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Journal articles on the topic 'Anatomy and physiology of the skin'
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1
Gaboriau, Henri P., and Craig S. Murakami. "Skin anatomy and flap physiology." Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 34, no. 3 (June 2001): 555–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-6665(05)70005-0.
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Kolarsick, Paul A. J., Maria Ann Kolarsick, and Carolyn Goodwin. "Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin." Journal of the Dermatology Nurses' Association 3, no. 4 (July 2011): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jdn.0b013e3182274a98.
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&NA;. "Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin." Journal of the Dermatology Nurses' Association 3, no. 4 (July 2011): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jdn.0b013e31822bdc94.
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&NA;. "Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin." Journal of the Dermatology Nurses’ Association 3, no. 6 (2011): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jdn.0b013e31823cccbe.
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Szuba, Andrzej, and Stanley G. Rockson. "Lymphedema: Anatomy, Physiology and Pathogenesis." Vascular Medicine 2, no. 4 (November 1997): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863x9700200408.
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The authors review the current understanding of lymphatic anatomy and physiology, and the pathophysiology of lymphedema. The skin lymphatic system consists of the initial lymphatics, which converge into lymphatic precollectors, collectors and lymphatic ducts; these in turn convey the lymph to the regional lymph nodes. Interstitial fluid and particles enter the initial lymphatics through interendothelial openings and by vesicular transport. Lymphatic uptake is enhanced by external compression. Lymphatic transport depends greatly on contraction of lymphangions, which generate the suction force that promotes absorption of interstitial fluid and expels lymph to collecting ducts. In lymphedema, various types of congenital and acquired abnormalities of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes have been observed. These often lead to lymphatic hypertension, valvular insufficiency and lymphostasis. Accumulation of interstitial and lymphatic fluid within the skin and subcutaneous tissue stimulates fibroblasts, keratinocytes and adipocytes eventuating in the deposition of collagen and glycosaminoglycans within the skin and subcutaneous tissue together with skin hypertrophy and destruction of elastic fibers.
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McLafferty, Ella, Charles Hendry, and Alistair Farley. "The integumentary system: anatomy, physiology and function of skin." Nursing Standard 27, no. 3 (September 19, 2012): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2012.09.27.3.35.c9299.
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Rolstad, Bonnie Sue, Joann Ermer-Seltun, and Ruth A. Bryant. "Relating knowledge of anatomy and physiology to peristomal skin care." Gastrointestinal Nursing 9, Sup3 (November 2011): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/gasn.2011.9.sup3.3.
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Lund, Carolyn, Joanne Kuller, Alfred Lane, Judy Wright Lott, and Deborah Raines. "Neonatal Skin Care: The Scientific Basis for Practice." Neonatal Network 18, no. 4 (June 1999): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.18.4.15.
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Objective:To review the literature addressing the care of neonatal skin.Data Sources:Computerized searches in MEDLINE and CINAHL, as well as references cited in articles reviewed. Key concepts in the searches included neonatal skin differences; neonatal skin and care practices for skin integrity; neonatal skin and toxicity; permeability; and contact irritant sensitization.Study Selection:Articles and comprehensive works relevant to key concepts and published after 1963, with an emphasis on new findings from 1993 to 1999. One hundred two citations were identified as useful to this review.Data Extraction:Data were extracted and organized under the following headings: anatomy and physiology of the skin; physiologic and anatomic differences in neonatal skin; nutritional deficiencies; skin care practices; and care of skin breakdown.Data Synthesis:Newborns’ skin is at risk for disruption of normal barrier function because of trauma. In light of available evidence about differences in neonatal skin development, clinical practice guidelines are suggested for baths, lubrication, antimicrobial skin disinfection, and adhesive removal. In addition, basic care practices are suggested for maintaining skin integrity, reducing exposure to potentially toxic substances, and promoting skin health beyond the neonatal period. Preventive care recommendations are made for reducing trauma, protecting the skin’s immature barrier function, and promoting skin integrity.Conclusions:This review generated evidence with which to create a new and comprehensive practice guideline for clinicians. Evaluation of the guideline is under way at 58 U.S. sites.
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Benson, Heather A. E., Jeffrey E. Grice, Yousuf Mohammed, Sarika Namjoshi, and Michael S. Roberts. "Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery: From Simple Potions to Smart Technologies." Current Drug Delivery 16, no. 5 (May 29, 2019): 444–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201816666190201143457.
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This overview on skin delivery considers the evolution of the principles of percutaneous absorption and skin products from ancient times to today. Over the ages, it has been recognised that products may be applied to the skin for either local or systemic effects. As our understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the skin has improved, this has facilitated the development of technologies to effectively and quantitatively deliver solutes across this barrier to specific target sites in the skin and beyond. We focus on these technologies and their role in skin delivery today and in the future.
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Bragazzi, Nicola, Maha Sellami, Iman Salem, Rosalynn Conic, Mark Kimak, Paolo Pigatto, and Giovanni Damiani. "Fasting and Its Impact on Skin Anatomy, Physiology, and Physiopathology: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020249.
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Skin serves as the first protective line and barrier of the body. Like many other organs, skin can be affected by several disorders in response to external factors such as pathogens, ultraviolet light, and pollution, as well as endogenous alterations related to aging and/or oxidative stress disturbance. Researchers have reported new insights into how skin cells are altered in response to caloric restriction diets in mammals. One of the most well-known caloric restriction diets is the Ramadan intermittent fasting, which is a radical change in the diet plan of practitioners for the period of one lunar month. Ramadan fasting represents the fourth of the five pillars of the Islamic creed. Even though infirm individuals are waived to take part in this religious duty, patients with various health problems, including those with different skin disorders, might choose to share this event with peers and family members. No standardized protocols or guidelines exist, however, to advise their physicians on the proper management of their patients’ condition during fasting. With an increasing Muslim population living in Western countries, this topic has started to draw substantial attention, not only of Middle-Eastern physicians, but also of clinicians in the West. For this purpose, we carried out a comprehensive overview on the topic. Our main findings are that: (1) there is a strong need for evidence-based suggestions and guidance. Literature on the impact of the Ramadan fasting, as well as of other kinds of fasting, on skin diseases is scarce and of poor quality, as well as the information available from the Internet; (2) patients willing to fast should be advised about the importance of taking proper treatments or consider alternative options including administration of trans-dermal/topical drugs, as they are permitted during daylight hours. Further, non-compliance has important, clinical and economic implications for an effective patient management.
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Mohd Noor, Siti Noor Azizzati, and Jamaluddin Mahmud. "A Review on Synthetic Skin: Materials Investigation, Experimentation and Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.858.
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The skin, which acts as a protector of the body from potentially harmful external environment is a multi-layered tissue that exhibits complex mechanical behaviour. The aim of this paper is to review available studies of human skin using experimental and numerical methods in determining the mechanical properties of skin. Mechanical properties of skin are vital to the certain industries such as surgical, cosmetics, forensic science and etc., where skin study currently leads to the development of an ultimate skin-like substitute that contains anatomy and physiology characteristics. A number of research papers and journals related to skin were revised and currently findings show that available information in regard to skin biomechanical properties is limited and the actual skin behavior is not comprehensively examined. Nevertheless, further in-depth research is required to develop appropriate techniques in estimating the skin properties which are valuable to the development of biomechanics study of skin.
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Kenins, P. "The functional anatomy of the receptive fields of rabbit C polymodal nociceptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 59, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 1098–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.59.4.1098.
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1. The rabbit saphenous nerve was split into small strands to enable recording from single polymodal nociceptive C receptors. 2. The cutaneous receptive field was explored with textile fiber sized probes of diameter 20-50 microns, with buckling loads from 75 to 150 mgf. It was found that the classical 'hot spot', as defined by nylon monofilament von Frey hairs, is composed of a large number of active areas if a smaller stimulating probe is used. 3. Studies of spatial and temporal interaction established that C polymodal nociceptors respond best to slow movements and that each area of the receptive field acts independently of surrounding areas. 4. Moisture on the skin was shown to increase the discharge to a standard stimulus, probably by its softening effect on the stratum corneum. Glueing the probe to the skin showed that compressive force is not the major stimulus. 5. These results support the contention that fabric-evoked prickle is the result of individual stiff fabric hairs exceeding nociceptor threshold at their point of contact with the skin rather than some complex interaction of fabric properties.
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Forslind, Bo, Magnus Lindberg, Godfried M. Roomans, Jan Pallon, and Ylva Werner-Linde. "Aspects on the physiology of human skin: Studies using particle probe analysis." Microscopy Research and Technique 38, no. 4 (August 15, 1997): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19970815)38:4<373::aid-jemt5>3.0.co;2-k.
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Golchin, Ali, Tahereh Z. Farahany, Arash Khojasteh, Fatemeh Soleimanifar, and Abdolreza Ardeshirylajimi. "The Clinical Trials of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Skin Diseases: An Update and Concise Review." Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 14, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888x13666180913123424.
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The skin is one of the crucial body organs with anatomy and physiology linked to various disorders including congenital and acquired diseases. Nowadays, mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs)- based therapy has appeared as a promising therapeutic field, in which many see opportunities to cure the costliest and incurable diseases. However, one question to be asked is that if the use of MSCs in clinical trials studies and diseases treatment has improved. In this study, the clinical trials using MSCs in skin diseases were reviewed. A remarkable number of clinical trial studies are in progress in this field; however, only a few of them have led to tangible benefits for patients. The relevant papers and ongoing clinical trials that address MSC’s therapeutic goals for various skin disorders were examined. This review can be very useful for both the dermatologists and basic skin researchers interested in contributing to stem cell-based therapeutic researches in the area of skin disorders.
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Xu, Jie, Shuangshuang Zheng, Xueyan Hu, Liying Li, Wenfang Li, Roxanne Parungao, Yiwei Wang, Yi Nie, Tianqing Liu, and Kedong Song. "Advances in the Research of Bioinks Based on Natural Collagen, Polysaccharide and Their Derivatives for Skin 3D Bioprinting." Polymers 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061237.
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The skin plays an important role in protecting the human body, and wound healing must be set in motion immediately following injury or trauma to restore the normal structure and function of skin. The extracellular matrix component of the skin mainly consists of collagen, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), elastin and hyaluronic acid (HA). Recently, natural collagen, polysaccharide and their derivatives such as collagen, gelatin, alginate, chitosan and pectin have been selected as the matrix materials of bioink to construct a functional artificial skin due to their biocompatible and biodegradable properties by 3D bioprinting, which is a revolutionary technology with the potential to transform both research and medical therapeutics. In this review, we outline the current skin bioprinting technologies and the bioink components for skin bioprinting. We also summarize the bioink products practiced in research recently and current challenges to guide future research to develop in a promising direction. While there are challenges regarding currently available skin bioprinting, addressing these issues will facilitate the rapid advancement of 3D skin bioprinting and its ability to mimic the native anatomy and physiology of skin and surrounding tissues in the future.
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Mansbridge, J. N., and A. M. Knapp. "Penetration of lucifer yellow into human skin: a lateral diffusion channel in the stratum corneum." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 41, no. 6 (June 1993): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/41.6.8315281.
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We investigated the penetration of Lucifer Yellow into human and murine epidermis in 4-mm punch biopsies by incubation in dye solution. Lucifer Yellow was taken up freely by the dermis but penetrated only slightly into keratinocytes of the basal and suprabasal layers. However, progressive lateral diffusion was observed in the lowest layers of the stratum corneum, extending a distance of 1 mm in 6 hr. Under high magnification, Lucifer Yellow appeared to lie within rather than between corneocytes of this layer. Control samples stained with Lucifer Yellow after sectioning showed no preferential binding of the dye in this region. We concluded that the localization of staining was the result of diffusion from the cut edge of the stratum corneum. Lucifer Yellow penetration was insensitive to PMSF, 1:10 phenanthroline, or N-ethyl maleimide and was also observed in an in vivo injury, indicating that it was not an artifact of proteolytic or degenerative changes. In contrast, horseradish peroxidase failed to penetrate, suggesting molecular size limitation to channel entry. Diffusion of Lucifer Yellow beneath the stratum corneum marks a pathway for the lateral movement of small molecules of potential importance in the normal physiology of the skin, drug delivery, and pathology.
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Jayaprakash, Reshmi, Jahnara Hameed, and Anupriya Anupriya. "AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY SYSTEM." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 10 (September 1, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.19909.
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Recently, most widely using conventional dosage form such as tablet, capsules, and injections but due to some case we are preferable to choose transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) because conventional oral dosage form undergo first pass metabolism. In TDDS, skin is the effective medium for the penetration of drug into systemic circulation. This system required very low dose for the effective result or action. One of the major disadvantages of TDDS is penetration rate is very low through the stratum corneum. Nowadays, different types of skin penetration enhancement techniques are used for increasing the penetration. These types of techniques can be also increase the bioavailability. The patients have more preferable to choose this type of drug delivery system because it has more advantages than conventional dosage form. This article is discuses about the anatomy and physiology of skin and its drug penetration capacity, polymers used in transdermal drug delivery and different types of TDDS.
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Mehraban, Nasima, George B. Holmes, Johnny Lin, Simon Lee, Kamran S. Hamid, and Daniel D. Bohl. "Skin Preparation Techniques for Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Current Concepts Review." Foot & Ankle International 41, no. 8 (June 9, 2020): 1007–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100720925480.
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Surgical site infection (SSI) following orthopedic foot and ankle surgery is associated with morbidity, mortality, and cost to the healthcare system. The local anatomy and physiology predispose patients undergoing procedures to elevated risk. In particular, sterilizing of the webspaces, nailfolds, and subungual areas presents challenges, and the preferred skin antisepsis technique for foot and ankle procedures has not yet been defined. Skin antiseptic solutions (SASs) consist of 3 main categories: alcohol, chlorhexidine, and iodine-based solutions. This review of the literature supports a combined chlorhexidine and alcohol preparation technique; however, there are a number of studies that suggest otherwise. In addition, there is variable evidence for the use of alternatives to the standard soft sponge application technique, including immersion, bristled brush, and cotton gauze application. These alternatives may have a particular advantage in the forefoot. Most studies to date use growth from skin swab cultures after skin preparation as the primary outcome. Higher-level studies with large subject populations and more meaningful clinical outcomes will be required to solidify guidelines for preoperative skin antisepsis prior to foot and ankle procedures. Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.
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Wolkow, Natalie, and Suzanne K. Freitag. "Transconjunctival and Transcaruncular Approaches to the Orbit." Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base 81, no. 04 (August 2020): 422–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713849.
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AbstractTranscaruncular and transconjunctival approaches are commonly used by ophthalmic plastic surgeons to access various orbital compartments. These approaches are versatile and may be combined with transnasal or transcranial approaches to the orbit to gain optimal access to challenging locations. A major advantage of the transcaruncular and transconjunctival approaches is the lack of a visible skin incision with excellent postoperative cosmesis. As with all orbital surgery, an in-depth knowledge of orbital anatomy and physiology, as well as meticulous hemostasis, is needed to prevent complications including globe injury, permanent vision loss, diplopia, and retrobulbar hemorrhage. This article reviews the surgical steps of these approaches. The indications for each approach and case examples are illustrated.
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Shaffer, Fredric, Didier Combatalade, Erik Peper, and Zachary M. Meehan. "A Guide to Cleaner Electrodermal Activity Measurements." Biofeedback 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-44.2.01.
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Valid electrodermal measurements ensure the integrity of client assessment and biofeedback training. Accurate measurements require understanding of the signal and potential artifacts (sources of contamination) and developing “bulletproof procedures.” Peper, Shaffer, and Lin have recommended the following guidelines for ensuring accurate psychophysiological monitoring: (a) understand the physiological mechanisms that generate the signal, (b) always record and inspect the raw signal because this will allow you to identify artifact, (c) question whether displayed values make sense (e.g., skin conductance levels that rapidly fluctuate, exceed 40 μS/cm2, or fall below 1 μS/cm2 should be suspect in a client who is sitting quietly), (d) recognize the appearance of common artifacts and how they alter derived measurements, and (e) intentionally create artifacts so that you can better recognize them (e.g., rhythmically move the fingers attached to a skin sensor, loosening or tightening the sensors if they are attached with the Velcro® finger straps, and review both the raw signal and calculated skin conductance values). This article reviews the anatomy and physiology, measurement procedures, sources of common artifacts and their control, tracking test for recording electrodermal activity, and common response patterns.
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Wright, W. G., Y. P. Ivanenko, and V. S. Gurfinkel. "Foot anatomy specialization for postural sensation and control." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 5 (March 1, 2012): 1513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00256.2011.
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Anthropological and biomechanical research suggests that the human foot evolved a unique design for propulsion and support. In theory, the arch and toes must play an important role, however, many postural studies tend to focus on the simple hinge action of the ankle joint. To investigate further the role of foot anatomy and sensorimotor control of posture, we quantified the deformation of the foot arch and studied the effects of local perturbations applied to the toes (TOE) or 1st/2nd metatarsals (MT) while standing. In sitting position, loading and lifting a 10-kg weight on the knee respectively lowered and raised the foot arch between 1 and 1.5 mm. Less than 50% of this change could be accounted for by plantar surface skin compression. During quiet standing, the foot arch probe and shin sway revealed a significant correlation, which shows that as the tibia tilts forward, the foot arch flattens and vice versa. During TOE and MT perturbations (a 2- to 6-mm upward shift of an appropriate part of the foot at 2.5 mm/s), electromyogram (EMG) measures of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius revealed notable changes, and the root-mean-square (RMS) variability of shin sway increased significantly, these increments being greater in the MT condition. The slow return of RMS to baseline level (>30 s) suggested that a very small perturbation changes the surface reference frame, which then takes time to reestablish. These findings show that rather than serving as a rigid base of support, the foot is compliant, in an active state, and sensitive to minute deformations. In conclusion, the architecture and physiology of the foot appear to contribute to the task of bipedal postural control with great sensitivity.
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Som, P. M., J. T. Laitman, and K. Mak. "Embryology and Anatomy of the Skin, Its Appendages, and Physiologic Changes in the Head and Neck." Neurographics 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 390–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ng.9170210.
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Torres, Ariel. "Body contouring using a combination of non-invasive energy-based devices." Journal of Aesthetic Nursing 9, no. 10 (December 2, 2020): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/joan.2020.9.10.428.
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In this article, the author will be reviewing fat anatomy and physiology, as well as outlining how fat is distributed. Only after this baseline knowledge is established, can a comprehensive discussion on how to body contour by reducing fat be discussed thoroughly. The way cellulite develops and why females are predisposed to it is also detailed, followed by emphasis on the chronology in a holistic slimming approach (first is fat loss, then toning, followed by firming, anti-cellulite, figure shaping and spot reduction), the proper sequence of treating from the inside going out or from the inner visceral fat to the outer subcutaneous fat, from the deep reserve fat of the subcutaneous fat towards the superficial fat of the subcutaneous fat, and what ‘specific’ parameters should be used for each ‘separate’ energy (for example, infrared, radiofrequency and skin curving) after discussing the vast myriad technologies involved in different non-invasive energy based devices, including those employing lasers, primarily for aesthetic purposes, but consequently with health benefits.
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Torres, Ariel. "Body contouring using a combination of non-invasive energy-based devices." Journal of Aesthetic Nursing 9, no. 5 (June 2, 2020): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/joan.2020.9.5.195.
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In this article, the author will be reviewing fat anatomy and physiology, as well as outlining how fat is distributed. Only after this baseline knowledge is established, can a comprehensive discussion on how to body contour by reducing fat be discussed thoroughly. The way cellulite develops and why females are predisposed to it is also detailed, followed by emphasis on the chronology in a holistic slimming approach (first is fat loss, then toning, followed by firming, anti-cellulite, figure shaping and spot reduction), the proper sequence of treating from the inside going out or from the inner visceral fat to the outer subcutaneous fat, from the deep reserve fat of the subcutaneous fat towards the superficial fat of the subcutaneous fat, and what ‘specific’ parameters should be used for each ‘separate’ energy (for example, infrared, radiofrequency and skin curving) after discussing the vast myriad technologies involved in different non-invasive energy based devices, including those employing lasers, primarily for aesthetic purposes, but consequently with health benefits.
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Marcinkowska, Ewa. "The Vitamin D System in Humans and Mice: Similar but Not the Same." Reports — Medical Cases, Images, and Videos 3, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reports3010001.
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Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol subsequently to exposure to UVB radiation or is absorbed from the diet. Vitamin D undergoes enzymatic conversion to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D), a ligand to the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR), which activates target gene expression. The best-known role of 1,25D is to maintain healthy bones by increasing the intestinal absorption and renal reuptake of calcium. Besides bone maintenance, 1,25D has many other functions, such as the inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of cell differentiation, augmentation of innate immune functions, and reduction of inflammation. Significant amounts of data regarding the role of vitamin D, its metabolism and VDR have been provided by research performed using mice. Despite the fact that humans and mice share many similarities in their genomes, anatomy and physiology, there are also differences between these species. In particular, there are differences in composition and regulation of the VDR gene and its expression, which is discussed in this article.
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Peng, Yuan B., Matthias Ringkamp, James N. Campbell, and Richard A. Meyer. "Electrophysiological Assessment of the Cutaneous Arborization of Aδ-Fiber Nociceptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 1164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.3.1164.
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Little is known about the relationship between the branching structure and function of physiologically identified cutaneous nociceptor terminals. The axonal arborization itself, however, has an impact on the afferent signal that is conveyed along the parent axon to the CNS. We therefore developed electrophysiological techniques to investigate the branching structure of cutaneous nociceptors. Single-fiber recordings were obtained from physiologically identified nociceptors that innervated the hairy skin of the monkey. Electrodes for transcutaneous stimulation were fixed at two separate locations inside the receptive field. For 32 Aδ-fiber nociceptors, distinct steps in latency of the recorded action potential were observed as the intensity of the transcutaneous electrical stimulus increased, indicating discrete sites for action potential initiation. The number of discrete latencies at each stimulation location ranged from 1 to 9 (3.7 ± 0.2; mean ± SE) and the mean size of the latency step was 9.9 ± 1.0 ms (range: 0.4–89.1 ms). For seven Aδ fibers, collision techniques were used to locate the position of the branch point where the daughter fibers that innervated the two locations within the receptive field join the parent axon. To correct for changes in electrical excitability at the peripheral terminals, collision experiments between the two skin locations and between each skin location and a nerve trunk electrode were necessary. Nine branch points were studied in the seven Aδ fibers; the mean propagation time from the action potential initiation site to the branch point was 31 ± 5 ms corresponding to a distance of 54 ± 10 mm. Almost half of the daughter branches were unmyelinated. These results demonstrate that collision techniques can be used to study the functional anatomy of physiologically identified nociceptive afferent terminals. Furthermore these results indicate that some nociceptive afferents branch quite proximal to their peripheral receptive field. Occlusion of action potential activity can occur in these long branches such that the shorter branches dominate in the response to natural stimuli.
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Prum, R. O., R. Torres, C. Kovach, S. Williamson, and S. M. Goodman. "Coherent light scattering by nanostructured collagen arrays in the caruncles of the malagasy asities (Eurylaimidae: aves)." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 24 (December 15, 1999): 3507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.24.3507.
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We investigated the anatomy, nanostructure and biophysics of the structurally coloured facial caruncles of three species in a clade of birds endemic to Madagascar (Philepittinae, Eurylaimidae: Aves). Caruncle tissues of all species had reflectance spectra with prominent, peak hues between 403 and 528 nm. Dark blue Neodrepanis tissues had substantial reflectance in the near ultraviolet (320–400 nm), which is visible to birds but not to humans, providing the first evidence of ultraviolet skin colours in birds and the first indications of the possible function of ultraviolet skin colours in avian communication. These structural colours are produced by coherent scattering from arrays of parallel collagen fibres in the dermis. Tissues of Philepitta castanea were organized into hexagonal, crystal-like arrays, whereas Neodrepanis tissues were quasiordered. Predictions of the peak hues of reflectance (λ (max)) using Bragg's law were relatively accurate, but Bragg's law requires physical assumptions that are obviously violated by these structures. A two-dimensional discrete Fourier analysis of the spatial variation in refractive index within the tissues documented that all the tissues are substantially nanostructured at the appropriate spatial scale to scatter visible light coherently. Predicted reflectance spectra based on the two-dimensional Fourier power spectra are relatively accurate at predicting the hue and shape of the reflectance spectra of the tissues. These results confirm that the nanostructure of the collagen arrays determines the colours that are coherently scattered by these tissues. The evolution of the anatomy and nanostructure of asity caruncles is discussed.
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Firooz, Alireza, Bardia Sadr, Shahab Babakoohi, Maryam Sarraf-Yazdy, Ferial Fanian, Ali Kazerouni-Timsar, Mansour Nassiri-Kashani, Mohammad Mehdi Naghizadeh, and Yahya Dowlati. "Variation of Biophysical Parameters of the Skin with Age, Gender, and Body Region." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/386936.
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Background. Understanding the physiological, chemical, and biophysical characteristics of the skin helps us to arrange a proper approach to the management of skin diseases.Objective. The aim of this study was to measure 6 biophysical characteristics of normal skin (sebum content, hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema index, melanin index, and elasticity) in a normal population and assess the effect of sex, age, and body location on them.Methods. Fifty healthy volunteers in 5 age groups (5 males and females in each) were enrolled in this study. A multifunctional skin physiology monitor (Courage & Khazaka electronic GmbH, Germany) was used to measure skin sebum content, hydration, TEWL, erythema index, melanin index, and elasticity in 8 different locations of the body.Results. There were significant differences between the hydration, melanin index, and elasticity of different age groups. Regarding the locations, forehead had the highest melanin index, where as palm had the lowest value. The mean values of erythema index and melanin index and TEWL were significantly higher in males and anatomic location was a significant independent factor for all of 6 measured parameters.Conclusion. Several biophysical properties of the skin vary among different gender, age groups, and body locations.
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Dodiyi-Manuel, Amabra, and Promise N. Wichendu. "Current concepts in the management of enterocutaneous fistula." International Surgery Journal 5, no. 6 (May 24, 2018): 1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20181836.
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Enterocutaneous fistula is an abnormal connection between the intra-abdominal gastrointestinal tract and skin. It causes considerable morbidity and mortality. The goals of management are restoration of gastrointestinal continuity and allowance of enteral nutrition with minimal morbidity and mortality. A multidisciplinary approach is essential in the successful management and this has led to closure rates ranging from 5-20% following conservative management and 75-85% with operative treatment. This article seeks to review the current concepts in the management of enterocutaneous fistula. A systematic search of literature on enterocutaneous fistula was conducted. Relevant materials were selected and selected references from relevant books, journal articles and abstracts using Medline, Google scholar and Pubmed databases were critically reviewed. Enterocutaneous fistulas can be classified by the anatomy, aetiology or physiology. Anatomically, enterocutaneous fistula has been classified based on the organ of origin and this is useful in the consideration of management options: type l (abdominal oesophageal and gastroduodenal fistula), type ll (small bowel fistula), type lll (large bowel fistula) and type IV (enteroatmospheric, regardless of origin. The anatomy also depends on the presence or absence of associated abscess cavity and the length and characteristics of the fistula tract. Aetiologically, the majority of enterocutaneous fistulas are iatrogenic (75-85%) while between 15 and 25% occur spontaneously. The physiological classification is based on the volume of its output. High output fistulas drain more than 500mls in 24 hours, moderate output between 200 and 500mls in 24 hours and low output less than 200mls in 24 hours. Successful management requires a multidisciplinary approach and would consist of initial resuscitaion with fluids and electrolytes, control of sepsis, good and adequate nutrition, wound care and skin protection and definitive management. The treatment of enterocutaneous fistula is multidisciplinary and remains a challenge despite the recent improvement in supportive care. Once enterocutaneous fistula occurs, adequate stabilization of the patient and non-operative management should be commenced. If surgery is required, careful planning, meticulous dissection, restoration of bowel continuity and reconstruction of abdominal wall are critical.
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Altermann, Caroline, Rithiele Gonçalves, Marcus Vinícius S. Lara, Ben-Hur S. Neves, and Pâmela B. Mello-Carpes. "Observing and understanding arterial and venous circulation differences in a physiology laboratory activity." Advances in Physiology Education 39, no. 4 (December 2015): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00148.2014.
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The purpose of the present article is to describe three simple practical experiments that aim to observe and discuss the anatomic and physiological functions and differences between arteries and veins as well as the alterations observed in skin blood flow in different situations. For this activity, students were divided in small groups. In each group, a volunteer is recruited for each experiment. The experiments only require a sphygmomanometer, rubber bands, and a clock and allow students to develop a hypothesis to explain the different responses to the interruption of arterial and venous blood flow. At the end, students prepare a short report, and the results are discussed. This activity allows students to perceive the presence of physiology in their daily lives and helps them to understand the concepts related to the cardiovascular system and hemodynamics.
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Edin, B. B., and J. H. Abbs. "Finger movement responses of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the dorsal skin of the human hand." Journal of Neurophysiology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 657–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.65.3.657.
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1. The movement sensitivity of dorsal skin mechanoreceptors in the human hand was studied by the use of single afferent recording techniques. 2. Units were classified as slowly (SA) and fast adapting (FA) and further characterized by thresholds to vertical indentation and by receptive-field sizes. Whereas SA units were evenly distributed within the supply area of the superficial branch of the radial nerve. FA units were usually situated near joints. 3. The proportion of different receptor types (32% SAI, 32% SAII, 28% FAI, 8% FAII; n = 107) compared favorably with previous electrophysiological and anatomic data, arguing for minimal sampling bias. The majority of the skin mechanoreceptive units were SA, largely due to a relative scarcity of FAII [Pacinian corpuscles (PC)] units. 4. A large majority (92%) of the afferents responded to active hand or finger movements. Responses in all unit types were consistent with observed movement-induced deformations of their receptive fields. 5. FAI units responded bidirectionally, albeit usually with somewhat higher discharge frequencies for finger flexion, which in most cases were associated with skin stretch. FAI units showed meager responses to remote stimuli, typically responding to one or, at the most, two adjacent joints. 6. SA units typically showed simple directional responses to joint movements with an increased discharge during flexion and a reduced discharge during extension. Joint movement that influenced the skin within the receptive field of SA units elicited graded responses even if the field, as assessed by perpendicular indentations, was minute. This finding suggests that definition of cutaneous receptive fields by classical perpendicular indentations may be inappropriate for the receptors in the hairy, nonglabrous skin. 7. The interpretation of the data from these recordings suggests that cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the dorsal skin can provide the CNS with detailed kinematic information, at least for movements of the hand.
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McEwen, Beverly. "Eternally Vulnerable: The Pathology of Abuse in Domestic Animals." Academic Forensic Pathology 7, no. 3 (September 2017): 353–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2017.032.
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Animals are amongst the most vulnerable of all sentient beings. Animal neglect and abuse may involve a single animal and one person, or hundreds of animals and many people. Animals and people are victims of the same types of fatal injury and severe neglect; however, the anatomy and physiology of different animal species and even breeds of animals are a unique challenge for veterinary pathologists. Identifying and describing external lesions of blunt force trauma and projectile wounds requires that the entire skin be reflected from the animal because fur and feathers partially or totally mask the injuries. Because quadrupeds or birds may react differently to the same traumatic force applied to bipedal humans, extrapolating from medical forensic pathology must be done with caution. Animal abuse, however, does not occur in a vacuum. An established link exists between animal abuse, interpersonal violence, and other serious crimes. Using examples, this paper describes specific injuries in abused and neglected animals in the context of domestic violence, interpersonal violence, mental illness, and drug addiction. Medical examiners should be aware that animal abuse affects not only the animal, but individuals, families, and society as a whole.
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Soh, Kwang-Sup, Kyung A. Kang, and Yeon Hee Ryu. "50 Years of Bong-Han Theory and 10 Years of Primo Vascular System." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/587827.
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The primo vascular system (PVS) was first introduced by Bong-Han Kim via his five research reports. Among these the third report was most extensive and conclusive in terms of the PVS anatomy and physiology relating to the acupuncture meridians. His study results, unfortunately, were not reproduced by other scientists because he did not describe the materials and methods in detail. In 2002, a research team in Seoul National University reinitiated the PVS research, confirmed the existence of PVS in various organs, and discovered new characteristics of PVS. Two important examples are as follows: PVS was found in the adipose tissue and around cancer tissues. In parallel to these new findings, new methods for observing and identifying PVS were developed. Studies on the cell and material content inside the PVS, including the immune function cells and stem cells, are being progressed. In this review, Bong-Han Kim’s study results in his third report are summarized, and the new results after him are briefly reviewed. In the last section, the obstacles in finding the PVS in the skin as an anatomical structure of acupuncture meridian are discussed.
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Gurevich, Igor, Carmen Zhang, Nidhish Francis, and Brian J. Aneskievich. "TNIP1, a Retinoic Acid Receptor Corepressor and A20-binding Inhibitor of NF-κB, Distributes to Both Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Locations." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 59, no. 12 (December 2011): 1101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/0022155411427728.
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An increasingly wide range of functions, from repression of NF-κB signaling to protection from apoptosis, is being recognized for tumor necrosis factor α–induced protein 3-interacting protein 1 (TNIP1). The authors recently demonstrated TNIP1 interaction with and repression of liganded retinoic acid receptors, distinguishing it from the more typical NCoR and SMRT corepressors, which function only in the absence of ligand. To improve their understanding of TNIP1’s roles in physiologic and pathologic events, the authors examined its distribution in normal and malignant human tissues and cultured cells. They found cytoplasmic and nuclear TNIP1 in normal skin keratinocytes as it colocalized with retinoic acid receptor α, one of the nuclear receptors it corepresses. Nuclear and cytoplasmic TNIP1 was also found in the malignant keratinocytes of squamous cell carcinomas. Compared to adjacent normal tissues of other organs, TNIP1 staining and distribution varied with increased levels in esophageal cancer and marked decreases in prostate cancer. The varying levels and distribution of TNIP1 in normal and disease state tissues could be expected to affect processes in which TNIP1 is involved, such as NF-κB and nuclear receptor signaling, possibly contributing to the disease course or response to therapies targeting these key players of cell growth and differentiation.
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Da Fonseca Filho, Lucilo Bioni, Priscilla Virgínio De Albuquerque, Silvia Fernanda Alcântara, Júlio Cézar dos Santos Nascimento, Maria Eduarda Luiz Coelho De Miranda, Gilcifran Prestes De Andrade, Lourival Barro de Sousa Brito Pereira, Fernanda Barreto Afonso Menezes, Emanuela Polimeni De Mesquita, and Marleyne José Afonso Accioly Lins Amorim. "Macroscopic Description of Small and Large Intestine of the Sloth Bradypus variegatus." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.89376.
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Background: Sloths of the species Bradypus variegatus are mammals with peculiar habits, which feed mostly young leaves of ‘embaúba’ and occur broadly in Central and South America. This specie has the greatest occurrence in Brazilian Northeast, making it a biological model for several researches in the fields as anatomy, physiology, genetics, pathology, histology and ecology, which provide data to literature in order to benefit maintenance and preservation of these animals. This study aimed to describe unpublished data about small and large intestine anatomy of the sloth Bradypus variegatus, in order to collaborate for knowledge of its digestive processes.Materials, Methods & Results: In order to perform this present research, 10 corpses of specie Bradypus variegatus belonged to the acquis of Anatomy Division, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology (DMFA); Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), with 5 males and 5 females, the study was authorized by Animal Use and Experimentation Ethic Committee license (CEUA-UFRPE), nº 034/2015. All 10 animals used had natural death, were obtained through a donation of CETAS Tangará (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres - Wildlife Screening Center), and located in the city of Recife. Animals were dissected at abdominal and pelvic portion, from a median sagittal incision, followed by lateral folding of skin, muscle and withdrawal of pubis portion for exposition and description of intestines, with analysis of syntopy and measurement of these organs. A relation was observed among external holes of urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. A relation was still observed among intestines and stomach, liver, kidneys, bladder and abdominal cavity wall. Some animals had absence of sigmoid colon, ventral and dorsal descendent colon. Regarding measurement, small intestine ranged from 147.09 to 163.59 cm for males and 117.44 to 151.28 cm for females, while large intestine varied between 39.68 and 43.35 cm for males, and 33.19 and 44.47 cm for females. Urinary and reproductive systems had a same external hole at perineal portion for both gender. Whereas digestive system ended at anus as occur commonly among mammals.Discussion: Among specimens described, most had the same anatomic profile regarding the intestinal portions and syntopy performed over other abdominal cavity organs. A difference was observed on liver size, increment of 20% for females and males sampled, excluding animals that had absence of structure that were minority, once 40% of females had no ventral descending colon, 20% of males and females had no sigmoid colon, and 20% of males had no dorsal descending colon. However, some animals that had absence demonstrated increase of other adjacent structures, for example, male that had no dorsal descending colon developed the largest sigmoid colon observed among animals measured for portions of duodenum, ventral descending colon, ascending colon and dorsal descending colon. Regarding the measurement of small and large intestine, Bradypus variegatus had differences compared to other herbivores, what suggests that this fact is associated to a restricted diet, in which that animal is submitted. Because of literature shortage about digestive system of specie Bradypus variegatus and other species of wild animals in general, it still difficult to infer or plot more accurate affirmations about this subject.
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Dobrek, Lukasz. "DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIAL OF SELECTED SALIVARY PROTEOMICS FOR AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT." Acta Neuropsychologica 18, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1424.
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The clinical assessment of autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning, enabling the diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy present in the course of many diseases, is currently based on performing simple cardiovascular reflexes (Ewing tests), analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) or heart rate turbulence (HRT), examining skin sweating or recording neurophysiological tests (e.g. microneurography). Laboratory assessment of ANS function is very scarce and practically only includes the plasma assessment of noradrenaline as a surrogate for the biochemical indicator of sympathetic activity. Recently, the possibility of evaluation of selected compounds present in saliva as laboratory markers of not only oral diseases but also systemic diseases has been raised. This work focuses on a brief description of the anatomy and physiology of the salivary glands and describes the formation of saliva, its composition and the use of this bodily fluid in laboratory diagnostics. In addition, the paper specifically discusses the possibility of determining selected compounds that are considered to reflect autonomic activity. A review of the literature indicates primarily four proteomics: two neuropeptides (vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) that are co-transmitters in autonomic fibers, chromogranin A, a synaptic vesicle protein and α-amylase, a hydrolytic enzyme pre-digesting carbohydrates in the oral cavity. These are currently the most widely investigated agents for their usefulness as laboratory markers of ANS activity.
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Catania, A. Charles. "Single words, multiple words, and the functions of language." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18, no. 1 (March 1995): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0003795x.
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AbstractWilkins & Wakefield assign importance to motor systems but skip from anatomy to cognitive structure with little attention to behavior. Organisms, no matter how sophisticated, that do not behave in accord with what they know will fall by the evolutionary wayside. Facts about behavior can supplement the authors' theory, whose hierarchical structures can accommodate an evolutionary scenario in which a million years or more of functionally varied utterances mainly limited to single words is followed by an explosion of linguistic diversity with the development in the last 50,000 years or so of syntactically organized multiple word utterances.
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McClellan, Holly L., Susan J. Miller, and Peter E. Hartmann. "Evolution of lactation: nutritionv.protection with special reference to five mammalian species." Nutrition Research Reviews 21, no. 2 (December 2008): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422408100749.
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The evolutionary origin of the mammary gland has been difficult to establish because little knowledge can be gained on the origin of soft tissue organs from fossil evidence. One approach to resolve the origin of lactation has compared the anatomy of existing primitive mammals to skin glands, whilst another has examined the metabolic and molecular synergy between mammary gland development and the innate immune system. We have reviewed the physiology of lactation in five mammalian species with special reference to these theories. In all species, milk fulfils dual functions of providing protection and nutrition to the young and, furthermore, within species the quality and quantity of milk are highly conserved despite maternal malnutrition or illness. There are vast differences in birth weight, milk production, feeding frequency, macronutrient concentration, growth rate and length of lactation between rabbits, quokkas (Setonix brachyurus), pigs, cattle and humans. The components that protect the neonate against infection do so without causing inflammation. Many protective components are not unique to the mammary gland and are shared with the innate immune system. In contrast, many of the macronutrients in milk are unique to the mammary gland, have evolved from components of the innate immune system, and have either retained or developed multiple functions including the provision of nourishment and protection of the hatchling/neonate. Thus, there is a strong argument to suggest that the mammary gland evolved from the inflammatory response; however, the extensive protection that has developed in milk to actively avoid triggering inflammation seems to be a contradiction.
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McMahon, Stephen B. "Are there fundamental differences in the peripheral mechanisms of visceral and somatic pain?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 3 (September 1997): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97231481.
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There are some conspicuous differences between the sensibilities of cutaneous and visceral tissues: (1) Direct trauma, which readily produces pain when applied to the skin, is mostly without effect in healthy visceral tissue. (2) Pain that arises from visceral tissues is initially often poorly localised and diffuse. (3) With time, visceral pains are often referred to more superficial structures. (4) The site of referred pain may also show hyperalgesia. (5) In disease states, the afflicted viscera may also become hyperalgesic. In this target article, I consider to what extent differences in the physiology, anatomy, and chemistry of peripheral processing systems explain these different sensibilities. In almost every aspect, there are subtle differences in the properties of the processing mechanisms for cutaneous and visceral information. These may arise because of distinct developmental cues operating in the two domains. Many of the differences between visceral and cutaneous afferents are quantitative rather than qualitative. The quantitative differences, for example in the density of afferent innervation, can be large. The quantitative differences in the numbers of afferents alone may be a sufficient explanation for some aspects of the differential sensibility, for example, the poor localisation of sensation and the apparent insensitivity to focal yet tissue- damaging stimuli. In addition, the few clear qualitative differences apparent in the innervations of the two tissue types may be of special importance. That the encoding of visceral nociceptive events may occur by an intensity mechanism rather than a specificity mechanism could be the key difference in viscerosensory and somatosensory processing.
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White, Jason M., Hyun Joon Lee, Patrick Malone, Stephen P. DeWeerth, and Keith E. Tansey. "Temporal and spatial dynamics of spinal sensorimotor processing in an intersegmental cutaneous nociceptive reflex." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 616–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00146.2019.
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The cutaneus trunci muscle (CTM) reflex produces a skin “shrug” in response to pinch on a rat’s back through a three-part neural circuit: 1) A-fiber and C-fiber afferents in segmental dorsal cutaneous nerves (DCNs) from lumbar to cervical levels, 2) ascending propriospinal interneurons, and 3) the CTM motoneuron pool located at the cervicothoracic junction. We recorded neurograms from a CTM nerve branch in response to electrical stimulation. The pulse trains were delivered at multiple DCNs (T6–L1), on both sides of the midline, at two stimulus strengths (0.5 or 5 mA, to activate Aδ fibers or Aδ and C fibers, respectively) and four stimulation frequencies (1, 2, 5, or 10 Hz) for 20 s. We quantified both the temporal dynamics (i.e., latency, sensitization, habituation, and frequency dependence) and the spatial dynamics (spinal level) of the reflex. The evoked responses were time-windowed into Early, Mid, Late, and Ongoing phases, of which the Mid phase, between the Early (Aδ fiber mediated) and Late (C fiber mediated) phases, has not been previously identified. All phases of the response varied with stimulus strength, frequency, history, and DCN level/side stimulated. In addition, we observed nociceptive characteristics like C fiber-mediated sensitization (wind-up) and habituation. Finally, the range of latencies in the ipsilateral responses were not very large rostrocaudally, suggesting a myelinated neural path within the ipsilateral spinal cord for at least the A fiber-mediated Early-phase response. Overall, these results demonstrate that the CTM reflex shares the temporal dynamics in other nociceptive reflexes and exhibits spatial (segmental and lateral) dynamics not seen in those reflexes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have physiologically studied an intersegmental reflex exploring detailed temporal, stimulus strength-based, stimulation history-dependent, lateral and segmental quantification of the reflex responses to cutaneous nociceptive stimulations. We found several physiological features in this reflex pathway, e.g., wind-up, latency changes, and somatotopic differences. These physiological observations allow us to understand how the anatomy of this reflex may be organized. We have also identified a new phase of this reflex, termed the “mid” response.
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Cao, H. James, Rui Han, and Terry J. Smith. "Robust induction of PGHS-2 by IL-1 in orbital fibroblasts results from low levels of IL-1 receptor antagonist expression." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 284, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): C1429—C1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00354.2002.
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Human orbital fibroblasts are more susceptible to some actions of proinflammatory cytokines than are fibroblasts from other anatomic regions. These cells produce high levels of PGE2when activated by cytokines. Here we report that they express high levels of prostaglandin-endoperoxide H synthase (PGHS)-2, the inflammatory cyclooxygenase, when treated with IL-1β. This induction results from enhanced PGHS-2 mRNA stability and small increases in gene promoter activity. The enhanced transcript stability is a result of actions of the cytokine on the 3′-untranslated region. Orbital fibroblasts, unlike those from skin, fail to express high levels of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) when treated with IL-1β, leading to loss of modulation of IL-1 action. This can be overcome by transiently transfecting cells with IL-1ra. Thus a decreased level of IL-1ra expression in orbital fibroblasts may underlie the exaggerated responses to IL-1 observed in those cells and, therefore, the susceptibility of the orbit to inflammation.
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PINTO, Rodrigo Ambar, Isaac José Felippe CORRÊA NETO, Sérgio Carlos NAHAS, Leonardo Alfonso BUSTAMANTE LOPES, Carlos Walter SOBRADO JÚNIOR, and Ivan CECCONELLO. "FUNCTIONAL AND ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANORECTUM OF FEMALE SCLERODERMA PATIENTS AT A CENTER FOR PELVIC FLOOR DISORDERS." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 55, suppl 1 (October 4, 2018): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-49.
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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Scleroderma or progressive systemic sclerosis is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process with proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and excessive deposition of collagen and extracellular matrix in the skin, smooth muscle, and viscera. The smooth muscle most involved in scleroderma is that of the esophagus, and dysphagia is the most commonly reported symptom. However, the internal anal sphincter may also be impaired by degeneration and fibrosis, leading to concomitant anal incontinence in scleroderma patients. These patients may neglect to complain about it, except when actively questioned. OBJECTIVE: To assess anorectal function and anatomy of female scleroderma patients with symptoms of anal incontinence through Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence Score (CCFIS), anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound at the outpatient clinic of colorectal and anal physiology, Clinics Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School (HC-FMUSP). METHODS: Female scleroderma patients were prospectively assessed and questioned as to symptoms of anal incontinence. The anorectal manometry and endoanal ultrasound results were correlated with clinical data and symptoms. RESULTS: In total, 13 women were evaluated. Their mean age was 55.77 years (±16.14; 27-72 years) and their mean disease duration was 10.23 years (±6.23; 2-23 years). All had symptoms of fecal incontinence ranging from 1 to 15. Seven (53.8%) patients had fecal incontinence score no higher than 7; three (23.1%) between 8 and 13; and three (23.1%) 14 or higher, corresponding to mild, moderate, and severe incontinence, respectively. Ten (76.92%) patients had hypotonia of the internal anal sphincter. Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound showed tapering associated with muscle atrophy of the internal sphincter in six cases and previous muscle defects in three cases. CONCLUSION: A functional and anatomical impairment of the sphincter is an important factor to assess in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and it should not be underestimated.
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Salimi, Iran, Thomas Brochier, and Allan M. Smith. "Neuronal Activity in Somatosensory Cortex of Monkeys Using a Precision Grip. I. Receptive Fields and Discharge Patterns." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.2.825.
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Neuronal activity in somatosensory cortex of monkeys using a precision grip. I. Receptive fields and discharge patterns. Three adolescent Macaca fascicularis monkeys weighing between 3.5 and 4 kg were trained to use a precision grip to grasp a metal tab mounted on a low friction vertical track and to lift and hold it in a 12- to 25-mm position window for 1 s. The surface texture of the metal tab in contact with the fingers and the weight of the object could be varied. The activity of 386 single cells with cutaneous receptive fields contacting the metal tab were recorded in Brodmann’s areas 3b, 1, 2, 5, and 7 of the somatosensory cortex. In this first of a series of papers, we describe three types of discharge pattern, the receptive-field properties, and the anatomic distribution of the neurons. The majority of the receptive fields were cutaneous and covered less than one digit, and a χ2 test did not reveal any significant differences in the Brodmann’s areas representing the thumb and index finger. Two broad categories of discharge pattern cells were identified. The first category, dynamic cells, showed a brief increase in activity beginning near grip onset, which quickly subsided despite continued pressure applied to the receptive field. Some of the dynamic neurons responded to both skin indentation and release. The second category, static cells, had higher activity during the stationary holding phase of the task. These static neurons demonstrated varying degrees of sensitivity to rates of pressure change on the skin. The percentage of dynamic versus static cells was about equal for areas 3b, 2, 5, and 7. Only area 1 had a higher proportion of dynamic cells (76%). A third category was identified that contained cells with significant pregrip activity and included cortical cells with both dynamic or static discharge patterns. Cells in this category showed activity increases before movement in the absence of receptive-field stimulation, suggesting that, in addition to peripheral cutaneous input, these cells also receive strong excitation from movement-related regions of the brain.
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Kim, H. L., Y. Bo-Abbas, and Lyn C. Guenther. "Cold-Induced Skin Disorders." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 1, no. 2 (October 1996): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/120347549600100211.
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Background: Humans are commonly exposed to extremes in temperature. Fortunately, our skin behaves as an anatomic and physiologic barrier during these periods. Exposure to cold temperatures may result in a variety of symptoms and disorders. Objective: Our current understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and therapies of cold-induced skin disorders are reviewed. Methods: Studies, reviews, and book chapters that contained information on cold-induced skin disorders were reviewed. Conclusion: Cold-induced skin disorders are a heterogeneous group of disorders that cause great morbidity, particularly in cold climates. These entities can be classified as physiologic or pathologic responses to freezing or nonfreezing cold exposure.
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Forbes, P. Donald, and Christopher P. Sambuco. "Assays for Photocarcinogenesis: Relevance of Animal Models." International Journal of Toxicology 17, no. 5 (August 1998): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158198226099.
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In the three and a half decades since the first published reports of squamous cell carcinomas in the skin of hairless mice exposed to ultraviolet radiation, this animal model has been developed and utilized extensively in basic and applied photobiology. Quantitative aspects of photocarcinogenesis had been investigated initially in haired mice; subsequently, the discipline of photoimmunology has developed largely on the basis of information derived from haired animals. Classical selective breeding methods, a few fortuitous mutations along the way, and the advent of genetic engineering have all enhanced the utility of the laboratory animal models. The benefits have included advances in our understanding of many influences on photocarcinogenesis such as genetic diversity, animal age, epidermal DNA damage and repair, wavelength dependency (action spectrum), ultraviolet radiation dose and its delivery, interactions with chemicals, and nutrition. As in other fields of basic and biomedical research, photobiological data have not been considered journalistically newsworthy or particularly contentious until they acquired potential economic impact. Thus, photocarcinogenesis became a more familiar word (at least along the Washington Beltway) when stratospheric ozone first appeared to be threatened by chlorofluorocarbons, and trends in photocarcinogenesis seemed less arcane when it appeared that the trends might be modified by consumer products and pharmaceuticals. The greatest challenge has not been in finding imaginative ways to exploit the models and to push the frontiers of science, but rather has been the uncertainty about quantitatively extrapolating the findings to humans. Research models would hardly be useful if they were not different from people (i.e., smaller, quicker to respond, shorter lived), and that fact encompasses differences in anatomy, physiology, metabolism, surface-to-weight ratios, etc. Selected examples from photomedicine (e.g., chronic solar damage, occupational exposure to tar, psoriasis phototherapy) tend to confirm that several basic principles about photocarcinogenesis are shared by man and mouse; other risk assessments await development and refinement, or remain to be corrected by experience.
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Dostrovsky, J. O., and A. D. Craig. "Cooling-specific spinothalamic neurons in the monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 3656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.3656.
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1. Little is known concerning the processing of innocuous thermoreceptive information in the CNS of the monkey. The aim of the present study was to confirm the prediction, based on recent studies in cat and monkey, that there must be a prominent spinothalamic (STT) projection of cooling-specific spinal cord lamina I neurons to the posterior part of the ventral medial nucleus (VMpo) of the monkey thalamus. 2. Experiments were performed on four cynomolgus monkeys anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. A detailed mapping of somatosensory thalamus was performed in each animal, and VMpo was identified by recordings from clusters of thermoreceptive-specific and nociceptive-specific (NS) neurons. Stimulating electrodes were then implanted in VMpo. Tungsten microelectrodes were used to record the responses of neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the lumbosacral spinal cord. 3. Many spontaneously active lamina I neurons were found that were inhibited by radiant warming and that responded to innocuous cooling of the hindpaw. These cooling-specific (COLD) neurons were excited by small temperature drops below skin temperature and increased their discharge with decreasing skin temperature. They were not excited by thermally neutral mechanical stimuli applied to the receptive fields. In passing, we also characterized with natural stimulation a few NS neurons reponsive to pinch and/ or noxious heat, multimodal (HPC) neurons responsive to noxious heat, pinch, and cold stimuli, and wide-dynamic-range neurons responsive to both innocuous and noxius cutaneous stimuli that were encountered in lamina I. 4. Twenty lamina I COLD cells were identified as STT neurons by antidromic activation from the contralateral VMpo. The mean conduction latency for these units was 26.1 ms, which corresponds to a mean conduction velocity of approximately 8.0 m/s. They were not antidromically activated from an electrode in the region of the ventral posterior nucleus in the thalamus. In addition, we antidromically activated from VMpo four NS units and three HPC cells. 5. These findings demonstrate for the first time the existence of a prominent direct projection of specific COLD lamina I STT cells to thalamus in the monkey. This is consistent with clinical inferences in humans and with prior results in cats. This result confirms that the dense lamina I STT projection to VMpo demonstrated in anatomic studies includes COLD cells, and it supports the role of VMpo as a thalamic relay nucleus for pain- and temperature-related information.
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Solomon, Steven L. "Host Factors in Whirlpool-AssociatedPseudomonas aeruginosaSkin Disease." Infection Control 6, no. 10 (October 1985): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700063487.
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AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosafolliculitis is the most common recognizable infectious disease occurring after use of whirlpools and hot tubs. The factors that affect the host's susceptibility to whirlpool-related infection are the anatomic and physiologic defenses of normal skin, the microecology of the skin surface, factors intrinsic to the individual host, and behavioral factors. The structural components of the skin maintain an environment at the skin surface that makes human skin an inhospitable habitat for microflora. However, natural and experimental models ofP. aeruginosaskin infection suggest that immersion in whirlpools may negate many of the body's normal host defenses, especially the very low humidity at the skin surface. Transient colonization of skin withP. aeruginosamay lead to elaboration of toxins in vivo, resulting in the characteristic dermatitis.
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Dong, W. K., T. Shiwaku, Y. Kawakami, and E. H. Chudler. "Static and dynamic responses of periodontal ligament mechanoreceptors and intradental mechanoreceptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 1567–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.5.1567.
Full textAbstract:
1. The response properties of 39 periodontal ligament mechanoreceptors (PDLMs) and 12 intradental mechanoreceptors (IMs) related to the intact mandibular canine tooth were isolated by extracellular recording methods from the ipsilateral trigeminal semilunar ganglion. 2. The stimulus threshold and response magnitude of individual PDLMs depended on the direction of steady force applied to the intact canine tooth. Canine PDLMs as a population, however, did not have a preferred stimulus direction. IMs were activated only by a rapid mechanical transient applied to the intact tooth in any direction. The stimulus threshold and response magnitude of each IM were approximately equipotent in all stimulus directions. 3. Application of quantifiable ramp-and-hold stimulation showed that PDLMs can encode the intensity of steady forces as well as the rate of force ramps. Increasing the ramp rates decreased the total ramp discharge but increased the peak discharge frequency. IMs encoded only the rate of force ramps that were applied by percussion. Higher ramp rates increased both the total discharges and peak discharge frequency of IMs. 4. The dynamic response properties of PDLMs and IMs were clearly differentiated by sinusoidal vibratory stimulation. The maximum frequencies for entrainment of IM discharge at the stimulus cycle length (251 +/- 103 Hz, mean +/- SD) and at any periodicity including multiples of the stimulus cycle length (295 +/- 100 Hz) were significantly higher than the maximum frequencies for PDLM discharge entrainment at the stimulus cycle length (103 +/- 53 Hz) and at any periodicity (133 +/- 62 Hz). 5. The functional similarities of PDLMs and IMs, respectively, to slowly adapting type II mechanoreceptors and Pacinian corpuscle receptors in the skin are discussed. Our present findings, which complement earlier anatomic and behavioral evidence, strongly suggest that IMs subserve nonnociceptive and nonpain functions. Both PDLMs and IMs may provide a continuum of dynamic afferent inputs necessary for tactile sensibility of teeth.
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Scheans, Patricia. "Neonatal Pressure Ulcer Prevention." Neonatal Network 34, no. 2 (2015): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.34.2.126.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe incidence of pressure ulcers in acutely ill infants and children ranges up to 27 percent in intensive care units, with a range of 16–19 percent in NICUs. Anatomic, physiologic, and developmental factors place ill and preterm newborns at risk for skin breakdown. Two case studies illustrate these factors, and best practices for pressure ulcer prevention are described.
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Bove, G. M., and A. R. Light. "Unmyelinated nociceptors of rat paraspinal tissues." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 1752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.5.1752.
Full textAbstract:
1. We made recordings from rat dorsal root filaments to study unmyelinated afferent units (conduction velocity < or = 1.5 m/s) associated with deep paraspinal tissues of the dorsal sacrum and proximal tail. Data from 57 unmyelinated units were analyzed in 47 experiments. Receptive fields were identified in intact animals and then surgically isolated using microdissection. Units were characterized using mechanical, noxious chemical, and thermal stimuli. 2. These recordings revealed innervation of the nerve sheaths and surrounding connective tissue, muscles, tendons, and tissue apposed to the undersurface of the skin. No units were found with receptive fields directly on joint capsular tissue. The receptive fields of the units were often multiple and located in more than one tissue; 31 of 57 units showed convergence from different tissues. 3. The units with receptive fields on neurovascular bundles shared sensitivities with other deep tissue units described in this and other reports. These units may have clinical importance in pain due to peripheral neuropathies. 4. The units initially responded to strong mechanical stimulation of the intact animal and often to noxious stretch of the tail. Once surgically isolated, an individual unit's threshold to mechanical stimuli appeared lower. 5. Capsaicin (0.001%-0.1%) elicited responses in 81% (17 of 21) of the units tested. Bradykinin (20 micrograms/ml) elicited responses in 45% (10 of 22) of the units tested. Noxious cold (4-10 degrees C) and hot (55 degrees C) stimulation elicited discharges from 33% (5 of 15) and 25% (5 of 20) of the units tested, respectively. 6. The unmyelinated units had similar mechanical, chemical, and thermal sensitivities. These similarities and the observed convergence only allowed separation of units by the tissue in which the ending was found, and did not allow further classification. 7. The prevalence of background discharge suggested that many units were sensitized during the experiments. 8. The sensitivities of these paraspinal units were similar to those reported for other tissues. Because of the anatomic similarity of the paraspinal tissues of the proximal tail and the lumbar spine, the conclusions of the present study can be related to the lumbar spine. These afferent units are thought to participate in nociception from the deep paraspinal tissues.