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Streb, Judith. "Hirnelektrische Korrelate der Verarbeitung anaphorischer Verweise." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=959641572.
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Schürcks, Lilia. "Binding and discourse: where syntax and pragmatics meet." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2003. http://d-nb.info/992464056/04.
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Wespel, Johannes. "Zur semantischen Feinstruktur in propositionalen Einstellungskontexten." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11244071.
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Veldre, Georgia. "Demonstrativa im Text eine vergleichende Untersuchung zum Französischen und Italienischen." Tübingen Niemeyer, 2000. http://d-nb.info/982981457/04.
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Kirstein-Jost, Simone. "Auflösung von Anaphern im Rahmen der Informationsextraktion für Ontologie-Management im Bereich Life Sciences." Hamburg Kovač, 2009. http://d-nb.info/999217755/04.
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Bürgel, Christoph. "Verallgemeinerungen in Sprache und Texten : Generalisierung, Globalisierung, Konzeptualisierung im Französischen /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014971132&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Ghattas, Kai Christian. "Rhythmus der Bilder narrative Strategien in Text- und Bildzeugnissen des 11. bis 13. Jahrhunderts." Köln Weimar Wien Böhlau, 2009. http://d-nb.info/988762838/04.
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Tingsell, Sofia. "Reflexivt och personligt pronomen : anaforisk syftning hos ungdomar i flerspråkiga storstadsmiljöer." Göteborg : Institutionen för svenska språket, Göteborgs universitet, 2007. http://hum.gu.se/institutioner/svenska-spraket/publ/gbgstudier/Per.pdf/.
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Kang, Nam-Kil. "Reflexives and the linking theory in universal grammar." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322750.
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Babillon, Laurence. "L’anaphore résomptive nominale : saillance et argumentation. Aspects contrastifs allemand - français." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040126.
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Ce travail est consacré à l’étude contrastive du fonctionnement de l’anaphore résomptive à tête nominale (ARN) en allemand et en français. Il s’appuie principalement sur un corpus de textes journalistiques. Le journaliste est un scripteur qui, par le biais de son article, désire informer son lecteur, voire le faire adhérer à sa vision du monde. Mais il est soumis à des contraintes de place. L’ARN est un moyen linguistique de choix, car elle permet un compactage par abstraction et par généralisation des informations sous la forme d’un concept introduit par le nom-tête de l’ARN. Il en ressort que les constituants de l’ARN que sont le déterminatif, le nom-tête et son expansion, et l’ARN en soi jouent un rôle non négligeable au sein de l’énoncé et du paragraphe. Afin de rendre compte de la dimension cognitive du phénomène anaphorique, le recours à la notion de saillance permet de montrer le rôle central des ARN dans la cohérence textuelle. Ce type d’expressions anaphoriques joue en outre un rôle au niveau textuel et au niveau argumentatif. L’ARN est en effet une balise saillante au service de l’argumentation. Elle permet de structurer et d’organiser le discours, ainsi que de participer à la stratégie argumentative du journalisteThe purpose of this work is to develop a contrastive study of nominal anaphoric encapsulation in German and in French. It is mainly based on a corpus of newspaper articles. Thanks to their articles, journalists want to inform their readers, and sometimes make them share their own world view. But journalists are forced to do with limited space. Nominal anaphoric encapsulation is a perfect linguistic tool because it allows concision through the abstraction and generalization of information – a concept being introduced by the head noun of the nominal anaphoric encapsulation. Therefore, constituent parts of nominal anaphoric encapsulation (determinative, head noun and its expansion) and nominal anaphoric encapsulation itself play an important role in the clause and in the paragraph. In order to analyse the cognitive dimension of the anaphoric phenomenon, we use the notion of saliency to show the central role of nominal anaphoric encapsulation in textual coherence. Furthermore, such anaphoric expressions play a role at the textual and argumentative levels. Nominal anaphoric encapsulation is actually a salient buoy supporting the argumentation. It serves to structure and organize the speech, and to participate in the argumentative strategy of journalists
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Flambard, Gabriel. "English VP anaphors : do it, do this, do that." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC022/document.
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Cette thèse propose une étude de l’alternance entre do it, this and do that dans leur emploi comme anaphores verbales (Verb Phrase anaphors, VPAs), où ils renvoient à une action saillante soit évoquée précédemment dans le discours, (la plus souvent via un SV) soit, par exophore, à une action saillante dans la situation discursive mais non évoquée explicitement dans le discours précédent. Do it/this/that ont été peu étudiés dans la littérature par ailleurs conséquente sur l’anaphore and et en particulier l’ellipse du VP (VP ellipsis, VPE, par ex. Kim knows the answer and Pat does too). En effet, on a longtemps considéré que ces trois constructions sont interchangeables entre elles ainsi qu’avec do so et l’ellipse, de sorte qu’un examen détaillé de leur propriétés discursives n’a pas été jugé utile. Les exemples ci-dessous montrent que cette supposition est incorrecte: en (1), un exemple attesté tiré du BNC, do this/that/so pourraient être employés au lieu de do it, mais en (3), do that est nettement préféré. S’agissant de l’ellipse, elle est peu naturelle en (1) et préfère un contexte comme celui en (2).1. They’ve been rescuing companies for so long they do it automatically now, I expect. (AB9, ok: they do this/that/so automatically…)2. They’ve been rescuing companies for so long that whenever they do, it’s always a success.3. He closes his eyes when he speaks and I don’t trust anyone who does that. (AHF ; …anyone who #does this/#it/#so)A partir d’un échantillon d’exemples annotés du British National corpus (BNC, Davies 2004-), notre étude examinera les facteurs qui entrent en jeu dans l’alternance entre do it/this/that. Le choix entre les VPAs est déterminé entre autres par le registre, la présence d’un circonstant après l’anaphore, la mention ou non de l’antécédent avant la phrase antécédent, et dans une moindre mesure, la saillance de l’antécédent et la familiarité supposée qu’en a le destinataire. Do it renvoie en général a des actions très saillantes qui sont ensuite décrites plus en détail par le biais d’un circonstant. Do this, au contraire, dénote plutôt des actions qui n’ont pas été évoquées avant la phrase antécédent, et son emploi avec un circonstant est moins fréquent que pour do it. Do that est employé le plus souvent sans circonstant, et son usage présente parfois de grandes similarités avec l’ellipseThe present thesis offers a corpus study of the alternation between do it, do this and do that in their use as ‘Verb Phrase anaphors’ (VPAs), in which they refer to a salient action mentioned in previous discourse, typically by means of a VP, or exophorically to a salient action in the speech situation that is not explicitly mentioned in previous discourse. Do it/this/that have been little studied in the otherwise extant literature on anaphora and especially VP ellipsis (VPE, e.g., Kim knows the answer and Pat does too). This is because it has long been assumed that they are largely interchangeable with each other as well as with do so and VPE, so that detailed analysis of their discourse properties was not deemed worth pursuing. The examples below show that this assumption is flawed : in (1), an attested example from the BNC, do this/that so could be used instead of do it, but in (3), do that is strongly preferred. As for VPE, it is unnatural in (1) and prefers a context of the type in (2).1. They’ve been rescuing companies for so long they do it automatically now, I expect. (AB9, ok: they do this/that/so automatically…)2. They’ve been rescuing companies for so long that whenever they do, it’s always a success.3. He closes his eyes when he speaks and I don’t trust anyone who does that. (…anyone who #does this/#it/#so)Based on a sample of annotated data from the British National corpus (BNC, Davies 2004-), our study will examine the factors driving the alternation between do it/this/that. Amongst others, VPA choice is influenced by register, the presence of an adjunct after the VPA, whether or not the antecedent has already been mentioned prior to the antecedent clause, and, to a lesser extent, the saliency of the antecedent and its presumed familiarity to the addressee. Do it typically refers to highly salient actions which are then further described by means of an adjunct. Do this, by contrast, denotes actions that have not been mentioned before the antecedent clause, and does not co-occur with adjuncts as often as do it. It also allows for much less salient antecedents. Do that typically occurs without an adjunct, and sometimes bears much resemblance to VPE in its usage
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Ainola, Tiina. "(Dis)continuité référentielle en contexte dialogal. L'emploi du pronom personnel anaphorique après les séquences dialoguées." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030175.
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La thèse porte sur l’emploi des pronoms personnels anaphoriques sujets dans le récit faisant suite à des séquences dialoguées. Elle est fondée sur un corpus de 370 extraits de romans français du XIXème siècle qui ont été systématiquement annotés. Le point de vue général adopté est tiré des travaux linguistiques et psycholinguistiques sur la référence et l’anaphore, il prévoit que l’assignation du référent au pronom se fait par l’intermédiaire de la représentation mentale construite par les lecteurs au cours du traitement du discours. Dans les extraits étudiés, les expressions référentielles renvoyant à des personnages ont été systématiquement annotés, en particulier les pronoms de troisième personne et les pronoms de dialogue, ainsi que les formes vides dans les phrases attributives de discours rapporté quand celles-ci sont ellipsées. La forme et la fonction des expressions référentielles est prise en compte de même que l’enchaînement des répliques. Les référents sont annotés par des traits contextuels indépendants les caractérisant : +/– centre anticipateur dans la narration avant le dialogue, +/– sujet dans le discours cité et +/– locuteur de la dernière réplique, plus d’autres traits comme la différence de genre. Quatre grandes configurations sont distinguées et, à la suite, nous proposons une typologie des transitions en fonction de la (dis)continuité entre la narration, le discours citant et le discours cité. Les données tirées du corpus montrent que, parmi les traits pris en compte, ce sont les mentions du référent du pronom à la suite de la séquence dialoguée dans la narration avant le dialogue et la différence de genre entre les participants du dialogue qui influent le plus sur les transitions, ainsi que le statut du référent en tant que locuteur de la dernière réplique, plutôt que le fait qu’il soit sujet de la dernière proposition du discours citéThis thesis explores the use of anaphoric personal pronoun in the narration following dialogue in literary text. The study is based on a nearly four hundred dialogue passages borrowed from XIXth century French novels. We have adopted the point of view that pronoun resolution is guided by the mental representation being constructed during discourse processing. All the expressions referring to characters, as well as implicit speakers in the absence of a reporting clause have been annotated in the passages. Besides the linguistic properties of referents, our study also considers dialogue’s alternating structure. After studying separately several features caracterizing a referent, such as +/– gender difference, +/– mentions in the narration before the dialogue, +/– being subject in the dialogue and +/– being speaker of the last quote, their combinations in chains were presented. Based on four different types of chains, a typology of transitions by referential (dis)continuity between narration, reporting clause and direct speech has been proposed. Of the studied features, the transitions are most influenced by the mentions of a referent in the narration before the dialogue and by different gender of discourse participants, but also by the referent being the speaker of the last line of the dialogue, while the fact of being the subject in the direct speech has less importance
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Abdelhamid, Zellama Sana. "L’anaphore associative méronymique et l’ellipse grammaticale." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD027/document.
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Notre étude est centrée sur les mécanismes elliptiques au sein des anaphores associativesméronymiques. Nous sommes partie de l’hypothèse que dans ce type d’anaphore, il existe deuxstructures : une structure profonde et une structure de surface. La première consiste en la présence destrois éléments : le tout, le prédicat partitif et la partie. La deuxième, où apparaissent les différents typesd’ellipse, fait l’objet de notre travail.Nous nous sommes attardée sur trois types d’ellipse que nous considérons caractéristiques desanaphores méronymiques : l’ellipse du prédicat partitif, celle du deuxième élément de la structure N DeN et celle de l’antécédent anaphorique. Traitées séparément, les anaphores nominales, les anaphoresverbales et les anaphores adverbiales ont été soumises dans un premier temps à une descriptionsyntactico-sémantique et dans un deuxième temps à la théorie des trois fonctions primaires. Cettethéorie nous a permis d’expliquer la possibilité pour certains éléments, d’être élidés au sein del’anaphore associative méronymiqueOur study focuses on elliptic mechanisms within associative meronymic anaphora. We departed fromthe assumption that in this type of anaphora, there are two structures: a deep structure and a surfacestructure. The first consists in the presence of three elements: the whole, the partitive predicate and thepart. The second, which shows the different types of ellipsis, is the topic of our work.We focused on three types of Ellipsis, which we considered typical meronymic anaphora: ellipsis ofpartitive predicate, ellipsis of the second element of the structure [N De N] and that of the anaphoricantecedent. Treated separately, nominal anaphora, verbal anaphora, and adverbial anaphora wereinitially submitted to a syntactic-semantic description, and then, to the three primary functions theory.This theory allowed us to explain the ability of certain items to be elided in the associative meronymicanaphora
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Roelofsen, Floris. "Anaphora resolved." Amsterdam : Amsterdam : Institute for Logic, Language and Computation ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2008. http://dare.uva.nl/document/113244.
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Carter, David Maclean. "A shallow processing approach to anaphor resolution." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/256804.
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The thesis describes an investigation of the feasibility of resolving anaphors in natural language texts by means of a "shallow processing" approach which exploits knowledge of syntax, semantics and local focussing as heavily as possible; it does not rely on the presence of large amounts of world or domain knowledge, which are notoriously hard to process accurately. The ideas reported are implemented in a program called SPAR (Shallow Processing Anaphor Resolver), which resolves anaphoric and other linguistic ambiguities in simple English stories and generates sentence-by-sentence paraphrases that show what interpretations have been selected. Input to SPAR takes the form of semantic structures for single sentences constructed by Boguraev's English analyser. These structures are integrated into a network-style text representation as processing proceeds. To achieve anaphor resolution, SPAR combines and develops several existing techniques, most notably Sidner's theory of local focussing and Wilks' "preference semantics" theory of semantics and common sense inference. Consideration of the need to resolve several anaphors in the same sentence results in Sidner's framework being modified and extended to allow focus-based processing to interact more flexibly with processing based on other types of knowledge. Wilks' treatment of common sense inference is extended to incorporate a wider range of types of inference without jeopardizing its uniformity and simplicity. Further, his primitive-based formalism for word sense meanings is developed in the interests of economy, accuracy and ease of use. Although SPAR is geared mainly towards resolving anaphors, the design of the system allows many non-anaphoric (lexical and structural) ambiguities that cannot be resolved during sentence analysis to be resolved as a by-product of anaphor resolution.
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Gasparri, Luca. "Six Pieces on Linguistic Sameness." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0091.
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Le thème général de cette thèse est l’identité linguistique: la relation qui fait que différents éléments linguistiques comptent comme "un même élément" ou comme “identiques” même s'ils sont hétérogènes d'un point de vue interne ou présentent des propriétés de surface différentes. Je traite de six questions sur ce thème.Le chapitre 1 concerne les segments phonétiques. La phonétique traditionnelle modélise la parole continue comme une concaténation de segments discrets de durées temporelles non spécifiées. Cependant, au cours des dernières années, les idéalisations segmentales de la parole ont été remises en question par des approches éliminativistes à l’égard des segments phonétiques. Le chapitre tente de justifier la phonétique segmentale face aux arguments éliminativistes.Le chapitre 2 concerne les objets phonologiques. Les énoncés phonologiques quantifient sur les phonèmes, qui sont des entités controversées. Aucune ontologie standard n'accepte de les faire figurer parmi l’“ameublement du monde”. Par conséquent, se pose la question suivante: comment les énoncés de règles phonologiques parviennent-ils à recevoir les valeurs de vérité attendues ? Le chapitre propose d'aborder la question en appliquant le non-factualisme de Stephen Yablo aux objets phonologiques.Le chapitre 3 traite du problème type-token. Il existe plusieurs théories concurrentes de la relation spécifique désignée par le prédicat “est un token de”, tel qu’on l'emploie dans le domaine linguistique. La théorie dominante est que les tokens instancient les types, mais cette thèse fait face à plusieurs difficultés conceptuelles. S'appuyant sur des travaux antérieurs de Zoltan Szabó, le chapitre propose une nouvelle approche du problème type-token, basée sur l'idée que les sons et les inscriptions du langage représentent des formes phonologiques et orthographiques.Le chapitre 4 traite du comptage de mots. Selon certains, l'identité des mot-types dépend de leur similarité en matière d'attributs structurel-fonctionnels. Selon d'autres, l'identité des mot-types dépend de leur lignée historique-causale. Les deux cadres donnent lieu à des manière différentes de compter les mots. Lequel d'entre eux est métaphysiquement adéquat ? Le chapitre propose une théorie quiétiste du comptage de mots, en soutenant qu'il n'y a pas de réponse factuelle et non-théorique à la question de “combien de mot-types existent” dans un monde ou scénario linguistique.Le chapitre 5 porte sur un problème dans la théorie de l'anaphore. On pense habituellement que l'anaphore implique la coréférence. Ce principe général, cependant, semble être contredit par des phrases où un pronom non lié hors-citation dépend d'un antécédent dans une citation. Le chapitre soutient que les phrases présentant les caractéristiques décrites ci-dessus n'invalident pas le principe général, et articule une analyse des cas problématiques axée sur la notion de "saillance".Le chapitre 6 porte sur la coréférence de jure. La coréférence de jure est un type particulier de relation de coréférence qui a attiré beaucoup d'attention dans la littérature récente. Cependant, son autonomie par rapport à d'autres variétés de coréférence (notamment la coréférence accidentelle) et ses propriétés distinctives font l'objet de controverses. Le chapitre fournit une présentation systématique des motivations sous-jacentes à l'introduction de la notion de coréférence de jure et défend une approche conservatrice de sa relation avec la grammaire de la phrase: la distinction entre coréférence accidentelle et coréférence de jure est réelle mais invisible du point de vue de la structure linguistiqueThe overarching theme of this dissertation is linguistic sameness: the feature by which different bits of language are able to count “as a unit” or as “the same” even if they are internally heterogeneous or exhibit different surface properties. I pursue six issues within this theme.Chapter 1 is about phonetic segments. Mainstream phonetics models continuous speech as a concatenation of discrete, letter-sized segments of unspecified temporal duration. In recent years, however, segment-based idealizations of speech have been called into question by eliminativist approaches to phonetic segments. The chapter attempts to vindicate segmental phonetics in face of the eliminativist arguments.Chapter 2 is about phonological objects. Phonological statements quantify over phonemes, which are controversial particulars. No standard ontology accepts them as part of the furniture of the world. Hence, the question arises of how phonological statements manage to exhibit their perceived distribution of truth values. The chapter proposes to address the issue by applying Stephen Yablo’s non-factualism to phonological objects.Chapter 3 is about the type-token problem. There are competing accounts of what specific relation is designated by the predicate “is a token of” as applied to the linguistic domain. The mainstream view is that tokens instantiate types, but this thesis presents several conceptual difficulties. Building on previous work by Zoltan Szabó, the chapter proposes a novel approach to the type-token problem, one based on the notion that speech sounds and inscriptions represent phonological and orthographic forms.Chapter 4 is about word counting. According to some, word type identity is established by similarity in structural-functional attributes. According to others, word type identity is established by sameness of causal-historical lineage. The two frameworks yield competing word counting policies. Which of them is metaphysically adequate? The chapter articulates a quietist take on word counting, one arguing that there is no non-theoretical fact of the matter about “how many word types exist” in any given language-infused world or scenario.Chapter 5 is about a puzzle in the theory of anaphora. Anaphoric dependency is commonly thought to entail coreference. This mainstream principle, however, appears to be violated by sentences where an off-quote unbound pronoun depends on an antecedent within closed quotation marks. The chapter argues that sentences exhibiting the described pattern do not invalidate the mainstream principle, and articulates a salience-based analysis of the problematic cases.Chapter 6 is about de jure coreference. De jure coreference is a peculiar kind of coreference relation that has attracted much attention in recent research. However, its autonomy from other varieties of coreference (most notably, accidental coreference) and its signature properties are the subject of controversy. The chapter provides a systematic presentation of the motivations underlying the introduction of de jure coreference, and defends a conservative account of its relationship to sentence grammar: the de jure vs. accidental divide is real but invisible from the standpoint of linguistic structure
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Mathurin, Elise. "IT et la question de la référence." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0410.
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Cette thèse de linguistique anglaise se propose d'étudier l'ensemble des usages référentiels et non référentiels de IT. Diverses questions sont examinées. L'objectif premier de ce travail est de tenter de définir le concept de référence. La question du statut de "pronom" de IT est également étudiée. Enfin, les différents emplois de IT (anaphorique, cataphorique, déictique, non référentiel, etc.) sont analysés dans l'ensemble des constructions où il se rencontre (extraposition du sujet et de l’objet, clivée, dislocation à gauche et à droite, expressions idiomatiques, slogans publicitaires, etc.). L'hypothèse avancée est que le statut référentiel de IT ne peut simplement se scinder en deux catégories : référentiel ou non référentiel. Il semble plutôt que la référence soit à envisager comme un continuum ou gradient allant du plus fortement référentiel vers le plus faiblement référentielThis thesis in English linguistics studies all the uses of IT, whether referential or non-referential. Firstly, this work tries to define the concept of reference as precisely as possible. The status of IT as a "pronoun" is also analysed. Moreover, all the uses of IT (anaphoric, cataphoric, deictic, non-referential, etc.) are analysed in a wide variety of sentences (subject and object extraposition, it-cleft, left and right dislocation, idioms, advertising slogans, etc.) This thesis claims that the referential status of IT cannot simply be divided in two categories : referential or non-referential. On the contrary, it seems that reference can be calculated on a continuum or scale from strongly referential to weakly referential
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Oladipo, R. M. "Anaphora in Yoruba." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482923.
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Nygren, Modjeska Natalia. "Resolving other-anaphora." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/566.
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Reference resolution is a major component of any natural language system. In the past 30 years significant progress has been made in coreference resolution. However, there is more anaphora in texts than coreference. I present a computational treatment of other-anaphora, i.e., referential noun phrases (NPs) with non-pronominal heads modi- fied by “other” or “another”: [. . . ] the move is designed to more accurately reflect the value of products and to put steel on more equal footing with other commodities. Such NPs are anaphoric (i.e., they cannot be interpreted in isolation), with an antecedent that may occur in the previous discourse or the speaker’s and hearer’s mutual knowledge. For instance, in the example above, the NP “other commodities” refers to a set of commodities excluding steel, and it can be paraphrased as “commodities other than steel”. Resolving such cases requires first identifying the correct antecedent(s) of the other-anaphors. This task is the major focus of this dissertation. Specifically, the dissertation achieves two goals. First, it describes a procedure by which antecedents of other-anaphors can be found, including constraints and preferences which narrow down the search. Second, it presents several symbolic, machine learning and hybrid resolution algorithms designed specifically for other-anaphora. All the algorithms have been implemented and tested on a corpus of examples from the Wall Street Journal. The major results of this research are the following: 1. Grammatical salience plays a lesser role in resolving other-anaphors than in resolving pronominal anaphora. Algorithms that solely rely on grammatical features achieved worse results than algorithms that used semantic features as well. 2. Semantic knowledge (such as “steel is a commodity”) is crucial in resolving other-anaphors. Algorithms that operate solely on semantic features outperformed those that operate on grammatical knowledge. 3. The quality and relevance of the semantic knowledge base is important to success. WordNet proved insufficient as a source of semantic information for resolving other-anaphora. Algorithms that use the Web as a knowledge base achieved better performance than those using WordNet, because the Web contains domain specific and general world knowledge which is not available from WordNet. 4. But semantic information by itself is not sufficient to resolve other-anaphors, as it seems to overgenerate, leading to many false positives. 5. Although semantic information is more useful than grammatical information, only integration of semantic and grammatical knowledge sources can handle the full range of phenomena. The best results were obtained from a combination of semantic and grammatical resources. 6. A probabilistic framework is best at handling the full spectrum of features, both because it does not require commitment as to the order in which the features should be applied, and because it allows features to be treated as preferences, rather than as absolute constraints. 7. A full resolution procedure for other-anaphora requires both a probabilistic model and a set of informed heuristics and back-off procedures. Such a hybrid system achieved the best results so far on other-anaphora.
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Leigh, Denise. "Anaphora and the bilingual." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d46f9c43-c758-45d5-aacd-5a7cee76134e.
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Anaphora interpretation is the cornerstone of Binding Theory. But is the bilingual 's interpretation of the anaphora identical to that of the monolingual? And what does this indicate about the number and type of bilingual grammars? To investigate these issues, two sets of experiments were carried out. The pilot was carried out in Oxford, using Oxford students and Japanese studying English in local language schools. The main experiment was carried out in Tokyo using school children and University students (none of them linguists). Subjects were divided into three groups: Anglophones, Japanese monolinguals, and Japanese/English bilinguals. Subjects completed, under controlled conditions, a socio-linguistic questionnaire, and a linguistic questionnaire asking for acceptability judgements of given interpretation of statements containing anaphora or acceptability judgements of statements containing anaphora. The linguistic questionnaires for bilinguals could be presented in Japanese or English. Combined with a priming text (which was in either Japanese or English, the contents of which had no relevance to the linguistic questionnaires) a bilingual could receive one of four different combinations. The two sets of experiments used identical socio-linguistic questionnaires and priming texts. Both used an acceptability scoring system of 1 to 6 and scanner readable data input sheets. The first experiment indicated that for some constructions monolinguals disagreed among themselves and that in most cases the bilinguals followed suite, although there were a number of cases for which the bilinguals' behaviour appeared to be different from that of the monolinguals. The second experiment used the results of the first to enlarge the number of constructions under consideration in the Japanese questionnaire. From the results of the two experiments it appears that bilinguals have separate sets of rules for their two languages. These are similar but not identical to those of their monolingual counterparts. In most, but not all, cases, the differences can be clearly traced to the influence of the second language. Additionally a non-negligible number of constructions, particularly in Japanese, do not behave as expected from the literature. In particular, respondents to the Japanese questionnaire, be they monolingual or bilingual, reject ambiguity. A relatively high degree of inconsistency is found across monolinguals, and an even higher degree of lack of self-consistency across Japanese monolinguals. There appears to be no mainstream grammar of a non-statistical nature capable of explaining all these results. A statistical type grammar would appear to be more adequate. A number of ways are proposed for deepening the research in terms of bilingual.acquistion, Japanese monolinguals' acceptance of ambiguity, etc. as well as in terms of a statistically versus a non-statistically based grammar.
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Quezada-Pulido, Wilfredo. "Anaphora, meaning and representation." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/anaphora-meaning-and-representation(3d523a71-59d8-42a4-80ce-b60f2b00c25f).html.
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Cockerham, Terence. "Zero Anaphora and Meithei." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc177189/.
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The focus of this thesis is to determine what factors predict zero anaphora in Meithei. The data for this thesis is derived from pear stories. Arguments were tabulated in spreadsheets counting nouns, pronouns, and zero anaphors; they were also examined for their semantic role and information status. The findings showed the agent role was typically represented by reduced forms of reference, the majority of the time by zero anaphora. Other semantic roles were typically represented by lexical full forms of reference. Agents were strongly correlated to previous subjects. Other semantic roles were typically found in the other information status categories. The conclusion drawn from these findings is semantic role and information status influence accessibility, and accessibility determines whether or not arguments are represented by zero anaphors in Meithei.
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Peres, Bonnemaison Karine. "Anaphore et référence en production écrite : étude de textes narratifs d'élèves de 9 à 11 ans, du CE2 au CM2." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://dante.univ-tlse2.fr/id/eprint/9764.
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Notre thèse se propose d’observer et décrire l’acquisition des marques de la référence en production écrite chez les élèves du CE2 au CM2 (de 9 à 11 ans) dans des textes narratifs. Cette étude permet de dresser une cartographie des compétences des élèves en matière de continuité référentielle en fonction du niveau de classe. Beaucoup de travaux en linguistique se sont intéressés à la question de la référence du point de vue de l’analyse et de la réception, mais très peu du point de vue de la production. En didactique du français langue première, les études qui analysent l’expression référentielle dans les textes d’élèves analysent un échantillon limité de textes. D’autre part, les études psycholinguistiques qui s’intéressent à la référence d’un point de vue développemental sont plus nombreuses pour l’oral que pour l’écrit et concernent généralement les enfants les plus jeunes (de 0 à 3 ans). Dans notre thèse, notre étude s’inscrit dans une perspective de progressivité. Nous considérons la mise en place des compétences rédactionnelles des élèves en étudiant les procédés auxquels ils ont recourt pour introduire et maintenir les référents dans un texte narratif. Nous nous demandons notamment si les élèves du CE2 au CM2 privilégient des relations anaphoriques (Reichler-Béguelin, 1988) ou s’ils construisent des chaînes de références (Schnedecker, 1997), et si le niveau de classe et la nature des référents influent sur le type de résolution choisie. À cette fin, nous proposons à 210 élèves du CE2 au CM2 une tâche-problème (Garcia-Debanc & Bonnemaison, 2014) contenant des expressions référentielles exigeant l’introduction de référents de diverses natures (humain/non humain, évènement, indication spatio-temporelle). L’analyse des marques linguistiques utilisées par les élèves pour introduire et maintenir les référents dans un discours montre que le niveau de classe et la nature des référents influent sur le nombre et la nature des expressions coréférentielles utiliséesMy dissertation aims to observe and describe the acquisition of reference marks in written production among students from CE2 to CM2 (age 9 to 11) in narrative texts. This study makes it establish a map of students' competencies in terms of referential continuity according to their class level. Much research in linguistics have focused on the question of reference from the point of view of analysis and reception, but very little from the production point of view. In the didactics of French as a first language, studies that analyse referential expression in student texts mainly examine a limited sample of texts. Furthermore, psycholinguistic studies focusing on reference from a developmental point of view are more numerous for oral than for written studies and generally concern the youngest children (ages 0 to 3). In my dissertation, I lead the study from a progressive perspective. Indeed, I consider the development of students' writing skills by studying the processes they use to introduce and maintain referents in a narrative text. In particular, I explore whether students from CE2 to CM2 (9 to 11 years old) favour anaphoric relations (Reichler-Béguelin, 1988) or reference chains (Schnedecker, 1997 and if age and referent characteristics influence their choice. To this end, I submit a problem task (Garcia-Debanc & Bonnemaison, 2014) containing several referential expressions requiring the introduction of referents of various natures (human/non-human, event, space-time indications) to 210 students from CE2 to CM2. The pupil’s linguistics marks analysis shows that class level and referent characteristics influence the number and nature of the coreferential expressions used
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Simner, Julia Claire. "Engaging long and short term memory during anaphor comprehension." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368489.
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This research investigates how memory representations are activated and associated when making inferences in language, and in particular during the comprehension of anaphors (Le. co-referring expressions). Experiments 1 to 6 investigate 'do it' comprehension (e.g. John bought a newspaper. He did it while the others were out). Experiments 1 and 2 (offline sentence-completion tasks) show that 'do it' processing is sensitive to both NPs (a newspaper) and VPs (bought a newspaper) in the preceding context, and to specific lexical properties of the preceding NPs. With similar tasks, Experiments 3 and 4 show that the interpretation of an ambiguous 'do it' expression is influence by (two particular) properties of the linguistic context in which it is found. Experiment 5 (a reading-time study) suggests that 'do it' processing initially targets preceding NPs (and then only subsequently, preceding VPs), and Experiment 6 (an off-line grarnmaticality judgement task) shows that the 'do it' expression is a semantically divisible construction (i.e. 'do' + 'in, rather than an 'idiomatic' expression (Le. a semantically non-divisible 'do it'). In this way, Experiments 1 to 6 investigate how the referent of an anaphor is selected from the short term memory (STM) representation of a discourse. Experiments 7 to 11 however suggest that anaphor comprehension may also target the Mental Lexicon, a long term memory (LTM) store. From four on-line probe recognition tasks, (Experiments 8 to 11), and a lexical naming pre-test of the materials (Experiment 7), we find evidence to suggest that when an anaphor is processed, the meaning of the referent may be activated in some long-term linguistic storehouse of words (Le. similar in character to the Mental Lexicon).
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Yeh, C. Y. "Generation of anaphors in Chinese." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.664124.
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The goal of this thesis is to investigate the computer generation of various kinds of anaphors in Chinese, including zero, pronominal and nominal anaphors, from the semantic representation of multisentential text. The work is basically divided into two steps: the first is to investigate linguistic behaviour of Chinese anaphora, and the other is to implement the result of the first part in a Chinese natural language generation system to see how it works. The first step is in general to get a set of rules governing the use of all kinds of anaphors. To achieve this, we performed a sequence of experiments in a stepwise refined manner. In the experiments, we basically examined the occurrence of anaphors in human-generated text and the ones generated by algorithms employing the rules, assuming the same semantic and discourse structures as the text. We started with distinguishing between the use of zero and other anaphors, termed non-zeroes. Then we performed experiments to distinguish between pronouns and nominal anaphors within the non-zeroes. Finally, we refined the previous result to consider different kinds of descriptions for nominal anaphors. In this research we confine ourselves to descriptive texts. Three sets of test data consisting of scientific questions and answers and an introduction to Chinese grammar were selected. The rules we obtained from the experiments make use of the following conditions: locality between anaphor and antecedent, syntactic constraints on zero anaphors, discourse segment structures, salience of objects and animacy of objects. The results show that the anaphors generated by using the rules we obtained are very close to the ones in the real texts. To carry out the second step, we built up a Chinese natural language generation system which is able to generate descriptive texts. The system is divided into a strategic and a tactical component. The strategic component arranges message contents in response to the input goal into a well-organised hierarchical discourse structure by using a text planner. The tactical component takes the hierarchical discourse structure as input and produces surface sentences with punctuation marks inserted appropriately.
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Carvalho, A. M. B. R. "Logic grammars and pronominal anaphora." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234787.
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Castagnola, Luciano 1978. "Anaphora resolution for question answering." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87190.
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Thesis (M.Eng. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-48).
by Luciano Castagnola.
M.Eng.and S.B.
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Sharifzadeh, Saghie. "Recherche sur do (lexique et grammaire)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040248.
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Étudier le verbe do dans ses emplois lexicaux et grammaticaux, c’est s’intéresser à un élément fondamental de l’anaphore prédicative. Les linguistes sont divisés sur la catégorisation du verbe do employé en contexte anaphorique, lui attribuant un statut tantôt auxiliaire, tantôt lexical, tantôt intermédiaire entre ces catégories lorsqu’une délimitation nette entre le lexical et le grammatical semble impossible. S’appuyant sur un examen à la fois diachronique et synchronique des occurrences de do, cette thèse met en lumière les caractéristiques propres aux différentes formes du verbe, tout en révélant un sens « factitif » commun à chacune de ces formes dès lors que do est suivi de quelque complémentation (complémentation verbale dans le cas du do auxiliaire, complémentation nominale ou adverbiale dans le cas du do lexical). L’étude de corpus électroniques en anglais contemporain montre que ce sens factitif commun rend poreuse la frontière entre les emplois lexicaux et grammaticaux du verbe. Sans une analyse approfondie des occurrences de do dans des configurations variées, les différences syntaxiques entre ses formes grammaticales et lexicales se verraient ainsi éclipsées par leur unité de sensStudying the lexical and grammatical uses of do means engaging with a pivotal element of predicative anaphora. Linguists fail to agree on how to categorise do as used in anaphoric contexts: some take it tobe an auxiliary, others to be a lexical verb and still others to be intermediate between those two categories whenever it seems impossible to draw a clear line between lexical and grammatical instances. Based on a diachronic and synchronic survey of the uses of do, this dissertation uncovers the specific properties of the various forms of the verb and brings to light a “factitive” meaning sharedby all those forms, provided do takes some complementation (verbal in the case of auxiliary do, nominal or adverbial in the case of lexical do). Close scrutiny of electronic corpora of present-day English reveals that this factitive meaning blurs the boundary between lexical and grammatical occurrences. If it were not for an in-depth analysis of do as it occurs in various sentential contexts, the syntactic differences between its grammatical and lexical uses might be obscured by their semantic unity
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Valente, Carlos Manuel Ferreira. "Biological control of Gonipterus platensis: current status and new possibilities." Doctoral thesis, ISA/UL, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17514.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThe Australian weevil Gonipterus platensis (Marelli) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), commonly known as the Eucalyptus snout-beetle, is one of the main pests of eucalypts. Because this is a non-native species, classical biological control with natural enemies from its region of origin should be a viable control strategy. The introduction of the Australian parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) has been the main method to control the pest worldwide. However, this natural enemy is not completely effective in reducing G. platensis populations and does not avoid the occurrence of damage in several regions. Therefore, it is important to identify effective control alternatives for these areas. In this work, the economic impact of the pest and the benefit of biological control with A. nitens over the last 20 years were assessed, using Portugal as a case study. The results of the economic analysis showed that, without biological control, the losses caused by G. platensis would be at least four times higher than those occurring with partial control by A. nitens. Given the insufficient efficacy of A. nitens, the existence of other natural enemies in Australia that could be used in a classical biological control programme was evaluated. From a set of eight natural enemies identified in Tasmania, the egg parasitoid Anaphes inexpectatus Huber and Prinsloo (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) was selected for further studies. Laboratory studies comparing the biology of A. inexpectatus and A. nitens at different temperatures, a competition study between these two species, and a risk analysis for the introduction of A. inexpectatus in the Iberian Peninsula were carried out. Overall results suggest that A. inexpectatus might complement parasitism by A. nitens under field conditions without non-target effects on native fauna
N/A
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Freyermuth-Wissler, Sylvie-Anne. "Des incoherences anaphoriques au mode d'expression scriptoral : plaidoyer pour un genre hybride et une profondeur du texte." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR20082.
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Le present travail est le fruit d'une recherche menee sur un corpus de textes d'eleves des filieres professionnelles en situatrion d'echec scolaire. Les productions textuelles qui constituent le corpus etudie presentent pour la plupart d'importants obstacles a la comprehension immediate, qu'ils relevent de la semantique ou de la syntaxe. Ce travail s'organise en deux grandes parties : la premiere est consacree au traitement des coherences et incoherences anaphoriques, dans le cadre d'une analyse qui retablit l'equilibre entre les diverses approches, comme le preconise g. Kleiber au sein de sa theorie semantico-pragmatique. La seconde partie s'appuie sur les conclusions de la premiere, et particulierement sur la necessaire intervention du cognitif concernant la resolution des problemes d'incoherence, anaphorique, pour proposer l'hypothese de l'existence d'un nouveau mode d'expression, a mi-chemin entre l'oral et l'ecrit, et que je nomme scriptoral. Cette hypothese s'est consolidee a la lumiere d'un faisceau d'indices autres que les incoherences anaphoriques, a savoir notamment les problemes de delimitation de la phrase et de maitrise de la ponctuationThis work is the result of a research led about a set of texts, written by pupils of professional education who suffer from school failure. Most of the textual productions which compose the set studied, show significant hindrances to immediate understanding, as semantical or syntactical problems. This research is built up in two main parts: the first one is devoted to the treatment of anaphorical coherence and incoherences, within the framework of an analysis which restore balance between the different approaches, as g. Kleiber recommend it within his semantico- pragmatical theory. The second one is based on the conclusions of the first one, and particularly on the necessary intervention of cognitiveness about resolution of anaphorical incoherences problems, in order to suggest the hypothesis of the existence of a new way of expression, half-way between oral and written, and which i designate as scriptoral. This hypothesis got reinforced by the light of a beam of indications different from anaphorical incoherences, namely in particular problems of demarcation of sentence and problems of control of punctuation
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Orchard, Darla Gayle. "Anaphor resolution in written discourse : does phonology provide the missing link?" Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60506.
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A series of experiments was designed to investigate processes involved in written anaphor resolution. The first experiment established that lexical decisions are affected by phonological relationships between primes and targets that are presented visually. Experiment 2 explored the possibility that phonological codes are involved in processing gaps and pronouns, which are examples of surface and deep anaphors, respectively. No evidence was found to support this hypothesis. However, the complete lack of anaphor effects in Experiment 2 suggested that the lexical decision paradigm was not sensitive to anaphor processing. Experiments 3 and 4 compared the priming effects found using a probe recognition task, to those found using a lexical decision task. Results suggested that only probe recognition responses were facilitated by anaphors. Furthermore, the anaphor facilitation effect was found only for sentences containing pronouns. These results were compared to those of previous studies that have used priming methodologies.
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Wolska, Magdalena, and Ivana Kruijff-Korbayová. "Modeling anaphora in informal mathematical dialogue." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/1045/.
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We analyze anaphoric phenomena in
the context of building an input understanding
component for a conversational
system for tutoring mathematics.In this paper, we report the results of data analysis of two sets of corpora of dialogs on mathematical theorem proving. We exemplify anaphoric phenomena, identify factors relevant to anaphora resolution in our domain and extensions to the input interpretation component to support it.
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Elworthy, David Alan Howard. "The semantics of noun phrase anaphora." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260609.
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Gasperin, Caroline Varaschin. "Statistical anaphora resolution in biomedical texts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611623.
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KANG, OK KYUNG. "Anaphore et honorificite en coreen moderne." Paris 8, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA081629.
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Cette these, redigee dans l'optique de la syntaxe generative, a pour objet la grammaire des pronoms du coreen parle contemporain. Pour reprendre ou anaphoriser un syntagme nominal, trois options sont disponibles : le repeter autant de fois que l'on veut, le remplacer par un pronom plein, ou recourir au pronom nul. Il n'existe pas d'exact equivalent coreen des expressions nominales fonctionnelles telles que il/le/lui. Une particularite du coreen est le trait d'honorificite, qui doit etre specifie sur toute expression anaphorique lexicalisee. Le 1er chapitre propose une analyse syntaxique de la grammaire de l'honorificite. Le 2eme chapitre decrit les pronoms de dialogue et leurs proprietes caracteristiques de liage et d'honorificite. Le 3eme chapitre est consacre aux pronoms lies, qui incluent les pronoms reflechis et le pronom nul. Ces pronoms sont toujours lies par un argument, ou bien par un operateur nul, contrastant sur ce point avec les pronoms referentiels. Le 4eme chapitre est consacre a l'accord predicatif : quatre traits d'accord sont postules pour la description du coreen : personne, honorificite, nombre, et logophoricite. La propagation de ces traits par accord predicatif permet de degager la hierarchie structurale allocutaire> topique>sujet, qui semble confirmee par les resultats d'une etude de production induite portant sur l'acquisition des marques d'honorificite en coreen. Le 5eme chapitre est consacre aux pronoms referentiels et aux noms repetes.
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Pham, Thi Nhung. "Résolution des anaphores nominales pour la compréhension automatique des textes." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD049/document.
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Toutes les informations présentes actuellement sur le web représentent une source d‘informations colossale, qui s‘enrichit de jour en jour. L‘analyse automatique de ces informations, qui sont plus souvent non-structurées, constitue un véritable enjeu économique et scientifique. La résolution des anaphores nominales s‘inscrit dans la structuration des informations grâce à l‘identification du lien entre des groupes nominaux, elle permet de simplifier des tâches à différentes applications : la traduction automatique, le résumé ou l‘extraction automatique d‘information, le data mining etc. Dans ce contexte, le travail que nous avons mené dans cette thèse évoque différentes méthodes de résolution des anaphores nominales de deux types : infidèles et associatives. En nous fondant sur divers aspects autours de la notion d‘anaphore nominale et des notions de voisinage comme la résolution d‘anaphores pronominales, la résolution de coréférences ; en combinant des méthodes existantes avec des outils et des ressources disponibles pour la langue française, notre travail s‘attache à trois modules : module de prétraitement du corpus, module de résolution des anaphores nominales et le module d‘évaluation. Au module de prétraitement, les ressources lexicales sont constituées et mobilisées grâces aux analyses au niveau linguistique des anaphores nominales. La plateforme Unitex est le principal outil utilisé à cette étape. Pour les anaphores du type infidèle, nous avons utilisé deux méthodes différentes : la première mobilise des ressources lexicales simples avec les entrées de groupes nominaux uniquement ; la deuxième mobilise des ressources plus élaborées (les entrées de groupes nominaux et verbaux). Pour les anaphores associatives du type méronymique, nous nous fondons sur la théorie des classes d‘objets afin de décrire le type de relation anaphorique établie Résumé 17 entre l‘expression anaphorique et son antécédent. Les ressources utilisées pour ce type d‘anaphore sont ainsi divisées hiérarchiquement selon les classes et les domaines. Le module de résolution est l‘étape de décision, nous nous basons sur le calcul du poids de saillance de chacun des antécédents potentiels pour sélectionner le meilleur candidat. Chaque candidat peut avoir différents facteurs de saillance, qui correspond à sa probabilité d'être sélectionné. Le poids de saillance final est calculé par le moyen pondéré des poids de saillance élémentaires. Les facteurs de saillances sont proposés après les analyses syntaxiques et sémantiques du corpus. L‘évaluation de notre travail constitue un vrai enjeu à cause de la complexité de la tâche, mais elle nous permet d‘avoir une vue globale sur nos méthodes de travail. La comparaison des résultats obtenus permet de visualiser l‘apport de chaque paramètre utilisé. L‘évaluation de notre travail nous permet également de voir les erreurs au niveau du prétraitement (l‘extraction des syntagmes nominaux, des syntagmes verbaux…), cela nous a permis d‘intégrer un module de correction dans notre systèmeIn order to facilitate the interpretation of texts, this thesis is devoted to the development of a system to identify and resolve the indirect nominal anaphora and the associative anaphora. Resolution of the indirect nominal anaphora is based on calculating salience weights of candidate antecedents with the purpose of associating these antecedents with the anaphoric expressions identified. It is processed by twoAnnexe317different methods based on a linguistic approach: the first method uses lexical and morphological parameters; the second method uses morphological and syntactical parameters. The resolution of associative anaphora is based on syntactical and semantic parameters.The results obtained are encouraging: 90.6% for the indirect anaphora resolution with the first method, 75.7% for the indirect anaphora resolution with the second method and 68.7% for the associative anaphora resolution. These results show the contribution of each parameter used and the utility of this system in the automatic interpretation of the texts
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MILHORANCE, LUDMILA PIMENTA SALLES. "ANAPHOR RESOLUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF SLUICING: THE CASE OF BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24873@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
BOLSA NOTA 10
Esta dissertação aborda um fenômeno pouco estudado no Português Brasileiro (PB): o sluicing, fenômeno no qual o sintagma de tempo (TP) de uma estrutura encabeçada por um elemento –QU é elidido, deixando explícito apenas o elemento –QU. Merchant (2001) argumenta que o sluicing envolve movimento –QU e apagamento do TP, e que disso segue a generalização, segundo a qual uma língua permitirá encalhamento de preposição no sluicing se o permite em sentenças simples. Almeida & Yoshida (2007) argumentam que o PB falseia essa generalização por permitir encalhamento de preposição em sluicing, mas não em sentenças simples. Rodrigues et al. (2009), todavia, propõe que existem duas raízes para o sluicing no PB: sluicing regular e pseudosluicing, sendo que o encalhamento de preposição ocorreria apenas nessas estruturas. A presente dissertação investiga a proposta de Rodrigues et al. (2009), por meio de experimento de juízo de gramaticalidade e metodologia experimental, para verificar relações entre apagamento de preposição e tipo de estrutura. Os resultados corroboram a proposta de Rodrigues et al. (2009), e apontam para uma restrição de identidade de ordem semântica entre o constituinte elidido e seu antecedente. Nossa conclusão sugere que: os dados PB não falseiam a generalização de Merchant; identidade semântica é suficiente para licenciar processos de elisão. Esse fenômeno é investigado à luz de uma proposta de integração entre a teoria linguística de vertente gerativista e a psicolinguística, proposta que tem caracterizado as pesquisas desenvolvidas no Laboratório de Psicolinguística e Aquisição da Linguagem (LAPAL) da PUC-Rio.
This dissertation discusses an understudied phenomenon in Brazilian Portuguese (BP): sluicing, a phenomenon in which the tense phrase (TP) of a structure headed by an interrogative pronoun (-QU) is elided, leaving only the explicit -QU. Merchant (2001) argues that sluicing involves –wh movement and deletion in the phonological form of TP, and proposes the following generalization: a language L will allow preposition stranding in sentences with sluicing iff L allows this stranding in simple sentences. Almeida and Yoshida (2007) argue that the Brazilian Portuguese distorts this generalization as it allows preposition stranding in sluicing, but not in simple sentences. In contrast, Rodrigues et al. (2009) proposes that there are two processes of sluicing in Brazilian Portuguese: regular sluicing and pseudosluicing, with preposition stranding occurring only in these structures. This dissertation investigates the proposal of Rodrigues et al. (2009), leading a grammaticality judgment experiment and using experimental methodology in order to verify deletion relations between preposition and type of structure. The results support the proposal of Rodrigues et al. (2009), and point to a semantic identity between the elided constituent and its antecedent. Our findings suggest that: the Brazilian Portuguese data does not distort Merchant s generalization; and, semantic identity is sufficient for licensing elision processes. This phenomenon is investigated in light of an integrated proposal between generative linguistic theory and psycholinguistics, a proposal that has characterized the research being developed at the Laboratory of Psycholinguistics and Language Acquisition (LAPAL) at PUC-Rio.
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Harroum, Bechir. "Relations anaphoriques en arabe et en français." Paris 7, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA070032.
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Dans cette these, faite dans le cadre theorique de la grammaire generative, un certain nombre de phenomenes syntaxiques ont ete examines. Le 1er chapitre examine l'une des questions les plus controversees en arabe moderne. Apres examen des faits et presentation des analyses de la tradition grammaticale arabe, j'ai soutenu que l'ordre vso, choisi par les grammairiens arabes, n'explique pas un certain nombre de phenomenes syntaxiques (pas d'accord total entre les traits grammaticaux du sujet et ceux du verbe ; le pronom impersonnel precedent le verbe ne se voit pas attribuer une fonction grammaticale etc. ). Tous ces faits peuvent avoir une solution si on opte pour l'ordre basique svo. Le second chapitre est consacre a l'interrogation avec et sans mouvement. Le 3eme chapitre amorce la reflexion sur les constructions reflexives : contrairement au francais, l'arabe observe deux types de constructions reflechies reciproques : un reflechi lexical et un reflechi affixe. Au quatrieme chapitre, il a ete question des relations anaphoriques. Pour qu'il y ait complementarite distributionnelle entre les anaphores (anaphor en anglais) et les pronominaux, j'ai propose d'analyser les prepositions locatives comme des operateurs (=predicats) dont l'argument sujet est depourvu de forme phonetique (=pro). Il est controle soit par le sujet soit par le c. O de la pThis study based on the generative grammar theory made possible the investigation of several syntactic facts : the first chapter analyses the most debated question in standard modern arabic. I consider that the order vso, chosen by arab grammairiens, does not explain sevral syntactic phenomena (no total agreement between grammatical features of the subject and those of the verb etc. ). These facts could have an adequate solution if the basic order svo is chosen. The second chapter debates interrogative expressions : transformational and not transformational. The third chapter examines the reflexive constructions. Arabic language offers two types of structures : with the lexical reflexive and the affixe reflexive. The forth chapter debates the anaphoric relations. I proposed to analyse locative prepositions as operators. His argument (subject) is without phonetic form (=pro) controled either by the subject or by the object of the principal sentence. The fifth chapter is allowed to passive constructions. Two approches are discussed : 1) non paradigmatic one (in opposition with traditional analysis), 2) non transformational
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Kazanina, Nina. "The acquisition and processing of backwards anaphora." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2927.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.Thesis research directed by: Linguistics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Hedley, Paul. "Anaphora, Relevance and the Conceptual/Procedural Distinction." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486991.
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Pronominal anaphora is a phenomenon that has been studied from many different perspectives and within many different theoretical frameworks, with varying levels of success. Approaching the problem from the cognitive perspective of relevance theory, this work applies the fundamental distinction between 'conceptual' (representational) and 'procedural' (computational) linguistic meaning, in order to account for the myriad different instantiations of such anaphoric phenomena in English. It is proposed that pronouns are fundamentally procedural in nature, following Wilson & Sperber (1993:20), forming part of an underspecified linguistic representation needing substantial pragmatic enrichment to reach propositionality. Guided by the overarching principle of relevance (Sperber and Wilson 1986/95), it is argued that speakers typically resolve such reference pragmatically as part of the relevance-theoretic comprehension procedure, drawing information from many possible sources in the process. Pronominals are thus seen as 'linguistically encoded means for constraining the interpretation process' (Blakemore 2000: 472), contributing (in their resolved state) to the explicature(s) of the sentence, and so to the proposition expressed, and its truth conditions. This approach is then extended to provide a reasoned account of the occurrence of sloppiness (and the continua of acceptance associated with it) in such pronominal use. It is claimed that pronominal forms are not the misfits that many theorists have assumed, but that they integrate fully into the linguistic fabric, their interpretation taking place through the application of the same mechanisms as other linguistic processing. The ramifications of such an approach for issues of cognitive architecture are also explored. Parallels are then drawn between the theoretical notion of procedural meaning, and potentially analogous elements in computer programming, alongside correlates in the worlds of psychology and cognitive science.
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Huang, Yan. "Anaphora in Chinese : towards a pragmatic analysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276198.
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Eckert, Miriam. "Discourse deixis and null anaphora in German." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22176.
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The main aim of this thesis is to provide insight into the interaction of the syntactic and pragmatic properties of German, particularly with respect to the issue of configurationality. This language is particularly difficult to classify as it displays both subject-object asymmetries (a feature of "configurational" languages), but also has a topic position (a feature of "discourse-configurational" languages). In order to avoid the difficulties with subtle acceptability judgements from informants, the study presented here is based on a frequency analysis of word order variation in spoken language corpora. In the first part, I concentrate on the initial problem in German main clauses, which is traditionally referred to as the topic position, and using a task-oriented corpus provide the statistics for the following: - The frequency of the different grammatical functions in initial position, in order to determine the relative frequency of the canonical SVO word order. - The frequency of the different NP-forms (null anaphora, pronouns, demonstratives, definite and indefinite NPs) in initial position, which are each associated with a particular cognitive status, thus giving insight into the precise nature of the initial position. These analyses show that the canonical word order occurs in less than 50% of the utterances and that the initial position is most frequently filled with null topics, pronouns and demonstratives, i.e. NP-forms associated with the most salient, "topiclike" entities in the discourse model. Furthermore, the placing of certain adverbials in initial position is frequently employed to signal the beginning of a new subsection ("transaction") of the dialogue. These results indicate that German is to be placed at the discourse-configurational end of the configurationality scale. The second part of the thesis examines a specific aspect of the initial position in greater detail, namely the observed correlation between initial position, null topics and discourse-deictic reference to events and propositions. A study of the referents of null topics in the corpus shows that null topics are mainly discourse-deictic, ie have no NP-antecedents but refer to preceding sections of the text. This conflicts with the standard assumption that discourse-deictic reference involves topic shift rather than reference to a continuing topic. In addition, a study of discourse-deictic reference in general in the corpus shows that there is a strong preference for establishing it in initial position, regardless of whether this is done by null anaphora, pronouns or demonstratives. The results also show that null topics and demonstratives are used far more frequently for establishing discourse-deictic reference than pronouns. This argues against traditional hierarchies of NP-forms and cognitive status which group null anaphora and pronouns together. A comparative study of discourse deixis in an English corpus of similar sort shows that in this configurational language the frequency of anaphora forms is in line with the predictions made by the hierarchies.
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Zhu, Shensheng 1952. "A dynamic semantic theory of Chinese anaphora." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288751.
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The distribution and reference of Chinese anaphors are not predetermined by their inherent binding features or by a set of rules from one particular module; rather they are determined by the discourse context in which the anaphor in question occurs. The two most important parameters of discourse context are the discourse topic NP and discourse relations. The discourse topic NP is a unique discourse entity in that it is the only accessible antecedent for such anaphors as exempt reflexives, null subjects and null objects. A discourse topic NP derives its discourse dynamics (i.e., its ability to bind an anaphor beyond its syntactic binding domain) from the structural prominence accorded to it by its syntactic position. The relevance of discourse relations is two-fold. On one hand, the status of an NP as discourse topic is determined relative to the discourse relation underlying the discourse context in which this NP occurs. On the other, discourse relations are a decisive factor in defining the domain of discourse binding. More specifically, a discourse topic NP alpha is accessible to an anaphor beta only when alpha and beta are within a discourse of Continuation. The dynamics of the discourse topic NP and the effect of discourse relations on binding can be satisfactorily treated by Dynamic Montague Grammar with its two formal features: dynamic conjunction and the state switcher. The application of dynamic conjunction to the constituent sentences of a discourse of Continuation reveals associative nature of such a discourse while the state switcher provides a formal means of making a discourse topic NP an available antecedent for the appropriate anaphors within the desired domain of dynamic binding.
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Rodriguez, Kepa Joseba. "Resources for linguistically motivated Multilingual Anaphora Resolution." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/367836.
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An actual trend in the computational linguistics and natural language processing is the implementation of multilingual utilities for different tasks, like information retrival, summarization of documents in different languages or machine translation, tasks in which the resolution of anaphoric references plays a crucial role. This dissertation presents a proposal of annotation scheme for the creation of corpus resources for linguistic based multilingual anaphora resolution. This scheme has been implemented for the annotation of English and Italian data. Inter-annotator agreement studies show that the annotation scheme is relaiable. The annotated corpora have been used for the anaphora resolution task, and the results have been compared with well known corpora. Finally hand annotated linguistic features have been used to help in the anaphora resolution process. The results show that our multilingual annotation scheme proposal has been utilized to produce data useful to build anaphora resolution systems for languages with different grammatical and typological features, like English and Italian.
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Rodriguez, Kepa Joseba. "Resources for linguistically motivated Multilingual Anaphora Resolution." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2010. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/439/1/PhD-Rodriguez.pdf.
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An actual trend in the computational linguistics and natural language processing is the implementation of multilingual utilities for different tasks, like information retrival, summarization of documents in different languages or machine translation, tasks in which the resolution of anaphoric references plays a crucial role. This dissertation presents a proposal of annotation scheme for the creation of corpus resources for linguistic based multilingual anaphora resolution. This scheme has been implemented for the annotation of English and Italian data. Inter-annotator agreement studies show that the annotation scheme is relaiable. The annotated corpora have been used for the anaphora resolution task, and the results have been compared with well known corpora. Finally hand annotated linguistic features have been used to help in the anaphora resolution process. The results show that our multilingual annotation scheme proposal has been utilized to produce data useful to build anaphora resolution systems for languages with different grammatical and typological features, like English and Italian.
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Chouit, Drissia. "L'anaphorisation : de la pronominalisation à l'ellipse : approche métaopérationnelle : analyse contrastive trilingue (anglais, français, arabe) et problèmes de traduction." Paris 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA030142.
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Notre these comprend trois parties: l'anaphorisation du groupe nominal, du groupe verbal et de la relation predicative. Mais, le concept d'anaphorisation etant tres general, nous avons ete amenee a le redefinir. Nous avons etabli une distinction entre deux niveaux d'anaphorisation: celle de phase i qui signale que le contenu de sens et les traits semiques definitoires, et celle de phase 2 qui depasse le niveau semique en acceptant le deja- structure. Cette distinction s'est revelee pertinente dans les trois parties de la these. L'anaphorisation de phase 1 a ete utilisee pour expliquer le fonctionnement des pronoms, de this, et de do so alors que l'anaphorisation de phase 2 a pu nous fournir une explication pour le fonctionnement de l'article dit - defini, that, it, do that, do it, le metamorphene ing et do operateur grammatical de soudure entre le sujet et le predicat. Ce mecanisme abstrait des phases nous a permis de montrer la coherence de l'architecture qui sous-tend les trois langues etudiees et de montrer qu'une peut eclairer le fonctionnement d'une autre. Nous avons aussi confronte nos propos a ceux des chercheurs contemporains pour bien montrer ce que nous avons apporte de nouveau pour rendre le fonctionnement grammatical des langues intelligibleThis thesis is composed of three parts: nominal group anaphora, verbal group anaphora and predication anaphora. As it is too general, the concept of anaphora needed redefinition. So, i made a distinction between two types of anaphora: one of phase i which signals that when the enunciator refers to the previous context, the operation he makes is limited to the semantic programme of the items he takes back, and the other of phase 2 which signals that this semantic level is presupposed and that the grammatical structure is pre-constructed because co-accepted by the enunciator and the co-enunciator. This distinction was necessary to give a satisfactory explanation to the structuring and functioning of pronouns, this, do this and do so on the one hand (anaphora of phase 1) and the, that, it, do that, do it,-ing and do operator of syntactic liaison between subject and predicate on the other (anaphora of phase 2). This abstract mechanism of phases gave me tools to show the coherence of the architecture underlying the three languages studied, and to show that one language can shed lights on the functioning of another. I also compared my explanation to that of contemporary researchers to make explicit the new measures i brought. .
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Wu, Guobin. "A discourse structural approach to anaphora in Chinese." Thesis, University of York, 1995. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10806/.
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Chiang, Mien-Hwa. "A study of anaphora in Chinese recipe discourse." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1314720667.
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Balogh, Jennifer Elaine. "Pronouns, prosody, and the discourse anaphora weighting approach /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3112198.
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Park, Tae-kyung 1957. "A comparative study of Japanese and Korean anaphora." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276612.
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This thesis shows the different features of Korean reflexives compared to Japanese reflexives. In Chapter 1, the differences of Japanese and Korean reflexives are discussed morphologically and syntactically. The general referential relationship of Japanese and Korean reflexives is discussed. In Chapter 2, empathy expressions of the Japanese reflexive zibun and Korean reflexive caki is discussed. In Chapter 3, the semantic interpretation of the plural form of Japanese and Korean reflexive, zibun-tati and caki-tul, is discussed. In Chapter 4, a brief conclusion is presented. Further work on Korean reflexives is necessary to account for Korean anaphora.