Dissertations / Theses: 'Anatomia quantitativa'

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Resende, Henrique Ribeiro Alves de. "Avaliação morfo-quantitativa da glândula pineal de éguas em atividade reprodutiva e em anestro fisiológico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-04042007-140604/.

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A glândula pineal (GP) integra o epitálamo, mostra-se sensível à luz e secreta um hormônio, a melatonina. Em vertebrados sua secreção é estimulada na ausência de luminosidade e parece interferir na adaptação das funções reprodutivas às condições de luminosidade, especialmente em animais que se reproduzem sazonalmente, possibilitando o nascimento dos filhotes em época mais favorável. Considerando a importância econômica dos eqüinos, tais particularidades tornam-se alvo de pesquisas, justificadas pela ação da GP sobre a reprodução. Objetivou-se avaliar aspectos macro e microscópicos do órgão, como características qualitativas referentes a fibras colágenas (FC) e elásticas (FE); número (NP) e tamanho (PP) de pinealócitos (Pnlct), e eventuais correlações entre estas e os períodos reprodutivos. Para tanto, utilizaram-se 24 éguas, selecionadas por palpação retal e idade, e distribuídas em duas fases: atividade reprodutiva (AR) e anestro fisiológico (AF), cada uma com 2 grupos (3-8 e 15-20 anos). Os animais foram medidos à cernelha (H) e pesados (PV). Colheu-se amostra de sangue para dosagem de estrógeno (E2), progesterona (P4) e melatonina (Mlt), bem como procedeu-se à retirada do sistema genital (SG) para comprovação da fase reprodutiva; do encéfalo e GP para mensurações, e desta para análises histológicas. Nos espécimes, além da avaliação visual do SG, foram determinados o comprimento (CE) e largura (LE) dos encéfalos; o comprimento (CO), largura (LO) e altura (AO) dos ovários e das GP (CGP, LGP e AGP). Após documentação fotográfica as GP foram seccionadas em seu maior eixo, obtendo-se 4 quadrantes. Adotou-se esquema de rodízio para imersão destes em soluções de Bouin, glutaraldeído, Metacar e McDowell. Utilizaram-se colorações por hematoxilina-eosina, fucsina básica/azul de toluidina, Verhöeff e técnica específica para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Para estudo morfométrico foi determinado o perímetro de 480 Pnlct por animal e avaliado o número destes em 2,48 mm² de tecido glandular. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se estatística descritiva, correlação de Pearson, teste "F" e de Scott-Knott. A GP localizou-se no plano sagital mediano, dorso-caudalmente à aderência inter-talâmica e ventralmente ao esplênio do corpo caloso, apresentando formato ovóide ou piriforme (tipo A ou sub-calosa). Está envolvida por cápsula de tecido conjuntivo (TC), da qual partem septos que, acompanhados por vasos sanguíneos, dividem o parênquima em lóbulos. Os principais componentes glandulares são Pnlct e astrócitos. O PV, H, concentrações de E2, Mlt, CE, LE, CGP, LGP, AGP e PP não diferiram entre idades e/ou fases. Não foram encontradas interações entre PV, H, tamanhos de ovários, encéfalo e GP. Concentrações de P4 foram maiores nos animais em AR. O NP foi maior naqueles em AF, em ambas idades. Observaram-se FE em éguas em AR e AF, mas em maior quantidade nas jovens. Naquelas em AR observou-se maior quantidade de TC e de FC do tipo I. Nas em AF foi maior a quantidade de FC do tipo III e de Pnlct. Fibras nervosas e vesículas granulares e agranulares foram identificadas tanto no citoplasma de Pnlct quanto fora dele. Concreções calcáreas foram evidenciadas no núcleo, citoplasma ou espaço extracelular de todas GPs, independentemente da idade e/ou fase reprodutiva.
The pineal gland (PG) is part of the epithalamus, is sensitive to light and secretes the hormone melatonin. In vertebrates its secretion is stimulated by lack of luminosity and appears to interfere with reproductive functions adaptation to luminosity, especially in seasonal breeding animals, directing births to periods more favorable for offspring survival. Considering the equine industry economical importance, research targets, focused on PG action in reproduction becomes very relevant. The objective was to evaluate macro and microscopic aspects of the PG, qualitative characteristics pertaining to collagen (CF) and elastic (EF) fibers; pinealocyte (Pnlct) number (PN) and size (PS) and eventual correlations between these variables and distinct reproductive periods. Twenty four mares were selected by rectal palpation and age, and classified as physiologically anestrous (PA) or reproductively active (RA). Furthermore, within PA and RA mares, two age subgroups (3 - 8 and 15 - 20 years old) were formed. Whither height (WH) and body weight (BW) were also recorded. Blood samples were taken for estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and melatonin (Mlt) measurements, as well as collection of the reproductive tract (RT), of the encephalon and PG for gross measurements and histological analysis. Macroscopic evaluation of the RT, length (EL) and width (EW) of the encephalon were determined. Ovary and PG lengths, widths and heights (OL and PGL, OW and PGW, and OH and PGH, respectively) were also measured. After photographic documentation PGs were sectioned along their major axis resulting in four quadrants. A rotational scheme was adopted for PG tissue immersion in Bouin´s, glutaraldehyde, metacar and McDowell solutions. The following staining procedures were used: haematoxylin-eosin, basic fuchsin/toluidine blue, Verhöeff and a transmission electron microscopy specific technique. For the morphometric study, the diameter of 480 Pnlct per animal was determined. PN was determined in 2.48mm² of PG tissue. Data was analysed by descriptive statistics, Pearson´s correlation and F and Scott-knott tests were performed for mean comparisons. PG was located in the median sagital plane, dorsocaudally to the inter-thalamic adherence and ventrally to the corpus callosum esplenium, showing an ovoid or piriform (type A or sub-callosum). The PG is surrounded by connective tissue (CT), from which septa originate, followed by blood vessels that divide the parenchyma in lobules. The main glandular components are Plnct and astrocytes. Body weight, WH, E2, Mlt, EL, EW, PGL, PGW, PGH and PS did not differ between age group and reproductive status. No interactions between BW, WH, ovarian, encephalon and PG sizes were observed. Progesterone concentrations were higher in RA mares. Pinealocyte number was greater for RA mares from either age group. EF content was similar between RA and PA mares, but higher in the younger groups. Higher CT and type I CF were observed in RA mares. Higher type III CF and PN were found in FA mares. Nervous fibers and granular and agranular vesicles were identified either in the Plnct cytoplasm or in the extra-cellular space. Calcium concretions were observed in the nucleus, cytoplasm or extra-cellular space of all PGs, independently of age and/or reproductive status.

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Perez, Carolina Altagracia Filpo. "Análise quantitativa da anatomia dos canais radiculares distais dos molares inferiores mediante a microtomografia computadorizada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25147/tde-08112013-110759/.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio de imagens obtidas a partir da microtomografia computadorizada (micro-ct), a morfologia interna de canais radiculares distais de molares inferiores. Cem imagens de raízes distais de primeiros e segundos molares inferiores foram obtidas com os microtomógrafos (Skyscan 1176 e 1174, Bélgica) utilizando uma resolução de 18.1μm. Após, a reconstrução das imagens foram feitos os modelos 3D com ajuda da ferramenta CTan e CTvol para a visualização e padronização segundo a classificação de Vertucci. Os seguintes parâmetros foram estudados: classificação morfológica, prevalência do canal principal e ramificações, classificação e prevalência de istmos, forma dos canais, diâmetro apical por meio das distâncias mesiodistais e vestibulolinguais e avaliação do volume apical. Para a avaliação do número, forma dos canais e a presença de istmos foi feito um registro de 9 cortes de cada imagem desde 1,0 até 5,0 mm apicais, considerando 0,5 mm aquém do comprimento real do canal. Para fazer a mensuração do diâmetro mesiodistal e vestibulolingual foi alinhada cada imagem por meio do programa DataViewer e depois foram feitas as anotações das medidas dos canais nos 5,0 mm apicais. O volume apical foi calculado de acordo com a ferramenta 3D Analysis do software CTan. Os resultados foram submetidos ao análise descritiva com o cálculo da porcentagem de ocorrência. Os resultados mostraram que a morfologia do canal mais prevalente foi a tipo I de Vertucci (76%), seguida do tipo V de Vertucci (11%). A forma do canal mais comum foi a circular de 1,0 a 3,5 mm, seguido pela oval de 4,0 a 5,0 mm. A presença de um canal único foi a mais prevalente nos níveis de 1,0 a 5,0 mm. O istmo mais observado foi o do tipo I de Hsu & Kim (86%) no nivel de 1,0 mm, seguido do tipo 5 (39%) a 5,0 mm. Na mensuração das distâncias, a vestibulolingual foi maior que a mesiodistal e o volume aumentou de apical para cervical. Conclui-se que nos canais distais a classificação de Vertucci mais comum foi a tipo I, seguida do tipo V; a presença de um canal único foi o mais prevalente tanto nos níveis de 1,0 como 5,0 mm; quanto a forma do canal, a circular foi a mais predominante desde 1,0 a 3,5 mm (65%), seguida pela forma oval em 4,0 a 5,0 mm (40%); a forma achatada foi a menos prevalente em todos os níveis. A presença de istmos mais observada foi a do tipo I, nos níveis de 1,0 a 5,0 mm. As medidas das distâncias vestibulo-linguais foram maiores em todos os níveis da raiz comparadas com as medidas mesio-distais, e o volume aumentou de apical para cervical.
The objective of this study to evaluate by means of images obtained from computed microtomography (micro-ct), the morphology of the distal root canals of mandibular molars. One hundred images of distal roots of first and second lower molars were obtained with the microtomography (Skyscan 1176 and 1174, Belgium) using a resolution of 18.1 μm. After the reconstruction of the images were analyzed with CTan and CTvol to viewing and standardization according to the classification of Vertucci. The following parameters were evaluated: morphological classification, prevalence the principal canals and ramifications, classification and prevalence isthmus, shape of the canals, through apical diameter mesio-distal and bucco-lingual interval and apical volume. For evaluation of the number, shape of the canals and the presence of isthmus were searched 9 sections of each image from apical 1.0 to 5.0 mm, 0.5 mm before the canals length. To measure mesio-distal and bucco-lingual diameter each image ranged up through DataViewer and then made notations of measurements of the canals in the apical 5.0 mm. The apical volume was calculated in according to the 3D Analysis. The results were subjected to descriptive analysis with the calculation of the percentage of occurrence. The results showed that the morphology the most prevalent was canal type I the Vertucci (76%), followed by type V the Vertucci (11%). The most common canal shape was circular 1.0 to 3.5 mm, followed by the oval in 4.0 mm to 5.0 mm. The presence of a single canal was the most prevalent in levels of 1.0 to 5.0 mm. The isthmus was the most frequently observed type I of the Hsu & Kim (86%) in the level of 1.0 mm, followed by type V (39%) to 5.0 mm. In the measurements of distances, the bucco-lingual was greater than the mesio- distal and volume increased from apical to cervical. The most common Vertuccis classification of the distal canal was the type I, followed by type V; the presence of a single canal was the most prevalent in the levels of 1.0 to 5.0 mm; in the shape of canal, the circular shape was the most common from 1.0 to 3.5 mm (65%), followed by oval shape at 4.0 to 5.0 mm (40%), the flattened shape was less frequent in all levels. The presence of isthmuses most observed was the type I, at levels of 1.0 to 5.0 mm. The measures of bucco-lingual interval were greater at all levels of the root compared to mesio-distal measures, and the volume increased from apical to cervical.

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Bianco, Carlo <1980&gt. "Analisi d'immagine, patologia quantitativa e dimensione frattale in patologia veterinaria: Densita' e forme." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6833/1/ANALISI_D%E2%80%99IMMAGINE%2C_PATOLOGIA_QUANTITATIVA_E.pdf.

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Fino dagli albori della metodica scientifica, l’osservazione e la vista hanno giocato un ruolo fondamentale. La patologia è una scienza visiva, dove le forme, i colori, le interfacce e le architetture di organi, tessuti, cellule e componenti cellulari guidano l’occhio del patologo e ne indirizzano la scelta diagnostico-classificativa. L’osservazione del preparato istologico in microscopia ottica si attua mediante l’esame e la caratterizzazione di anomalie ad ingrandimenti progressivamente crescenti, a diverse scale spaziali, che partono dalla valutazione dell’assetto architettonico sovracellulare, per poi spostarsi ad investigare e descrivere le cellule e le peculiarità citomorfologiche delle stesse. A differenza di altri esami di laboratorio che sono pienamente quantificabili, l’analisi istologica è intrinsecamente soggettiva, e quindi incline ad un alto grado di variabilità nei risultati prodotti da differenti patologi. L’analisi d’immagine, l’estrazione da un’immagine digitale di contenuti utili, rappresenta una metodica oggettiva, valida e robusta ormai largamente impiegata a completamento del lavoro del patologo. Si sottolinea come l’analisi d’immagine possa essere vista come fase descrittiva quantitativa di preparati macroscopici e microscopici che poi viene seguita da una interpretazione. Nuovamente si sottolinea come questi descrittori siano oggettivi, ripetibili e riproducibili, e non soggetti a bassa concordanza inter operatore. La presente tesi si snoda attraverso un percorso concettuale orientato ad applicazioni di analisi d’immagine e patologia quantitativa che parte dalle applicazioni più elementari (densità, misure lineari), per arrivare a nozioni più avanzate, quali lo studio di complessità delle forme mediante l’analisi frattale e la quantificazione del pattern spaziale di strutture sovracellulari.
Until the dawn of the scientific method, observation was pivotal. Pathology is a visual science, where the forms, colors, interfaces and architectures of organs, tissues, cells and cell components direct the diagnosis. The observation of the histological preparation in optical microscopy is implemented through the examination and characterization of anomalies at progressively higher magnifications, at different spatial scales, which start from the evaluation of sovracellular architecture, then move to investigate and describe the cells and cytological fetures. In contrast to other laboratory tests that are quantitative, histological analysis is inherently subjective, and therefore prone to a high degree of variability in the results produced by different pathologists. The image analysis, extraction from a digital image of meaningful content, is an objective and robust method, now widely used to aid the pathologist. Should be stressed that image analysis can be seen as a quantitative descriptor of macroscopic and microscopic specimens, followed by an interpretation (the diagnosis). This thesis unfolds through different applications of image analysis and quantitative pathology that starts with the most basic applications (density, linear measurements), to get to more advanced concepts, such as the study of the complexity of shapes by the ' fractal analysis and quantification of the spatial patterns of sovracellular structures.

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Bianco, Carlo <1980&gt. "Analisi d'immagine, patologia quantitativa e dimensione frattale in patologia veterinaria: Densita' e forme." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6833/.

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Fino dagli albori della metodica scientifica, l’osservazione e la vista hanno giocato un ruolo fondamentale. La patologia è una scienza visiva, dove le forme, i colori, le interfacce e le architetture di organi, tessuti, cellule e componenti cellulari guidano l’occhio del patologo e ne indirizzano la scelta diagnostico-classificativa. L’osservazione del preparato istologico in microscopia ottica si attua mediante l’esame e la caratterizzazione di anomalie ad ingrandimenti progressivamente crescenti, a diverse scale spaziali, che partono dalla valutazione dell’assetto architettonico sovracellulare, per poi spostarsi ad investigare e descrivere le cellule e le peculiarità citomorfologiche delle stesse. A differenza di altri esami di laboratorio che sono pienamente quantificabili, l’analisi istologica è intrinsecamente soggettiva, e quindi incline ad un alto grado di variabilità nei risultati prodotti da differenti patologi. L’analisi d’immagine, l’estrazione da un’immagine digitale di contenuti utili, rappresenta una metodica oggettiva, valida e robusta ormai largamente impiegata a completamento del lavoro del patologo. Si sottolinea come l’analisi d’immagine possa essere vista come fase descrittiva quantitativa di preparati macroscopici e microscopici che poi viene seguita da una interpretazione. Nuovamente si sottolinea come questi descrittori siano oggettivi, ripetibili e riproducibili, e non soggetti a bassa concordanza inter operatore. La presente tesi si snoda attraverso un percorso concettuale orientato ad applicazioni di analisi d’immagine e patologia quantitativa che parte dalle applicazioni più elementari (densità, misure lineari), per arrivare a nozioni più avanzate, quali lo studio di complessità delle forme mediante l’analisi frattale e la quantificazione del pattern spaziale di strutture sovracellulari.
Until the dawn of the scientific method, observation was pivotal. Pathology is a visual science, where the forms, colors, interfaces and architectures of organs, tissues, cells and cell components direct the diagnosis. The observation of the histological preparation in optical microscopy is implemented through the examination and characterization of anomalies at progressively higher magnifications, at different spatial scales, which start from the evaluation of sovracellular architecture, then move to investigate and describe the cells and cytological fetures. In contrast to other laboratory tests that are quantitative, histological analysis is inherently subjective, and therefore prone to a high degree of variability in the results produced by different pathologists. The image analysis, extraction from a digital image of meaningful content, is an objective and robust method, now widely used to aid the pathologist. Should be stressed that image analysis can be seen as a quantitative descriptor of macroscopic and microscopic specimens, followed by an interpretation (the diagnosis). This thesis unfolds through different applications of image analysis and quantitative pathology that starts with the most basic applications (density, linear measurements), to get to more advanced concepts, such as the study of the complexity of shapes by the ' fractal analysis and quantification of the spatial patterns of sovracellular structures.

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Campos, Deivis de. "Análise morfológica qualitativa e quantitativa do nervo laríngeo recorrente e do músculo tireoaritenóideo humano." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/70035.

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Uma das questões mais intrigantes acerca da mobilidade vocal é o paradigma morfológico/funcional que existe sobre a organização do músculo tireoaritenóideo (TA) em relação à prega vocal. Funcionalmente, o músculo TA é responsável por ajustes seletivos em diferentes partes da prega vocal; contudo, esse padrão funcional somente seria possível se suas fibras não se situassem paralelamente em toda a extensão da prega vocal. Dessa forma, as fibras do músculo TA não teriam uma única orientação. Esse padrão morfológico se assemelharia a organização histológica da musculatura da língua. Portanto, a primeira hipótese desta tese é de que assim como a língua apresenta inúmeras possibilidades de movimento em função de sua organização muscular, o músculo TA também poderia apresentar uma organização muscular similar à musculatura da língua, assim como sua inervação; e dessa forma, propiciaria inúmeras possibilidades de movimento à prega vocal. Portanto, o objetivo do primeiro trabalho desta tese foi investigar em humanos as similaridades na organização histológica entre as fibras do músculo TA e da musculatura da língua, assim como diferentes parâmetros histomorfométricos em seus respectivos nervos, laríngeo recorrente (NLR) e hipoglosso (XII); com relevância clínica para uma técnica de reinervação da prega vocal, baseada na anastomose XII-NLR. Com o auxilio de técnicas estereológicas específicas, nós verificamos em doze cadáveres adultos que a organização histológica do músculo TA é similar à organização histológica da musculatura da língua. No entanto, não existem semelhanças nos parâmetros histomorfométricos quantificados entre o NLR e o XII. Dessa forma, no primeiro trabalho desta tese, conclui-se que a organização histológica das fibras do músculo TA, assemelha-se a musculatura da língua em termos de orientação. Presumivelmente, essa característica morfológica propicia uma maior diversidade/possibilidade de movimentos (ajustes seletivos em diferentes partes) à prega vocal. Baseado na diversidade do padrão vocal de um recém nascido, a segunda hipótese desta tese é de que já no período fetal todas as estruturas associadas à prega vocal (prega vocal falsa, ventrículo da laringe, epitélio, glândulas mucosas, vasos sanguíneos e ligamento vocal) já estão completamente estabelecidas, e assim como no adulto, as fibras do músculo TA não estão situadas paralelamente e lateralmente em toda a extensão da prega vocal. Desse modo, seguindo os mesmos protocolos morfométricos, nós também demonstramos que em um feto humano de 25 semanas de idade, além das estruturas associadas à prega vocal já estarem completamente estabelecidas, as fibras do músculo TA fetal, assim como no adulto, apresentam diferentes orientações: transversal, indefinida e longitudinal, ao longo de toda a extensão da prega vocal. Adicionalmente, o aspecto clínico/fisiológico nas diferenças de timbres sonoros entre homens e mulheres e suas especificidades, é um tema que ainda permanece pouco esclarecido. Embora alguns autores tenham reportado a existência do dimorfismo sexual em estruturas nervosas envolvidas com o controle vocal no sistema nervoso central; na atual literatura não existe nenhum estudo que evidencie a presença ou ausência do dimorfismo sexual no sistema nervoso periférico, especialmente no NLR e no músculo TA. Da mesma forma, existem vários estudos em animais descrevendo o dimorfismo sexual em regiões do sistema nervoso envolvidas com o controle da vocalização; no entanto, pouco se conhece sobre esse tema em humanos. Desse modo, a terceira hipótese desta tese é de que os tecidos (NLR e TA) que controlam as pregas vocais também poderiam apresentar dimorfismo sexual. Portanto, o objetivo do terceiro trabalho foi investigar, em humanos, através de análises morfométricas a presença do dimorfismo sexual no NLR e músculo TA. Análises com 14 cadáveres adultos revelaram que existe dimorfismo sexual em relação aos aspectos histomorfométricos do NLR; contudo, não foi verificado dimorfismo sexual em relação à organização histológica das fibras do músculo TA. Frente a esses resultados, conclui-se que os humanos, assim como outras espécies, também apresentam dimorfismo sexual em estruturas nervosas envolvidas com o controle vocal, tanto no sistema nervoso central, já relatada por outros autores, quanto no sistema nervoso periférico (NLR), mostrada em nosso estudo. Finalmente, nós podemos supor que as diferenças entre os timbres sonoros de homens e mulheres e suas especificidades, talvez não possam ser explicadas somente por diferenças na massa das pregas vocais ou no tamanho do trato vocal; mas também por diferenças que abrangem a organização de todo o sistema nervoso.
One of the most intriguing questions concerning vocal mobility is the morphological/functional paradigm regarding the organization of the thyroarytenoid muscle (TA) in relation to the vocal fold. Functionally, the TA is responsible for selective adjustments in different parts of the vocal fold. Yet, such a functional pattern would be only possible if its fibers were situated throughout the entire length of the vocal fold. Thus, TA muscle fibers would need to have more than one orientation. This morphological pattern would resemble the histological organization of the tongue musculature. Thus, the first hypothesis of this thesis is that as the tongue presents numerous opportunities for movement due to its muscular organization, muscle organization as well as innervation in the TA could be similar to that of the tongue, which would thus provide numerous opportunities for vocal fold motion. Therefore, the aim of the first study of this thesis was to investigate in humans the similarities between the histological organization of the TA muscle fibers and the tongue muscle, as well as different histomorphometric parameters in their respective nerves, the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the hypoglossal nerve (XII); clinically relevant for a vocal fold reinnervation technique based on XII-RLN anastomosis. With the help of specific stereological techniques, we found the histological organization of the TA muscle to be similar to the histological organization of the tongue musculature in twelve cadavers. However, there are no similarities between the histomorphometric parameters quantified in the RLN and XII. Thus, in the first study of this thesis, it was concluded that the histological organization of the TA muscle fibers is similar to that of the tongue muscles in terms of orientation. Presumably, this morphological characteristic provides the vocal fold with a greater diversity/possibility of movement (selective adjustments in different parts). Based on the diversity of vocal patterns of a newborn, the second hypothesis of this thesis is that during the fetal period all the structures associated with the vocal folds (false vocal fold, ventricle of the larynx epithelium, mucous glands, blood vessels and vocal ligament) are already fully established and, as in adults, the TA muscle fibers are not situated in parallel and laterally throughout the length of the vocal fold. Hence, using the same stereological protocols, we also show that in a human fetus aged 25 weeks, besides the structures already associated with vocal fold being fully established, the TA fetal muscle fibers, as in adults, have different orientations: transverse, undefined and longitudinal, throughout the length of the vocal fold. Additionally, the role of clinical/physiological aspects in relation to differences in the tonal qualities of men and women voices and their specificities remains to be clarified. Although some authors have reported the existence of sexual dimorphism in the neural structures involved in vocal control at the level of the central nervous system, in the current literature there is no study that shows the presence or absence of sexual dimorphism at the level of the peripheral nervous system, especially the RLN and the TA muscle. Likewise, while there are numerous animal studies describing sexual dimorphism in the nervous system of regions involved with vocalization control, little is known about this aspect in humans. Thus, the third hypothesis of this thesis is that the tissues (RLN and TA) that control the vocal folds could also present sexual dimorphism. Therefore, the aim of the third study was to use morphometric analysis to investigate the presence of sexual dimorphism in the NLR and TA muscle in humans. Analyses of fourteen cadavers show that there is sexual dimorphism in relation to histomorphometric aspects of the RLN, although no such sexual dimorphism was observed in relation to the histological organization of the TA muscle fibers. Given these results, we conclude that humans, like other species, also exhibit sexual dimorphism in the neural structures involved in vocal control, both at the central level, as reported by other authors, and at the peripheral level (RLN), as shown in our study. Finally, we can assume that the differences between tonal qualities men and women voices and their specificities, may be not only explained by differences in the vocal fold mass or vocal tract size, but also by differences that include the organization of full the nervous system.

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Ventrella, Marilia Contin [UNESP]. "Produção de folhas, óleo essencial e anatomia foliar quantitativa de Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. (Verbenaceae) em diferentes níveis de sombreamento e épocas de colheita." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103278.

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A comercialização de plantas condimentares, medicinais e aromáticas tem se expandido muito nos últimos anos, principalmente, no mercado externo. Constata-se uma grande carência de informações sobre essas plantas, desde a área botânica até a área agronômica. Entre essas plantas, destaca-se a erva cidreira (Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br.), uma planta medicinal brasileira, reconhecida por sua atividade calmante e antiespasmódica. Foi conduzido um experimento na Fazenda Experimental de São Manuel (UNESP - Botucatu), com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo. As parcelas constituíram-se de 4 níveis de sombreamento (0, 30, 50 e 70%) e as subparcelas de 4 épocas de colheita (out/97, jan/98, abr/98, jul/98), com 4 blocos. Foram avaliadas as características de produção de folhas e de óleo essencial, a composição do óleo essencial e as características anatômicas quantitativas da região do limbo e da nervura principal da folha. Para a análise estatística, foram utilizados os métodos multivariados de Análise de Componentes Principais e de Análise de Agrupamento ou a Análise de Variância com teste de comparação de médias. Para todos os conjuntos de variáveis analisadas neste experimento, houve interação dos níveis de sombreamento com as épocas de colheita, porém, algumas tendências foram observadas. Os dados de produção de folhas e de óleo essencial indicaram melhor adaptação da planta a condições de alta intensidade luminosa. A determinação das condições de cultivo mais adequadas para a extração de óleo essencial em L. alba depende do interesse no rendimento ou na qualidade do óleo. Dos 9 compostos mais abundantes no óleo, o neral, o geranial, o óxido de cariofileno, o linalol e o tcariofileno apresentaram alta correlação com os níveis de sombreamento e... .
The market of spice, medicinal and aromatic plants has been increased in last years, especially in exterior market. There is a big lack on information about these plants, since botany until agronomic areas. Among these plants, it is emphasized Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br., a brazilian medicinal plant, recognized by its calmativy and antispasmodic activity. The essay was carried out in São Manuel Experimental Farm (UNESP- Botucatu), with randomized blocks design using split plot in time. The plots were composed by 4 shade levels (0, 30, 50 and 70%) and split plot were composed by 4 harvest times (Oct/97, Jan/98, Apr/98, Jul/98), with 4 replications. The evaluated characteristics were leaves and essential oil yield, essential oil composition, and quantitative anatomy features of midrib and leaf blade. Multivariated methods of principal components and clustering analysis or analysis of variance were used. There was interaction between shade levels and harvest times, although, some trends were observed. The leaves and essential oil yield data suggested a better plant adaptation on full sunlight conditions. The determination of the better cultivation conditions for L. alba essential oil production depends on the interesting on essential oil yield or quality. Among the more abundant essential oil constituents, neral, geranial, caryophyllene oxide, linalool and tcaryophyllene showed high correlation with shade levels and harvest times. On anatomy features, L. alba exposed great leaf plasticity among the shade levels and harvest times arrangements. Leaf blade and midrib cross-section area, leaf blade upper and lower epidermis, palisade parenchyma, palisade parenchyma cells length and bundle sheath extension percentage, and midrib colourless parenchyma percentage were the characteristics with greater correlation among the treatments. Number of stomata and secretory trichomes on the lower side of the leaf decreased with the shading.

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Ventrella, Marilia Contin. "Produção de folhas, óleo essencial e anatomia foliar quantitativa de Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. (Verbenaceae) em diferentes níveis de sombreamento e épocas de colheita /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103278.

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Orientador: Lin Chau Ming
Resumo: A comercialização de plantas condimentares, medicinais e aromáticas tem se expandido muito nos últimos anos, principalmente, no mercado externo. Constata-se uma grande carência de informações sobre essas plantas, desde a área botânica até a área agronômica. Entre essas plantas, destaca-se a erva cidreira (Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br.), uma planta medicinal brasileira, reconhecida por sua atividade calmante e antiespasmódica. Foi conduzido um experimento na Fazenda Experimental de São Manuel (UNESP - Botucatu), com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo. As parcelas constituíram-se de 4 níveis de sombreamento (0, 30, 50 e 70%) e as subparcelas de 4 épocas de colheita (out/97, jan/98, abr/98, jul/98), com 4 blocos. Foram avaliadas as características de produção de folhas e de óleo essencial, a composição do óleo essencial e as características anatômicas quantitativas da região do limbo e da nervura principal da folha. Para a análise estatística, foram utilizados os métodos multivariados de Análise de Componentes Principais e de Análise de Agrupamento ou a Análise de Variância com teste de comparação de médias. Para todos os conjuntos de variáveis analisadas neste experimento, houve interação dos níveis de sombreamento com as épocas de colheita, porém, algumas tendências foram observadas. Os dados de produção de folhas e de óleo essencial indicaram melhor adaptação da planta a condições de alta intensidade luminosa. A determinação das condições de cultivo mais adequadas para a extração de óleo essencial em L. alba depende do interesse no rendimento ou na qualidade do óleo. Dos 9 compostos mais abundantes no óleo, o neral, o geranial, o óxido de cariofileno, o linalol e o tcariofileno apresentaram alta correlação com os níveis de sombreamento e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo).
Abstract: The market of spice, medicinal and aromatic plants has been increased in last years, especially in exterior market. There is a big lack on information about these plants, since botany until agronomic areas. Among these plants, it is emphasized Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br., a brazilian medicinal plant, recognized by its calmativy and antispasmodic activity. The essay was carried out in São Manuel Experimental Farm (UNESP- Botucatu), with randomized blocks design using split plot in time. The plots were composed by 4 shade levels (0, 30, 50 and 70%) and split plot were composed by 4 harvest times (Oct/97, Jan/98, Apr/98, Jul/98), with 4 replications. The evaluated characteristics were leaves and essential oil yield, essential oil composition, and quantitative anatomy features of midrib and leaf blade. Multivariated methods of principal components and clustering analysis or analysis of variance were used. There was interaction between shade levels and harvest times, although, some trends were observed. The leaves and essential oil yield data suggested a better plant adaptation on full sunlight conditions. The determination of the better cultivation conditions for L. alba essential oil production depends on the interesting on essential oil yield or quality. Among the more abundant essential oil constituents, neral, geranial, caryophyllene oxide, linalool and tcaryophyllene showed high correlation with shade levels and harvest times. On anatomy features, L. alba exposed great leaf plasticity among the shade levels and harvest times arrangements. Leaf blade and midrib cross-section area, leaf blade upper and lower epidermis, palisade parenchyma, palisade parenchyma cells length and bundle sheath extension percentage, and midrib colourless parenchyma percentage were the characteristics with greater correlation among the treatments. Number of stomata and secretory trichomes on the lower side of the leaf decreased with the shading.
Doutor

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Pintore, Laura. "Valutazione clinico-patologica di primati sottoposti a xenotrapianto renale: determinazione quali-quantitativa della proteinuria." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423227.

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Background Immunological and histopathological features in pig-to-primate renal xenotransplantation are widely studied. Only limited data have been reported about clinical-pathological findings in primate recipients of life-supporting renal xenografts. In the present study we have evaluated the clinical- pathological parameters especially with regard to hematological parameters and biochemestry. In particular, the presence and the significance of quantitative and qualitative proteinuria were evaluated in xenotransplanted non-human primates in which the kidney function is supported exclusivelly by the transplanted organ. Methods Eight captive-bred, bilaterally nephrectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), recipient of a life-supporting transgenic porcine kidney, were included in the present study. Donors were α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) pigs transgenic for human CD39, CD55, CD59 and fucosyltranferase. Primates were subdivided into two groups accordingly to immunosuppressive therapy. The hematological and biochemical parameters primarily involved in evaluation of renal function have been monitored starting 11 days before transplantation until the end of the experimental study. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of proteinuria, evaluated with urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPC ratio) and sodium dodecyl sulphate-agarose gel electrophoresis (SDS-AGE) respectively, have been performed. Results The main hematological and biochemical changes recorded after transplantation were a progressive anemia, a severe and progressive decrease of total proteins. In urine samples, the measurement of UPC ratio was low before transplantation and increased after transplantation. Similarly, SDS-AGE was negative before transplantation but evidenced bands consistent with mixed (i.e. tubular and glomerular) proteinuria in all the samples collected post-transplantation. Conclusions The complete evaluation of clinical and pathological condition of primates undergoing renal xenotransplantation, including monitoring of the blood and urine parameters, is an important diagnostic aid in the daily evaluation of these patients and is thought to be helpful to set any supportive care and increase the profile of welfare in animals. Moreover, the evaluation of UPC ratio and the use of SDS-AGE technique in urine samples of cynomolgus monkeys recipient of a life-supporting transgenic porcine kidney, may be considered a valid, cheap and less time consuming than more sophisticated technique methods in monitoring the proteinuria in post-transplanted period. Nevertheless, proteinuria and presence of LMW proteins can be consistently found in urine after transplantation, independently on the fluctuations of creatinine values and/or of the status of renal functions.
Il modello sperimentale di xenotrapianto renale suino-primate non umano, è stato ampiamente studiato dal punto di vista immunologico ed istopatologico. In letteratura sono presenti solo pochi lavori che hanno come principale obbiettivo, la valutazione clinico-patologica dei soggetti riceventi. Il nostro lavoro è volto a fornire una valutazione clinico-patologica dei soggetti donatori e dei soggetti riceventi mediante monitoraggio dei parametri ematologici e biochimici, le cui variazioni, in queste specie animali ed in queste condizioni sperimentali, non sono mai state oggetto di studio. Inoltre, il monitoraggio della proteinuria e la sua valutazione quali-quantitativa assumono particolare importanza in questi pazienti nei quali, a causa della nefrectomia bilaterale a cui vengono sottoposti, la funzionalità renale è unicamente sostenuta dall’organo trapiantato. Materiali e metodi Nel presente lavoro sono stati valutati otto primati bilateralmente nefrectomizzati (Macaca fascicularis) riceventi un rene di suino donatore α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) e transgenico per le seguenti proteine: CD39, CD55, CD59 e fucosiltranferasi. I primati sono stati divisi in due gruppi sperimentali a seconda del protocollo immunosoppressivo utilizzato. I parametri ematologici e biochimici, primariamente coinvolti nella funzione renale, sono stati monitorati quotidianamente a partire dal giorno 11 antecedente al trapianto sino alla fine della vita sperimentale dei primati. Lo studio qualitativo e quantitativo delle proteine urinarie, è stato effettuato mediante il rapporto proteine-creatinina urinaria (UPC ratio) ed elettroforesi in sodium dodecyl sulphate-agarose gel electrophoresis (SDS-age). Risultati Le principali alterazioni ematologiche e biochimiche osservate nei primati nel periodo post-trapianto sono state un’anemia progressiva ed un marcato e progressivo decremento delle proteine sieriche. Nei campioni d’urina, la valutazione del rapporto UPC, basso nelle valutazioni pre-trapianto, si presentava aumentato nel periodo post-trapianto. Allo stesso modo lo studio elettroforetico in SDS-age dei campioni di urina del periodo post trapianto ha permesso di identificare bande riferibili a proteinuria mista (tubulare e glomerulare), assenti invece nella fase pre-trapianto. Conclusioni La valutazione clinico-patologica completa dei primati sottoposti a xenotrapianto renale comprendente monitoraggio di parametri ematologici ed urinari è di importante ausilio diagnostico nella valutazione quotidiana di questi pazienti e si ritiene possa essere d’aiuto per impostare eventuali terapie di supporto ed accrescere il profilo di benessere negli animali. La valutazione del rapporto UPC e l’uso della metodica di elettroforesi in SDS-age per l’analisi dei campioni urinari provenienti da primati sottoposti a xenotrapianto renale, rappresentano dei mezzi diagnostici poco costosi, validi e sensibili per il monitoraggio della proteinuria post–trapianto. Tuttavia, nel nostro gruppo sperimentale, la proteinuria e la presenza di proteine LMW è stata riscontrata nei campioni dell’immediato post-trapianto, indipendentemente dalle fluttuazioni della creatinina e/o dalla condizione della funzionalità renale.

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Andrade, Filipe Moreira de. "Caracterização histomorfométrica e estereológica das fibras do sistema elástico da glande peniana em adultos jovens." Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2010. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/4598.

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Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Departamento de Medicina e Enfermagem
A matriz extracelular é elemento essencial à função peniana, podendo ser acometida por doenças locais ou sistêmicas, embora pouco seja conhecido em relação aos seus componentes na glande peniana humana. Nesse trabalho foi realizado um estudo detalhado da organização morfológica e densidade volumétrica (Vv) das fibras do sistema elástico em glandes penianas de homens jovens saudáveis. Foram obtidos fragmentos de glande peniana de 5 (cinco) indivíduos jovens falecidos de causas não relacionadas ao sistema urogenital, com idade entre 18 e 30 anos (média: 24 anos). Os espécimes foram fixados em formalina, embebidos em parafina e processados histologicamente. As fibras do sistema elástico foram avaliadas sob microscopia óptica usando a técnica de coloração da resorcina-fucsina de Weigert após prévia oxidação pela oxona. Estudos morfométricos foram realizados através do método de contagem de pontos. A análise quantitativa foi expressa (% média) como densidade volumétrica (Vv) através da análise em 25 campos aleatórios para cada espécime. Verificou-se que os constituintes do tecido conjuntivo, em especial fibras do sistema elástico, foram abundantes. Uma rede irregular de fibras do sistema elástico é distribuída sob a mucosa da glande peniana. As fibras do sistema elástico apresentaram uma disposição longitudinal no corpo esponjoso e um perfil tortuoso envolvendo sinúsóides da glande. A Vv das fibras do sistema elástico na glande peniana é de 29.4% ±3.1. Os dados devem prover informação a ser avaliada em relação a disfunções eréteis, doenças endócrinas e envelhecimento. Os resultados apresentados fornecem subsídios para posteriores investigações em relação à matriz extracelular por métodos de estereologia
The extracellular matrix is a key element in penile function and pathology, yet little is known of its components in human glans. Herein we carried out a detailed study of all the factors that play a part in the morphological organization and volumetric density (Vv) of elastic fibers in the glans penis of young healthy men. Penile glans were obtained from 5 young men died of causes no related to the urogenital tract, between the age of 18 and 30 (mean = 24). Samples were fixed in formaline, embedded in paraffin, and histologically processed. The elastic system fibers were evaluated at light microscopy by using Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin technique after previous oxidation with oxone. Morphometric studies were performed by the point-counting method. Quantities were expressed (%mean) as volumetric densities (Vv) and were determined on 25 random fields for each individual. Connective tissue elements, mainly elastic system fibers, were abundant. These fibers often had a tortuous profile and surrounded sinusoids in the glans penis. An irregular elastic fibers network was distributed beneath the glans penis mucosa, on the other hand, underneath the mucosa, the elastic fibers were observed longitudinal at corpus spongiosum. The Vv of the elastic system fibers in the glans penis is 29.4% ±3.1. The data should therefore provide important information for drawing parallels over patients with erectile dysfunction and alterations regarding endocrine diseases and aging. The results reported herein provide the base for continuous investigations on extracellular matrix by stereology

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Prendin, Angela Luisa. "Environmental effects and biophysical constraints on xylem physiology and tree growth in conifers in the Alps." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423237.

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Trees are impressive long-living organisms that continuously increase in size by many orders of magnitude during ontogeny by accumulating xylem biomass in stem, branches and roots. While growing taller, trees continuously adjust the xylem structure to achieve an optimal balance of carbon costs for the competing biomechanical and hydraulic requirements. One of the main function of the xylem structure is the delivery of the water from the roots up to the leaves. This must be maintained during the ontogeny, when the hydrodynamic resistance increase due to the increase in the xylem path length. However, by widening the diameter of xylem conduit (from the stem apex downwards), trees are able to minimize the negative effect of height growth. Additionally, this widening is stable during ontogeny, thus determining the radial change in conduit dimension with cambial age (from the pith outwards), implying a dependency between the variation of conduit-lumen diameter with cambial age and the rates of stem elongation. These adjustments in the xylem structure remain permanently fixed and chronologically archived in the secondary xylem, and, given the tight link between structures and functions, these provide a ‘time component’ to functional responses induced by xylem plasticity, thus allowing to reconstruct growth dynamics under different environmental conditions. However, there is a lack of detailed information and standardized procedures to explore, at the intra-specific level, the long-term modifications of xylem traits over the full life-span of trees, together with their variability along axial and radial profiles. Additionally, little is known about the relationships between the structures and functions in a view of exploring the future challenges in how a plant’s hydraulic architecture may respond to the ongoing climate change. This thesis, represent a set of studies based on dendro-anatomical and physiological approaches aimed to: - identify priorities and trade-offs among xylem functions; - determine the anatomical traits responsible for them; - retrospectively analyze how these relationships vary during ontogeny under different environmental condition; - analyze the functional response to xylem modifications occurring during ontogeny; - investigate the possibility of retrospectively analyzed height growth based on hydraulic radial profiles. Furthermore, a guidance from sample collection to xylem anatomical data and a new approach to customize cell wall thickness measurements according to the specific aims of the study, were developed. This thesis has highlighted that the xylem anatomical structure of conifer trees (Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus cembra) showed a high priority and biophysical determination of traits linked to hydraulic efficiency, such as conduit size, to efficiently support assimilation necessary for tree growth. Besides, other functional traits linked to mechanical support and metabolic xylem functions showed more plastic responses to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Due to the ontogenetic stability of axial patterns of conduit size, it was possible, based on radial profiles of xylem conduit diameter of tree rings, to estimate tree growth rate, even if species-site specific, and make comparison between trees living in different epochs. In addition, despite the risk of becoming more vulnerable to air seeding cavitation, trees showed to prioritize of hydraulic efficiency vs. safety during the ontogenetic development, as the increase in xylem conductance with tree height determined a contextual decrease in the hydraulic safety margin. This study showed the importance of taking into account the three dimensional anatomical trends to better understand of the trade-offs of hydraulic safety vs. efficiency shape up the tree architecture and affect its adjustments occurring during ontogeny to cope with the arising intrinsic (i.e., size-related) and extrinsic (i.e., environmental) constraints to growth.
Gli alberi sono organismi viventi che aumentano continuamente di dimensione (anche diversi ordini di grandezza) durante l'ontogenesi, accumulando biomassa nel fusto, nei rami e nelle radici. Durante la crescita, la struttura xilematica degli alberi continua ad adattarsi mantenendo un equilibrio nell’ottimizzazione del carbonio, garantendo contemporaneamente un’adeguata stabilità meccanica ed efficienza idrica della pianta. Il trasporto dell'acqua dalle radici fino alle foglie è una funzione fondamentale dello xilema e deve essere mantenuto efficiente durante tutte le fasi ontogenetiche. La resistenza idraulica del sistema infatti è fortemente influenzata dall’incremento della lunghezza del percorso idrico. Tuttavia, allargando la dimensione degli elementi di conduzione dello xilema (dall'apice alla la base del fusto), le piante sono in grado di minimizzare l'effetto negativo della crescita in altezza. Inoltre, data la stabilità di questo trend assiale durante l’ontogenesi, le dimensioni dei condotti xilematici aumentano anche in direzione radiale con l'età cambiale (dal midollo verso l'esterno), determinando una forte relazione tra la variazione del diametro dell’elemento conduttivo con l'età cambiale ed il tasso di allungamento del fusto. Le modifiche nella struttura xilematica, rimanendo impresse e cronologicamente archiviate nel legno, rappresentano un’importante fonte di informazioni che permette di aggiungere una componente temporale legata a meccanismi funzionali e di plasticità xilematica e, quindi, permetterebbe di ricostruire le dinamiche di crescita in diverse condizioni ambientali. Esiste tuttavia, una carenza di conoscenza e di procedure standard atte ad esplorare, a livello intra-specifico, le modificazioni a lungo termine dello xilema e la variabilità della sua struttura lungo profili assiali e radiali. Rimangono inoltre poco chiari i rapporti tra la struttura e la funzionalità, utili a prevedere in futuro eventuali adattamenti del sistema idraulico e metabolico al cambiamento climatico. Questa tesi riporta una serie di studi che si basano su un approccio dendro-anatomico e fisiologico, allo scopo di: - individuare priorità e compromessi tra le varie funzioni xilematiche; - determinarne i tratti anatomici responsabili; - analizzare in maniera retroattiva la loro variazione durante l'ontogenesi e in diverse condizioni ambientali; - analizzare risposte funzionali alle modifiche anatomiche che occorrono durante l’ontogenesi; - esaminare la possibilità di ricostruire i trend di accrescimento in altezza basandosi su profili idraulici radiali. E’ stata definita una guida alla standardizzazione della procedura, dalla raccolta del campione al dato anatomico dei tratti xilematici. Inoltre è stato sviluppato un nuovo approccio di quantificazione dello spessore della parete cellulare al fine di soddisfare gli obiettivi specifici dello studio. La struttura xilematica delle conifere (Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus cembra) evidenzia priorità e determinazione biofisica di tratti legati all’efficienza idraulica, come le dimensioni delle tracheidi, al fine di sostenere l'assimilazione necessaria per la crescita degli alberi. Altri caratteri funzionali invece, legati al supporto meccanico ed all’attività metabolica, mostrano più plasticità a fattori intrinseci ed estrinseci. Grazie alla stabilità del trend assiale dei condotti idraulici durante l’ontogenesi è stato possibile, basandosi sul conseguente pattern radiale, stimare il tasso di accrescimento delle piante, anche se specie-sito specifico, e confrontare quindi i trend con le piante che sono vissute in epoche diverse. Nonostante il rischio di aumentare la vulnerabilità alla cavitazione, gli alberi tendono a priorizzare l’efficienza a discapito della sicurezza idraulica durante lo sviluppo ontogenetico, a causa dell’aumento della conduttanza e conseguente riduzione del margine di sicurezza idraulica. Questo studio dimostra l'importanza di considerare la tridimensionalità dei trend anatomici al fine di comprendere meglio i rapporti tra la sicurezza idraulica e l’efficienza che modella l’architettura della pianta, influenzandone le modifiche ontogenetiche e compensandone i vincoli di crescita intrinsechi (dimensione-dipendenti) ed estrinseci (ambiente-dipendenti).

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Ginot, Samuel. "Morpho-anatomie crânienne chez les rongeurs murinés : aspects fonctionnels, génétiques et écologiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT152/document.

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Cette thèse porte sur l'anatomie et la morphologie du complexe crânien chez les murinés. Ses objectifs sont de démontrer et de décrire le lien morpho-fonctionnel entre le crâne et la force de morsure, représentant la performance, d'identifier les sources génétiques de la variation de la performance et de la morphologie, et de comprendre comment la variation morpho-fonctionnelle dépend du mode de vie d'une espèce.La première partie décrit l'anatomie de l'appareil masticateur dans le genre Mus. Des différences fonctionnelles et liées au régime alimentaire sont montrées. Puis, on s'intéresse au lien entre morphologie et fonction, et aux proxies morpho-anatomiques permettant d'estimer la force de morsure. Un modèle biomécanique des muscles masticateurs est d'abord utilisé. Les estimations obtenues sontproches des mesures in vivo au niveau interspécifique, mais moins précises au niveau intraspécifique.L'avantage mécanique et la forme de la mandibule sont ensuite utilisés comme proxies. La force de morsure estimée et réelle sont corrélées au niveau interspécifique, mais moins au niveau intraspécifique, avec des différences selon les espèces. Pour expliquer ces imprécisions, la variation ontogénétique de la force de morsure et de la forme de la mandibule sont décrites. Lorsque l'âge est contrôlé, le développement osseux ralentit plus tôt que celui de la force de morsure, ce qui peut expliquer les biais trouvés dans les estimations de la force de morsure.La deuxième partie se concentre sur les sources génétiques des variations morpho-fonctionnelles. Chez Mus minutoides, des changements sur les chromosomes sexuels produisent des différences de taille et de force de morsure. Les mâles féminisés de cette espèces sont plus agressifs que les autres individus, et montrent une force de morsure plus puissante, principalement grâce à unplus gros crâne. Le(s) gène(s) féminisant produis(ent) donc des changements à l'échelle de l'organisme tout entier. La section suivante s'intéresse aux liens entre consanguinité, asymétrie et performance chez la souris domestique. Les souris les plus consanguines ne montrent pas d'augmentation de l'asymétrie de leurs mandibules, et la performance des souris les plus consanguines ou les plus asymétriques n'est pas affectée. Enfin, l'héritabilité de la force de morsure et de la morphologie est estimée. La force de morsure in vivo n'est pas héritable, bien que la morphologie le soit. Etant donné le lien entre morpho-anatomie et force de morsure, ces résultats suggèrent que les changements morphologiques sont des voies de moindre résistance évolutive, et qu'ils peuvent être à l'origine de changements de performance.La dernière partie utilise la morphologie et la performance en tant que caractères liés à l'écologie des espèces. La première section s'intéresse aux différences de performance entre Apodemus sylvaticus et Mus spretus, qui partagent leur habitat et leurs ressources alimentaires, malgré une différence de taille marquée. Nos résultats montrent un recouvrement des distributions des forces de morsures, soutenant l'hypothèse d'un régime alimentaire commun. Cette coexistence pourrait être due à une abondance de ressources là où ces espèces sont syntopiques. Enfin, la variation morphologique est quantifiée chez plusieurs murinés d'Asie du Sud-Est. Les espèces de rats commensaux et généralistes sont moins variables que les autres espèces. Les espèces synanthropiques montrent des réponses morpho-fonctionnelles convergentes entre localités qui suggèrent qu'elles partagent des patrons communs de réponse et donc qu’elles peuvent s'adapter aux variations environnementales régionales induites par l’homme. L'approche utilisée dans cette thèse nous a permis de montrer le lien entre variation génétique,phénotypique et écologique. Ce lien parfois difficile à décrire, est cependant à la base de l'apparition de nouvelles formes et espèces, et constitue un aspect crucial de la biologie de l'évolution
The theme of this thesis is the anatomy and morphology of the cranio-mandibular complexin various species of murine rodents. The main objectives are to describe the morpho-functional link between the skull and bite force as a measure of performance, to identify the genetic sources of morphological and performance variation, and finally to understand how morpho-functional variation depends on a species diet and lifestyle. The first part describes the anatomy of the masticatory apparatus in the genus Mus. Differences were found, which could be interpreted functionally and linked to variation in diets. The first part also investigates the links between morpho-anatomy and function, and various morphological proxies used for estimating bite force. This is done by building a biomechanical model of masticatory muscles. The bite force estimates obtained match the in vivo measurements at the inter-specific level, but are less precise at the intra-specific level. Then, two osseous mandibular proxies of bite force are compared (lever arms and their mechanical advantage, and its shape data). In vivo and estimated bite force werewell related at the inter-specific level, but less at the intra-specific level, depending on the species. To explain these imprecisions, the ontogenetic variation of bite force and mandibular morphology isdescribed. Under controlled age, the bony development is slowing down earlier than bite force, whichcan partly explain the inconsistencies of estimated bite force.The second part focuses on the genetics of morphological and functional variation. In Musminutoides, changes in the sexual chromosomes entail size and performance changes. The feminized males found in this species are known to be more aggressive than other individuals, and they produce ahigher bite force, mainly due to an increase in skull size. The feminizing gene(s) therefore drive whole-organism-scale changes. Then, the links between inbreeding, asymmetry and performance areinvestigated in the house mouse. The most inbred mice do not experience an increase in the asymmetry of their mandibles. Contrary to expectations, the performance of the most inbred or most asymmetric mice do not decrease and differences in asymmetry levels have no influence on biting performance.The last section estimates the heritabilities of bite force and morphology. In vivo bite force is notheritable, but some morphological characters are. Given the functional link between morpho-anatomyand bite force shown in the first part, these results suggest that morphological changes represente volutionary pathways of least resistance, and drive changes in performance rather than behavioral or related traits.The last part took morphology and performance as linked to a species' niche. The first sectionexplores the differences between Apodemus sylvaticus and Mus spretus. Both share their habitat and food resources, in spite of a marked size difference. Results show great overlap between their bite force distributions supporting the hypothesis of a shared diet. The absence of shift in a trait related toresource use may be due to a large abundance of the food resources where both species are found insyntopy. In the final section the morphological variation in several rodents from Southeast Asia wasquantified. Less morphological variability is found in generalist and commensal rats by comparison toother species. At the community level, synanthropic species show frequent convergent responsesbetween localities in terms of bite force and morphology. These common patterns in response suggestthat synanthropic species tend to be very adaptable to regional environmental differences.The approaches used in this thesis enable us to show the link between genetic, phenotypic andecological variation. This link, sometimes difficult to describe, is nevertheless at the root of theappearance of new forms and species, and constitutes a crucial aspect of evolutionary biology

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Vasconcelos, Carlos Augusto Carvalho de. "Aspectos descritivos e quantitativos da anatomia macroscópica e microscópica do nervo vestíbulo-coclear de cobaias." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17140/tde-28092006-091016/.

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O nervo vestíbulo-coclear da cobaia possui peculiaridades não encontradas em outros nervos periféricos. Não foram encontradas informações detalhadas sobre os aspectos morfométricos do VIII nervo craniano em cobaias adultas na literatura. A avaliação descritiva e quantitativa no presente estudo, evidencia informações que precedem o estudo das alterações que ocorrem em modelos experimentais de neuropatias do VIII nervo craniano e as doenças ou lesões que possam afetar o homem. Foram utilizadas 8 cobaias adultas, perfundidas com glutaraldeído a 2,5% em tampão cacodilato de sódio (0,025 M). Seus nervos direito e esquerdo (n=6, 4 nervos direito e 2 esquerdos) foram dissecados na região mediana do nervo e pós fixado com tetróxido de ósmio (OsO4) a 1% e incluídos em resina epóxi Poly/Bed 812®. Os fragmentos foram cortados em secções transversais semifinas seriadas (6 nervos) com uma espessura de 0,5 μm e corados com azul de toluidina para a microscopia de luz. Foram analisados os aspectos histológicos descritivos e topográficos do nervo vestíbulo-coclear em cobaias adultas, bem como os aspectos histométricos na parte mediana do nervo, no referente a densidade de fibras mielínicas, a distribuição dos diâmetros de tal tipo de fibras mielínicas, ao cálculo da razão G e o número de vasos sangüíneos encontrados dentro da área de cada nervo. O nervo coclear é envolvido pelo vestibular na porção inicial da junção de ambos. O conjunto, nervos coclear e vestibular e nervo vestíbulo-coclear têm a aparência bifurcada da letra Y, na horizontal com os ramos lateralizados, possuindo em média 5 mm de comprimento. É ricamente vascularizado e documenta uma completa interposição das fibras dos nervos coclear e vestibular, quando o fascículo do VIII nervo está completamente constituído. As suas fibras mielínicas dispõem-se paralelamente em seu sentido longitudinal e são circundadas por escasso tecido endoneural. Não foram evidencias fibras amielínicas no VIII nervo. A distribuição das fibras mielínicas no segmento mediano do VIII nervo craniano foi unimodal, havendo predomínio de fibras com 3,5 m de diâmetro. O número de fibras foi de 5.390 ± 1.504 fibras. O diâmetro das fibras variou de 1,5 a 6 m de diâmetro. Os axônios com 2,5 m de diâmetro foram predominantes quantitativamente: 6.757 ± 1.922 axônios. O diâmetro axonal variou entre 1 a 4,5 m. A densidade média das fibras do VIII nervo em seu segmento mediano foi de 41.474 ± 4384 fibras/mm2. O diâmetro fascicular foi de 0,77 ± 0,04 mm. A razão G varia de 0,2 a 0,9. O maior número de fibras tem razão G de 0,7 e 0,6, respectivamente, predominando as fibras com 0,7. Os resultados descritos neste trabalho científico são originais, contendo alguns resultados inéditos e pouco estudados na literatura científica sobre a anatomia e morfometria do VIII nervo craniano em cobaia. O nervo vestíbulo-coclear da cobaia é um nervo sensitivo aferente especial, e bem diferente em sua anátomo-fisiologia de todos os outros nervos sensitivos e motores encontrados nos mamíferos. A cobaia adulta é um excelente modelo experimental para o estudo do nervo vestíbulo-coclear, semelhantes aos de humanos.
The vestibulocochlear (VIIIth cranial nerve) nerve of guinea pigs have special features not common for peripheral nerves in general. There are no detailed reports on the morphometric characteristics of the VIII nerve in adult guinea pigs. This is a descriptive and qualitative study that shows normal parameters that are useful in experimental models of the VIIIth nerve neuropathy. Eight adult guinea pigs were perfused with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in isotonic cacodilate buffer (0.025M). The right (N=4) and left (N=2) nerves were dissected in the median region, post-fixed in 1% osmuin tetroxide and embedded in epoxy resin. Semithin (0.5 µm) serial transverse sections were stained with 1% toluidine blue for light microscopy study. The descriptive histology and the topographical and histometric aspects of the median region of the nerve were analyzed, including myelinated fiber density, myelinated fiber diameter distribution, g ratio and number of endoneural capillary vessels. The cochlear nerve is enveloped by the vestibular nerve when they join together. Both, the cochlear and the vestibular nerves join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve with a Y shape, with approximately 5 mm in length. The nerve is widely vascularized and presents a complete mixture of the vestibular and cochlear myelinated fibers when the VIII nerve fascicle is constituted. The myelinated fibers are longitudinally oriented and present few endoneural connective tissue in between. No unmyelinated fibers were evidenced in the VIII nerve. The myelinated fiber diameter distribution was unimodal, with a peak at 3.5, and intervals between 1,5 and 6 m. The average number of fibers was 5.390 ± 1.504. The myelinated axon diameter distribution was also unimodal, with a peak at 2.5 µm of diameter were predominant quantitatively: 6.757 ± 1.922, and intervals between 1 and 4.5 µm. The average myelinated fiber density was 41.474 ± 4384 mm2, spread in a fascicular diameter of 0.77 ± 0.04 mm. The g ratio values varied from 0.2 to 0.9 and most of the myelinated fibers showed g ratio values of 0.7. Our results are original and only few parameters studied here were described in the literature. The vestibulocochlear nerve of the guinea pigs is a special afferent nerve, differing from other peripheral nerves (sensitive and motor) in its main anatomic and physiological characteristics, compared to other nerves from mammals. The adult guinea pig is an excellent model for the vestibulocochlear nerve neuropathy studies once it is similar to the human nerve.

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Vitali, Alessandra. "Studio morfologico e quantitativo dell'organo adiposo di topi C57BL/6J in differenti condizioni sperimentali." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/241865.

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Nei mammiferi si possono distinguere due tipi di tessuto adiposo che collaborando per un fine strategico e funzionale costituiscono l’ Organo Adiposo. Questi due tessuti sono il bianco (WAT) ed il bruno (BAT). Il BAT e’ specializzato nella produzione di calore, mentre il WAT e’ necessario all’ organismo per conservare energia in eccesso sottoforma di trigliceridi . L’ acclimatazione a freddo induce un incremento della componente bruna, senza modificare il numero totale di cellule. Questa forma di plasticita’ cellulare fino ad ora e’ stata associata a modelli animali che possiedono resistenza all’obesita’ ed al diabete. In questo lavoro e’ stato effettuato uno studio anatomico di topi adulti C57BL/6J (B6), linea molto sensibile allo sviluppo della sindrome metabolica con obesita’, iperglicemia e insulinoresistenza se alimentati con HFD . Lo scopo e’ stato quello di verificare la percentuale di adipociti bianchi e bruni di tutti i depositi che compongono l’Organo Adiposo di questo ceppo a 28°C (gruppo di controllo) ed a 6°C. Inoltre e’ stato verificato lo stato termogenico degli adipociti ML tramite l’espressione della proteina UCP1 ed effettuato uno studio sistematico sul numero di fibre noradrenergiche parenchimali TH (Tirosina idrossilasi) positive. La composizione cellulare di tutti i depositi era mista, con entrambi i citotipi rappresentati, non ne sono stati trovati di completamente puri. Questo dato conferma l’ esistenza di un Organo Adiposo . Nei controlli il 77% degli adipociti era UL, mentre negli animali acclimatati a freddo sono piu’ numerose le ML, che rappresentano il 60% di tutti gli adipociti, di questi il 79% era immunoreattivo per l’ anticorpo UCP1. Dopo l’esposizione a 6°C il numero totale di adipociti nell’ organo adiposo non era cambiato, il numero di ML era incrementato in modo significativo (+ 37% p =0.011) e il numero di UL era diminuito approssimativamente della stessa proporzione (- 41% p= 0.05). Non e’ stata trovata nessuna evidenza di apoptosi tra gli adipociti bianchi. Questi dati documentano una plasticita’ dell’ organo adiposo dei B6 che e’ stata osservata maggiormente nel deposito sottocutaneo anteriore (ASC) e nell’ addomino pelvico (AP), mentre in uno studio effettuato in passato su un ceppo piu’ resistente all’ obesita’ (SV129), che presentava una maggior quantita’ di ML sia a caldo che a freddo i depositi piu’ trasformati erano il sottocutaneo posteriore (PSC) ed il mesenterico (MES). La proteina UCP1 che riflette l’attivazione della termogenesi (non shivering) a freddo e’ espressa nel 34% degli adipociti bruni dei controlli, il loro numero incrementa significativamente a 6°C (79% p=0,02). L’ aumento dell’ espressione di UCP1 correla positivamente con quella della Tirosina-idrossilasi (TH), soprattutto negli animali esposti a freddo, suggerendo un ruolo fondamentale del sistema nervoso nella trasformazione dell’ organo adiposo. In molti depositi dei C57BL sia a caldo, ma soprattutto dopo acclimatazione a 6°C sono state osservate molte cellule “Pauciloculari”. In questa linea, come nei 129SV il volume totale dell’ organo si riduce e questo e’giustificato da una diminuzione di volume anche degli adipociti UL ed ML. Complessivamente tutte queste osservazioni suggeriscono un processo di Transdifferenziazione degli adipociti bianchi in adipociti bruni nei topi acclimatati a freddo, confermando quanto gia’ osservato nella linea SV129. concludendo possiamo affermare che la plasticita’ dell’ organo adiposo e’ indipendente dal background genetico, che invece potrebbe influire nel cambiamento di alcuni depositi piuttosto che altri.
In mammals, two functionally different type of adipose tissues are contained in a multi-depot organ: the adipose organ. It consists of several subcutaneous and visceral depots. Some areas of these depots are brown and correspond to brown adipose tissue, wich is specialized in energy expenditure, while many are white and correspond to white adipose tissue, the primary site of triglyceride storage. Cold acclimatisation induces an increase in the brown component without affecting the overall number of adipocytes; so far this form of plasticity was associated to obesity and diabetes resistance in experimental models. In this work we performed an anatomical study of adult C57BL/6J mice, which on HFD develop severe obesity, hyperglycemia and isulin resistance. The aim of this work was to check the percentage of white and brown adipocytes of all fat depots that make up the adipose organ of this strain at 28 ° C (control group) and 6 ° C. Was also monitored the thermogenic status of ML adipocytes through the expression of UCP1 protein and carried out a systematic study on the number of tyrosine hydroxylase parenchymal (noradrenergic)-positive nerve fibers (no. of fibers per 100 adipocytes). The cellular composition of all depots was mixed, with both cellular populations represented, there are not completely pure. This shows the existence of an adipose organ also in C57BL/6J. In the control animals the prevalent cell type were withe adipocytes (77% of all adipocytes), conversely in the cold-acclimated mice there was a prevalence of brown adipocytes (60% of all adipocytes); of these the 79% were immunoreactive for UCP1 antibody. After cold acclimation the total number of adipocytes in the adipose organ was unchanged, the number of brown adipocytes increased significantly (+37% p = 0.011) and the number of white adipocytes decreased by approximately the same amount (-41% p= 0.05). No evidence of apoptosis of white adipocytes was detected. The most prominent differences in cell composition (adipocyte plasticity) were found in the anterior subcutaneous (ASC) and in the abdomino- pelvic depots (AP). In a study conducted in 2005 on strain considered resistant to dietary induced obesity (SV129), was observed that the adipose organ contained a greater amount of ML in both conditions (28 ° C and 6 ° C) and the most changed depots were posterior subcutaneous (PSC) and the mesenteric (MES). In the control group the thermogenic protein UCP1 was expressed only in 34% of ML adipocyes, but their number increase significantly after cold exposure (79% p=0,02). The proportion of brown adipocytes UCP1+ is positively correlated with noradrenergic fiber density especially in the cold-acclimated mice, suggesting a crucial role of nervous system on the changes of the adipose organ after cold exposure. In many depots of C57BL (both 28°C and 6°C),especially after cold acclimation were observed Paucilocular cells (the “transdifferentiation marker”). In In this strain, like in SV129 the adipose organ shrank in volume; this reduction corresponded to the volume reduction of each brown and white adipocyte. Overall, these modifications of the adipose organ suggest a process of transdifferentiation of white into brown adipocytes in cold-acclimated mice confirming what was observed in the SV129 mice. In conclusion we can affirm that the phenotypic plasticity of the whole adipose organ is independent of genetic background, that could affect a greater change in a depot rather than in another .

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Charilaou, Johan. "Quantitative fit analysis of acromion fracture plating systems using three-dimensional anatomical modelling." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31486.

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Background Displaced acromial fractures are challenging to treat. Complex bony anatomy, variable fracture morphology and limitations of available implants present challenges in achieving favourable surgical outcomes. We determined to what extent currently available scapular and clavicular plating systems are able to provide adequate fixation options. Methods Patients presenting to an urban trauma centre with acromial fractures sustained from blunt trauma between 2012 and 2016 were identified (n = 15, 14M / 1F). The fracture patterns were categorized according to location (Type I = 13%, Type II = 27%, Type III = 60%). Computed Tomography (CT) scans were reconstructed to produce three-dimensional (3D) printed anatomical models on which a quantitative fit analysis was performed. Measurements were performed twice, by five separate observers, with fit graded as anatomical fit (< 2mm), intermediate fit (> 2mm) or no-fit. Results The anterior clavicle 6 hole plate fitted best in 45.7% of cases. Acromial plates only achieved 27.3%. The acromion short plate together with the lateral clavicle short plates performed the best in Type II fractures. An inter-observer intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) agreement of 0.974 was obtained. Conclusion The available commercial acromial plating system fails to provide adequate congruency and fit for fixation. Clavicular plates were superior alternative implants. 3D printed anatomical models can be used effectively to assist in templating implants preoperatively.

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Brilhault, Jean. "Morphologie du fémur distal humain : analyse quantitative et applications à l'étude du genu valgum." Tours, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUR3310.

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Les résultats des prothèses totales de genoux (PTG) sur genu valgum sont grevés d'un taux élevé de complications fémoro-patellaires. Ces complications sont pour la plupart dues au mauvais positionnement du composant fémoral des prothèses. La méconnaissance de la morphologie fémorale des genu valgum est à l'origine de ces malpositions. Les observations réalisées sur une série anatomique de genoux sains composée de 18 genu valgum et 23 genoux sans défaut d'axe nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que les condyles fémoraux latéraux des genu valgum ne présentaient pas d'hypoplasie et que la courbure frontale des diaphyses fémorales des genu valgum était moins prononcée que celle des genoux axés. Nous avons attribué le valgus fémoral des genu valgum sains que nous avons étudiés à la rectitude de leur diaphyse. L'analyse des résultats des prothèses totales de genoux sur genu valgum constitutionnel plaide en faveur de l'absence d'hypoplasie du condyle fémoral latéral des genu valgum arthrosiques et de l'application de nos conclusions en pathologie. L'intérêt de ce travail est double. Sur un plan chirurgical, nous retenons que le positionnement en rotation du composant fémoral des PTG sur genu valgum constitutionnel doit être identique à celui des genoux axés et que les gestes de détente latérale sont réaliser un plan frontal (genou en extension). Sur un plan anatomique, nous retenons l'apport des techniques de traitement d'images et de modélisation pour aboutir à une description quantifiée et donc analysable, des formes. Dans une discipline où les variations inter individuelles sont parfois difficiles à dissocier du pathologique, elles nous semblent être des outils indispensables aux recherches futures. Ces outils demandent cependant à être évalués et maîtrisés
Although the valgus slope of the femoral condyles seen in valgus knee is thought to be due to hypoplasia of the lateral femoral condyle, this fact has not been proved. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the morphologic features of the distal femur between neutral and valgus knee. Using a population of non-arthritic knees (18 valgus knees and 23 neutral knees), our data demonstrated that the lateral femoral condyle was thicker in valgus knees compared to neutral knees. Using image processing and automatic procedure of shape characterization, we observed that femoral shaft of valgus knees were straighter compared to neutral knees. The analysis off 13 patients who had a fixed valgus deformity of the knee with a semiconstrained total knee arthroplasty combined with advancement of the lateral collateral ligament by means of a lateral femoral condylar sliding osteotomy suggested that in fixed valgus knees, beside arthritic wear, there was no deficiency of the posterior lateral condyle of the femur. On a surgical view our study support the suggestion that in fixed valgus knees, axial positioning of the femoral component of total knee arthroplasty should be performed using the posterior condylar plane. On a more fundamental note our study questioned the concept of congenital hypoplasic femoral condyle in valgus knees. The procedure of shape characterization performed in this study open interesting perspectives for the study of individual morphologic characterization

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Russell-Mergenthal, Helen. "Qualitative and quantitative morphology of lateral rectus motoneurons of the principal abducens nucleus." VCU Scholars Compass, 1985. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5602.

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Nine lateral rectus motoneurons of the principal abducens nucleus, intracellularly stained with HRP, were morphometrically analyzed by light microscopy using a new method for determining motoneuron size. Particular emphasis was placed on devising a method of estimating total dendrite size from the proximal dendritic diameter alone. The dendrites of these cells were divided into three types. One type, the microdendrites, had a consistent diameter of l micrometer, variable but short lengths, and added very little to the overall cell size. The majority of the dendrites on these cells (83) were standard in appearance but they could be separated into two further types. Six dendrites differed from the other 77 in that they were tapering processes which branched minimally, had both a rostrally and a caudally directed secondary dendrite and showed a larger ratio for the sum of the secondary dendrite diameters to the proximal dendrite diameter. The remaining 77 branched extensively and traveled either rostral or caudal in the brainstem. However, the most significant difference was quantitative. The tapering dendrites were approximately 2X the size of the prevalent branching dendrites based on proximal diameter measurements. Correlation coefficients of the relation between proximal diameter and surface area or volume of the entire dendrite increased when the correlations were separated into two types. Therefore, to insure the most accurate total size calculations, the regression lines used for estimating dendrite size were of the separate correlations. Total neuron size was calculated by adding the soma and dendrite surface areas. An intraneuronal comparison of size indicated that the size of the soma was not indicative of the size of the cell and it constituted between 2% to 7% of the total cell size. Comparison of the motoneuron size to the mechanical properties of their muscle units was inconclusive. However, a general tendency for small motoneurons to innervate muscle units of lower force output was observed. The smaller motoneurons were generally more dorsally located in the nucleus.

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Grant, Derrick Shawn. "The application of immunogold histochemistry to the quantitative analyses of basement membranes /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75748.

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The objective of the thesis was to examine the distribution, biogenesis and assembly of basement membrane components in situ. This goal was achieved by immunolocalizing laminin, collagen IV, heparan sulfate proteoglycan and other components using 5 and 15nm colloidal gold particles.
The distribution of these components, showed them to be ubiquitously localized throughout the thickness of all basement membranes examined. In "thick" basement membranes: Reichert's membrane and the matrix of the mouse EHS tumor, and in the "thin" common basement membranes, the components were localized to the cord network (Inoue et al., 1985). Despite some variations between tissues, quantitation of gold particles indicated a tendency for the molar ratio of laminin:collagen:proteoglycan to be 1:1:0.2 in the thick and 1:1:1 in the thin basement membranes.
The biogenesis of laminin and collagen IV was examined in the endodermal cells producing Reichert's membrane. Both were co-localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and secretory granules, corresponding to the pathway followed during processing.
Since the components are believed to self-aggregate after secretion, the molar ratios were used as guidelines to combine the three molecules in vitro, at 35$ sp circ$C. A precipitate formed, which in the electron microscope showed three main structures, one of these had the thickness, immunohistochemical and fine, ultrastructural characteristics of authentic basement membrane. Hence, basement membrane was reconstructed in vitro.

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Asti, Martina <1984&gt. "Sistema nervoso enterico di cane: studio quali-quantitativo e modificazioni neurochimiche in corso di infiammazione gastroenterica e diabete mellito." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7677/1/Tesi_Asti__PDF.pdf.

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1) Valutazione caratteristiche neurochimiche e quantificazione dei neuroni del SNE dell’ileo di cani ctrl e cani affetti da infiammazione intestinale (spontanea). Prelevati campioni di ileo da 5 cani ctrl e 8 cani patol ed ottenute criosezioni sottoposte ad immunoistochimica. - nNOS-IR MP ctrl 33±15% (178/639 cell, n=5) vs patol 24±5% (528/2031 cell, n=7) (P=0,156). nNOS-IR SMP ctrl 8±5% (40/527 cell, n=5) vs patol 7±2% (69/1007 cell, n=4) (P= 0,735). - VIP-IR MP ctrl 6±4% (69/993 cell) vs patol 16±9% (281/1958 cell, n=8) (P=0,027*). VIP-IR SMP ctrl 29±8% (300/993 cell) vs patol 30±13% (522/1630 cell, n=7) (P=0,891,) - SP-IR MP ctrl 15±8% (209/1332 cell, n=5) vs patol 17±9% (437/2053 cell, n=8) (P=0,741). SP-IR SMP ctrl 26±7% (464/1598 cell, n=5) vs patol 24±13% (592/2024 cell, n=6) (P=0,752). - CGRP-IR MP ctrl 8±9% (41/543 cell, n=5) vs patol 16±11% (259/1444 cell, n=8) (P=0,152). CGRP-IR SMP ctrl 7±8% (32/754 cell, n=5) vs patol 14±12% (194/1138 cell, n=7) (P=0,230) - Calb-IR MP ctrl 14±9% (76/580 cell, n=5) vs patol 16±7% (324/2055 cell, n=8)(P=0,596). CGRP-IR SMP ctrl di 22±7% (218/975 cell, n=5) vs patol 23±7% (261/1207 cell, n=7) (P=0,767). Questo rappresenta il primo studio esistente sulle caratteristiche neurochimiche delle sottopopolazioni di neuroni in cani ctrl e cani affetti da patol gastroenterica. 2) Valutazione degli effetti del diabete mellito di tipo I sul SNE dell’antro pilorico e dell’ileo di cane. Prelevati campioni di antro e ileo di 8 cani ctrl e 5 patol ed ottenute criosezioni sottoposte ad immunoistochimica. nNOS-IR MP ctrl antro 30±6%, (902/3129 cellule), ileo 29±5% (795/2800 cellule). nNOS-IR MP DM antro 25±2% (727/2926 cellule), ileo (19±5%; 308/1508 cellule).(P antro=0.112), (P ileo=0.006). Questi risultati indicano che il DM determini un’alterazione dell’innervazione nitrergica maggiore rispetto nell’ileo rispetto allo stomaco.
1) Study of effects of spontaneous inflammatory bowel disease in SNE of dogs. Specimens of ileum were collected from 5 control and 8 affected dogs, use for immunohistochemistry on the cryosections - nNOS-IR MP ctrl 33±15% (178/639 cell, n=5) vs patol 24±5% (528/2031 cell, n=7) (P=0,156). nNOS-IR SMP ctrl 8±5% (40/527 cell, n=5) vs patol 7±2% (69/1007 cell, n=4) (P= 0,735). - VIP-IR MP ctrl 6±4% (69/993 cell) vs patol 16±9% (281/1958 cell, n=8) (P=0,027*). VIP-IR SMP ctrl 29±8% (300/993 cell) vs patol 30±13% (522/1630 cell, n=7) (P=0,891,) - SP-IR MP ctrl 15±8% (209/1332 cell, n=5) vs patol 17±9% (437/2053 cell, n=8) (P=0,741). SP-IR SMP ctrl 26±7% (464/1598 cell, n=5) vs patol 24±13% (592/2024 cell, n=6) (P=0,752). - CGRP-IR MP ctrl 8±9% (41/543 cell, n=5) vs patol 16±11% (259/1444 cell, n=8) (P=0,152). CGRP-IR SMP ctrl 7±8% (32/754 cell, n=5) vs patol 14±12% (194/1138 cell, n=7) (P=0,230) - Calb-IR MP ctrl 14±9% (76/580 cell, n=5) vs patol 16±7% (324/2055 cell, n=8)(P=0,596). CGRP-IR SMP ctrl di 22±7% (218/975 cell, n=5) vs patol 23±7% (261/1207 cell, n=7) (P=0,767). This is the first study about neurochemical characteristics of neuron subsets in control dogs and in gastrointestinal disease afflicted dogs. 2) Study the effects of spontaneous DM on the nitrergic neurons of the MP of the canine gastric antrum and ileum. Specimens of gastric antrum and ileum from eight control dogs and five insulin-dependent DM dogs were collected. MP neurons were immunohistochemically identified with the anti-HuC/HuD and nNOS antibody. nNOS-IR MP stomachs control dogs was 30±6%, in the DM was 25±2% (P=0.112). nNOS-IR MP ileum control dogs was 29±5%, in the DM was significantly reduced 19±5% (P=0.006). These findings indicate that DM in dogs alters intestinal nitrergic innervation more rather than the gastric one.

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19

Asti, Martina <1984&gt. "Sistema nervoso enterico di cane: studio quali-quantitativo e modificazioni neurochimiche in corso di infiammazione gastroenterica e diabete mellito." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7677/.

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Abstract:

1) Valutazione caratteristiche neurochimiche e quantificazione dei neuroni del SNE dell’ileo di cani ctrl e cani affetti da infiammazione intestinale (spontanea). Prelevati campioni di ileo da 5 cani ctrl e 8 cani patol ed ottenute criosezioni sottoposte ad immunoistochimica. - nNOS-IR MP ctrl 33±15% (178/639 cell, n=5) vs patol 24±5% (528/2031 cell, n=7) (P=0,156). nNOS-IR SMP ctrl 8±5% (40/527 cell, n=5) vs patol 7±2% (69/1007 cell, n=4) (P= 0,735). - VIP-IR MP ctrl 6±4% (69/993 cell) vs patol 16±9% (281/1958 cell, n=8) (P=0,027*). VIP-IR SMP ctrl 29±8% (300/993 cell) vs patol 30±13% (522/1630 cell, n=7) (P=0,891,) - SP-IR MP ctrl 15±8% (209/1332 cell, n=5) vs patol 17±9% (437/2053 cell, n=8) (P=0,741). SP-IR SMP ctrl 26±7% (464/1598 cell, n=5) vs patol 24±13% (592/2024 cell, n=6) (P=0,752). - CGRP-IR MP ctrl 8±9% (41/543 cell, n=5) vs patol 16±11% (259/1444 cell, n=8) (P=0,152). CGRP-IR SMP ctrl 7±8% (32/754 cell, n=5) vs patol 14±12% (194/1138 cell, n=7) (P=0,230) - Calb-IR MP ctrl 14±9% (76/580 cell, n=5) vs patol 16±7% (324/2055 cell, n=8)(P=0,596). CGRP-IR SMP ctrl di 22±7% (218/975 cell, n=5) vs patol 23±7% (261/1207 cell, n=7) (P=0,767). Questo rappresenta il primo studio esistente sulle caratteristiche neurochimiche delle sottopopolazioni di neuroni in cani ctrl e cani affetti da patol gastroenterica. 2) Valutazione degli effetti del diabete mellito di tipo I sul SNE dell’antro pilorico e dell’ileo di cane. Prelevati campioni di antro e ileo di 8 cani ctrl e 5 patol ed ottenute criosezioni sottoposte ad immunoistochimica. nNOS-IR MP ctrl antro 30±6%, (902/3129 cellule), ileo 29±5% (795/2800 cellule). nNOS-IR MP DM antro 25±2% (727/2926 cellule), ileo (19±5%; 308/1508 cellule).(P antro=0.112), (P ileo=0.006). Questi risultati indicano che il DM determini un’alterazione dell’innervazione nitrergica maggiore rispetto nell’ileo rispetto allo stomaco.
1) Study of effects of spontaneous inflammatory bowel disease in SNE of dogs. Specimens of ileum were collected from 5 control and 8 affected dogs, use for immunohistochemistry on the cryosections - nNOS-IR MP ctrl 33±15% (178/639 cell, n=5) vs patol 24±5% (528/2031 cell, n=7) (P=0,156). nNOS-IR SMP ctrl 8±5% (40/527 cell, n=5) vs patol 7±2% (69/1007 cell, n=4) (P= 0,735). - VIP-IR MP ctrl 6±4% (69/993 cell) vs patol 16±9% (281/1958 cell, n=8) (P=0,027*). VIP-IR SMP ctrl 29±8% (300/993 cell) vs patol 30±13% (522/1630 cell, n=7) (P=0,891,) - SP-IR MP ctrl 15±8% (209/1332 cell, n=5) vs patol 17±9% (437/2053 cell, n=8) (P=0,741). SP-IR SMP ctrl 26±7% (464/1598 cell, n=5) vs patol 24±13% (592/2024 cell, n=6) (P=0,752). - CGRP-IR MP ctrl 8±9% (41/543 cell, n=5) vs patol 16±11% (259/1444 cell, n=8) (P=0,152). CGRP-IR SMP ctrl 7±8% (32/754 cell, n=5) vs patol 14±12% (194/1138 cell, n=7) (P=0,230) - Calb-IR MP ctrl 14±9% (76/580 cell, n=5) vs patol 16±7% (324/2055 cell, n=8)(P=0,596). CGRP-IR SMP ctrl di 22±7% (218/975 cell, n=5) vs patol 23±7% (261/1207 cell, n=7) (P=0,767). This is the first study about neurochemical characteristics of neuron subsets in control dogs and in gastrointestinal disease afflicted dogs. 2) Study the effects of spontaneous DM on the nitrergic neurons of the MP of the canine gastric antrum and ileum. Specimens of gastric antrum and ileum from eight control dogs and five insulin-dependent DM dogs were collected. MP neurons were immunohistochemically identified with the anti-HuC/HuD and nNOS antibody. nNOS-IR MP stomachs control dogs was 30±6%, in the DM was 25±2% (P=0.112). nNOS-IR MP ileum control dogs was 29±5%, in the DM was significantly reduced 19±5% (P=0.006). These findings indicate that DM in dogs alters intestinal nitrergic innervation more rather than the gastric one.

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20

Rawlins, D. J. "Quantitative aspects of rat heart structure and function." Thesis, University of York, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374191.

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21

Järrendahl, Hannes. "Automatic Detection of Anatomical Landmarks in Three-Dimensional MRI." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorseende, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130944.

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Detection and positioning of anatomical landmarks, also called points of interest(POI), is often a concept of interest in medical image processing. Different measures or automatic image analyzes are often directly based upon positions of such points, e.g. in organ segmentation or tissue quantification. Manual positioning of these landmarks is a time consuming and resource demanding process. In this thesis, a general method for positioning of anatomical landmarks is outlined, implemented and evaluated. The evaluation of the method is limited to three different POI; left femur head, right femur head and vertebra T9. These POI are used to define the range of the abdomen in order to measure the amount of abdominal fat in 3D data acquired with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By getting more detailed information about the abdominal body fat composition, medical diagnoses can be issued with higher confidence. Examples of applications could be identifying patients with high risk of developing metabolic or catabolic disease and characterizing the effects of different interventions, i.e. training, bariatric surgery and medications. The proposed method is shown to be highly robust and accurate for positioning of left and right femur head. Due to insufficient performance regarding T9 detection, a modified method is proposed for T9 positioning. The modified method shows promises of accurate and repeatable results but has to be evaluated more extensively in order to draw further conclusions.

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22

Rowe, K. A. "Quantitative microscopic studies of normal and dystrophic chicken muscle." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375318.

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23

Leclerq, Pascale. "Quantitative post-mortem study of cortical interneurons in chronic schizophrenia." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300445.

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24

Warui, C. N. "Quantitative observations on the structural characteristics of the avian kidney." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370841.

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25

O'Malley, Andrew Stephen. "A qualitative and quantitative investigation of the functional morphology of the juvenile scapula." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/f69db2ee-d94d-4e74-8b18-092ad44fe88a.

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This thesis presents a radiographic description of developmental morphology of the human scapula and a comprehensive morphological description of trabecular bone in the perinatal scapula. While the aim was originally to describe the changing trabecular morphology in the developing scapula, considerable thought has gone into the design, advancement and validity of the methodologies presented in this thesis. The work of previous studies has been considered and improved upon to take into account recent advances in software and hardware. Specifically, the introduction of MPR to the methodology has resulted in a more efficient and reliable technique that could allow future researchers to examine larger datasets in shorter periods of time. Additional anthropometric data were also gathered on the perinatal scapula, which was used to assist in the design of the multiplanar stereoscopic analysis. User error associated with threshold definition and VOI placement was also investigated and found to be negligible. With respect to development of the juvenile scapula, three distinct developmental phases, comprising eight separate groups, were identified from the radiographic study and anthropometric review study: pre-reboot (<0.5y), reboot (0.5-3y) and post-reboot (>3y). A clear pattern of regional organisation was visible at the earliest stages of development, echoing the findings of previous studies. It was suggested that the reboot phase represents a developmental period in which the scapula undergoes functional change under a two-tier mechanism, which influences its overall development. On one level the scapula appears constrained by a rigid template that controls macro- morphology in preparation for phylogenetically anticipated demands, which may, or may not, materialise; on a second tier is the adaptive micro-architecture that initially compliments the phylogenetic template, but retains the flexibility to respond to shifting ontogenetic demands. The trabecular architecture of the pre-reboot specimens was subsequently analysed in quantitative detail. A progressive radiating pattern, which originated from the approximate location of the primary ossification centre, was identified; it is suggested that a combination of radiating growth and internal vascular distribution are significant contributors to this pattern. This thesis provides a detailed account of the developmental morphology of the human scapula and contributes new elements to the evolving methodologies used in this field. The findings of this study also lay the foundation for further investigation of the radiating pattern of ossification and the potential for micro-architecture in developing bone to adapt to ontogenetic demands despite gross morphology that is phylogenetically constrained.

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26

Scott-Park, Freda Marion. "Quantitative assessment of the cardiac function in dogs using the apexcardiogram." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29988.

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27

Sami, Bahgat Abdulkareem. "Quantitative morphology of the lumbar facets, muscles and fascia in relation to core stability." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6506/.

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The morphology and function of the lumbar region is poorly understood. Better understanding of lumbar regional anatomy may enable improved understanding of lumbar stability and may also improve the clinical management of low back pain. Extensive researches have been carried out on the thoracolumbar anatomy and biomechanics. However, these studies lacked detailed anatomical knowledge about the morphology and function of the lumbar region. This study aims to provide a precise and detailed description of the anatomy of the lumbar spine and its supporting structures. A detailed and thorough literature review of background data was undertaken. Gross degenerative features in the lumbar vertebrae were documented. Three dimensional models of the superior and inferior lumbar articular facets were created by Microscribe. This allowed calculation of the facet orientation and surface area by Rhinoceros software. The surface area was increased towards the inferior vertebral levels, while the orientation became less sagittal inferiorly. The investigations suggest that the coronally oriented facet protects and supports the facet joint, while the sagittal orientation may predispose the facet joint to degenerative spondylisthesis. Gross observation of the thoracolumbar fascia documented the superficial myofascial thickenings, decussation and connections. The posterior and middle layers of the thoracolumbar fascia were identified. A three dimensional model enabled visualization of the bilaminar layers of the fascia which was reconstructed in a virtual space. The morphological measurements of the lumbar multifidus, longissimus and iliocostalis muscles were taken. The cross sectional area of the multifidus muscle was increased gradually towards the L5 level. The foot prints of the multifidus, longissimus, iliocostalis lumborum and inter-spinalis muscles enabled the measurement of the surface areas of the attachments of these muscles. The histological study revealed the fibrous enthesis of the iliocostalis muscle and its indirect attachment to the transverse process of the lumbar spine. The multifidus muscle is attached by a fibrocartilaginous enthesis to the articular process and the facet joint capsule. This study suggests that multifidus muscle supports and stabilizes the facet joints. The lumbar enthesis investigation should receive more attention in future studies. The clinical implications of different lumbar structures and functions may provide insight about the lumbar dysfunction. The ability to identify such differences in situ may facilitate varied clinical management of the various types of lumbar disorders.

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28

Sidequersky, F. V. "QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECH AND LIP MOVEMENTS THROUGH OPTOELECTRONIC MOTION ANALYSIS AND SURFACE ELETROMYOGRAPHY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/215124.

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Functional impairments of facial movements alter the quality of life, and their quantitative analysis is a key step in the description and grading of facial function and dysfunction. In this investigation we assessed the symmetry of lip movements in verbal and non-verbal movements in healthy subjects. A non-invasive recording protocol, integrating an electromyographic system and an optoelectronic 3D-motion analyzer, has been developed and used to detect lip movements in verbal and non-verbal movements. Two separate investigations have been made. In the first study, functional symmetries of the lip movements were assessed in a control group of clinically healthy subjects. Data were evaluated separately for men and women, and a gender-related effect was tested. The aim of the second study was to assess the onset of the EMG activity of zygomaticus and depressor labii inferioris muscles that play a role in speech pronunciation and smiling movements. The outcomes suggest that the proposed method could be a useful tool to evaluate the asymmetry of the lips and of the facial muscles during the performance of smiling, lip purse and speech pronunciation, and to detect functionally altered facial conditions.

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29

Sanders, Theresa A. "Quantitation of Teratogenic Effects of 5-fluorouracil Administered to Mice in Vivo or in Submerged Limb Culture." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1987. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2786.

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This study demonstrates the use of submerged limb culture in teratologic testing. Pregnant mice were treated on day 11 of gestation (E11, plug date = E0) with 10, 20 or 40 mg of 5-fluorouracil (FU) per kg body weight. On E17, treated and untreated fetuses were examined for gross malformations and were fixed in 95% ethanol. Reduction of limb size and digital defects, including ectrodactyly (ED), syndactyly (SD), microdactyly and polydactyly were dose-dependent. In parallel studies, pregnant mice were treated on the morning of E11 and embryos were removed either 7h (E11) or 24h (E12) later for submerged limb culture. Changes in limb area showed a dose-response relationship while treatment had little effect on the shape of individual bones. This indicates the relatively unspecific nature of FU-induced embryotoxicity. E11 studies revealed a dose dependent response of ED, SD and fusion of the metacarpals/metatarsals (MC/MT) to the proximal phalanges. Unlike E11 cultures, middle phalanges were present but decreased in number as dosage increased. Limbs from embryos of untreated females were cultured (E11) in the presence of 0.002, 0.02, 0.2 or 2.0 mg FU/ml culture medium. The percentage of limbs void of paw cartilage or with decreased numbers of MC/MT was dose-dependent. A dose-dependent decrease in the deleterious effects of 0.02 mg FU/ml was observed when 0.2 or 0.02 mg thymine/ml was added to the cultures. In both culture and non-culture studies, hindlimbs (HL) were more affected than forelimbs (FL) and distal regions were more affected than proximal ones. In addition to the morphometric analyses, biochemical parameters of growth and differentiation were examined at 0, 36 and 72h of culture in untreated and treated limbs. Both DNA and protein of FU treated limbs were decreased compared to untreated controls. FL demonstrated greater capacity for regulation of losses in protein content, HL for DNA content. Submerged limb culture provides a useful model for the examination of xenobiotic effects on limb development and allows some comparative evaluation among in vivo, in vivo/in vitro and in vitro studies. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

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30

Guray, Alev. "Campanian-maastrichtian Planktonic Foraminiferal Investigation And Biostratigraphy (kokaksu Section, Bartin, Nw Anatolia): Remarks On The Cretaceous Paleoceanography Based On Quantitative Data." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12607672/index.pdf.

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The aim of this study is to delineate the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary by using planktonic foraminifers. In this manner, Kokaksu Section (Bartin, NW Anatolia) was selected and the Akveren Formation, characterized by a calciturbiditic-clayey limestone and marl intercalation of Campanian-Maastrichtian age, was examined. 59 samples were emphasized for position of boundary. Late Campanian-Maastrichtian planktonic foraminifers were studied in thin section and by washed samples. Two different biostratigraphical frameworks have been established. Globotruncanid zonation consists of Campanian Globotruncana aegyptiaca Zone, Upper Campanian-Middle Maastrichtian Gansserina gansseri Zone and Upper Maastrichtian Abathomphalus mayaroensis Zone, whereas heterohelicids biozonation includes Campanian Pseudotextularia elegans Zone, Lower Maastrichtian Planoglobulina acervuloinides Zone, Middle Maastrichtian Racemiguembelina fructicosa Zone and Upper Maastrichtian Pseudoguembelina hariensis Zone. Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary was determined as the boundary between Pseudotextularia elegans and Planoglobulina acervuloinides zones and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary was designated by total disappearance of Late Cretaceous forms. Heterohelicid biozonation has been established in this study for the first time in Turkey. Collecting 300 individuals from each sample, diversity and abundance of assemblages were analyzed in terms of genus and species. ir evaluation of are important in observation of evolutionary trends and ecological changes. Moreover, evolution of different morphotypes is important in this evaluation. Such a study is new in Turkey in terms of examination of responses of planktonic foraminifers to environmental changes. Taxonomic framework has been constructed to define each species and differences of comparable forms have been discussed. Both scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs and thin section photographs were used in order to show se distinctions.

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31

Koerbs, Christina [Verfasser], Silvio O. [Akademischer Betreuer] Rizzoli, Silvio O. [Gutachter] Rizzoli, and Jochen [Gutachter] Staiger. "Quantitative Anatomie zweier Formen von dendritischen Dornfortsätzen an hippocampalen Pyramidenzellen / Christina Koerbs ; Gutachter: Silvio O. Rizzoli, Jochen Staiger ; Betreuer: Silvio O. Rizzoli." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1181427320/34.

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32

Si, Chen. "The quantitative analysis of optical phase measurement and its application to the determination of corneal birefringence." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/38442/.

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In this thesis, a phase sensitive interferometer is successfully implemented to perform birefringent object surface-profile measurement, based on a polarisation adjustment approach. Using monochromatic light, a novel polarization interferometric method is developed, incorporating the birefringence technique and a waveplate. In our experiments, a birefringent wedge is designed for generating carrier fringes in the polariscope. Retardance is calculated from phase shifting using a phase matching technique. The accuracy of the method has been demonstrated to have an error of less than 0.02 radians. The accuracy and resolution quantitative analysis presented in this thesis can be used to determine accurately the phase-shifting interferometry for high-precision surface profile and bio-structure, such as fibre and collagen measurements with low cost. FFT technique and phase-stepping methods are described to determine birefringence within the cornea. The distribution of human corneal lamellar collagen is determined through a microscopic technique using the combination of a circular polariser and a quarter-wave retarder. A quantitative measure of corneal birefringence is achieved by phase unwrapping. The experimental findings of elliptic and hyperbolic populations of collagen fibrils may explain the optical phenomena of central corneal retardation with biaxial-like behaviour in more peripheral areas. A low cost, simple, and direct approach has been developed to make the required microscopic measurement. The traditional transmission system is improved by applying a reflection system with an LED light source and is suitable for the analysis of the birefringent cornea structures in vivo. A further instrument based upon a synthetic aperture approach has been created with the purpose of measuring the three dimensional birefringence structure of the cornea. The concept of the instrument is a combination of the parallax between individual lenses and the numerically generated planes of focus to visualise the phase structure.

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33

Pover, P. S. "A quantitative study of the interaction between Microsphaera alphitoides and the phylloplane flora of Quercus robur." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355855.

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34

Khalili, Ali Djawad. "A quantitative assessment of the myofibrillar and connective tissue content of avian red and white skeletal muscle tissues /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61271.

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The myofibrillar proteins, myosin and actin, were quantitated using N$ sp tau$-methylhistidine determined from selected avian white and red skeletal muscles of randomly chosen young and adult white Leghorn chickens. No significant difference (P = 0.01) was noted with respect to muscle type or age in N$ sp tau$-methylhistidine levels which ranged from 0.383 to 0.637 g/kg protein, translating into a myofibrillar protein content ranging between 532.68 to 579.77 g/kg protein. The connective tissue and collagen content, on the other hand, were calculated using 5-hydroxylysine levels in muscle tissue (0.276 to 1.273 g/kg protein) and were found to be significantly higher (P $<$ 0.01) in avian red muscle tissue ranging from 50.19 to 53.80 g/kg protein as compared to white muscle tissue (13.41 to 19.43 g/kg).
It has also been demonstrated that native skeletal muscle actin isolated from three different species, and cardiac muscle actin isolated from bovine and porcine muscle tissue, who highly conserved amino acid compositions and contain 1 mole of N$ sp tau$-methylhistidine per mole of actin.

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35

Gouya, Hervé. "Imagerie vasculaire quantitative anatomique et fonctionnelle." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T014.

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Plusieurs paradoxes demeurent non résolus dans la prise en charge de la maladie athéromateuse coronarienne. Les discordances entre la coronarographie et le scanner pour la quantification des sténoses intermédiaires, rapportées dans ce travail, constituent le premier. Le second est le manque de corrélation entre le degré d’une sténose et la réserve coronaire. La dissociation entre l’anatomie et la fonction justifie qu’une exploration quantitative vasculaire en imagerie devrait inclure idéalement une approche globale morphologique et fonctionnelle. Des études ont démontré le potentiel de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) en contraste de phase pour l’exploration quantitative des flux sanguins de la macrocirculation, avec de nombreuses applications, en particulier cardiaques et abdominales. Après une validation in vitro puis in vivo chez des patients ayant une hépatopathie chronique, nous avons évalué le potentiel de cette technique dans le bilan de gravité de l’hypertension portale en comparaison avec la fibroscopie digestive haute. Compte-tenue de sa résolution spatiale insuffisante, l’IRM conventionnelle ne permet pas de visualiser directement les microvaisseaux. Par contre, l’imagerie de diffusion et de perfusion du foie en IRM permettent de quantifier les flux inhérents à la microcirculation tissulaire physiologique et tumorale. Les anti-angiogéniques sont des modalités thérapeutiques émergentes dans le traitement des tumeurs hépatiques. L’analyse de la microcirculation a le potentiel d’évaluer la réponse tumorale au traitement par anti-angiogéniques, indépendamment des critères morphologiques de taille qui manquent de sensibilité dans cette indication
Several paradoxes remain unresolved in the management of coronary artery disease (CAD). The first is the poor agreement for quantifying coronary stenosis diameter between conventional angiography and computed tomography, especially for intermediate stenosis as we reported in this work. The second is that percent stenosis does not reliably relate to coronary flow reserve in human CAD. As a consequence of this dissociation between anatomic and functional severity, an « all-in-one » quantitative vascular imaging modality should theoretically include both a morphological and a functional analysis. Studies have shown the potential of phase-contrast (PC) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging as a valuable method in obtaining quantitative functional information on blood flow in macroscopic vessels. More and more cardiovascular or abdominal indications are evolving for use of PC MR flow measurements. We aimed to validate PC MR imaging in vitro and in patients with chronic liver disease and to evaluate the severity of portal hypertension measured with MRI flow in comparison with evaluation by endoscopy. Diffusion-weighted and perfusion MR imaging refers to imaging of tissue microcirculation blood flow which is beyond the resolution of the MR scanner to directly visualize. Those techniques can be applied to measure microcirculation in the liver parenchyma and tumors. In the treatment of liver tumors, current therapy includes anti-angiogenic agents. As these drugs may have significant clinical effects without causing tumor shrinkage, the microcirculatory characteristics have the potential to response biomarkers, which allow these drug effects to be confidently assessed

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Erkal, Tsetsekos Aylan. "The Ethnobotany Of Wild Food Plant Use In The Konya Basin: A Quantitative And Ethnoarchaeological Approach." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12607805/index.pdf.

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In this ethnobotanical study, an ethnoarchaeological approach was adopted for the archaeological implications of the importance of wild food plants and their dietary uses in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods in Central Anatolia by exploring the dietary uses of these plants by the modern villagers of Konya Basin. The study was based on the indigenous knowledge of the modern villagers of Konya of managing wild food plant resource in their surroundings for the dietary uses. This knowledge was explored through ethnobotanical research strategies. The study was limited by both the research subject and the area for a better focus on the research. The geographical borders were limited to Central Anatolia as it included Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites with detailed archaeological investigations and it made a comparison available between different geographical zones. Because it was possible to study similar environments today in the Konya Basin, nine modern villages to collect ethnobotanical data were chosen from three different environmental zones in this area, which included wetland, forest and steppe zones. The wild fruit, nut and tuber species recovered from the archaeological excavations were selected for study in their current natural environments. The different strategies of harvesting, processing and storage local people used for the consumption of each plant species provided useful implications to archaeological recoveries.

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Brinkmann, Anke [Verfasser]. "Psychologische Aspekte des makroskopischen Kurses der Anatomie: Eine quantitative Längsschnittuntersuchung zur Erfassung von subjektiven studentischen Belastungen und zur Erhebung eines möglichen Betreuungsbedarfes / Anke Brinkmann." Ulm : Universität Ulm, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182909906/34.

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Vitari, F. "How functional foods may affect the gut and the adipose tissue of the farmed pig : a qualitative and quantitative micro-anatomical study." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/66760.

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Sharma, Sundrish. "Characterization of quantitative loci for morphological and anatomical root traits on the short arm of chromosome 1 of rye in bread wheat." Diss., [Riverside, Calif.] : University of California, Riverside, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1899491951&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1269025605&clientId=48051.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.
Includes abstract. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 18, 2010). Includes bibliographical references. Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.

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Ward, David 1968. "A quantitative study on the uptake of nutrients in the mammary gland of the cow." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1997. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27639.

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PROCACCIANTI, CLAUDIO. "Quantitative evaluation of in vitro transformation by analysis of morphological and biochemical markers and statistical descriptors." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/28450.

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The EC directive REACH (EC1907/2006) sets, amongst others, the need for all the chemicals to be tested for their carcinogenic potential. In vitro assays can provide a fast and reliable tool for screening purposes. The Cell Transformation Assay (CTA) is one of the in vitro assays in the most advanced phase of the validation process and the only one able to evaluate both the genotoxic and the non-genotoxic potentials. The evaluation of results of the CTA is based on the scoring of transformed colonies (foci) by a trained expert on the basis of their morphological features. Levels of cell packing and multilayered growth, as well as fibroblastic shape of cells, criss-crossing and invasion of the surrounding monolayer features are evaluated for classification. While the decision making process is based on standard criteria, their interpretation is potentially biased, especially in borderline cases, due to a certain degree of subjectivism inherent in the evaluation of qualitative features. This aspect is critical towards the international validation of the CTA assay: subjectivity driven error might in fact result in under or over estimation of the carcinogenic potential of tested compounds. In this work, different approaches were used to develop an objective method to give decisional support to the operator in the classification procedure. Biological markers related to the transformation process (p53, cx43), and to a general cell stress (Hsp70) were analyzed. A novel technique for the in focus localization of biological markers of transformation was developed. RNA whole genome screening was used to set the conditions for future molecular characterization of foci-derived cell lines. A novel, Quantitative Index of Dissimilarity has been obtained by statistical descriptors capturing morphological features and employing an unsupervised image analysis approach, in order to help the operator in the decisional process of scoring the borderline cases.

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Early, Catherine Michele. "Quantitative Assessments of Avian Endocasts as Tools for Inferring Neuroanatomical Traits and Potential Functional Capabilities." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1554132803369615.

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43

Gabbott, P. L. A. "Quantitative neurohistological correlates of visual deprivation in the visual system of the rat and GABA immunocytochemistry of the rat cerebellum and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus." Thesis, Open University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354999.

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44

Souza, Renata Ruiz Silva 1981. "Caracterização anatômica quantitativa e composição de óleos essenciais em três estágios foliares de clones de eucalipto e sua relação com a ferrugem /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97179.

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Resumo: Na natureza, a maioria das plantas é resistente aos diferentes patógenos, e essa resistência pode estar relacionada à existência de substâncias tóxicas aos microrganismos. As reações bioquímicas, que ocorrem nas células do hospedeiro, produzem substâncias que se mostram tóxicas ao patógeno ou criam condições adversas para o seu crescimento no interior da planta, contribuindo significativamente para a resistência. Além dos fatores bioquímicos existem mecanismos estruturais de defesa que atuam conferindo resistência ao hospedeiro à infecção por patógenos. O presente trabalho procurou quantificar os caracteres anatômicos foliares, em três estágios (E1, E3 e E5) de desenvolvimento; analisar a patogênese de Puccinia psidii pela micromorfologia da folha e caracterizar a composição dos óleos essenciais de clones de eucalipto, a fim de relacionar esses fatores com a resistência à ferrugem, causada pelo fungo Puccinia psidii. Para o estudo anatômico e dos óleos essenciais, foram selecionados clones com diferentes graus de resistência, sendo o clone A resistente, o clone B suscetível e o clone C altamente suscetível. Para a microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram selecionados os clones A e C. Através da anatomia quantitativa da região internervural da folha, o clone A apresentou diferenças estruturais que podem estar ligadas à resistência desse material, como: maior espessura das cutículas abaxial e adaxial, maior espessura do parênquima paliçádico adaxial, maior % de parênquima paliçádico, maior número e área de cavidades oleíferas, menor espessura da epiderme abaxial e menor espessura e % de parênquima lacunoso. Estes parâmetros podem dificultar a penetração do patógeno e a sua colonização nos tecidos do hospedeiro. Além disso, o estudo anatômico ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: resistance could be related to the existence of substances that are toxic to microorganisms. The biochemical reactions that take place in cells of the host produce substances that are toxic to the pathogen or create adverse conditions for their growth inside the plant, significantly contributing toward resistance. In addition to biochemical factors, there are structural defense mechanisms that act by conferring resistance to the host against infection by pathogens. This work's objective was to quantify leaf anatomical characters at three developmental stages (E1, E3, and E5); analyze Puccinia psidii pathogenesis via leaf micromorphology; and characterize the essential oils composition of eucalyptus clones, in order to establish a relationship between essential oils study, clones with different degrees of resistance were selected as follows: clone A was considered resistant, clone B susceptible, and clone C highly susceptible. Clones A and C were selected for scanning electron microscopy. By quantitative anatomy of the leaf interveinal region, clone A exhibited structural differences that could be linked to resistance in this material, such as: greater thickness of the abaxial and adaxial cuticles, greater thickness of the adaxial palisade parenchyma, greater palisade parenchyma percentage, higher number and area of oleiferous receptacles, smaller thickness of the abaxial epidermis, and smaller thickness and percentage of spongy parenchyma. These parameters can make it difficult for the pathogen to penetrate and colonize host tissues. In addition, the anatomical study allowed the discrimination of the first leaf stage in the highly susceptible clone in relation to the others, indicating a relationship between these characters and rust, since the disease occurs preferably on young leaves and organs at...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Edson Luis Furtado
Coorientador: Roberto Antonio Rodella
Banca: Marcia Ortiz Mayo Marques
Banca: Marília Contin Ventrella
Mestre

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Tziortzi, Andri. "Quantitative dopamine imaging in humans using magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:26b8b4c2-0237-4c40-8c84-9ae818a0dabf.

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Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that is involved in several human functions such as reward, cognition, emotions and movement. Abnormalities of the neurotransmitter itself, or the dopamine receptors through which it exerts its actions, contribute to a wide range of psychiatric and neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Thus far, despite the great interest and extensive research, the exact role of dopamine and the causalities of dopamine related disorders are not fully understood. Here we have developed multimodal imaging methods, to investigate the release of dopamine and the distribution of the dopamine D2-like receptor family in-vivo in healthy humans. We use the [¹¹C]PHNO PET ligand, which enables exploration of dopamine-related parameters in striatal regions, and for the first time in extrastriatal regions, that are known to be associated with distinctive functions and disorders. Our methods involve robust approaches for the manual and automated delineation of these brain regions, in terms of structural and functional organisation, using information from structural and diffusion MRI images. These data have been combined with [¹¹C]PHNO PET data for quantitative dopamine imaging. Our investigation has revealed the distribution and the relative density of the D3R and D2R sites of the dopamine D2-like receptor family, in healthy humans. In addition, we have demonstrated that the release of dopamine has a functional rather than a structural specificity and that the relative densities of the D3R and D2R sites do not drive this specificity. We have also shown that the dopamine D3R receptor is primarily distributed in regions that have a central role in reward and addiction. A finding that supports theories that assigns a primarily limbic role to the D3R.

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46

Souza, Renata Ruiz Silva [UNESP]. "Caracterização anatômica quantitativa e composição de óleos essenciais em três estágios foliares de clones de eucalipto e sua relação com a ferrugem." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97179.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:35:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_rrs_me_botfca.pdf: 4134398 bytes, checksum: 35160af55248a162df54256d389a6408 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Na natureza, a maioria das plantas é resistente aos diferentes patógenos, e essa resistência pode estar relacionada à existência de substâncias tóxicas aos microrganismos. As reações bioquímicas, que ocorrem nas células do hospedeiro, produzem substâncias que se mostram tóxicas ao patógeno ou criam condições adversas para o seu crescimento no interior da planta, contribuindo significativamente para a resistência. Além dos fatores bioquímicos existem mecanismos estruturais de defesa que atuam conferindo resistência ao hospedeiro à infecção por patógenos. O presente trabalho procurou quantificar os caracteres anatômicos foliares, em três estágios (E1, E3 e E5) de desenvolvimento; analisar a patogênese de Puccinia psidii pela micromorfologia da folha e caracterizar a composição dos óleos essenciais de clones de eucalipto, a fim de relacionar esses fatores com a resistência à ferrugem, causada pelo fungo Puccinia psidii. Para o estudo anatômico e dos óleos essenciais, foram selecionados clones com diferentes graus de resistência, sendo o clone A resistente, o clone B suscetível e o clone C altamente suscetível. Para a microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram selecionados os clones A e C. Através da anatomia quantitativa da região internervural da folha, o clone A apresentou diferenças estruturais que podem estar ligadas à resistência desse material, como: maior espessura das cutículas abaxial e adaxial, maior espessura do parênquima paliçádico adaxial, maior % de parênquima paliçádico, maior número e área de cavidades oleíferas, menor espessura da epiderme abaxial e menor espessura e % de parênquima lacunoso. Estes parâmetros podem dificultar a penetração do patógeno e a sua colonização nos tecidos do hospedeiro. Além disso, o estudo anatômico...
resistance could be related to the existence of substances that are toxic to microorganisms. The biochemical reactions that take place in cells of the host produce substances that are toxic to the pathogen or create adverse conditions for their growth inside the plant, significantly contributing toward resistance. In addition to biochemical factors, there are structural defense mechanisms that act by conferring resistance to the host against infection by pathogens. This work's objective was to quantify leaf anatomical characters at three developmental stages (E1, E3, and E5); analyze Puccinia psidii pathogenesis via leaf micromorphology; and characterize the essential oils composition of eucalyptus clones, in order to establish a relationship between essential oils study, clones with different degrees of resistance were selected as follows: clone A was considered resistant, clone B susceptible, and clone C highly susceptible. Clones A and C were selected for scanning electron microscopy. By quantitative anatomy of the leaf interveinal region, clone A exhibited structural differences that could be linked to resistance in this material, such as: greater thickness of the abaxial and adaxial cuticles, greater thickness of the adaxial palisade parenchyma, greater palisade parenchyma percentage, higher number and area of oleiferous receptacles, smaller thickness of the abaxial epidermis, and smaller thickness and percentage of spongy parenchyma. These parameters can make it difficult for the pathogen to penetrate and colonize host tissues. In addition, the anatomical study allowed the discrimination of the first leaf stage in the highly susceptible clone in relation to the others, indicating a relationship between these characters and rust, since the disease occurs preferably on young leaves and organs at...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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47

Ford, Jonathan M. "The Virtual Hip: An Anatomically Accurate Finite Element Model Based on the Visible Human Dataset." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3451.

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The purpose of this study is to determine if element decimation of a 3-D anatomical model affects the results of Finite Element Analysis (FEA). FEA has been increasingly applied to the biological and medical sciences. In order for an anatomical model to successfully run in FEA, the 3-D model’s complex geometry must be simplified, resulting in a loss of anatomical detail. The process of decimation reduces the number of elements within the structure and creates a simpler approximation of the model. Using the National Library of Medicine’s Visible Human Male dataset, a virtual 3-D representation of several structures of the hip were produced. The initial highest resolution model was processed through several levels of decimation. Each of these representative anatomical models were run in COMSOL 3.5a to measure the degree of displacement. These results were compared against the original model to determine what level of error was introduced due to model simplification.

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Yilmaz, Yasemin. "Les pratiques funéraires des populations néolithiques d’Anatolie : le cas de Cayönü." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14013/document.

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Cette étude porte sur le «Skull Building» de Çayönü (Sud-Est anatolien, Néolithiqueprécéramique), qui est l’un des plus anciens bâtiments à usage funéraire au Proche-Orient. Les restes humains provenant des différents dépôts osseux (110.460fragments) du «Skull Building» ont été étudiés au travers d’une approche archéoantropologiqueet taphonomique qui n’avait encore jamais été appliquée à un sitepréhistorique anatolien. Nous avons mis au point un logiciel de dénombrement,estimé le nombre minimum d’individus inhumés lors de chacune des deux phasesd’utilisation (NMI = 97 pour le bâtiment ovalaire, NMI = 231 pour le bâtimentrectangulaire) et mis en évidence un changement des pratiques entre le bâtimentovalaire (le plus ancien) et le bâtiment rectangulaire (le plus récent). Les résultatsobtenus permettent de proposer une nouvelle interprétation du fonctionnement de cebâtiment, dans la mesure où les analyses ont montré que les différents dépôts de laseconde phase d’utilisation (bâtiment rectangulaire) étaient liés entre eux
This study focuses on the "Skull Building" of Çayönü (Southeast Anatolian PrepotteryNeolithic), which is one of the oldest buildings for burial use in the MiddleEast. Human remains from different bone deposits (110,460 fragments) of the "SkullBuilding" have been studied through an archaeo-anthropological and taphonomicapproach which had never been applied to a prehistoric site in Anatolia. We havedeveloped a software for counting, estimated the minimum number of individualsburied in each of the two phases of use (NMI = 97 for the Oval Building, NMI = 231for the Rectangular Building) and highlighted a change in practices between the ovalbuilding (the oldest) and the rectangular building (most recent). The results obtainedallow proposing a new interpretation for the functions of this building, insofar as theanalysis showed that different deposits of the second phase of use (RectangularBuilding) were interrelated

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Ahmad, Hafiz Bashir. "Intraspecific variability in embolism resistance and functional trade-offs in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0747/document.

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Plusieurs études ont montré que la productivité des forêts et des cultures décroît sur l’ensemble de la planète en réponse au changement climatique, et que les risques de mortalité liée à la sécheresse s’accroissent. Ces mortalités massives ont été observées dans tous les écosystèmes forestiers et seraient dues à un dysfonctionnement hydraulique des plantes, causé par de l’embolie xylémiène. Le spectre interspécifique de résistance à l'embolie a été largement étudiée, mais peu d'attention a été accordée à la variabilité intra-spécifique de ce trait. C’est pourquoi, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’améliorer notre compréhension de la variabilité intra-spécifique de la résistance à l’embolie chez une espèce cultivée(Helianthus annuus L.) et chez un conifère (Pinus pinaster). Nous avons déterminé la vulnérabilité à l’embolie de quatre variétés de tournesol, présentant des différences significatives de P50 (pression induisant 50% de perte de conductivité hydraulique), allant de -2.67 à -3.22 MPa. Un compromis entre sécurité hydraulique et croissance a été observé mais pas entre la sécurité hydraulique et la capacité de transport de l'eau du xylème. Seuls quelques caractères anatomiques, tels que la densité des vaisseaux et la surface du lumen, présentent une corrélation avec la résistance à l’embolie. Dans un second temps, nous avons phénotypé pour la résistance à l’embolie et la densité du bois 477 génotypes de P. pinaster, issus d’une F2 de pleins-frères correspondant à la 3ème génération consanguine obtenue par auto-fécondation d’un hybride inter-provenance “Corse × Landes. La variabilité de la P50 au sein de l’espèce était extrêmement faible (CVP=5.6%). D’autre part, nous avons mis en évidence l’absence de compromis entre sécurité hydraulique et densité du bois. La part de variance du caractère P50 expliquée par QTLs (PEV)correspondait à 23.6% de la variance phénotypique totale mais aucun QTL commun n’a pu être détecté entre P50 et densité du bois, suggérant qu’au sein de cette famille, la plus forte résistance à l’embolie de certains génotypes n’est pas liée à un bois plus dense. Une analyse multi-caractère du fonctionnement de la feuille et du xylème a été réalisée via l’étude de la dynamique saisonnière de la fluorescence du photosystème II et des traits hydrauliques de la tige, sur une famille de pleins-frères d’un hybride interprovenance “Maroc × Landes” de P. pinaster ; en réponse à une diminution du potentiel hydrique,l’efficience du photosystème II et la conductance stomatique ont tous deux diminué, induisant une décroissance rapide du taux d’assimilation. La résistance à l’embolie du xylème n’a pas montré de relation significative avec les traits foliaires. L’absence de compromis entre ces caractères permet donc d’envisager la sélection génétique de génotypes à la fois efficients et résistants
As a consequence of current global climate change, forest and crop ecosystems are decreasing inproductivity worldwide and are under increased threat of widespread drought-induced mortality due tohydraulic failure caused by xylem embolism. The range of embolism resistance across species has been intensively studied but little attention has been paid to intraspecific variability. This thesis aimed thereforeat improving our understanding of the intraspecific variation in embolism resistance in one crop species(Helianthus annuus L.) and one conifer species (Pinus pinaster). In the first place, vulnerability to embolism was determined across four sunflower accessions with significant variations in P50 (pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity) ranging between -2.67 and -3.22 MPa. A trade-off between hydraulic safety and growth was observed but not between hydraulic safety and efficiency. Only few anatomical traits, such as vessel density and vessel lumen area, were found related to embolism resistance.Secondly, we phenotyped 477 P. pinaster full-sib F2 genotypes corresponding to a three-generation inbred pedigree obtained by the self-pollination of an inter “Corsica × Landes” provenance hybrid, for embolismresistance and wood density. The variability for P50 within species was remarkably low (CVP=5.6%). Wealso found a lack of trade-off between hydraulic safety and wood density. The phenotypic variance explained by QTLs (PEV) detected for P50 accounted for 23.6% of the phenotypic variation but no QTL collocated between P50 and wood density, suggesting that embolism resistant genotypes in this family are not dependent on denser wood. A multi-trait analysis of leaf and xylem functioning was performed through seasonal measurements of photosystem II fluorescence and stem hydraulic traits on a full-sib family of aninter “Morocco × Landes” provenance hybrid of P. pinaster; it revealed that with decreasing water potential, the efficiency of both photosystem II and stomatal conductance decreased which resulted in rapid decrease in assimilation rate. Xylem resistance to embolism was found having no relationship with leaf functioning traits. The absence of trade-off between these traits makes it possible to consider selection for both efficient and resistant genotypes

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Santagostino, S. F. "AQUATIC POLLUTION AND BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: TOXICOLOGY, HISTOPATHOLOGY AND ECOLOGICAL RISK OF SELECTED FISH SPECIES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/350847.

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The impact of multiple anthropogenic stressors on the marine environment has increased to large extents within the past few decades. Piscivorous fish can bioaccumulate pollutans to significantly higher concentrations than those found in the water or sediments, due to the lipid solubility and resistance of these compounds to numerous degenerative processes. The use of fish from different hydrological settings as bio-indicators represents a useful complementary choice to evaluate the levels and responses of marine organisms to pollutans, and to assess the global marine status. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the role of selected pelagic (Thunnus thynnus), and benthopelagic fish species (Dentex dentex and Pagellus bogaraveo) as biomonitors of Mediterranean sea pollution through the chemical identification and quantification of persistent organic and inorganic compounds in target tissues, the investigation of toxicopathic-related pathological changes, and the putative correlation between abnormal levels of pollutants and tissue lesions. Fish were selected based on length and weight. The mean concentration of metallic elements, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCs) was calculated and compared to their acceptable levels when available. Blackspot seabreams had the highest PCB concentration, whereas OCs were highest in tunas. A different spread in distinct species was documented for the following elements: Al, K, Co, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, and Th. For the elements without maximum dietary limits, Fe was highest in tunas, while Th was significantly predominant in dentices. Several metals were found in quantities above the acceptable levels. Specifically, the median concentrations of Hg and Cd in the pooled species were significantly higher than their relative PTWI. Significant differences among species were reported for Se, inorganic As, Ni and Zn. Other elements (Al, Cr, Cu, Sn, Pb, and Mn) were found to be at or below the corresponding acceptable levels. Histopathology evidenced acute and chronic lesions in numerous organs, comprising muscular degeneration and necrosis, hepatic lipidosis, hepatocellular necrosis and dysplastic foci in all fish groups. Specifically, chronic lesions in liver, gills, immune and reproductive systems were common in all fish species encountered. Testicular atrophy, necrotizing branchitis, and proliferation of melanomacrophagic centers represented common findings. Although these findings revealed some differences in the patterns of histopathologic traits between pelagic and benthopelagic fishes, the overall level of histopathological injury was moderate and severe traits like neoplasms or pre-neoplastic foci were not observed. The concentrations of the other metallic elements did not influence the muscular H-indices in all species, with the exception of Na, where the interaction between concentration of Na and fish species was statistically significant. No significant differences were found between the H-indices of different species. Given the simultaneous presence of pollutans in dangerous concentrations and the putative relationship with subacute to chronic microscopic lesions, research on fish contamination and human exposure could not be framed in terms of a single contaminant. Our findings aim to encourage cross-disciplinary discussion and to establish research and monitoring priorities in order to protect the human health. Since the risks associated with high simultaneous levels of multiple compounds have not been quantified but represent a severe health hazard, monitoring data should be collected to characterize the spatial and vertical distribution of metals in seawaters across a range of marine ecosystems. Our work confirms that histopathological evaluation of target organs should be included as a tool to determine the potential consequences of chronic toxicant exposure in wild fish.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anatomia quantitativa'

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