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Journal articles on the topic 'Anaphora; Anaphors'
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1
Cornish, Francis. "‘Antecedentless’ anaphors: deixis, anaphora, or what? Some evidence from English and French." Journal of Linguistics 32, no. 1 (March 1996): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700000748.
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Taking a cognitive perspective, and concentrating on instances of exophora (or so-called ‘antecedentless’ anaphora), where by definition there is no co-occurring expression in terms of which a given anaphor might be interpreted (i.e. a potential ‘antecedent’), I aim to show, firstly, that so-called exophora falls within the category of anaphora proper and not deixis; secondly, that it is in terms of a conceptual representation of the situation being evoked, and not in terms of the physical situation itself, that the anaphor is interpreted; and finally, that exophora is in reality a more central manifestation of anaphora than the ‘endophoric’ type, where the ‘antecedent’ expression co-occurs with the anaphor.I will base the discussion on naturally occurring data from French and English, and will consider the contributions of gender- and number-marking within pronominal anaphors, as well as of such features of the anaphoric segment as the argument and referent-order statuses assigned to an anaphor by the governing predicator and its modifiers, and the stress and pitch characteristics of the anaphor. All these features play an important role in the assignment of a full interpretation to so-called ‘endophoric’ anaphors just as much as ‘exophoric’ ones, thereby weakening the theoretical basis for the distinction between the two types.
2
Zulaica Hernández, Iker. "Resolving abstract anaphors in Spanish discourse: Underspecification and mereological structures." Linguistics 56, no. 3 (June 26, 2018): 681–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0008.
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Abstract Anaphoric underspecification involves multiple potential candidate antecedents for an anaphoric expression. In abstract object anaphora, where linguistic antecedents are clauses, sentences and larger fragments of discourse, the source of referential underspecification is commonly found at the propositional level. Thus, underspecified abstract anaphors have multiple antecedents of a higher-order nature (i.e., propositions and events). Following previous research on anaphoric underspecification with nominal antecedents, I propose a hypothetical three-step process toward the resolution of underspecified abstract object anaphors by hearers in discourse: (i) creation of a complex abstract object with a mereological structure that includes all potential interpretations for an anaphor, (ii) recognition of the thematic connection among propositions intended by the speaker in the form of a specific rhetorical relation, and 3) resolution of the abstract anaphor. Potential antecedents for any underspecified abstract anaphor may include atomic propositions and complex abstract referents that result from a merged interpretation of several propositions that are thematically connected. Provided that it is available, I claim that such a merged interpretation, which is part of the mereological structure, is the preferred interpretation as it is generally interpreted as part of a general purpose by the speaker, in addition to contributing to the thematic coherence of discourse.
3
Palomar, M., and P. Martinez-Barco. "Computational Approach to Anaphora Resolution in Spanish Dialogues." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 15 (October 1, 2001): 263–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.848.
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This paper presents an algorithm for identifying noun-phrase antecedents of pronouns and adjectival anaphors in Spanish dialogues. We believe that anaphora resolution requires numerous sources of information in order to find the correct antecedent of the anaphor. These sources can be of different kinds, e.g., linguistic information, discourse/dialogue structure information, or topic information. For this reason, our algorithm uses various different kinds of information (hybrid information). The algorithm is based on linguistic constraints and preferences and uses an anaphoric accessibility space within which the algorithm finds the noun phrase. We present some experiments related to this algorithm and this space using a corpus of 204 dialogues. The algorithm is implemented in Prolog. According to this study, 95.9% of antecedents were located in the proposed space, a precision of 81.3% was obtained for pronominal anaphora resolution, and 81.5% for adjectival anaphora.
4
Hou, Yufang, Katja Markert, and Michael Strube. "Unrestricted Bridging Resolution." Computational Linguistics 44, no. 2 (June 2018): 237–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00315.
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In contrast to identity anaphors, which indicate coreference between a noun phrase and its antecedent, bridging anaphors link to their antecedent(s) via lexico-semantic, frame, or encyclopedic relations. Bridging resolution involves recognizing bridging anaphors and finding links to antecedents. In contrast to most prior work, we tackle both problems. Our work also follows a more wide-ranging definition of bridging than most previous work and does not impose any restrictions on the type of bridging anaphora or relations between anaphor and antecedent. We create a corpus (ISNotes) annotated for information status (IS), bridging being one of the IS subcategories. The annotations reach high reliability for all categories and marginal reliability for the bridging subcategory. We use a two-stage statistical global inference method for bridging resolution. Given all mentions in a document, the first stage, bridging anaphora recognition, recognizes bridging anaphors as a subtask of learning fine-grained IS. We use a cascading collective classification method where (i) collective classification allows us to investigate relations among several mentions and autocorrelation among IS classes and (ii) cascaded classification allows us to tackle class imbalance, important for minority classes such as bridging. We show that our method outperforms current methods both for IS recognition overall as well as for bridging, specifically. The second stage, bridging antecedent selection, finds the antecedents for all predicted bridging anaphors. We investigate the phenomenon of semantically or syntactically related bridging anaphors that share the same antecedent, a phenomenon we call sibling anaphors. We show that taking sibling anaphors into account in a joint inference model improves antecedent selection performance. In addition, we develop semantic and salience features for antecedent selection and suggest a novel method to build the candidate antecedent list for an anaphor, using the discourse scope of the anaphor. Our model outperforms previous work significantly.
5
Cornish, Francis. "Anaphora: Text-based or discourse-dependent?" Functions of Language 17, no. 2 (December 2, 2010): 207–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.17.2.03cor.
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The traditional definition of anaphora in purely co-textual terms as a relation between two co-occurring expressions is in wide currency in theoretical and descriptive studies of the phenomenon. Indeed, it is currently adopted in on-line psycholinguistic experiments on the interpretation of anaphors, and is the basis for all computational approaches to automatic anaphor resolution (see Mitkov 2002). Under this conception, the anaphor, a referentially-dependent expression type, requires “saturation” by an appropriate referentially-autonomous, lexically-based expression — the antecedent — in order to achieve full sense and reference. However, this definition needs to be re-examined in the light of the ways in which real texts operate and are understood, where the resulting picture is rather different. The article aims to show that the co-textual conception is misconceived, and that anaphora is essentially an integrative, discourse-creating procedure involving a three-way relationship between an “antecedent trigger”, an anaphoric predication, and a salient discourse representation. It is shown that it is only in terms of a dynamic interaction amongst the interdependent dimensions of text and discourse, as well as context, that the true complexity of anaphoric reference may be satisfactorily described. The article is intended as a contribution to the broader debate within the pages of this journal and elsewhere between the formalist and the functionalist accounts of language structure and use.
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Miller, Philip, Barbara Hemforth, Pascal Amsili, and Gabriel Flambard. "Missing Antecedents Found." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (August 15, 2020): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4795.
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Numerous papers have used so-called `missing antecedent phenomena' as a criterion for distinguishing deep and surface anaphora. Specifically, only the latter are claimed to licence pronouns with missing antecedents. These papers also argue that missing antecedent phenomena provide evidence that surface anaphora involve unpronounced syntactic structure in the ellipsis site. The present paper suggests that the acceptability judgments on which the argument is based exhibit a confound because they do not take discourse conditions on VPE (a surface anaphor) and VPA (a deep anaphor) into account. Two acceptability experiments provide evidence that what is relevant to the judgments are the discourse conditions and not the presence of deep vs. surface anaphors, casting doubt on the reliability of missing antecedent phenomena as a criterion for deep vs. surface status.
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Jarbou, Samir O., and Fathi Migdadi. "Testing the Limits of Anaphoric Distance in Classical Arabic: A Corpus-Based Study." Research in Language 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2012): 423–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-012-0003-y.
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One of the central aims in research on anaphora is to discover the factors that determine the choice of referential expressions in discourse. Ariel (1988; 2001) offers an Accessibility Scale where referential expressions, including demonstratives, are categorized according to the values of anaphoric (i.e. textual) distance that each of these has in relation to its antecedent. The aim of this paper is to test Ariel’s (1988; 1990; 2001) claim that the choice to use proximal or distal anaphors is mainly determined by anaphoric distance. This claim is investigated in relation to singular demonstratives in a corpus of Classical Arabic (CA) prose texts by using word count to measure anaphoric distance. Results indicate that anaphoric distance cannot be taken as a consistent or reliable determinant of how anaphors are used in CA, and so Ariel’s claim is not supported by the results of this study. This also indicates that the universality of anaphoric distance, as a criterion of accessibility, is defied.
8
Kang, Namkil. "Anaphora and Merge." Studies in English Language Teaching 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): p15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v9n1p15.
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The ultimate goal of this paper is to show that binding can be captured in terms of Merge and Transfer. It is well-known that the phi-deficiency view of anaphora is taken to be the predominant view in the Minimalist literature and that an anaphor is assumed to be a nominal that lacks one or more phi-features. We examine the phi-deficiency view of anaphora and argue that animate features, phi-features, and R-features are necessary. Korean ku-casin “he-self” and English himself underspecified for R-features are subject/object/indirect object-oriented and are strictly local anaphors. On the other hand, Korean caki “self” underspecified for phi-features is subject/object-oriented and both locally and non-locally bound. Korean caki-casin “self-self” underspecified for both features (phi-features and R-features) are subject-oriented and strictly a local anaphor. Finally, within the Minimalist work, we show that binding can be captured by animate features, phi-features, R-features, Merge, and Transfer. Transfer provides the governing category and semantic computations, by which binding can be captured.
9
Gros, Daniel, Tim Habermann, Giulia Kirstein, Christine Meschede, S. Denise Ruhrberg, Adrian Schmidt, and Tobias Siebenlist. "Anaphora Resolution." International Journal of Information Retrieval Research 8, no. 3 (July 2018): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijirr.2018070103.
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This article analyses the effect of anaphora resolution on information retrieval performance for systems with relevance ranking. It will be investigated if the Mean Average Precision of a retrieval system is improved after an intellectual replacement of all anaphors in a corpus with various texts. These texts mostly consist of news stories and fairy tales, thus covering two varying genres with different amounts of anaphors. A model retrieval system is developed using Lucene to measure the effects of anaphora resolution. Different queries are used and the rankings are analysed in order to show the changes induced by the anaphora resolution. In addition, approaches of automated anaphora resolution are considered. It turns out that the Mean Average Precision improves noticeably by 36% after the anaphora resolution. Thus, it is highly recommended to improve existing approaches of automated anaphora resolution in the future as current attempts do not yet yield satisfying results.
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Peral, J., and A. Ferrandez. "Translation of Pronominal Anaphora between English and Spanish: Discrepancies and Evaluation." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 18 (February 1, 2003): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1115.
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This paper evaluates the different tasks carried out in the translation of pronominal anaphora in a machine translation (MT) system. The MT interlingua approach named AGIR (Anaphora Generation with an Interlingua Representation) improves upon other proposals presented to date because it is able to translate intersentential anaphors, detect co-reference chains, and translate Spanish zero pronouns into English---issues hardly considered by other systems. The paper presents the resolution and evaluation of these anaphora problems in AGIR with the use of different kinds of knowledge (lexical, morphological, syntactic, and semantic). The translation of English and Spanish anaphoric third-person personal pronouns (including Spanish zero pronouns) into the target language has been evaluated on unrestricted corpora. We have obtained a precision of 80.4% and 84.8% in the translation of Spanish and English pronouns, respectively. Although we have only studied the Spanish and English languages, our approach can be easily extended to other languages such as Portuguese, Italian, or Japanese.
11
Crompton, Peter. "Complex anaphora with this: variation between three written argumentative genres." Corpora 12, no. 1 (April 2017): 115–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2017.0111.
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The concept of complex anaphora – ‘nominal expressions referring to propositionally structured referents’ ( Consten et al., 2007 ) – makes a useful distinction between a text-structuring function, one important to argumentative text, and the forms used to accomplish the function. Since complex anaphors often contain the demonstrative this, the contexts of all this tokens in three corpora of written argumentation – research articles, editorials and student essays – were analysed in order to identify instances of complex anaphora. While the frequencies of pronoun use for complex anaphora were similar, the frequencies of determiner use varied, as did placement of anaphors within their host sentence, with determiners appearing non-initially much more often than pronouns in all corpora, particularly editorials. Overall, there was greater variation between the patterns of use in research articles and editorials than between these and student essays.
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Jia, Simo. "A Contrastive Study of Anaphora in English and Chinese." Journal of Educational Theory and Management 4, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/jetm.v4i1.3248.
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Recently, there has been growing interest in the study on cohesion of texts, particularly in the aspect of anaphoric reference. The problem under discussion is within the scope of similar and different usages of anaphors in English and Chinese. Although much work has been done, more studies need to be conducted to ascertain the convincingness of the theories. This essay will demonstrate language materials in real situation in English text and its Chinese translations to prove, explain and enrich the theories about the distinction of English and Chinese anaphora. The thesis for this essay is the contrastive study of anaphora between English and Chinese texts that is the dissimilarities of anaphora in these two language texts and discuss the reasons that caused these differences. And for arguments, four cases of Han’s Andersen’s fairy tales and their Chinese translations and one example from New Oxford Dictionary are selected for the purpose. For methodology, quality analysis is employed. But in general, it is to compare and to contrast in the light of Halliday’s theory on cohesion. The way adopted is to compare broad wise, which means to list similarities and dissimilarities of things needed to be contrast -- anaphora in English and Chinese texts, and then conducts further analysis on them with the theoretical framework. In aspect of detailed analysis, the author adopts the way of illustration, combining language phenomenon listed above with arguments.
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Spathas, Giorgos. "Focus on reflexive anaphors." Semantics and Linguistic Theory, no. 20 (April 3, 2015): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v0i20.2555.
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Focus related phenomena have long been used to draw conclusions about the syntax and semantics of anaphora. I use examples in which focus is the result of information-structural considerations to argue for a semantics of reflexive anaphors. I show that a theory that treats reflexive anaphors as reflexivizing functions is empirically superior to theories that interpret them like variables. The discussion also leads to some interesting conclusions about focus theory. It is argued that the domain of application of the relevant information-structural notion should be limited to verb phrases and sentences and that the relevant economy condition should be localized accordingly.
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Spathas, Giorgos. "Focus on reflexive anaphors." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 20 (August 14, 2010): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v20i0.2555.
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Focus related phenomena have long been used to draw conclusions about the syntax and semantics of anaphora. I use examples in which focus is the result of information-structural considerations to argue for a semantics of reflexive anaphors. I show that a theory that treats reflexive anaphors as reflexivizing functions is empirically superior to theories that interpret them like variables. The discussion also leads to some interesting conclusions about focus theory. It is argued that the domain of application of the relevant information-structural notion should be limited to verb phrases and sentences and that the relevant economy condition should be localized accordingly.
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Skrzypek, Dominika. "Animacy, Anaphora and Language Change in Swedish." GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies 21, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): 1–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/gema-2021-2103-01.
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This paper considers the role of animacy in the overt marking of indirect anaphors, i.e., noun phrases (NP), which introduce new discourse referents, that are grounded in the preceding discourse by means of a grounding element, an anchor. The indirect anaphors are considered in a diachronic perspective with reference to the emergent definite article and the variation between the article and other marking elements, in particular possessive pronouns. The study is based on an annotated corpus of Swedish prosaic texts from 1200–1550, which is a period of time when the definite article undergoes the process of grammaticalization in this language. The material was sorted according to the different combinations of the animacy of the anchor and the anaphor.The indirect anaphors which are anchored by means of expressions referring to animate entities show more variation of expression than those expressions referring to inanimate entities at the onset of definite article grammaticalization, but as the grammaticalization progresses, all indirect anaphors are by default expressed by the definite article. This is connected with the ongoing grammaticalization of the definite article and its extended use in new contexts. Keywords animacy; indirect anaphora; language change; definite article; Swedish
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Kamune, Kalyani Pradiprao, and Avinash Agrawal. "Hybrid Model of Automated Anaphora Resolution." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v3.i3.pp105-111.
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Anaphora resolution has proven to be a very difficult problem of natural language processing, and it is useful in discourse analysis, language understanding and processing, information exaction, machine translation and many more. This paper represents a system that instead of using a monolithic architecture for resolving anaphora, use the hybrid model which combines the constraint-based and preferences-based architectures, each uses a different source of knowledge, and proves effective on theoretical and computational basis. An algorithm identifies both inter-sentential and intra-sentential antecedents of “Third person pronoun anaphors”, “Pleonastic it”, and “Lexical noun phrase anaphora”. The algorithm use Charniak parser (parser05Aug16) as an associated tool, and it relays on the output generated by it. Salience measures derived from parse tree, in order to find out accurate antecedents from the list of potential antecedents. We have tested the system extensively on 'Reuters Newspaper corpus'.
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Anagnostopoulou, Elena, and Martin Everaert. "Toward a More Complete Typology of Anaphoric Expressions." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 1 (January 1999): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999553977.
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Reinhart and Reuland (1993) propose the following typology of anaphoric expressions: SELF anaphors (+SELF, −R), SE anaphors (−SELF, −R), and pronouns (−SELF, +R). We argue that the Greek anaphor o eaftos tu ‘the self his’ exemplifies a fourth type, predicted by Reinhart and Reuland's typology but not instantiated in their system: an “inalienable possession” anaphor (+SELF, +R). Within Reinhart and Reuland's framework such anaphors are allowed provided that (a) they do not enter into chain formation and (b) they satisfy the (reflexivity) binding conditions through abstract incorporation of the nominal head into the predicate they reflexivize. The proposed analysis makes valid predictions concerning the distribution of Greek anaphors as opposed to English/Dutch anaphors.
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Dam, Lotte. "The interpretation of encapsulating anaphors in Spanish and their functions." Folia Linguistica 48, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.2014.002.
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Abstract Encapsulating anaphors differ from other types of anaphor by having one or more situations - not an entity - as its referent. The main aim of the article is to propose a hypothesis for how anaphoric encapsulation is resolved. The hypothesis builds on the cognitive linguistic theory of instructional semantics to suggest that anaphoric encapsulation provides instructions for the interpretive process, leading to the resolution of the anaphoric relation. A secondary aim is to illustrate various functions of this type of anaphor
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Woolford, Ellen. "More on the Anaphor Agreement Effect." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 2 (April 1999): 257–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999554057.
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This article provides additional evidence for the universality of Rizzi's (1990) anaphor agreement effect, under which the ungrammaticality of nominative anaphors in English, Italian, and Icelandic is due to the presence of agreement. Languages without agreement are shown to allow nominative anaphors. Objective anaphors cannot be associated with agreement, unless the agreement is a special anaphoric form. Superficial counterexamples to Rizzi's proposal are shown not to be problematic. The relative merits of two formal accounts outlined by Rizzi (1990) are discussed. Finally, it is suggested that the anaphor agreement effect can be a diagnostic for the presence of covert agreement.
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Stavinschi, Alexandra. "On the development of the Romance demonstrative systems." Diachronica 29, no. 1 (March 16, 2012): 72–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.29.1.03sta.
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The paper provides a structured account of the evolution of the Romance pronominal/adnominal demonstrative systems, using both the analysis of medieval corpora and recent fieldwork. It identifies the mechanisms involved, building on a detailed analysis of the textual and extra-textual usage of demonstratives, which gives new insight into the nature of deixis and anaphora. The evidence shows that the genetic relation between deictics and anaphorics is not unidirectional: not only can anaphors originate from deictics, the reverse can also be shown to hold true, with pure anaphorics appearing to be a viable source for second-person deictics. The main driving force in the process is subjectification, which conditions the development at every stage. The evolution follows predictable pathways and turns out to be cyclic: three main recurrent patterns are clearly identifiable for all the varieties investigated.
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Kiparsky, Paul. "Greek Anaphora in Cross-Linguistic Perspective." Journal of Greek Linguistics 12, no. 1 (2012): 84–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156658412x649977.
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AbstractThe Homeric and Classical Greek systems of referentially dependent pronouns support an approach to binding and anaphoric reference which characterizes pronouns by two cross-classifying features, which specify the maximal domain in which their antecedent must be located, and whether they can overlap in reference with a coargument (Kiparsky 2002). By treating reflexivity as a special case of referential dependency, this approach predicts a class of referentially dependent non-reflexive anaphors, or discourse anaphors, whose characteristic is that they need not have a structural antecedent but can serve as reflexives in contexts where a dedicated reflexive is unavailable. This class is instantiated in the Greek clitic anaphors ε&ogr;, ε, &ogr;ι, μιν. It also predicts a class of reflexive pronouns which must be disjoint in reference from a coargument, attested in Homeric Greek as the bare reflexive ε-. Greek also gives some support to the Blocking principle, which dictates the use of the most restricted pronoun available in a given context. The proposal is compared to the well-known theory of Reinhart & Reuland (1993) on the basis of Greek as well as Germanic (Swedish, German, Dutch, Frisian, Old English), and is shown to provide a better answer to the challenge raised by Evans & Levinson (2009).
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Dutta, Kamlesh, Saroj Kaushik, and Nupur Prakash. "Machine Learning Approach for the Classification of Demonstrative Pronouns for Indirect Anaphora in Hindi News Items." Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 95, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10108-011-0003-4.
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Machine Learning Approach for the Classification of Demonstrative Pronouns for Indirect Anaphora in Hindi News Items In this paper, we present machine learning approach for the classification indirect anaphora in Hindi corpus. The direct anaphora is able to find the noun phrase antecedent within a sentence or across few sentences. On the other hand indirect anaphora does not have explicit referent in the discourse. We suggest looking for certain patterns following the indirect anaphor and marking demonstrative pronoun as directly or indirectly anaphoric accordingly. Our focus of study is pronouns without noun phrase antecedent. We analyzed 177 news items having 1334 sentences, 780 demonstrative pronouns of which 97 (12.44 %) were indirectly anaphoric. The experiment with machine learning approaches for the classification of these pronouns based on the semantic cue provided by the collocation patterns following the pronoun is also carried out.
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Storoshenko, Dennis Ryan. "The Shona reflexive as covert anaphora." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 61, no. 2 (April 6, 2016): 156–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2016.13.
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AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of reflexives in Shona. Taking seriously the observation that the reflexive morpheme zvi- is homophonous with one of Shona's object markers, I argue that this homophony is not accidental. Rather, the morpheme that emerges in reflexive contexts is object marking triggered by a covert anaphor. The analysis rests on two planks: first, establishing that zvi- is the default agreement form in the language generally; and second, establishing that a covert anaphor may trigger such an agreement. In so doing, a treatment of object marking as the exponence of discourse-givenness is advanced. The analysis is compatible with treatments of object marking in Shona as either an agreement affix or a clitic. Theoretical issues related to default agreement, covert anaphors, and distinctions between discourse-givenness and topicality are also discussed, along with an alternative account treating zvi- as a valence-reducing derivational affix.
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Lee, Hyeran. "A Feature-Based Account of Long-Distance Anaphora." Korean Linguistics 9 (January 1, 1998): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.9.05hl.
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In this paper, I aim to give a unified account of long-distance and localbinding phenomena and provide a single constrained theory of anaphors in the framework of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1992, 1994, 1995a&b). In section 1, I criticize the LF movement theory which has been argued by Lebeaux (1983), Chomsky (1986), Pica (1987, 1991), Battistella (1989), Katada (1991) and others. In section 2, I provide a feature-based account of long-distance and local binding anaphors. In section 3, I discuss how feature-raising analysis can account for apparent long-distance binding phenomena in Picture-DP(or Picture-NP) constructions which have been treated exceptionally so far. Extending Section 3, I argue in section 4 that apparent long-distance binding phenomena in constructions containing expletives and non-person NPs result from morphological properties of the anaphor. In section 5, I argue that orientation of the antecedent (i.e. subject orientation or no particular orientation) naturally results from interaction between the proposed LF structure and feature raising. Finally, in section 6, I conclude that binding reduces to morphological properties, and hence Condition A of the binding theory can be dispensed with.
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Kang, Namkil. "Quantifiers, Binding, and Agreement." Studies in English Language Teaching 9, no. 3 (June 16, 2021): p33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v9n3p33.
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The main goal of this paper is to argue that Korean pronouns must be phi-feature-compatible with their antecedents, whereas Korean reflexives are not. It is worth pointing out that Korean pronouns are sensitive to the number feature, whereas Korean anaphors are not. A major point to note is that every-type QPs have a Q feature that is plural in its number, whereas which-type QPs have an optional Q-feature that is singular or plural in number. A further point to note is that Korean pronouns are sensitive to phi-features, which is in accordance with Safir’s (2014) hypothesis that “D-bound anaphora must be feature-compatible with its antecedent”. With respect to Korean pronouns, it is worth noting that Safir’s hypothesis does not work for Korean pronouns since they induce a bound variable reading through the phi-feature agreement. Finally, it is significant to note that Korean anaphors are not feature-compatible with antecedents and that they yield a bound variable reading regardless of their phi-features.
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Busterud, Guro. "Methodological problems related to research on L2 Norwegian anaphors." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 33, no. 2 (September 22, 2010): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586510000168.
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This article focuses on the methodological challenges involved in investigating anaphoric binding in Norwegian as a second language. Norwegian anaphors can be bound both locally and non-locally, and since anaphors vary cross-linguistically, it is interesting to explore whether and where L2 speakers of Norwegian allow such target-like local and non-local binding in their L2. Sentences with two possible antecedents might be ambiguous for L2 speakers, and the truth-value judgment task is generally considered to be the best method for eliciting knowledge of L2 speakers' intuitions of anaphoric binding in ambiguous sentences. In Norwegian, long-distance binding cannot cross a finite clause boundary, and the long-distance anaphor cannot be locally bound. Because of this, the truth-value judgment task is sometimes less adequate for testing all relevant binding structures in Norwegian. Dialectal variations in Norwegian pose additional challenges for the study of the acquisition of anaphors in an L2. This paper discusses the implications of these methodological challenges.
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Everaert, Martin, Kārumūri V. Subbārāo, and Wichamdinbo Mataina. "Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Liangmai." Lingua Posnaniensis 55, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2013-0012.
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Abstract This paper discusses some aspects of the behavior of anaphors and pronouns in Liangmai, belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family. W e show that Liangmai offers a unique combination of “reflexivization strategies”. Like other languages it exhibits the strategy of reflexivizing the predicate by reduplication of an anaphoric element, but it simultaneously marks the predicate with a self-element. Two more properties of anaphoric properties of Liangmai are interesting from a cross-linguistic perspective. It shows cases of “swapping” - reordering of differently case-marked elements within the complex anaphor - and long-distance binding - allowing an anaphoric element to refer to an element that is not a co-argument.
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Uvitsky, A. Yu. "A long herding trip. Amarsana Ulzytuev." Voprosy literatury, no. 2 (July 29, 2020): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2020-2-115-130.
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Devoted to Amarsana Ulzytuev, one of the most fascinating contemporary poets, A. Uvitsky’s article examines his work in the contexts of modern Russian and the little researched Buryat poetry and looks at the results of his pet project – to establish anaphora as the regular accentual rhyme for Russian poetry. The author admits that Ulzytuev’s idea to introduce the regular anaphoric sound to Russian poetry, as detailed in his books Anaphoras [Anafory] (2013) and New Anaphoras [Novye anafory] (2016), is theoretically viable. But more than its ongoing implementation, he is interested in Ulzytuev’s creative evolution: the poet’s oeuvre is typified by a natural combination of two poetic cultures – one Russo-European and the other Buryat- Mongolian, according to P. Basinsky. In Uvitsky’s view, the archaic manner of the Buryat-Mongolian poetics, realized through the use of anaphora, among other things, is not inconsistent with the deep and sophisticated European poetics, with an epic meaning expanded and enhanced by the poetic sound championed by Ulzytuev.
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Zulaica-Hernández, Iker. "Spanish null complement anaphora at the grammar-discourse interface." Quaderns de Filologia - Estudis Lingüístics 23, no. 23 (December 24, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/qf.23.13522.
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The study of null complement anaphora (NCA) is important for the grammar-discourse interface as it seems to incarnate some of the core processes commonly found in other discourse phenomena, namely: reference, anaphora, ellipsis, inference, salience, or accommodation. Although NCA has been studied extensively, the debate whether it is an elliptical or an anaphoric process is still ongoing. This paper contributes to the view of NCA as a deep anaphor by providing evidence from Spanish discourse. I argue that NCA is an anaphor that selects the most prominent antecedent in well-defined discourse hierarchical structures. My analysis is mainly based on the comparison among Spanish neuter pronouns and NCA, and on the observed similar behavior shown by NCA and pronouns under discourse embedding conditions. Previous accounts on NCA are reviewed (Depiante 2000, 2001; Williamson 2012), and a tentative analysis of VP ellipsis based on discourse relations (Hardt & Romero 2004) is applied to Spanish NCA.
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Williams, Alexander. "Null Complement Anaphors as Definite Descriptions." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 22 (September 3, 2012): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v22i0.2646.
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This paper develops the observation that, for many predicates, Null Complement Anaphora (NCA) is like anaphora with a descriptively empty definite description (Condoravdi & Gawron 1996, Gauker 2012). I consider how to distinguish this sort of NCA from pronouns theoretically, and then observe an unnoticed exception to the pattern. For verbs like "notice", NCA is neither like a definite description nor like a pronoun, raising a new puzzle of how to represent it
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Mohd Noor, Noor Huzaimi@Karimah, Shahrul Azman Mohd Noah, and Mohd Juzaiddin Ab Aziz. "CLASSIFICATION OF SHORT POSSESSIVE CLITIC PRONOUN NYA IN MALAY TEXT TO SUPPORT ANAPHOR CANDIDATE DETERMINATION." Journal of Information and Communication Technology 19, Number 4 (August 20, 2020): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jict2020.19.4.3.
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Anaphor candidate determination is an important process in anaphora resolution (AR) systems. There are several types of anaphor, one of which is pronominal anaphor. Pronominal anaphor is an anaphor that involves pronouns. In some of the cases, certain pronouns can be used without referring to any situation or entity in a text, and this phenomenon is known as pleonastic. In the case of the Malay language, it usually occurs for the pronoun nya. The pleonastic that exists in every text causes a severe problem to the anaphora resolution systems. The process to determine the pleonastic nya is not the same as identifying the pleonastic ‘it’ in the English language, where the syntactic pattern could not be used because the structure of nya comes at the end of a word. As an alternative, semantic classes are used to identify the pleonastic itself and the anaphoric nya. In this paper, the automatic semantic tag was used to determine the type of nya, which at the same time could determine nya as an anaphor candidate. The new algorithms and MalayAR architecture were proposed. The results of the F-measure showed the detection of clitic nya as a separate word achieved a perfect 100% result. In comparison, the clitic nya as a pleonastic achieved 88%, clitic nya referring to humans achieved 94%, and clitic nya referring to non-humans achieved 63%. The results showed that the proposed algorithms were acceptable to solve the issue of the clitic nya as pleonastic, human referral as well as non-human referral.
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Pathanasin, Saranya, and Wirote Aroonmanakun. "A Centering Theory Analysis of Discrepancies on Subject Zero Anaphor in English to Thai Translation." MANUSYA 17, no. 1 (2014): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01701003.
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Centering theory (CT) has been adopted in analyzing 84 zero anaphors in 50 informative texts. It is found that most zero anaphors occur in Continuation state both in English texts (source texts (ST)) and Thai translation (target texts (TT)). Zero anaphors in the TT outnumber those in ST and are found in more environments. In terms of translation, most zero anaphors in source texts remain in the same form in the target texts although some items are translated into different anaphor forms. Results indicate that zero anaphor is used to keep discourse coherence and to refer to the backward-looking center (Cb) of current utterances in both languages. Therefore, most zero anaphors in source texts are translated into zero anaphors in target texts when the CT transition state of utterances in source texts and target texts is Continuation, and are translated into other anaphors when the CT transition state in source texts is changed to another transition state in the target texts. Constraints in translation of zero anaphors can be explained in terms of anaphor interpretation, salience of entities, syntactic constraint, and naturalness of translation. However, this paper focuses only on one type of anaphor, namely subject zero anaphor; investigation of other types of anaphor will reveal other discrepancies in using and translating anaphors from this language pair.
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SHOJI, Shinichi. "Understanding Reference: Morphological Marking in Japanese." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2017): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.7.1.9-21.
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This study investigates reference resolution with repeated-name anaphors in Japanese, particularly focusing on (i) subject anaphor with the nominative postposition ga, (ii) topic-subject anaphor with the topic postposition wa, (iii) scrambled object anaphor with the accusative postposition o, and (iv) topic-object anaphor with the topic postposition wa. A self-paced sentence-by-sentence reading experiment was conducted using two-sentence discourse items followed by comprehension questions, aiming to examine which type of anaphor would trigger a faster realization of the anaphor-antecedent relationship. The discourse items included antecedents in the first sentence and anaphors in the second sentences, and the comprehension questions asked about the antecedents in the first sentences. Results showed that the comprehension questions for the discourses that included topic anaphors (topic-subject-wa and topic-object-wa) were responded to faster than those for the discourses that included non-topic anaphors (subject-ga and scrambled object-o). The results indicate that anaphors’ topic-hood given by wa facilitates the realization of antecedents.
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Gurmak, Yu M., and I. M. Klyufinska. "FUNCTIONING OF STRUCTURAL TYPES OF SECONDARY NOMINATION IN FRENCH POETIC TEXTS (PIERRE DE MARBEUF, VINCENT VOITURE, CLAUDE DE MALLEVILLE, MADELEINE DE SCUDÉRY)." Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. Філологічні науки, no. 1(94) (July 7, 2021): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/philology.1(94).2021.58-67.
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The research deals with the essence of text-forming aspects of structural types of secondary nomination in French poetic texts. The aesthetic directions of development of French culture of the XVII century are described. It is assumed that in the French literature of the period of Preciosity in the basis of secondary nominative activity rest cognitive mechanisms of knowledge of contemporary realities and their styling in art speech of the authors of the mentioned times. For the disclosure of cognitive-pragmatic mechanisms of secondary nomens to denote objects of reality, displayed in French precious literature, a comprehensive methodology has been developed that was proved effective in determination of structural-semantic types of secondary nomination with their varieties and performance in the works of Pierre de Marbeuf, Vincent Voiture, Claude de Malleville, Madeleine de Scudéry. A new criterion for the typification of secondary units according to their belonging to the grammatical or lexical-semantic level of the language has been proposed. Structural types of secondary nomination (grammatical anaphora) relate to the grammatical process of repetition of a word, phrase, or syntagm using a secondary nomen (anaphora). Pronoun, noun, adjectival, adverbial, verbal (simple, complex) and propositional structural types of secondary nomens are traced out. They are classified into such kinds as exact, inexact, conceptual, divergent, associative and zero ones. The semantic types of the secondary nomination are united by the common principle of creation: associative thinking and expressive-figurative content. Among them stand out the stylistic anaphora, metaphor (announced/explicit, direct/pure, developed, proportional, dead, contextual), metonymy and periphrasis.A lexical analysis of specific types of secondary nouns, such as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verb anaphors and their varieties in the poetry of the brightest representatives of the Precision period is also presented. The functions and purpose of the use of the studied means by the mentioned authors are clarified.
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Le Pesant, Denis. "Anaphores Associatives et Classes D'objets." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.20.1.05pes.
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The "associative anaphoras" (e.g. He enters the village and goes to see the mayor), contrary to the "true anaphoras" (e.g. A policeman rings at the door; and soon the policeman leaves), are neither co-references, nor lexically identical to the antecedent. Our analysis of the associative anaphora tends to turn it into a particular case of the true anaphora. We can distinguish two main categories of associative anaphoras: those which result from an ellipsis of true anaphora, and those which result from an antecedent ellipsis of true anaphora. Here is an example of the first category: I leave a restaurant; the cook (of that restaurant, 0) is remarkable. Here is an example of the second category: He takes his temperature (with a thermometre, 0); the thermometre shows 39° C.
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Gračanin-Yuksek, Martina, Sol Lago, Duygu Fatma Şafak, Orhan Demir, and Bilal Kırkıcı. "The interpretation of syntactically unconstrained anaphors in Turkish heritage speakers." Second Language Research 36, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 475–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658319841403.
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Previous work has shown that heritage grammars are often simplified compared to their monolingual counterparts, especially in domains in which the societally-dominant language makes fewer distinctions than the heritage language. We investigated whether linguistic simplification extended to the anaphoric system of Turkish heritage speakers living in Germany. Whereas the Turkish monolingual grammar features a three-way distinction between reflexives ( kendi), pronouns ( o), and syntactically-unconstrained anaphors ( kendisi), German only distinguishes between two categories, pronouns and reflexives. We examined whether heritage speakers simplified the Turkish anaphor system by assimilating the syntactically unconstrained anaphor kendisi to either of the two categories attested in the societally-dominant language, German. Speakers’ sensitivity to grammatical distinctions in comprehension was assessed using an offline antecedent selection task and an online self-paced reading task. Our results showed that heritage speakers retain the three-way anaphoric distinctions of the monolingual grammar but there were also differences between the results of the offline and the online tasks. We suggest that processing paradigms are a useful complement to judgment tasks when studying how heritage speakers use grammatical distinctions involving optionality, as online measures can reveal distinctions that are allowed, even if dispreferred by comprehenders.
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Flynn, S., and I. Espinal. "Head-initial/head-final parameter in adult Chinese L2 acquisition of English." Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 1, no. 2 (December 1985): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765838500100201.
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In this study, we investigate the role of the head-initial/head-final parameter in adult second language (L2) acquisition of English. Sixty Chinese speaking adults were tested in their elicited production of complex sentences which involved pre-and postposed adverbial subordinate clauses both with and without pronoun anaphors. Results obtained in this study match those reported earlier for Japanese speakers learning English (Flynn, 1981; 1983a; 1983b; 1984; in press). Both Japanese and Chinese are head-final languages (Kuno, 1973; Huang, 1982). Findings are used to argue for the role of the head-initial/head-final parameter in adult L2 acquisition of pronoun anaphora. They are also used to argue for a model of grammar in which parameters associated with head-direction are differentiated from parameters associated with word order (Travis, 1983; 1984). Results also provide additional empirical support for the parameter setting model of L2 acquisition currently proposed by Flynn (1983a; 1983b, in press; forthcoming).
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Bailey, Benjamin. "Mandarin learners’ (L2) comprehension of zero anaphora in Mandarin phone conversations." Chinese as a Second Language Research 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2015-0011.
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AbstractThis article analyzes patterns of comprehension of zero anaphor by native-English-speaker learners of Mandarin in recordings and transcriptions of four naturally occurring Mandarin telephone conversations. Because many anaphoric pronouns have no overt expression in Mandarin, comprehension of even basic clause constituents of Mandarin texts can require discourse-level inferencing that English does not require. Despite these differences between English and Mandarin, intermediate to advanced level Mandarin learners in this study were able to successfully interpret and translate zero anaphor in these telephone conversation texts about 72% of the time. The greatest difficulties with zero anaphor were related to a) instances in which the initial, explicitly expressed antecedent was misinterpreted, and b) shifts in footing, or verbal activity, in which speakers moved, for example, from narrative description to direct address of interlocutor or personal evaluation of a situation just described. These patterns suggest that greater awareness of discourse level structures in naturally occurring verbal interaction – which could be taught through explicit instruction – might help intermediate and advanced Mandarin learners to correctly interpret a broader range of zero anaphora.
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Kleiber, Georges. "Anaphore Associative, Pontage et Stéréotypie." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 35–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.17.1.03kle.
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One of the central questions that any description of associative anaphor (Nous arrivâmes dans un village. L'église était située sur une hauteur) implies is that of the role which stereotypic knowledge plays in its establishment. There are two conflicting answers. One maintains that the associative relation is of semantic or a priori order. The other, on the contrary, asserts that cognition and discourse are responsible for such anaphoric connections. The aim of this paper is to show that, despite their attractive power, the arguments and examples invoked by the second one, are not sufficient to finally carry the day: associative anaphors works with stereotyps.
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Antonenko, Andrei. "Principle A and feature valuation." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4325.
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Traditional binding theory is largely incompatible with minimalist assumptions. In this paper I propose an analysis of anaphoric binding based on a feature-checking mechanism (Pesetsky and Torrego 2007), by introducing the feature ⟨ρ⟩, a formalization of the reflexivity proposal of Reinhart and Reuland 1993. I argue that the ⟨ρ⟩ feature is responsible for establishing coreference between an anaphor and its antecedent, by being present and valued on reflexives while being unvalued on a higher phrasal head. Valuation of ⟨ρ⟩ under Agree results in the introduction of a λ -operator, which binds the reflexive variable, thereby establishing the coreference between an anaphor and its antecedent. I further demonstrate how this revision of binding theory can derive subject orientation of monomorphemic anaphors, Barss- Lasnik effects, and restrict at which moment of derivation binding theory can apply. In conclusion I show some novel asymmetries observed in wh-dislocated reflexives in English vs. Russian indirect questions.
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GOLOB, Nina. "Foreword." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2017): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.7.1.5-6.
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The first, summer issue of the seventh volume of the ALA journal comprises six academic articles, of which the first three share pragmatic concepts in discourse analysis in Japanese and Bangla, while the latter three deploy different language varieties of Japanese and Chinese to provide overviews of their linguistic characteristics.Shinichi SHOJI is the author of the first article “Understanding Reference: Morphological Marking in Japanese”, which investigated the anaphor-antecedent relationship in Japanese, particularly in cases with repeated-name anaphors. He has come to the conclusion that the topic postposition wa after an anaphora determines the anaphors’ topic-hood and as such plays an important role in facilitates the realization of antecedents.Another conversational discourse was used by Soumya Sankar GHOSH, Samir KARMAKAR and Arka BANERJEE to explore the occurance and role of indeclinable ar in Bangla. Authors point out that multiple interpretations of ar, which in addition have a large semantic and pragmatic scope, can be systematized by the use of phonological context.Hironori NISHI in his article was interested in the use of the Japanese past form n deshita/n datta in a discourse. His results, based on the analyses of a large corpus, show that approximately two-thirds of the n deshita/n datta cases are not grammatically constrained, and that those cases exhibit either the speaker’s recollection of previously held knowledge, or confirmation-seeking utterances for their previously held knowledge.Andrei A. AVRAM explored phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical aspects of Yokohama Pidgin Japanese and Japanese Pidgin English to find out that the bi-directional approach detected several common features typical of pre-pidgins though the two languages differ considerably in the circumstances of their emergence and the context of use.Yet another language variety, namely the legal Chinese sociolect, was analyzed quantitatively by Ľuboš GAJDOŠ. Referring to the Chinese monolingual corpus Hanku, the author touched several statistical parameters, including the length of sentences and the proportion of parts of speech, and additionally discussed the issues on statistical data processing. Last but not least, Tereza SLAMĚNÍKOVÁ turned to Czech speakers of Chinese to search on and discuss the L1 influences on the L2 perception at the early stages of the learning process. The author focused on segmental and suprasegmental features, and found out that while some perceptional mistakes are language-independent, others are language-specific, and stressed the importance of the latter. Editors and Editorial Board thank all the contributors to this volume, and wish the regular and new readers of the ALA journal a pleasant read full of inspiration.
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Bacchini, Simone. "Looking back and moving forward: what anaphora can reveal about human languages and the mind." English Today 29, no. 4 (November 21, 2013): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078413000370.
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Arguably, anaphora is one of the most interesting linguistic phenomena. Broadly speaking, the term refers to a relation between two linguistic elements. In this relation, the interpretation of one element, the anaphor, is determined by the interpretation of another: the antecedent. Thus, in the sentence Cordelia said she loved Manet, the pronoun ‘she’ is the anaphor, which refers back (the word ‘anaphor’ is derived from a Greek term which translates as ‘to carry back’), while Cordelia is its antecedent. Anaphora is closely linked to deixis, the phenomenon in language whereby the meaning of certain elements requires contextual and/or co-textual information.
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Kolhatkar, Varada, Adam Roussel, Stefanie Dipper, and Heike Zinsmeister. "Anaphora With Non-nominal Antecedents in Computational Linguistics: a Survey." Computational Linguistics 44, no. 3 (September 2018): 547–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00327.
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This article provides an extensive overview of the literature related to the phenomenon of non-nominal-antecedent anaphora (also known as abstract anaphora or discourse deixis), a type of anaphora in which an anaphor like “that” refers to an antecedent (marked in boldface) that is syntactically non-nominal, such as the first sentence in “It’s way too hot here. That’s why I’m moving to Alaska.” Annotating and automatically resolving these cases of anaphora is interesting in its own right because of the complexities involved in identifying non-nominal antecedents, which typically represent abstract objects such as events, facts, and propositions. There is also practical value in the resolution of non-nominal-antecedent anaphora, as this would help computational systems in machine translation, summarization, and question answering, as well as, conceivably, any other task dependent on some measure of text understanding. Most of the existing approaches to anaphora annotation and resolution focus on nominal-antecedent anaphora, classifying many of the cases where the antecedents are syntactically non-nominal as non-anaphoric. There has been some work done on this topic, but it remains scattered and difficult to collect and assess. With this article, we hope to bring together and synthesize work done in disparate contexts up to now in order to identify fundamental problems and draw conclusions from an overarching perspective. Having a good picture of the current state of the art in this field can help researchers direct their efforts to where they are most necessary. Because of the great variety of theoretical approaches that have been brought to bear on the problem, there is an equally diverse array of terminologies that are used to describe it, so we will provide an overview and discussion of these terminologies. We also describe the linguistic properties of non-nominal-antecedent anaphora, examine previous annotation efforts that have addressed this topic, and present the computational approaches that aim at resolving non-nominal-antecedent anaphora automatically. We close with a review of the remaining open questions in this area and some of our recommendations for future research.
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Shoji, Shinichi. "Antecedent Retrieval with Repeated Name Anaphors in Japanese: Topic and Subject." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0804.04.
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The present study tested whether repeated-name anaphors in Japanese elicit different effects in retrieving antecedents, depending on the anaphors being either a topic anaphor appended with the topic marker wa or a non-topic anaphor with the nominative marker ga. Early studies have shown that pronoun anaphors facilitate faster retrieval of their antecedents relative to repeated name anaphors, when the anaphors are grammatical subjects that refer to salient antecedents. In Japanese, however, grammatical subjects can be further classified into topic-subjects marked by wa and non-topic subjects marked by ga. Therefore, different antecedent-retrieval patterns may be possible between topic-wa and topic-ga even when they both were repeated-name anaphors. In addition, the present study investigated this issue with native English speakers who were learners of Japanese. Because their first language, English, does not overtly mark an entity as topic or non-topic, it was predicted that they might be relatively insensitive to anaphors’ topic-hood and may not show different effects between topic-wa and non-topic-ga. A self-paced reading experiment showed that native Japanese speakers retrieved antecedents faster for repeated-name topic-wa anaphors than for non-topic-ga. On the other hand, native English speakers showed only marginally faster retrieval of antecedents for topic anaphors compared with to non-topic anaphors.
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Yang, Xiaofeng, Jian Su, and Chew Lim Tan. "A Twin-Candidate Model for Learning-Based Anaphora Resolution." Computational Linguistics 34, no. 3 (September 2008): 327–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.2008.07-004-r2-06-57.
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The traditional single-candidate learning model for anaphora resolution considers the antecedent candidates of an anaphor in isolation, and thus cannot effectively capture the preference relationships between competing candidates for its learning and resolution. To deal with this problem, we propose a twin-candidate model for anaphora resolution. The main idea behind the model is to recast anaphora resolution as a preference classification problem. Specifically, the model learns a classifier that determines the preference between competing candidates, and, during resolution, chooses the antecedent of a given anaphor based on the ranking of the candidates. We present in detail the framework of the twin-candidate model for anaphora resolution. Further, we explore how to deploy the model in the more complicated coreference resolution task. We evaluate the twin-candidate model in different domains using the Automatic Content Extraction data sets. The experimental results indicate that our twin-candidate model is superior to the single-candidate model for the task of pronominal anaphora resolution. For the task of coreference resolution, it also performs equally well, or better.
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Zamponi, Graziela. "Anáforas associativas actanciais e nominalizações: delimitação do ponto de vista da semântica de eventos." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 44 (August 24, 2011): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v44i0.8637069.
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This paper presents some distinction between actancial associative anaphora and nominalisation from semantics of events. We claim that if the anaphoric element plays a thematic role of the previous sentence, an actancial associative anaphora will occur; if the anaphoric element refers to an argument describing the event of the verb, it will be considered a nominalisation.
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Saeboe, Kjell Johan. "Anaphoric presuppositions and zero anaphora." Linguistics and Philosophy 19, no. 2 (April 1996): 187–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00635837.
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Freeman, Margaret H. "Grounded spaces: deictic -self anaphors in the poetry of Emily Dickinson." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 6, no. 1 (February 1997): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394709700600101.
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Ungrammaticality in poetry, when it is considered 'acceptable' by literary critics, has been characteristically dismissed as 'poetic licence', as though poets are somehow exempt from the constraints on linguistic usage. Autonomous (traditional or transformational) grammar has no explanation for the occurrence of forms such as Emily Dickinson's -self anaphor pronouns. On the contrary, under a cognitive linguistic account, her apparently ungrammatical -self anaphors are perfectly grammatical. Dickinson's -self anaphors, grounded in mental spaces, are triggered by the subject/agent of their originating space. That the grounding of these -self anaphors makes them deictic is attested by the existence of 'crossover' spaces. Dickinson's use of the -self anaphor in projected mental spaces makes the self deictically present in that space: not any self, but the self as agent in the originating space. By using the principle of -self anaphor projection from the subject/agent in one mental space into another, Dickinson creates for us a world of possibilities : a world in which things can happen and be made to happen through the agencies of the self.
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Pogibenko, T. G. "DISAPPEARING PARTICIPANTS IN THE KHMER SENTENCE: SEMANTIC INCORPORATION, EXCORPORATION, ZERO ANAPHORA." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 1 (11) (2020): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-1-281-293.
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The paper deals with representation of obligatory participants of a situation described by the verb which do not get a syntactic role in the syntactic structure of a Khmer sentence, i. e. incorporation in the verb semantic structure, excorporation into a lexical complex, deictic zero, zero anaphors. Special attention is paid to the role of lexical complex, which is a unique resource of the Khmer language, and its use for implicit and explicit representation of the participants of the situation described. An issue of a particular interest is participants’ representation as a component of a lexical complex, rather than a component of the sentence syntactic structure. Language data of Modern Khmer, Middle Khmer, and Old Khmer is used to show that this mode of representation has been used throughout the whole period of the evolution of Khmer beginning with the Old Khmer inscriptions. An attempt is made to reveal the functional character of the phenomenon discussed. It is maintained that this strategy is used for semantic derivation, for a more detailed conceptualization of the situation described, as well as for word polysemy elimination in the text. Examples are cited where lexical complexes with incorporated participants are used to make up for the inherent semantic emptiness of predicates of evaluation. In case of participants incorporated in deictic verbs, the deictic zero in Khmer may refer to participants other than “observer”. Specific features of zero anaphora in Khmer are also mentioned.
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Jubran, Clélia Cândida Abreu Spinardi. "O discurso como objeto-de-discurso em expressões nominais anafóricas." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 44 (August 24, 2011): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v44i0.8637067.
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This paper focuses on anaphoric nominal expressions in order to distinguish the specific characteristics presented by expressions of metadiscursive nature in the process of textual references construction and referention progression. Such specific characteristics, related to self-reflexive peculiarity which defines the metadiscourse, differ from the comparasion between metadiscursive nominal anaphora and anaphoric nominal forms carrying informative function such as the definite and indefinite descriptions, nominalizations and associative anaphora.