efficiency was factored into the cost of each carbon source, methanol was 5.83% cheaper than glycerol per mass TIN removed and 59.0% cheaper than acetate per mass TIN-N removed.<br>Master of Science
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Chen, Bingquan. "Anammox in IFAS reactor for reject water treatment." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266470.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor achieving partial nitritation/anammox process to treat reject water after dewatering of digested sludge. During the study period, dissolved oxygen setpoint, aeration mode and inflow loading were changed to evaluate their influence on the process performance and efficiency in the reactor. Four different values for dissolved oxygen setpoint were tested: 2.0 mg/L, 1.8 mg/L, 1.5mg/L and 1.3 mg/L. Three different aeration modes in a one-hour cycle were tested: 30 min, 35 min, 40 min. And two different inflow loadings were tested: 2 g N/m2∙d and 1.6 g N/m2∙d. Discussion and evaluation were based on laboratory analyses and online sensors. The highest achieved total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was 85.6%, at 40 min aeration per hour, 2.0 mg/L dissolved oxygen and with 2 g N/m2∙day inflow NH4-N loading. Specific anammox activity (SAA) tests were also done for the anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria in biofilm attached to the carriers in the IFAS reactor, and the results showed that the bacteria could achieve a higher nitrogen removal rate than in the pilot-scale IFAS reactor.
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Martins, Tiago Henrique. "Enriquecimento de consórcios microbianos em quimiostatos sob condições anammox." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-02072007-230623/.

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Esta pesquisa objetivou enriquecer e purificar, em quimiostatos, consórcios microbianos capazes de oxidar amônia a nitrogênio (\'N IND.2\'), sob condições anaeróbias utilizando como inóculo: (Q1) biomassa de reator nitrificante-desnitrificante de estação de tratamento de água residuária de indústria produtora de aminoácidos (Ajinomoto) e (Q2) lodo granular de reator UASB de abatedouro de aves (Avícola DACAR, TIETÊ). Os inóculos foram enriquecidos em quimiostatos com vazão afluente de 18ml/h de meio basal específico com concentrações médias de 80 mg \'N-NH IND.4\'POT.+\'/L, 75,2 mg \'N-NO IND.2\'POT.-\'/L e 1000 mg/l de bicarbonato como única fonte de carbono. Nos quimiostatos Q1 e Q2 as eficiências médias de remoção foram de 51,6% e 39,3% de amônia e 60,5% e 53,2% de nitrito, respectivamente, após 296 dias de operação. A eficiência média de remoção de nitrogênio total (\'N-NH IND.4\'POT.+\' + \'N-NO IND.2\'POT.-\') foi de 57,1% e 43% após 296 dias de operação, respectivamente para Q1 e Q2. A purificação dos consórcios enriquecidos foi realizada utilizando-se metodologia de gradiente de densidade por centrifugação Percoll. Os consórcios microbianos foram observados por exames microscópicos e a diversidade foi avaliada por DGGE antes e depois da purificação pelo protocolo Percoll. O DGGE revelou mudança na estrutura dos consórcios presentes em Q1 e Q2 no decorrer do período de operação dos quimiostatos. A técnica de hibridação in situ (FISH) com sonda fluorescente (Amx - 368) confirmou a presença de microrganismos anammox nos dois consórcios microbianos. O seqüenciamento do DNA ribossomal 16S de bandas obtidas do gel de DGGE, utilizando-se primers universais para domínio Bacteria, relacionou por árvore de máxima verossimilhança, duas bandas com o grupo das bactérias verdes não-sulfurosas.<br>This research aimed to enrich and to purify, in chemostats, microbial trusts capable to realize ammonium oxidation to dinitrogen (\'N IND.2\') under anaerobic conditions, using as inoculum: (Q1) biomass from nitrifying-denitrifying reactor of wastewater treatment plant of amino-acids industry (Ajinomoto) and (Q2) granular sludge from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket UASB reactor treating poultry wastes - Avícola DACAR, TIETÊ. The inoculum was enriched in chemostats with affluent flow of 18 ml/h of specific basal media with mean concentrations of 80 mg \'N-NH IND.4\'POT.+\'/L, 75.2 mg \'NO IND.2\'POT.-\'/L and 1000 mg/l of bicarbonate as sole carbon source. In Q1 and Q2 chemostats the mean efficiency of removal were 51.6% and 39.3% of ammonium, and 60.5% and 53.2% of nitrite, respectively, after 296 days of operation. In Q1 and Q2 chemostats, the mean efficiency of total nitrogen removal (\'N-NH IND.4\'POT.+\' + \'NO IND.2\'POT.-\') were 57.1% and 43%, respectively, after 296 days of operation. The purification of enriched microbial trusts was carried following methodology of density gradient by centrifugation (Percoll). The microbial trusts were observed by microscopic analysis and the diversity was evaluated by DGGE, before and after the purification by the Percoll protocol. The DGGE analysis showed changes in microbial trusts structure in Q1 and Q2 in chemostats operation period. The fluorescence in situ hibridization technique (FISH) with Amx-368 probe confirmed the presence of anammox microrganisms in both microbial trusts. The sequencing of recovered bands of DGGE was carried through ribossomal DNA 16S using universal primers for bacteria Domain that related two bands with green nosulphur bacterium using maximum likelyhood tree.
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Ruscalleda, Beylier Maël. "Treatment of mature urban landfill leachates by anammox process." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/78031.

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This thesis results from the collaborative projects between the LEQUIA-UdG group and Cespa (a company in charge of several landfill sites in Spain). The aim of the work was the development of a suitable alternative treatment for nitrogen removal from mature landfill leachates. The thesis presents the application of the anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation process) process to treat ammonium rich leachates as the second step of the PANAMMOX® process. The work deals with preliminary studies about the characteristics of the anammox process in a SBR, with special focus on the response of the biomass to nitrite exposure. The application of the anammox process with leachate was first studied in a lab-scale reactor, to test the effect of the leachate matrix on anammox biomass and its progressive adaptation. Finally, a start-up strategy is developed and applied for the successful start-up of a 400L anammox SBR in less than 6 months.<br>Aquesta tesi és fruit de la col•laboració entre el grup LEQUIA-UdG i Cespa. L'objectiu del treball va ser el desenvolupament d'un tractament alternatiu per a l'eliminació biològica de nitrogen dels lixiviats madurs d'abocador. La tesi presenta l'aplicació del procés anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) per tractar elevades càrregues de nitrogen en el segon pas del procés PANAMMOX ®. El treball inclou estudis preliminars sobre les característiques del procés de anammox en un SBR, amb especial atenció a la resposta de la biomassa a l'exposició de nitrit. L'aplicació del procés anammox amb lixiviat es va estudiar inicialment en un reactor a escala de laboratori, per provar l'efecte de la matriu del lixiviat sobre la biomassa anammox i la seva adaptació progressiva. Finalment, es va desenvolupar una estratègia de posada en marxa que va ser aplicada amb èxit per a la posada en marxa d'un SBR anammox de 400L en menys de 6 mesos.
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Kosari, Fatemeh. "Nitrogen removal from wastewater through partial nitrification/ Anammox process." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36921.

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Nitrogen removal from wastewater through partial nitrification/Anammox was investigated. The objectives of the research were divided to three distinctive and related areas: Partial Nitrification (PN) process, Anammox reaction and green house gases emission from partial nitrification and Anammox reactor. In the PN process, research objectives were to determine: 1) the effect Dissolved Oxygen concentration, alkalinity on the PN reaction 2) evaluation of continuous moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for partial nitrification process. The main goals of the Anammox process study was to investigate: 1) parameters, which affect the Anammox process 2) evaluation of continuous moving bed biofilm reactor, hybrid reactor and up-flow fixed-bed reactor for the Anammox process. In the last stage, N₂O and NO emissions from both partial nitrification and Anammox reactor under various operating conditions were determined. Partial nitrification in the sequencing batch reactor was more efficient, compared to continuous moving bed biofilm reactor. Alkalinity was investigated as a limiting factor for oxidizing more ammonium to nitrite in the PN reactor. The effluent of the MBBR contained 59.7% ammonium, 31.7 % nitrite and 8.5 % nitrate and gaseous products, such as nitrous oxide and nitrogen as initial nitrogen load. Whereas, the SBR could convert more than 45% of the ammonium to nitrite; in fact, the effluent of the SBR reactor contained 45.1% ammonium, 45.1% nitrite and 1.9% nitrate, as initial nitrogen load. Subsequent Anammox treatment, after the MBBR, resulted in 38.8% additional ammonium removal and nitrite removal of 83.1 %. As a result, total ammonia removal in the combined system reached 79.1% and total nitrogen removal was 56.8 %. The Hybrid Anammox reactor removed an average of 55.8% of NH₄-N, versus 48.3% NH₄-N removal in the up-flow fixed-bed reactor. Nitrite removal in the hybrid and up-flow fixed-bed Anammox reactor was 80.8% and 62.5%, respectively. This research indicates that nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emission from partial nitrification at DO being controlled at 2 mg/L were 2.6±0.2% and 0.6±0.3% as nitrogen load, respectively. Relatively low N₂O of 0.15±0.02% was observed from the Anammox reactor, compared to partial nitrification and NO emissions was none detected.
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Mika, Anna. "Evaluation of Nitration/Anammox process by bacterial activity tests." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173853.

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Partial Nitritation/Anammox process (deammonification process), by which occurs oxidation of ammonium to nitrogen gas by autotrophic bacteria in anaerobic conditions, considered to be cost-effective and environmentally friendly method of nitrogen removal. Present research work focuses on achieving a high nitrogen removal degree, thanks to Anammox bacteria, while providing the best performance of the ongoing process. Integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor was supplied with the main stream of the wastewater after UASB reactor, characterized by low concentration of nitrogen and organic matter. The bacteria ability to accommodate, were tested in the biofilm and in the activated sludge, depending on the different stages in which the process were being conducted. Batch test, such as Specific Anammox Activity (SAA), Nitrate Uptake Rate (NUR) and Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR), were used for the evaluation of activity of various groups of bacteria. On the basis of laboratory analysis verified the values obtained from the batch tests. It was determined that a high degree of nitrogen removal (92% of NH4-N) was achieved thanks to the dominant activity of the Anammox bacteria, with low participation of other groups of bacteria. It was also proved, that Anammox bacteria activity were overwhelming in the biofilm. Dominant role of Ammonium Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) was associated with high activity of Anammox bacteria, which together satisfyingly out-competed Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria (NOB) and heterotrophic bacteria. It has been shown that Anammox bacteria quickly adapt to the new conditions and they are able to assume a dominant role, even in the case of inoculation of the reactor with the sludge from SBR. This allows conclude, that in the case of operational problems, the reactor can be supplied from another source, in order not to inhibit the process.
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Ding, Zhiji. "Engineering and microbial aspects of Anammox process in wastewater treatment." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1189/document.

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Élimination de l'azote est obligatoire dans moderne usine de traitement des eaux usées (STEP) en raison de sa toxicité à la fois humaine et l'écosystème. Un niveau élevé d'azote peut provoquer une eutrophisation dans le système aquatique. Élimination de l'azote autotrophes qui combine nitritation partielle et Anammox est une technologie attrayante qui est approprié pour une grande force d'ammonium des eaux usées à faible teneur en carbone organique. Toutefois, le ralentissement de la croissance extrême des bactéries Anammox avec le temps de 9-13 jours doubler entrave la pleine application de l'échelle. L'objectif de cette recherche était d'étudier la faisabilité et la stratégie opérationnelle de l'enrichissement Anammox de boues conventionnelle aérobie (réacteur ASR), la dénitrification des boues (Réacteur DSR) et boue anaérobie (réacteur ANR) en utilisant réacteur biologique séquentiel (SBR). Anammox processus a été établi avec succès en DSR avec une élimination de l'azote total d'environ 80% sous le contrôle strict de l'oxygène au bout de 150 jours, ce qui est confirmé par la composition chimique de l'influent / effluents ainsi que l'analyse microbienne. Sous la même condition opérationnelle, ANR atteint seulement 20-30% d'élimination de l'azote total. Avec un temps plus court de rétention hydraulique (HRT) et de contrôle d'oxygène insuffisante, ASR a atteint 50-60% du total élimination de l'azote après 240 jours. Tous les réacteurs ont connu la fluctuation des performances au cours du processus d'enrichissement, qui est censé être la conséquence de facteurs inhibiteurs tels que l'oxygène dissous, sans nitrites et l'ammoniac libre ainsi que les bactéries coexistantes indésirables qui sont en concurrence pour le même substrat. L'électrophorèse sur gel de gradient dénaturant (DGGE) bande à partir des échantillons d'ADN amplifiés extraites ASR lors de l'étape d'enrichissement différente montre une nette évolution de la composition microbienne. Substances polymères extracellulaires (EPS) de différents biomasse Anammox ont été extraites et caractérisé par analyse quantitative et qualitative pour enquêter sur sa corrélation avec le processus d'enrichissement dans un bioréacteur de l'échelle du laboratoire. Une diminution de la protéine au polysaccharide (PN / PS) rapport et une augmentation du rendement total d'extraction EPS ont été observés au cours du processus d'enrichissement. La matrice à trois dimensions excitation d'émission (3D-EEM) a montré un endroit similaire des pics de fluorescence pour tous les échantillons tandis que les échantillons avec des bactéries Anammox possèdent deux pics distincts dans le bas de gamme d'onde d'excitation. Pics multiples excitation peuvent se produire comme en témoigne la fluorescence identique chromatogramme après chromatographie d'exclusion de taille (SEC) à séparation d'excitation / émission de 221/350 nm et 280/330 nm. Rayons ultraviolets (UV) absorbance à 210 nm a été enregistrée en même temps que la détection de fluorescence à une excitation / émission 222/300 nm de longueur d'onde, 221/350 nm et 280/330 nm après séparées par SEC. Avec l'enrichissement de bactéries Anammox, chromatogramme UV montré une augmentation en intensité et en nombre de pics, alors que chromatogrammes fluorescence ont montré nombre maximal similaire et seulement augmentent en intensité. Une augmentation de l'hydrophobie a été observée au cours du procédé d'enrichissement. Les résultats de cette étude sont attendus pour étendre la connaissance de l'évolution du processus d'enrichissement Anammox EPS ainsi que de fournir nouvelle approche pour la caractérisation des EPS extraites de Anammox boues<br>Removal of nitrogen is mandatory in modern wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) due to its toxicity to both human and the ecosystem. A high level of nitrogen may cause eutrophication in aquatic system. Autotrophic nitrogen removal which combines partial nitritation and Anammox is an attractive technology which is suitable for high Ammonium strength wastewater with low organic carbon content. However the extreme slow growth of the Anammox bacteria with doubling time of 9-13 days hinders its wide full scale application. The aim of this research was to investigate the feasibility and operational strategy of Anammox enrichment from conventional aerobic sludge (Reactor ASR), denitrification sludge (Reactor DSR) and anaerobic sludge (Reactor ANR) using sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Anammox process was successfully established in DSR with a total nitrogen removal of approximately 80% under strict oxygen control after 150 days which is confirmed by chemical composition of the influent/effluent as well as microbial analysis. Under the same operational condition, ANR reached only 20-30% total nitrogen removal. With a shorter hydraulic retention time (HRT) and insufficient oxygen control, ASR reached 50-60% total nitrogen removal after 240 days. All the reactors experienced fluctuating performances during the enrichment process, which is believed to be the consequence of inhibitory factors such as dissolved oxygen, free nitrite and free ammonia as well as undesirable coexisting bacteria which compete for the same substrate. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) band from the amplified DNA samples extracted from ASR during different enrichment stage shows a clear evolution of the microbial composition. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from different Anammox biomass have been extracted and characterized by quantitative and qualitative analysis to investigate its correlation with the enrichment process in a lab scale bioreactor. A decrease of protein to polysaccharide (PN/PS) ratio and an increase in total EPS extraction yield were observed during the enrichment process. The three dimensional excitation emission matrix (3D-EEM) showed similar location of the fluorescence peaks for all samples while samples with Anammox bacteria possess two distinct peaks in the low excitation wavelength range. Multi-excitation peaks may occur as evidenced by the identical fluorescence chromatogram after size exclusion chromatography (SEC) separation at excitation/emission 221/350 nm and 280/330 nm. Ultraviolet (UV) absorbance at 210 nm was recorded simultaneously with fluorescence detection at excitation/emission wavelength 222/300 nm, 221/350 nm and 280/330 nm after separated by SEC. With the enrichment of Anammox bacteria, UV chromatogram showed increase in both intensity and number of peaks, whereas fluorescence chromatograms showed similar peak number and only increase in intensity. An increase of hydrophobicity was observed during the enrichment process. The results of this study are expected to extend the knowledge of EPS evolution of Anammox enrichment process as well as providing novel approach for the characterization of EPS extracted from Anammox sludge
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Books on the topic "Anammox"

1

Li, Zheqin. Application and Characterization of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox) Process to Treat Sidestream and Mainstream Wastewaters: Lab-scale and Full-scale Studies. [publisher not identified], 2018.

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Anamor: Dva ochenʹ malenʹkikh romana. Aleksandra, 2011.

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Pavlut︠s︡kai︠a︡, A. E. Uluu Kyaĭyyga anammyt ku̇rgu̇ȯmnėėkh u̇lė (Dʹan︠g︡khaady nėḣiliėgin tyylga u̇lėtė). Severo-Vostochnyĭ federalʹnyĭ universitet im. M.K. Ammosova, 2020.

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Zhiznʹ, stavshai︠a︡ pesneĭ: Khudozhestvennye proizvedenii︠a︡, vospominanii︠a︡, statʹi, issledovanii︠a︡, posvi︠a︡shchennye zhizni i podvigu Geroi︠a︡ Sovetskogo Soi︠u︡za F.K. Popova : Yrya buolbut olokh : Sovetskaĭ Soi︠u︡z Geroĭa Fedor Kuzʹmich Popov kėriėḣigėr anammyt uus-uran aĭymnʹylar, akhtyylar, chinchiĭiilėr. Severo-Vostochnyĭ federalʹnyĭ universitet im. M.K. Ammosova, 2021.

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L. G. J. M. van Dongen, M. S. M. Jetten, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. Combined Sharon/Anammox Process: A Sustainable Method for N-Removal from Sludge Water. IWA Publishing, 2001.

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The Combinded Sharon/Anammox Process: A Sustainable Method for N-Removal from Sludge Water (Water and Wastewater Practitioner). IWA Publishing, 2001.

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Kirchman, David L. The nitrogen cycle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0012.

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Nitrogen is required for the biosynthesis of many cellular components and can take on many oxidation states, ranging from −3 to +5. Consequently, nitrogen compounds can act as either electron donors (chemolithotrophy) or electron acceptors (anaerobic respiration). The nitrogen cycle starts with nitrogen fixation, the reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonium. Nitrogen fixation is carried out only by prokaryotes, mainly some cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. The ammonium resulting from nitrogen fixation is quickly used by many organisms for biosynthesis, being preferred over nitrate as a nitrogen source. It is also oxidized aerobically by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and archaea during the first step of nitrification. The second step, nitrite oxidation, is carried out by other bacteria not involved in ammonia oxidation, resulting in the formation of nitrate. Some bacteria are capable of carrying out both steps (“comammox”). This nitrate can then be reduced to nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide during denitrification. It can be reduced to ammonium, a process called “dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium.” Nitrogen gas is also released by anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (“anammox”) which is carried out by bacteria in the Planctomycetes phylum. The theoretical contribution of anammox to total nitrogen gas release is 29%, but the actual contribution varies greatly. Another gas in the nitrogen cycle, nitrous oxide, is a greenhouse gas produced by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea. The available data indicate that the global nitrogen cycle is in balance, with losses from nitrogen gas production equaling gains via nitrogen fixation. But excess nitrogen from fertilizers is contributing to local imbalances and several environmental problems in drinking waters, reservoirs, lakes, and coastal oceans.
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Book chapters on the topic "Anammox"

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Reitner, Joachim, and Volker Thiel. "Anammox." In Encyclopedia of Geobiology. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_245.

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Gonzalez-Martinez, Alejandro, Irina Levchuk, and Riku Vahala. "Anammox Process: 7." In Nitrogen Cycle. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429291180-7.

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Aransiola, S. A., U. J. J. Ijah, O. P. Abioye, and M. O. Victor-Ekwebelem. "ANAMMOX in Wastewater Treatment." In Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8999-7_15.

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van der Star, Wouter R. L., Wiebe R. Abma, Boran Kartal, and Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Application of the Anammox Process." In Nitrification. ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817145.ch10.

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Kartal, Boran, Jan T. Keltjens, and Mike S. M. Jetten. "Metabolism and Genomics of Anammox Bacteria." In Nitrification. ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817145.ch8.

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Mostafa, M. Golam. "Anammox Cultivation in a Submerged Membrane Bioreactor." In Emerging and Eco-Friendly Approaches for Waste Management. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8669-4_4.

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Gayathri, G., Dinesh Sankar Reddy, M. Beulah, and M. R. Sudhir. "Removal of Struvite in Wastewater Using Anammox Bacteria." In Handbook of Solid Waste Management. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7525-9_99-1.

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Gayathri, G., Dinesh Sankar Reddy, M. Beulah, and M. R. Sudhir. "Removal of Struvite in Wastewater Using Anammox Bacteria." In Handbook of Solid Waste Management. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4230-2_99.

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Parween, Ashma, and S. K. Patidar. "Enrichment of Anammox in Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)." In Advances in Chemical, Bio and Environmental Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96554-9_61.

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Perez, Noel, Osmel Martin, and Rolando Cárdenas. "Potential Changes on Anammox Activity After Chicxulub Asteroid Impact." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on BioGeoSciences. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04233-2_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Anammox"

1

Li, Yafeng, Chi Zhang, and Lu Zheng. "The Impact of Mn2+ on Anammox." In 2015 3rd International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Science. Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaees-15.2015.168.

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Yuanyuan, Zhang, Zhang Xuehong, and Zhang Wenjie. "Research Advances in Anammox Granular Sludge." In AASRI International Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (IEA 2015). Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iea-15.2015.113.

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Zhang, Yuanyuan, Xuehong Zhang, and Wenjie Zhang. "Research advances in Anammox granular sludge." In 3rd International Conference on Future Energy, Environment and Materials. WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/feem140271.

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Xiao, Jing, Guoren Xu, and Jinhua Tang. "Advance in microbiology and application of anammox bacteria." In 2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecc.2011.6068039.

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Jianfeng Wen and Wendong Tao. "Factors Influencing Enrichment of Anammox Bacteria in Baffled Biofilters." In 2010 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 20 - June 23, 2010. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.29904.

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Lu, Yongtao, Lei Wang, Xudong Wang, Ting Sun, Rong Yang, and Zhiying Wang. "Shortcut Nitrification and ANAMMOX Combined Process for Autotrophic Ammonia Removal." In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5163383.

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Adam, Abdelmajeed, and Maria Elektorowicz. "INNOVATIVE ANAMMOX ELECTRO–BIOREACTOR TREATING MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER AT LOW TEMPERATURE." In 5th International Conference on Innovation in Science and Technology. acavent, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/5ist.2018.12.104.

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Qin, Yu-jie, and Shao-qi Zhou. "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria in the Anammox Activated Sludge." In Proceedings of the II International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2007). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812837554_0058.

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Matias B Vanotti, José Martinez, Takao Fujii, Ariel A Szögi, and Daisuke Hira. "Ammonia Removal Using Nitrification and Anammox in a Single Reactor." In 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.41817.

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Marina C de Prá, Airton Kunz, Marcelo Bortoli, Tiago Perondi, Angélica Chini, and Hugo M Soares. "Partial nitritation + ANAMMOX process for nitrogen removal from swine wastewater." In 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.42022.

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Reports on the topic "Anammox"

1

Van Rijn, Jaap, Harold Schreier, and Yossi Tal. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation as a novel approach for water treatment in marine and freshwater aquaculture recirculating systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696511.bard.

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Ammonia waste removal in recirculating aquaculture systems is typically accomplished via the action of nitrifying bacteria in specially designed biofilters that oxidize ammonia to produce nitrate. In the majority of these systems nitrate is discharged to the environment through frequent water exchanges. As environmental considerations have made it necessary to eliminate nitrate release, new strategies for nitrate consumption are being developed. In the funding period we showed that ammonia removal from wastewater could take place by an anaerobic ammonia oxidation process carried out by bacterial Planctomycetessp. Referred to as “anammox”, this process occurs in the absence of an organic source and in the presence of nitrite (or nitrate) as an electron acceptor as follows: NH₃ + HNO₂ -&gt; N₂ + 2H₂O. Annamox has been estimated to result in savings of up to 90% of the costs associated with was wastewater treatment plants. Our objective was to study the applicability of the anammox process in a variety of recirculating aquaculture systems to determine optimal conditions necessary for efficient ammonia waste removal. Both seawater and freshwater systems operated with either conventional aerobic treatment of ammonia to nitrate (USA) or, in addition, denitrifying biofilters as well as anaerobic digestion of sludge (Israel) were tested. Molecular tools were used to screen and monitor different treatment compartments for the presence of Planctomycetes. Optimal conditions for the enrichment of the anammox bacteria were tested using laboratory scale biofilters as well as a semi-commercial system. Enrichment studies resulted in the isolation of some unique heterotrophic bacteria capable of plasmid-mediated autotrophic growth in the presence of ammonia and nitrite. Our studies have not only demonstrated the presence and viability of Planctomycetes spp. in recirculating marine and freshwater systems biofilter units but also demonstrated the applicability of the anammox process in these systems. Using our results we have developed treatment schemes that have allowed for optimizing the anammox process and applying it to recirculating systems.
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