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Journal articles on the topic 'Anarchy In Medical Field'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Carmona, René, Christy V. Graves, and Zongjun Tan. "Price of anarchy for Mean Field Games." ESAIM: Proceedings and Surveys 65 (2019): 349–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/proc/201965349.

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The price of anarchy, originally introduced to quantify the inefficiency of selfish behavior in routing games, is extended to mean field games. The price of anarchy is defined as the ratio of a worst case social cost computed for a mean field game equilibrium to the optimal social cost as computed by a central planner. We illustrate properties of such a price of anarchy on linear quadratic extended mean field games, for which explicit computations are possible. A sufficient and necessary condition to have no price of anarchy is presented. Various asymptotic behaviors of the price of anarchy are proved for limiting behaviors of the coefficients in the model and numerics are presented.

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2

Vedantam Leela. "Corporate Social Responsibility in Hospitals: Need for Transparent CSR Initiatives for Internal and External Stakeholders." Think India 17, no. 1 (April 26, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v17i1.7811.

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Social Responsibility initiatives are the indispensible strategies for governance and this applies equally well in the field of Corporate framework also. In the recent times, the corporate houses other than healthcare industry, evidently demonstrated that strategic balance among social, environmental, and commercial goals can be accomplished. Corporate hospitals contemporary functioning rests on the anarchic assumptions that healthcare industry functions on the notion that what is good for patients or society cannot be good for business. At a time when patients are overexposed to medical procedures and medical treatment is within the reach of affordability of only those who are well insured, there arises a question,is it not essential for corporate hospitals to adopt CSR initiatives. An important corollary question, that also needs to be examined, is whether and for what reasons CSR initiatives must be nurtured by Corporate Hospitals. Drawing up from the existing research studies on CSR in corporate hospitals in Indian scenario i.e., corporate hospitals and healthcare sector, this paper (i) undertakes a thorough examination of the CSR initiatives needs a thorough examination, (ii) examines the implications of modelling of CSR in corporate hospitals so as to create a right balance between their social and economic objectives, (iii) to this extent, the paper hypothesizes that (a) employee costs of corporate hospitals may positively increase due to CSR initiatives, (b) profit maximization i.e. positive increases due to CSR initiatives, and (c) the degree of workforce efficiency positively increases sales turnover due to CSR initiatives.

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3

Tang, Shiping. "Reconciliation and the Remaking of Anarchy." World Politics 63, no. 4 (September 22, 2011): 711–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887111000219.

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For years, mainstream international relations (IR) theorists have essentially ignored reconciliation as a special—and perhaps the most difficult—form of cooperation building in international politics. This review article seeks to make the study of reconciliation a more visible field for further inquiry in IR, comparative politics, and sociology for both theoretical and practical reasons. After summarizing important themes emerged from the recent literature on reconciliation, the author addresses four issues for understanding interstate reconciliation: the interplay of group emotions and group politics, the interplay of domestic politics and international politics, the institutionalization of memories, and methodological issues. Better understanding of these issues also contributes to broadening the scope of inquiry in IR, comparative politics, and the sociology literature.

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4

Aurell, Alexander. "Mean-Field Type Games between Two Players Driven by Backward Stochastic Differential Equations." Games 9, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g9040088.

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In this paper, mean-field type games between two players with backward stochastic dynamics are defined and studied. They make up a class of non-zero-sum, non-cooperating, differential games where the players’ state dynamics solve backward stochastic differential equations (BSDE) that depend on the marginal distributions of player states. Players try to minimize their individual cost functionals, also depending on the marginal state distributions. Under some regularity conditions, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of Nash equilibria. Player behavior is illustrated by numerical examples, and is compared to a centrally planned solution where the social cost, the sum of player costs, is minimized. The inefficiency of a Nash equilibrium, compared to socially optimal behavior, is quantified by the so-called price of anarchy. Numerical simulations of the price of anarchy indicate how the improvement in social cost achievable by a central planner depends on problem parameters.

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Havercroft, Jonathan, and Alex Prichard. "Anarchy and International Relations theory: A reconsideration." Journal of International Political Theory 13, no. 3 (July 20, 2017): 252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755088217719911.

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In this introduction to the Special Issue, we undertake a little ground clearing in order to make room in International Relations for thinking differently about anarchy and world politics. Anarchy’s roots in, and association with, social contract theory and the state of nature has unduly narrowed how we might understand the concept and its potential in International Relations. Indeed, such is the consensus in this regard that anarchy is remarkably uncontested, considering its centrality to the field. Looking around, both inside and outside International Relations, for alternative accounts, we find ample materials for helping us think anew about the nature of and possibilities for politics in anarchy. In the second part of the introduction, we show how our contributors develop and expand on these resources and what we hope the Special Issue brings to International Relations.

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Gladfelter, Amy S. "Nuclear anarchy: asynchronous mitosis in multinucleated fungal hyphae." Current Opinion in Microbiology 9, no. 6 (December 2006): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2006.09.002.

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7

Wouters, Jelle J. P. "Highland Asia as a field of anthropological study." Highlander: Journal of Highland Asia 1, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/thj.v1.2019.4188.

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Zomia, in the sense exulted by James C. Scott (2009) as an abode of purposeful political anarchy and anti-stateism, is not an emic conceptualization, not a particular place or an incantation of a collective identity referred to or professed by particular populations of humans. As a spatial and social reality, or as a word-concept, Zomia, then appears an exercise in scholarly magical realism (evidence is ‘thin’, ‘limited’, and ‘ambiguous’, as Victor Lieberman (2010: 339) puts it more discreetly). It is a form of geographical and historical imagination that nevertheless has begun to ‘escape’ the narrow corridors of the academy and into public discourse where it now lives a life of its own. It is an original imagination no doubt – an optic that stimulates fresh scholarship – but one simultaneously cannot escape that Zomia-disciples are letting their imagination run away with them.

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8

Sartorius, N. "International Perspectives of Psychiatric Classification." British Journal of Psychiatry 152, S1 (May 1988): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s000712500029555x.

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When Renaudin, aghast at the situation in 1856 wrote, “We now see anarchy in the field of classification threatening to split our ranks and robbing us of the victories of our predecessors”, he was not only providing an argument for adhering to a common system of communication in psychiatry, he was also stating why classifications are such an enchanting conundrum attracting attention, arousing emotion and giving rise to thought.

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9

Trappenburg, Margo J. "Defining the Medical Sphere." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 6, no. 4 (1997): 416–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096318010000815x.

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Part of the debate on cost containment in healthcare systems may be characterized as applied political philosophy One might say that the current debate between competing theories of justice that started with Rawls' A Theory of Justice in 1971 has acquired a small sister debate in healthcare philosophy Major participants in the debate on social justice have become an important source of inspiration for bioethicists interested in a just distribution of healthcare resources. Thus Rawls' A Theory of Justice has been remodeled for healthcare philosophy by Norman Daniels. Nozick's libertarian manifesto Anarchy, State, and Utopia has been used for bioethical purposes by H.T. Engelhardt. The books of Daniel Callahan evidently belong to a family of communitarian theories, though Callahan cannot be said to follow one or another communitarian thinker (be it Christopher Lasch, Alisdair Maclntyre, or Amitai Etzioni) in particular. In the next two sections of this article I will give a very brief sketch of the debate on social justice in political philosophy and then discuss the sister debate on social justice in healthcare.

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10

Ali, Omran. "Conflict and Cooperation in International Relations: Theoretical Contributions of the Debate between New Realism and Neoliberalism." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 8, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2020.8.4.653.

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This paper deals with the debate between neo-realism and neo-liberalism within the field of international relations and highlights the most important propositions of the two theories, especially regarding their views on the structure of international relations and whether it is characterized by anarchy and conflict or cooperation. The study of conflict and cooperation in international relations has been one of the main tasks of research and analysis for theorists and researchers of international relations, and this conflict-cooperation nexus has become the main issue in the debate between the two prevailing theories in international relations. Neorealism and neoliberalism are the most influential theories on international relations, and the debate between them has considered one of the most important one in the field of international relations. This research seeks to clarify and explain the theoretical contributions of each of the two theories regarding conflict and cooperation in international relations, and the extent to which neoliberal assumptions, especially with regard to the role of international institutions in increasing international cooperation, has contributed to reducing the dominance of the realistic vision in international relations, especially with regard to conflict and anarchy. It argues that the debate between neorealism and neoliberalism did not significantly contribute to developing the theory of international relations, as this debate did not contribute significantly to reducing the dominance of power politics in international relations and solving the international problems resulting from it.

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11

Cooper, W. E. "“I Don't Get No Respect." Dialogue 25, no. 2 (1986): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300048824.

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The author struggles to come to grips here with the philosophical complexities and personal tragedies that disorient us when we reflect on the great and pervasive inequalities in human societies. His egalitarianism is radical in denying the justice of the inequalities that liberals like Rawls would countenance, and in denying that justice and capitalism are compatible. Nielsen displays a masterly knowledge of the literature of social justice, especially that which bears on Rawls's A Theory of Justice and Nozick's Anarchy, State and Utopia, the celebrated philosophical flagships of liberalism and conservatism respectively; this feature of the book should be useful for advanced students of social and political philosophy who need to acquire a sense for the texture of contemporary argument in the field. The thicket of sturdy arguments in Equality and Liberty should convince Rawlsians to accept many tenets of Nielsen's radical egalitarianism, or else to re-examine their thinking about social justice. And the extended critique of Anarchy, State and Utopia should persuade Nozickians of the need for “a reasonably sophisticated political sociology and a sound critical theory of society” if one is to philosophize adequately about social justice (5). Many will find this critique the most valuable part of the book.

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12

Mahmood, Anwar Mohammed Faraj, and Bakhan Ako Najmalddin. "Explanation of Neorealism Theory of International Actors: An Applied Study on Selected Models)." Tikrit Journal For Political Science, no. 18 (March 26, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i18.202.

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The field of international relations has been assessed through diverse theoretical framework including realism. Classical realism has been reformed by neorealists for analyzing current actors and interactions in international relations. For neorealists, the most essential characteristic of the international arena is anarchy, which they argue exists because the international system lacks a world government with the capability of making and imposing international law, which in turn makes cooperating among states difficult. Then, competition and conflict can never be avoided in such situation. Thus, states must eventually guarantee their own survival and security. Neorealists describe states as the main actors in international relations and they have a negative view about non-state actors, in particular international and regional organizations; they state that organizations have no capacity to control a states' attitude or to prevent war or at least minimize anarchy in the international politics. Moreover, neorealists emphasize that organizations are ineffective because the agendas they set tend to be controlled by the superpower states, and they are in fact tools for increasing superpower influence. Neorealists support their argument by highlighting many case studies such as the United Nations, the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and World Trade Organization.

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13

Dai, David Yun. "Hopeless Anarchy or Saving Pluralism? Reflections on Our Field in Response to Ambrose, VanTassel-Baska, Coleman, and Cross." Journal for the Education of the Gifted 34, no. 5 (September 2011): 705–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162353211416437.

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14

민병천. "Embodying a Field of Thoughts and Communications as a Political Agenda: A Reading of Shelley’s The Mask of Anarchy." Journal of English Language and Literature 56, no. 4 (October 2010): 667–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15794/jell.2010.56.4.005.

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15

Biehl, João, and Adriana Petryna. "Peopling Global Health." Saúde e Sociedade 23, no. 2 (June 2014): 376–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-12902014000200003.

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The field of Global Health brings together a vastly diverse array of actors working to address pressing health issues worldwide with unprecedented financial and technological resources and informed by various agendas. While Global Health initiatives are booming and displacing earlier framings of the field (such as tropical medicine or international health), critical analyses of the social, political, and economic processes associated with this expanding field — an “open source anarchy” on the ground — are still few and far between. In this essay, we contend that, among the powerful players of Global Health, the supposed beneficiaries of interventions are generally lost from view and appear as having little to say or nothing to contribute. We make the case for a more comprehensive and people-centered approach and demonstrate the crucial role of ethnography as an empirical lantern in Global Health. By shifting the emphasis from diseases to people and environments, and from trickle-down access to equality, we have the opportunity to set a humane agenda that both realistically confronts challenges and expands our vision of the future of global communities.

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16

Casals, Alícia. "Medical Robotics: An Exciting Field." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 24, no. 5 (2006): 594–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.24.594.

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17

Brooks, J., and L. Brooks. "Automation in the medical field." IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 17, no. 4 (1998): 76, 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/51.687969.

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18

Gonzales, Joseph P., Robert P. Buchmeier, and David J. Scherer. "Communications Supporting Field Medical Units." Military Medicine 153, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/153.6.295.

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19

NAKAJIMA, KATSUHISA. "Protein Engineering for Medical Field." Sen'i Gakkaishi 44, no. 5 (1988): P180—P185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.44.5_p180.

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20

Nash, June, and Jane Schneider. "Medical Coverage in the Field." Anthropology News 34, no. 5 (May 1993): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.1993.34.5.21.1.

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21

Rinck, P. A., H. W. Fischer, L. Vander Elst, Y. Van Haverbeke, and R. N. Muller. "Field-cycling relaxometry: medical applications." Radiology 168, no. 3 (September 1988): 843–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.168.3.3406414.

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22

NARUSE, Keiji. "Actuators in the Medical Field." Proceedings of the Machine Design and Tribology Division meeting in JSME 2012.12 (2012): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemdt.2012.12.3.

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23

Mathura, Jeevan R., and Lee M. Jampol. "Medical Mystery — Visual-Field Defect." New England Journal of Medicine 355, no. 15 (October 12, 2006): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm040399.

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24

Islam, Sharmin, Rusli Bin Nordin, Ab Rani Shamsuddin, and Hanapi Bin Mohd Noor. "Ethics of Human Cloning: A Comparative Study of Western Secular and Islamic Bioethics Perspectives." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 11, no. 4 (November 13, 2012): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i4.12595.

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The comparative approach regarding the ethics of surrogacy from the Western secular and Islamic bioethical view reveals both commensurable and incommensurable relationship. It is not either straight forward commensurable or straight forward incommensurable. Islamic bioethics is straight-forward in prohibiting reproductive cloning on its own features and also guess social chaos and anarchy. Western secular bioethics has both arguments and counter arguments both for and against this scientific innovation. Both are eager to highlight the welfare of the society as a whole but the approaches are not always the same. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i4.12595 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 04 Oct12

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25

Mendling, Jan, Nicholas Berente, Stefan Seidel, and Thomas Grisold. "The Philosopher's Corner." ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems 52, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3462766.3462773.

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In an effort to contribute to the recent debate around epistemological and methodological anarchism inspired by the thinking of Paul Feyerabend, we reflect on Habermas's pragmatist perspective of social science. We argue that the information systems field instantiates a sort of pluralism that goes beyond the relativistic conclusions of Feyerabend. This is evident through the different traditions of research into business processes and organizational routines. There is a healthy diversity of epistemological and methodological approaches in this research. Accompanying this diversity is an openness to novelty and change. Yet, at the same time, this does not necessitate the abandonment of rigor and a cumulative tradition implied by "anything goes." Anything does not go, and that's a good thing. There is not a singular, hegemonic approach to what constitutes strong information systems research, but neither have we devolved into anarchy.

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26

TAKAGI, Shu, and Yoichiro MATSUMOTO. "Multiphase Flows in Bio-Medical Field." JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MULTIPHASE FLOW 26, no. 4 (2012): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3811/jjmf.26.386.

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27

Stuckless, John Shearing, and Daniel Gene Vogt. "Medical Emergencies at Summer Field Camp." Journal of Geological Education 33, no. 3 (May 1985): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-33.3.167.

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28

Okamoto, Yuka, Kasumi Nakajima, Naomi Murakami, Risa Hiraruma, Noriko Shirai, and Yumi Iwamitsu. "Stress of Psychologists in Medical Field." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 82 (September 25, 2018): 3AM—035–3AM—035. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.82.0_3am-035.

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29

Motoyama, Nobuaki, and Kohtayo Kohmoto. "Optical radiation sources for medical field." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 72, no. 12 (1988): 708–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.72.12_708.

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30

Javaid, Mohd, and Abid Haleem. "Virtual reality applications toward medical field." Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 8, no. 2 (June 2020): 600–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2019.12.010.

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31

Kennerley, J. A. "Professional Autonomy in the Medical Field." Journal of Management in Medicine 7, no. 2 (February 1993): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02689239310036945.

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32

Berlin, Elois Ann, and Brent Berlin. "Some Field Methods in Medical Ethnobiology." Field Methods 17, no. 3 (August 2005): 235–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x05277532.

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33

Naveendra, T. S., and P. R. P. Hoole. "Near field computation for medical diagnostics." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 35, no. 3 (May 1999): 1765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.767372.

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34

Durgakeri, Bhagyashree S., Damini N. Naik, and S. V. Viraktamath. "Application of Nanorobots in Medical field." Bonfring International Journal of Research in Communication Engineering 6, Special Issue (November 30, 2016): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijrce.8200.

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35

Doi, Kunio. "ICRU Activities in Medical Imaging Field." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 72, no. 6 (2016): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.2016_jsrt_72.6.530.

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36

FUJIE, Masakatsu G., Takeshi ANDO, and Yo KOBAYASHI. "Collaboration between Medical and Engineering Field." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 114, no. 1107 (2011): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.114.1107_94.

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Bernety, Hossein Mehrpour, Huanan Zhang, David Schurig, and Cynthia M. Furse. "Field Focusing for Implanted Medical Devices." IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology 4, no. 4 (December 2020): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jerm.2020.2983842.

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38

Ichkitidze, L. P., N. A. Bazaev, D. V. Telyshev, R. Y. Preobrazhensky, and M. L. Gavrushina. "Magnetic Field Sensors in Medical Diagnostics." Biomedical Engineering 48, no. 6 (March 2015): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10527-015-9475-0.

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39

Duffy, Deirdre Niamh. "From Feminist Anarchy to Decolonisation: Understanding Abortion Health Activism Before and After the Repeal of the 8th Amendment." Feminist Review 124, no. 1 (March 2020): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141778919895498.

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This article analyses abortion health activism (AHA) in the Irish context. AHA is a form of activism focused on enabling abortion access where it is restricted. Historically, AHA has involved facilitating the movement of abortion seekers along ‘abortion trails’ (Rossiter, 2009). Organisations operate transnationally, enabling access to abortion care across borders. Such AHA is a form of feminist anarchism, resisting prohibitions on abortion through direct action. However, AHA work has changed over time. Existing scholarship relates this to advancements in medical technology, particularly the emergence of telemedicine and the increased use of early medical abortion. This article goes beyond those explanations to explore how else AHA has changed by comparing the work of AHA before and after the Republic of Ireland’s referendum on abortion in May 2018. Based on this, I argue that there is a visible shift in the politics of AHA. Drawing on qualitative data from research on AHA organisations along the Liverpool–Ireland Abortion Corridor, specifically those based outside Ireland, the article argues that in the aftermath of the referendum, Irish AHA has increasingly moved towards decolonising feminist activism, thus drawing attention to the relationship between abortion health activists (AHAs) and broader political discourses entangled with abortion law reform.

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40

Barry, Erin S., Ting Dong, Steven J. Durning, Deanna Schreiber-Gregory, Dario Torre, and Neil E. Grunberg. "Medical Student Leader Performance in an Applied Medical Field Practicum." Military Medicine 184, no. 11-12 (May 21, 2019): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz121.

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Abstract Introduction Many medical schools in the United States are introducing leader and leadership curricula. However, there is a large gap regarding how to assess leader performance during undergraduate medical education. With the guidance of a conceptual framework, leadership assessment measures can be developed, learners can make expected improvements in performance over time, and assessment measures can be used in relevant, applied, medical teaching settings. Uniformed Services University (USU) medical students are educated to become healthcare leaders who can perform effectively in various settings. Medical students are assessed on multiple occasions for elements of leader performance during “Operation Bushmaster” – the capstone military medical field practicum event for fourth year medical students – by experienced faculty. A conceptual framework guides the assessment approach for leader performance during Bushmaster. The USU Leader and Leadership Education and Development program developed an assessment tool to measure student leader performance used in a military medical field practicum. The present paper examines whether: (1) leader performance can be measured at Bushmaster; (2) leader performance changed during Bushmaster; (3) leader performance elements are related to each other; and (4) overall leader performance is related to other medical academic performance. Materials and Methods Trained faculty assessed students’ leader performance. Data from three cohorts of USU medical students (N = 509) were collected. All data were collected, compiled, deidentified, and analyzed with approval from the USU Institutional Review Board (Protocol number: KM83XV). Descriptive statistics, repeated measures t-tests, trend analyses, and correlation analyses were performed. Results Data were available from 483/509 [95%] students. Results revealed that: (1) average leader performance was satisfactory; (2) overall leader performance and performance on each of the major elements of leader performance significantly improved over the course of Bushmaster; (3) major elements of leader performance were significantly correlated with each other and with overall leader performance; (4) leader performance was not correlated with students’ performance on the MCAT total score or USMLE Step exam scores. Conclusion With the guidance of a conceptual framework, the assessment tool was used to assess leader performance in a relevant, applied, medical teaching setting. The findings of this study indicate that leader performance can be measured. Additionally, leader performance appears to be a separate skillset from medical academic performance and both types of performance can be taught and developed. This was a retrospective correlation study and was conducted during a military medical field practicum at a single institution. Gathering additional validity evidence of the assessment tool is needed. With additional validity evidence, the assessment tool could be applied to other medical exercises in different settings and help with the assessment of leader performance beyond medical school.

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41

Mizojiri, Takafumi, and Makoto Kimura. "Application of Light Sources to Medical Field." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 131, no. 5 (2011): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.131.332.

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42

IIDA, KATSUMI. "Application of Stable Isotope in Medical Field." RADIOISOTOPES 46, no. 2 (1997): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.46.125.

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43

Kajiwara, Toshihisa. "Progress of Processing Technology in Medical Field." Seikei-Kakou 27, no. 9 (August 20, 2015): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.27.355.

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44

KATAYAMA, SOICHI. "Sleep disorder in the neuro-medical field." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 84, no. 3 (1995): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.84.419.

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45

OZAKI, YUKIHIRO. "Recent development of laser application. Medical field." Review of Laser Engineering 26, no. 1 (1998): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.26.90.

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46

SAIMMAI, Atipan, Wiboon RIANSA-NGAWONG, Suppasil MANEERAT, and Paweena DIKIT. "Application of Biosurfactants in the Medical Field." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 17, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2020.4748.

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It is generally known that both chemical substances and many kinds of microorganism can be used to produce surfactants or surface-active compounds. Surfactants derived from microorganisms are called biosurfactants, or bio-surface active compounds. Recently, biosurfactants have become more interesting because of their advantages, such as less toxicity and more degradability, which cannot be found in traditional surfactants. Biosurfactant production faces some problems, such as a high cost of production. In the medical field, biosurfactants are attractive, because the products from biosurfactants can be used effectively in small amounts. This can compensate for the high cost of production. In addition, there have been many great discoveries of biosurfactants in the medical field.

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Bhandari, Sandeepak. "Modern Era of Medical Field : E-Health." International Journal on Bioinformatics & Biosciences 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijbb.2017.7101.

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Alshahrani, Abdullah. "The Advantages of Nanotechnology in Medical Field." IJIREEICE 4, no. 4 (April 15, 2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/ijireeice.2016.4401.

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Mathura, Jeevan R., and Lee M. Jampol. "Medical Mystery: Visual-Field Defect — The Answer." New England Journal of Medicine 355, no. 23 (December 7, 2006): 2493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmc066437.

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Majumder, Manojit. "Bioinformatics: a promising field for Medical Biochemists." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Biochemistry 7, no. 2 (February 26, 2015): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmb.v7i2.22410.

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