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Journal articles on the topic 'Anatomy Act of 1832'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kaufman, M. H. "Howison, the Cramond Murderer, and Last Person to be Hanged and Dissected." Scottish Medical Journal 45, no. 1 (February 2000): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693300004500110.

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An articulated skeleton in Edinburgh University's Anatomy Museum of “Howison, The Cramond Murderer”, shares a show-case with the articulated skeleton of “William Burke, The Murderer”. While the murderous activities of William Burke are well known, because of his association and activities with William Hare, and because they sold the bodies of their victims to Dr Robert Knox, the anatomist, little these days is recalled of Howison. He was executed for the murder of a woman in Cramond in December 1831, and was hanged on 21st January 1832. The case is important because he was the last individual executed before the implementation of the Anatomy Act of 1832. Accordingly, under the conditions of the previous Act, of 1752, entitled “An Act for better preventing the horrid Crime of Murder”, his body had to be handed across to the surgeons to be “dissected and anatomized”, before it could be buried.

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2

Lee, K., and S. W. McDonald. "Not Modern-Day Body-Snatching: The Response of the Public." Scottish Medical Journal 47, no. 3 (June 2002): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693300204700307.

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At recent presentations on the history of anatomy in the West of Scotland, our group has been asked whether we would regard the revelations of 1999 – 2001 about organ retention as a modern form of body-snatching. We have compared newspaper reports of the Glasgow Herald from 1823 to 1832, the decade prior to the Anatomy Act of 1832, and the Herald, Sunday Herald and Evening Times from 1999 to 2001. Clearly body-snatchers appropriated whole corpses while the recent troubles concerned individual organs. Body-snatching was illegal while the crisis over organ retention arose from differing expectations between the medical profession and the public. Both practices caused huge public concern and distress to relatives. There are, however, interesting differences between the two sets of reports. The public had been aware of body-snatching for many years prior to the Anatomy Act, which regulated the supply of cadavers, whereas revelations about organ retention came as a shock. In the organ retention crisis, the parents of the children were more organised in supporting each other and in campaigning for change than were the public in the days of the resurrectionists.

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3

Hughes, J. T. "‘Alas, Poor Yorick!’ The Death of Laurence Sterne." Journal of Medical Biography 11, no. 3 (August 2003): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096777200301100310.

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The life and death of Laurence Sterne are examined. Sterne's body was taken from his grave and soon after appeared for dissection in Cambridge. The teaching of anatomy, the activities of body snatchers and the passage of the 1832 Anatomy Act are reviewed.

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4

Hoole, Dee. "Dissection of the Destitute: The Supply of Anatomical Subjects to the Medical Schools of Aberdeen c. 1832–1902." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 38, no. 2 (November 2018): 238–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2018.0247.

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This article examines the mechanisms and arrangements for the movement of subjects for dissection at Aberdeen after the Anatomy Act, and the methods adopted by the Inspector of Anatomy for Scotland and the teachers of anatomy to implement the Act. There has been limited research on the working of the Anatomy Act in Scotland, which this paper aims to address by demonstrating the uniquely Scottish manner of implementation of the Anatomy Act through the use of the Funeratory system, which worked remarkably smoothly. Regimes and arrangements associated with the dissection and disposal of anatomical remains in the city provide statistics, and give details of unclaimed paupers who became ‘material contributions’ for Aberdeen anatomists and medical students.

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5

Hutton, Fiona. "The working of the 1832 Anatomy Act in Oxford and Manchester." Family & Community History 9, no. 2 (November 2006): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175138106x146142.

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6

Talairach, Laurence. "Anna Gasperini, Nineteenth Century Popular Fiction, Medicine and Anatomy. The Victorian Penny Blood and the 1832 Anatomy Act." Histoire, médecine et santé, no. 16 (January 28, 2021): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/hms.2893.

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7

MOSHENSKA, GABRIEL. "Unrolling Egyptian mummies in nineteenth-century Britain." British Journal for the History of Science 47, no. 3 (September 4, 2013): 451–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087413000423.

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AbstractThe unrolling of Egyptian mummies was a popular spectacle in mid-nineteenth-century Britain. In hospitals, theatres, homes and learned institutions mummified bodies, brought from Egypt as souvenirs or curiosities, were opened and examined in front of rapt audiences. The scientific study of mummies emerged within the contexts of early nineteenth-century Egyptomania, particularly following the decipherment of hieroglyphics in 1822, and the changing attitudes towards medicine, anatomy and the corpse that led to the 1832 Anatomy Act. The best-known mummy unroller of this period was the surgeon and antiquary Thomas Pettigrew, author of the highly respected History of Egyptian Mummies. By examining the locations, audiences and formats of some of Pettigrew's unrollings this paper outlines a historical geography of mummy studies within the intellectual worlds of nineteenth-century Britain, illuminating the patterns of authority, respectability, place and performance that Pettigrew and his colleagues navigated with varying degrees of success.

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8

Dittmer, Nicole C. "Nineteenth Century Popular Fiction, Medicine and Anatomy: The Victorian Penny Blood and the 1832 Anatomy Act. By Anna Gasperini." Gothic Studies 23, no. 1 (March 2021): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gothic.2021.0085.

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9

SMITH, MICHAEL. "The Church of Scotland and the Funeral Industry in Nineteenth-century Edinburgh." Scottish Historical Review 88, no. 1 (April 2009): 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0036924109000596.

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This article deals with the relationship between the Church of Scotland, the private sector and the local state in the provision of funeral arrangements and burial sites in Edinburgh in the nineteenth century. The first section introduces the status of the Kirk as upholder of tradition and provider of charity in relation to the funeral day. Next, state intervention will be considered, initially in the form of the introduction of the 1832 Anatomy Act, which had a direct bearing upon the status of the poor in Edinburgh and the Kirk's attitudes towards them when they died. This development, it will be argued, intensified working class desire for respectability in death, and increased the financial resources devoted to the funeral of the industrial age. Meanwhile, the challenge of the private cemetery companies during the 1840s further embodied the invasion of the market into the ‘ultimate’ rite of passage. Their example is used to illuminate not only the Kirk's inability to accommodate changing demand, but also the extent to which private enterprise was relied upon to solve municipal problems throughout the nineteenth century in Edinburgh. Finally, the article will explain the eventual demise of the Kirk as a source of burial provision in the capital, at the hands of a state that could no longer count upon pre-industrial solutions for disposal.

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10

Hurren, Elizabeth T. "A Pauper Dead-House: The Expansion of the Cambridge Anatomical Teaching School under the late-Victorian Poor Law, 1870–1914." Medical History 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300007067.

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In May 1901 an article appeared in the Yarmouth Advertiser and Gazette entitled ‘Alleged Traffic in Pauper Corpses—How the Medical Schools are Supplied—The Shadow of a Scandal’. It recounted that, although a pauper named Frank Hyde aged fifty had died in Yarmouth workhouse on 11 April 1901, his body was missing from the local cemetery. The case caused a public outcry because the workhouse death register stated that Hyde had been “buried by friends” in the parish five days after he had died. An editorial alleged that “the body was sent to Cambridge for dissection” instead and that the workhouse Master's clerk profited 15 shillings from the cadaver's sale. Following continued bad publicity, the visiting committee of Yarmouth Union investigated the allegations. They discovered that between 1880 and 1901 “26 bodies” had been sold for dissection and dismemberment under the terms of the Anatomy Act (1832) to the Cambridge anatomical teaching school situated at Downing College. The Master's clerk staged a false funeral each time a pauper died in his care. He arranged it so that “coffins were buried containing sand or sawdust or other ingredients but the body of the person whose name appeared on the outside [emphasis in original]” of each coffin never reached the grave. This was Hyde's fate too. Like many paupers who died in the care of Poor Law authorities in the nineteenth century, Hyde's friends and relatives lacked resources to fund his funeral expenses. Consequently, he underwent the ignominy of a pauper burial, but not in Yarmouth. His body was conveyed on the Great Eastern railway in a “death-box” to Cambridge anatomical teaching school. Following preservation, which took around four months, the cadaver was dissected and dismembered. It was interred eleven months after death in St Benedict's parish graveyard within Mill Road cemetery, Cambridge, on 8 March 1902. A basic Christian service was conducted by John Lane of the anatomy school before burial in a pauper grave containing a total of six bodies. The plot was unmarked and Frank Hyde disappeared from Poor Law records—the end product of pauperism.

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11

Catterall, Peter. "The reform act 1832." Representation 38, no. 4 (January 2002): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890208523205.

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12

Anderson, Duane C., E. J. Evans, and Austin Woolrych. "The Great Reform Act of 1832." History Teacher 18, no. 2 (February 1985): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/493939.

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13

Ertman, Thomas. "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and British Democratization." Comparative Political Studies 43, no. 8-9 (May 12, 2010): 1000–1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414010370434.

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14

Bentley, David. "Anatomy of an Act." Index on Censorship 37, no. 3 (August 2008): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220802303785.

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15

Newbould, Ian, and Nancy D. Lopatin. "Political Unions, Popular Politics and the Great Reform Act of 1832." American Historical Review 105, no. 5 (December 2000): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652157.

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16

Pentland, Gordon. "The Debate on Scottish Parliamentary Reform, 1830–1832." Scottish Historical Review 85, no. 1 (April 2006): 100–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2006.0025.

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The voluminous historiography of the‘Great Reform Act’ of 1832 and the more modest historiography of the Reform Act (Scotland) have tended to focus on how far the legislation effected a break with an aristocratic constitution. What this approach does little to illuminate, however, is the extent to which the reform legislation was framed and debated as a renegotiation of the relationship between England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the Empire. In Scotland, this meant that the extensive debate on reform tended to revolve around different interpretations of the Union of 1707 and Scotland's subsequent history and development. This article explores the reform debate among Scotland's political elite and, in particular, how the issue was tackled in Parliament. It demonstrates that in the fluid context provided by the developing constitutional crisis after 1829 simple divisions of ‘Whig’ and ‘Tory’ and even ‘Reformer’ and ‘Anti-reformer’ do not adequately describe the range of positions taken on the question of reform. The need to respond to the arguments of parliamentary opponents and to fast-moving events outside of Parliament ensured that responses to reform tended to be idiosyncratic. This article argues that the combination of the nature of reform as a renegotiation of the Union and the need to appeal to those outside of Parliament saw the reform debate prosecuted as a contest over the language of patriotism. Both sponsors and opponents of reform claimed to represent the voice of ‘the nation’, but this contest was far more complex than a straightforward confrontation between Anglophile ‘assimilationists’ and defenders of Scottish ‘semi-independence’.

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17

Maximenko, Marina A. "Preparation of the Law on the Representation of the Scottish People in the 20-30 Years of the 19th Century and Its Influence on the Formation of the Political Needs of the Middle Class." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 1 (209) (March 30, 2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2021-1-72-77.

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Recently, issues related to the history of the middle class have become popular. On the other hand, the processes associated with the formation of this class are no less interesting: the emergence of new values and guidelines, the formation of identity, as well as the development of their own political ambitions. It is difficult to overestimate the significance of the 1832 act, since many historians associate it with the granting of political freedom to the middle class. Indeed, thanks to the Scottish Representation Act, Scotland's electorate has been greatly increased; but, in addition to civil liberties, in the struggle for political rights, the middle class was able to understand their own political needs, which had a significant impact on identity formation. The article examined the preparation of the bill itself, the process of its discussion, as well as the impact the adoption of this law had on representatives of the Scottish middle class. Moreover, the text gives various historiographic concepts for the act of 1832, which were systematized according to a problematic principle.

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18

Phillips, John A., and Charles Wetherell. "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the Political Modernization of England." American Historical Review 100, no. 2 (April 1995): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169005.

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19

Robson, Brian. "Maps and mathematics: ranking the English boroughs for the 1832 Reform Act." Journal of Historical Geography 46 (October 2014): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2014.09.010.

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20

Hetz, James. "“Making Available” as an Act of Distribution Under Section 106 of the U.S. Copyright Act." International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society 5, no. 4 (2009): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-3669/cgp/v05i04/56023.

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21

Pearson, J. Diane. "Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832." Wicazo Sa Review 18, no. 2 (2003): 9–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wic.2003.0017.

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22

McDonald, S. W. "Glasgow Resurrectionists." Scottish Medical Journal 42, no. 3 (June 1997): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309704200307.

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The Napoleonic Wars and the colonial campaigns of the early 1800s created a great need for surgical training. Many of the cadavers used in Glasgow s schools of Anatomy were resurrected from local churchyards or imported from Ireland. In the 1820s, the activities of some resurrectionists showed gross insensitivity, with bodies being stolen before the funeral. In the early 1830s, cholera riots and the fear of “burking ” led to the Anatomy Bill of 1832 receiving the Royal Assent.

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23

Dixon, Nicholas. "The Church of England and the Legislative Reforms of 1828–32: Revolution or Adjustment?" Studies in Church History 56 (May 15, 2020): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2019.22.

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Since the 1950s, historians of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Church of England have generally maintained that the Sacramental Test Act (1828), the Roman Catholic Relief Act (1829) and the Reform Act (1832) amounted to a ‘constitutional revolution’, in which Anglican political hegemony was decisively displaced. This theory remains the dominant framework for understanding the effect of legislation on the relationship between church and state in pre-Victorian England. This article probes the validity of the theory. It is argued that the legislative reforms of 1828–32 did not drastically alter the religious composition of parliament, which was already multi-denominational, and that they incorporated clauses which preserved the political dominance of the Church of England. Additionally, it is suggested that Anglican apprehensions concerning the reforming measures of those years were derived from an unfounded belief that these reforms would ultimately result in changes to the Church of England's formularies or in disestablishment, rather than from the actual laws enacted. Accordingly, the post-1832 British parliamentary system did not in the short term militate against Anglican interests. In light of this reappraisal, these legislative reforms may be better understood as an exercise in ‘constitutional adjustment’ as opposed to a ‘constitutional revolution’.

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24

Catena, Robert D., and Kira J. Carbonneau. "Guided Hands‐On Activities Can Improve Student Learning in a Lecture‐Based Qualitative Biomechanics Course." Anatomical Sciences Education 12, no. 5 (November 8, 2018): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ase.1832.

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25

Aidt, Toke S., and Raphaël Franck. "Democratization Under the Threat of Revolution: Evidence From the Great Reform Act of 1832." Econometrica 83, no. 2 (2015): 505–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta11484.

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26

LoPatin-Lummis, Nancy. "The 1832 Reform Act Debate: Should the Suffrage Be Based on Property or Taxpaying?" Journal of British Studies 46, no. 2 (April 2007): 320–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/510890.

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27

Scott, Jeff. "Pledging for the Environment: One Act at a Time." International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 7, no. 3 (2011): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v07i03/54943.

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28

Hutchison, Gary D. "‘Party Principles’ in Scottish Political Culture: Roxburghshire, 1832–1847." Scottish Historical Review 98, Supplement (October 2019): 390–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2019.0426.

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In this article it is argued that everyday processes and rituals entrenched political identities in post-reform political culture. The intensification of formal party allegiances—that is, deep and enduring loyalties towards factions within the established partisan structure—was not solely a result of ideology. Allegiances were also strengthened by the local activities of parties and by the infrastructure enhanced (and to an extent imported) by the Scottish Reform Act. These two factors reinforced each other, encouraging a vibrant, and at times violent, set of election rituals. From particular analysis of the constituency of Roxburghshire, it is clear that local party organisations were more autonomous, flexible and deeply rooted in broader society than might be assumed. Moreover, the rituals and processes of electioneering were very closely linked to formal parties and party allegiance. Indeed, the phenomenon of electoral violence, thus far assumed to be practically non-existent in Scotland, was closely related to election rituals and parties. This all suggests that formal partisan identities were more developed, and at an earlier stage, in Scotland than elsewhere in the UK. These identities would go on to play a notable role in shaping the development of mid- and late Victorian Scottish society.

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29

Cannon, John, and B. W. Hill. "British Parliamentary Parties, 1742-1832: From the Fall of Walpole to the First Reform Act." American Historical Review 91, no. 4 (October 1986): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1873373.

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30

Belchem, J. "Shorter notice. Political Unions, Popular Politics and the Great Reform Act of 1832. ND Lopatin." English Historical Review 114, no. 459 (November 1, 1999): 1342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/114.459.1342.

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31

Kestner, Joseph A. "The Concept of Working-Class Education in Industrial Investigative Reports of the Eighteen-Thirties." Browning Institute Studies 16 (1988): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0092472500002091.

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Steven Marcus has observed, “On any account, the 1830s are a decade of critical importance” (15). The period is prominent in the industrial era for several far-reaching if not entirely satisfactory pieces of legislation, including the Reform Bill of 1832, Althorp's Factory Act of 1833, and the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 established the principle of popular election in all corporate boroughs with the exception of London. The decade is marked, as well, by the quantification of social problems, which is represented by the statistical societies founded in Manchester in 1833 and in London in 1834 and by the Journal of the Statistical Society in 1838. These manifestations of the transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy reflected the shift from cottage to factory production that marked the Industrial Revolution.

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32

PENTLAND, GORDON. "SCOTLAND AND THE CREATION OF A NATIONAL REFORM MOVEMENT, 1830–1832." Historical Journal 48, no. 4 (December 2005): 999–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004899.

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The popular movement for parliamentary reform after 1830 managed to sustain its campaign for over eighteen months. The popular movement itself has largely been studied at a local level, and undoubtedly local contexts were influential in conditioning responses to reform. Reformers, however, predominantly represented themselves as patriots involved in a pan-British struggle, and this was a key factor in sustaining the mobilization. This article explores the reform movement on its own terms in one ‘national’ context, that of Scotland. If the immediate political context of reform was a spur to unity, the languages and strategies of reformers provided the real glue. Scottish reformers represented themselves as patriots involved in a ‘national movement’ and this article will analyse how the reform movement could act as a solvent for apparently conflicting aspects of Scottish and British national identities. It will argue that reformers deployed a language of ‘unionist-nationalism’ – which coupled demands for greater access to the British constitution with appeals to popular understandings of Scottish history – to call for reform, mobilize support, and maintain the unity of the movement.

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33

Zholudov, M. V. "«The Pamphlet War» and the Adoption of the Great Reform Act of 1832 in Great Britain." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 19, no. 1 (2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2019-19-1-52-57.

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34

Gorman, Frank O’. "The unreformed electorate of Hanoverian England: The mid‐eighteenth century to the reform act of 1832." Social History 11, no. 1 (January 1986): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071028608567639.

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35

Poston, Robin N. "Positive Leu-M1 Immunohistochemistry and Diagnosis of the Lymphoma Cases Described by Hodgkin in 1832." Applied Immunohistochemistry 7, no. 1 (1999): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00022744-199903000-00004.

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36

MacDonald, Helen. "“Humanity's discards”: The New South Wales Anatomy Act 1881." Mortality 12, no. 4 (November 2007): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13576270701609709.

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37

Wan Talaat, Wan Izatul Asma, and Shaik Mohd Noor Alam S.M. Hussain. "Malaysia’s War Against Environmental Pollution: Is the Environmental Quality Act, 1974 Sufficient?" International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 5, no. 3 (2009): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v05i03/54621.

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Diniz, Tatiana A., and Alison Glover. "Future is Due: Reflection on Local and Global Practice to Act towards Sustainability." International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 7, no. 4 (2011): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v07i04/54967.

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39

Myers, Edward. "Lunacy in the Stoke-upon-Trent workhouse 1834–1900." Psychiatric Bulletin 18, no. 8 (August 1994): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.18.8.492.

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The New Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 led to the admission of considerable numbers of pauper “lunatics, idiots and imbeciles” to parish workhouses. The Stoke-upon-Trent workhouse, erected in 1832, had progressively to increase its accommodation for this class of inmate who, by 1899, numbered about 100. Brief details are given of nursing staff and of improvements in conditions of care following recommendations of the Lunacy Commissioners. Primary sources of information are indicated and emphasis is laid on the importance for the history of English psychiatry of documenting the care of the mentally ill and mentally impaired in Union workhouses.

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40

Morrison, Bruce. "Channeling the “Restless Spirit of Innovation”: Elite Concessions and Institutional Change in the British Reform Act of 1832." World Politics 63, no. 4 (September 22, 2011): 678–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887111000207.

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The long-standing understanding of the British 1832 Reform Act as an elite response to a revolutionary threat has been given renewed prominence in recent work on the political economy of democratization. But earlier episodes of popular revolt in Britain led to elite unity rather than elite concessions. This article argues that the absence of effective elite closure against parliamentary reform in the early 1830s was the result of an extended process of state reform that had the effect of gradually reducing the capacity of the monarchy. This deprived the crown of patronage required for the construction of an antireform coalition, while also mollifying the reformers' fears that mass mobilization would invite repression and with it the recalibration of the constitution in favor of the monarchy. Therefore, while pressure from below was indeed critical to the passage of parliamentary reform, its contribution was mediated by institutional changes that, over time, weakened the sources of resistance to change and rendered reformist elites more amenable to the necessary reliance on the threat of force. This case study thus establishes that change at critical junctures can be subject to the influence of incremental institutional change occurring in relatively settled periods.

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41

Aidt, Toke S., and Raphaël Franck. "How to get the snowball rolling and extend the franchise: voting on the Great Reform Act of 1832." Public Choice 155, no. 3-4 (January 13, 2012): 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-011-9911-y.

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42

Gohritz, Andreas, Erich Kaiser, Merlin Guggenheim, and Arnold Dellon. "Nikolaus Rüdinger (1832–1896), His Description of Joint Innervation in 1857, and the History of Surgical Joint Denervation." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 34, no. 01 (September 6, 2017): 021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1606272.

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Background Selective joint denervation has become a reliable palliative treatment, especially for painful joints in the upper and lower extremity. Methods This article highlights the life and work of Nikolaus Rüdinger (1832–1896) who first described joint innervation which became the basis of later techniques of surgical joint denervation. The historical evolution of this method is outlined. Results Rüdinger made a unique career from apprentice barber to military surgeon and anatomy professor in Munich, Germany. His first description of articular innervation of temporomandibular, shoulder, elbow, wrist, finger, sacroiliac, hip, knee, ankle, foot, and toe joints in 1857 stimulated the subsequent history of surgical joint denervation. Comparing his investigations with modern joint denervation methods, developed by pioneers like Albrecht Wilhelm or A. Lee Dellon, shows his great exactitude and anatomical correspondence despite different current terminology. Clinical series of modern surgical joint denervations reveal success rates of up to 80% with reliable long-term results. Conclusion The history of joint denervation with Rüdinger as its important protagonist offers inspiring insights into the evolution of surgical techniques and exemplifies the value of descriptive functional anatomy, even if surgical application may not have been realized until a century later.

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43

Fernández Anagua, Fidel, and Flavia A. Montaño-Centellas. "Pulmonary aspergillosis in the threatened lesser rhea (Rhea pennata)." Comparative Clinical Pathology 23, no. 1 (November 8, 2013): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-013-1832-3.

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44

Garfield, Alan. "Taking the Magic out of Technology: Anatomy of a Design-Based Computer Graphics Intro Course." International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society 3, no. 2 (2007): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-3669/cgp/v03i02/59475.

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Gupta, Avisha. "The US Bayh-Dole Act of 1980: A Model for Indian Government Funded Research Patent Policy?" International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society 6, no. 2 (2010): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-3669/cgp/v06i02/56078.

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Bruce-Chwatt, Robert. "The laundry foetus; disposal of human remains, the Anatomy Act 1984 and the Human Tissue Act 2004." Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 17, no. 5 (July 2010): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2010.02.010.

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Phillips, S., S. Mercer, and N. Bogduk. "Anatomy and biomechanics of quadratus lumborum." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 222, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119jeim266.

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Various actions on the lumbar spine have been attributed to quadratus lumborum, but they have not been substantiated by quantitative data. The present study was undertaken to determine the magnitude of forces and moments that quadratus lumborum could exert on the lumbar spine. The fascicular anatomy of quadratus lumborum was studied in six embalmed cadavers. For each fascicle, the sites of attachment, orientation, and physiological cross-sectional area were determined. The fascicular anatomy varied considerably, between sides and between specimens, with respect to the number of fascicles, their prevalence, and their sizes. Approximately half of the fascicles act on the twelfth rib, and the rest act on the lumbar spine. The more consistently present fascicles were incorporated, as force-equivalents, into a model of quadratus lumborum in order to determine its possible actions. The magnitudes of the compression forces exerted by quadratus lumborum on the lumbar spine, the extensor moment, and the lateral bending moment, were each no greater than 10 per cent of those exerted by erector spinae and multifidus. These data indicate that quadratus lumborum has no more than a modest action on the lumbar spine, in quantitative terms. Its actual role in spinal biomechanics has still to be determined.

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Aidt, Toke S., and Raphaël Franck. "What Motivates an Oligarchic Elite to Democratize? Evidence from the Roll Call Vote on the Great Reform Act of 1832." Journal of Economic History 79, no. 3 (July 18, 2019): 773–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050719000342.

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AbstractThe Great Reform Act of 1832 was a watershed for democracy in Great Britain. We study the vote on 22 March 1831 in the House of Commons to test three competing theories of democratization: public opinion, political expedience, and threat of revolution. Peaceful agitation and mass-support for reform played an important role. Political expedience also motivated some members of Parliament to support the reform, especially if they were elected in constituencies located in counties that would gain seats. Violent unrest in urban but not in rural areas had some influence on the members of Parliament. Counterfactual scenarios suggest that the reform bill would not have obtained a majority in the House of Commons in the absence of these factors.

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McGeer, P. L., E. G. McGeer, S. Itagaki, and K. Mizukawa. "Anatomy and Pathology of the Basal Ganglia." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 14, S3 (August 1987): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100037756.

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ABSTRACT:Neurotransmitters of the basal ganglia are of three types: I, amino acids; II, amines; and III, peptides. The amino acids generally act ionotropically while the amines and peptides generally act metabotropically. There are many examples of neurotransmitter coexistence in basal ganglia neurons. Diseases of the basal ganglia are characterized by selective neuronal degeneration. Lesions of the caudate, putamen, subthalamus and substantia nigra pars compacta occur, respectively, in chorea, dystonia, hemiballismus and parkinsonism. The differing signs and symptoms of these diseases constitute strong evidence of the functions of these various nuclei. Basal ganglia diseases can be of genetic origin, as in Huntington's chorea and Wilson's disease, of infectious origin as in Sydenham's chorea and postencephalitic parkinsonism, or of toxic origin as in MPTP poisoning. Regardless of the etiology, the pathogenesis is often regionally concentrated for reasons that are poorly understood. From studies on Parkinson and Huntington disease brains, evidence is presented that a common feature may be the expression of HLA-DR antigen on reactive microglia in the region where pathological neuronal dropout is occurring.

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Gardner, Dugald. "James Bell Pettigrew (1832–1908) MD, LLD, FRS, comparative anatomist, physiologist and aerobiologist." Journal of Medical Biography 25, no. 3 (September 18, 2015): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772015605238.

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After leaving Glasgow University, Pettigrew joined the Edinburgh Medical School in 1856. Professor Goodsir determined Pettigrew’s entire future by awarding him the Anatomy Gold Medal for an essay on cardiac muscle. The essay was accompanied by dissections of such high quality that they led to the Croonian Lecture of the Royal Society of London in 1860. After graduating, Pettigrew’s time as House Surgeon to James Syme was followed by a position in the Hunterian Museum, London. Intensive studies of urinary and alimentary muscle, and observations of insects and animals, with lectures on flight to distinguished societies, contributed to disabling illness and a long convalescence but in 1869 Pettigrew became Conservator of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and then Pathologist to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. The publication of Physiology of the Circulation and of Animal Locomotion, with its emphasis on aeronautics, ensured international fame. Fellowship of both London and Edinburgh Royal Societies was another factor contributing to Pettigrew’s election to the Chandos Chair at St Andrews University in 1875. The construction and abortive flying of a motor-driven aeroplane came near the end of his life and Pettigrew gave his remaining years to completing his monumental Design in Nature.

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