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Kapadia, Romina M., Shamil D. Diyora, Romil B. Shah, and Bhumi N. Modi. "Comparative Evaluation of Yen Angle and W Angle with ANB Angle, Wits Appraisal, and Beta Angle for Predicting Sagittal Jaw Dysplasia: A Cephalometric Study." International Journal of Clinical Dentistry and Research 1, no. 1 (2017): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10060-0006.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Sagittal jaw relationship is one of the basic criteria assessed for orthodontic diagnosis. ANB angle, Wits appraisal, and Beta angle are the most commonly used measures. Yen angle and W angle have been recently introduced. It was necessary to assess their predictability by comparing them with routinely used sagittal jaw indicators. Aim To assess Yen angle and W angle and compare them with ANB angle, Wits appraisal, and Beta angle in predicting sagittal jaw dysplasia. Materials and methods A total of 40 lateral cephalograms of class I malocclusion subjects were selected and traced as per the inclusion criteria. ANB angle, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, Yen angle, and W angle were measured and compared with each other. Statistical analyses used were independent t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Results ANB angle, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, Yen angle, and W angle all show a significant correlation with each other. Yen angle and W angle show best correlation with ANB angle showing 100% sensitivity. The values of specificity and accuracy of Yen angle with ANB angle are 73.7 and 81.48% respectively, and that of W angle with ANB angle are 44.4 and 67.74% respectively. Conclusion Yen angle and W angle show a good correlation with each other and with other three measures. Both the angles show highest correlation with ANB angle and the least correlation with Wits appraisal. Yen angle shows stronger correlation with ANB angle than W angle. Yen angle and W angle can be used to assess sagittal jaw dysplasia in addition to the established angles. How to cite this article Kapadia RM, Diyora SD, Shah RB, Modi BN. Comparative Evaluation of Yen Angle and W Angle with ANB Angle, Wits Appraisal, and Beta Angle for Predicting Sagittal Jaw Dysplasia: A Cephalometric Study. Int J Clin Dent Res 2017;1(1):26-31.
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Perinetti, Giuseppe, Michele Ceschi, Alessandro Scalia, and Luca Contardo. "Cephalometric Floating Norms for the β Angle and MMBP-Wits." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8740731.
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The importance of an accurate measurement of sagittal jaw relationship, that is, skeletal class, is critical to orthodontic treatment planning. The ANB angle, β angle, and MMBP-Wits are among indices of sagittal jaw relationship. All of these indices are subjected to geometrical distortion, especially from facial divergence, making the use of floating (individualized) norms necessary. This study thus provides floating norms for the ANB angle and for the first time for the β angle and MMBP-Wits. Lateral head films were obtained from 119 subjects (74 females and 45 males; mean age, 11.2±1.5 years; range, 8.2–14.0 years) with well-balanced and pleasant profile and a near-ideal occlusion. Multiple regression models were employed to quantify the association of the ANB angle, β angle, and MMBP-Wits each with other four angular cephalometric parameters including SNA, SN/PP, SN/MP, and NSBa angles. The β angle and MMBP-Wits were associated with the SNA and SN/MP angles; the ANB angle was associated with all the four other cephalometric variables. Floating norms for the β angle and MMBP-Wits (but not ANB angle) have been cross-tabulated according to the SNA angle (from 74° to 90°) and SN/MP angle (from 24° to 44°). While the ANB angle is subjected to significantly more geometrical distortion as compared to the β angle and MMBP-Wits, floating norms may be used to individualize the reference values for both the β angle and MMBP-Wits.
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Maharjan, Surendra, and Chen Lili. "Comparison of ANB Angle, Yen Angle and W Angle in Chinese Population." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 9, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v9i1.25688.
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Introduction: An accurate, reliable and stable method of accessing sagittal jaw relationship with cephalometric analysis is essential in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Many methods have been developed to assess antero-posterior jaw discrepancy but they all have some shortcomings including ANB angle. Thus the purpose of this study is 1) To provide mean values and standard deviations for ANB angle, Yen angle and W angle for a sample of skeletal Class I, II and III Chinese males and females malocclusion patients; 2) To verify the existence of sexual dimorphism; 3) To compare these three methods for assessing sagittal jaw relationship 4) To assess the correlation between these and 5) To find out which is the most reliable amongst them.
Materials & Method: 120 pretreatment lateral cephalograms of Chinese patients, including both males and females between 18 to 25years old, were collected from the Department of Orthodontics; Wuhan Union Hospital which were divided into 3 groups as Class I, II and III skeletal pattern. Each pattern consists of 40 samples. The values of the males and females were compared with independent t-test while the inter-group comparisons were conducted with ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Pearson correlation test was performed to correlate between these angles.
Result: There were no statistically significant differences between the mean values of these angles in male and female within the groups in all three classes. ANOVA analysis showed significant differences were found in ANB angle, Yen angle and W-angle in all the three Groups. Strong correlation existed between Yen angle and W angle.
Conclusion: There is no existence of sexual dimorphism in our study. ANB angle is affected by growth of Nasion while Yen angle is affected by rotation of jaws. ANB angle is easy to assess while W angle is most stable and reliable.
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Kämäräinen, Minna, Outi Alanko, Anna-Liisa Svedström-Oristo, and Timo Peltomäki. "Association between quality of life and severity of profile deviation in prospective orthognathic patients." European Journal of Orthodontics 42, no. 3 (December 27, 2019): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjz100.
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Summary Aim to evaluate whether severity of skeletal facial profile deviation assessed by professionals associates with quality of life and psychosocial factors in patients with dentofacial deformities and prospective orthognathic treatment. Materials and method The study consisted of 55 patients admitted to orthognathic treatment. Skeletal profile was assessed from lateral head films using cephalometric analysis. The following angles were used to assess the sagittal position of upper and lower jaw and profile: Sella-Nasion-A-point-angle, Sella-Nasion-B-point-angle, and A-point-Nasion-B-point-angle (ANB). For vertical assessment, gonial angle and the angle between Sella-Nasion and mandibular plane were used. Merrifield’s Z-angle was used to assess soft-tissue profile. Severity of skeletal facial profile deviation was assessed with deviation in ANB angle. Orthognathic quality of life (OQoL) and psychosocial factors were defined with four questionnaires: Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire, Symptom Checklist-90, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and a body image questionnaire. Results Increase in ANB deviation was associated with increased awareness of dentofacial deformity [Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire subscale awareness of dentofacial deformity (OQLQ-AoDD), r = 0.319, P = 0.017). OQOL-AoDD was not found to be equal when ANB angle was divided into three different categories (χ 2 = 6.78, P = 0.034): G1. ANB = 0–4 degrees; G2. ANB <0 degrees; and G3. ANB >4 degrees. Furthermore, categories G1 and G2 differed significantly (U = 50.5, P = 0.017). Increase in ANB angle was also associated with a more positive body image (r = 0.342, P = .023). There were no significant correlations between other cephalometric variables, quality of life, and psychosocial factors. Conclusion Skeletal facial profile seems to associate with some aspects of orthognathic quality of life. Professional cephalometric analysis of the severity of facial profile deviation correlates with patients’ awareness of their own facial and dental appearance. Patients with more deviating skeletal profile are more aware of their dentofacial deformities compared to patients with normal values.
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Boskovic-Brkanovic, Tamara, and Zorana Nikolic. "Correlation between five parameters for the assessment of sagittal skeletal intermaxillary relationship." Serbian Dental Journal 54, no. 4 (2007): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs0704231b.
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Introduction: Sagittal relationship between the upper and lower jaw represent the basic characteristic of human profile. It is one of the most important criteria assessed during the diagnosis of orthodontic anomalies. For this purpose, numerous parameters have been proposed, but ANB angle, Wits assessment, Down?s angle of facial skeletal convexity-NAPg and Schwartz?s indicators of sagittal intermaxillary relationship, i.e. AB/SpP and MM angles are the most commonly used in clinical practice. However, there is a suggestion by other authors, in more complex cases, several parameters instead of one should be used for a more precise diagnosis of skeletal class. Aim: The aim of this paper was to examine the correlation between ANB angle, Wits assessment, NAPg angle, AB/SpP angle and MM angle. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on profile cephalograms of 137 children, age 7-12, the patients of Dept. of Orthodontics in the Health Center Kotor. The aforementioned sagittal skeletal parameters were determined on tele-X-rays. The study comprised all three classes of malocclusion. Results: The analysis of obtained results revealed a statistically significant and high correlation between ANB angle Wits values and NAPg angle. Moreover, the correlation between ANB and NAPg angles was statistically most prominent (r=0.776). On the other hand, no statistically significant correlation was found between Schwartz parameters (AB/SpP angle and MM angle) and the previously mentioned ones. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that ANB angle, Wits values and NAPg angle can be used one instead of another for the assessment of sagittal skeletal intermaxillary relationship, whilst Schwartz parameters should be used in combination with other indicators of this relationship for a more realistic diagnosis.
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Katti, Chandrika G., Archana Mohan, and Abhi A. "Predictability of ANB, Beta, and YEN Angles as Anteroposterior Dysplasia Indicators in Gulbarga Population." Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society 54, no. 4 (July 10, 2020): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301574220912598.
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In orthodontics, various methods of assessing sagittal jaw base relationship are formulated. Earlier, skeletal pattern was analyzed only clinically; however, after the introduction of cephalometrics by Broadbent and Hofrath in 1931, ANB and Beta angles are being used to describe skeletal discrepancies between the maxilla and mandible. YEN angle has also been used as a sagittal dysplasia indicator after its introduction in 2009. The aim of our study is to assess the predictability of ANB, Beta, and YEN angles as anteroposterior dysplasia indicators in skeletal class II malocclusion in Gulbarga population. This study is an attempt to check the variation as well as correlation existing between these 3 parameters, so that a more presumable and least variable parameter can be obtained. Total of 70 lateral cephalograms of skeletal class II patients were selected based on Down’s facial angle and tracing was carried out manually to measure ANB, Beta, and YEN angles. Statistical analysis was carried out to assess the coefficient of variation and the Pearson coefficient. Our study concluded that YEN angle is highly predictable and a homogenously distributed angular parameter used to assess sagittal discrepancy in class II patients compared to ANB and Beta angles.
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Ahmed, Maheen, Attiya Shaikh, and Mubassar Fida. "Diagnostic validity of different cephalometric analyses for assessment of the sagittal skeletal pattern." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 23, no. 5 (October 2018): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.23.5.075-081.oar.
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Abstract Introduction: Numerous cephalometric analyses have been proposed to diagnose the sagittal discrepancy of the craniofacial structures. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the reliability and validity of different skeletal analyses for the identification of sagittal skeletal pattern. Methods: A total of 146 subjects (males = 77; females = 69; mean age = 23.6 ± 4.6 years) were included. The ANB angle, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, AB plane angle, Downs angle of convexity and W angle were used to assess the anteroposterior skeletal pattern on lateral cephalograms. The sample was classified into Class I, II and III groups as determined by the diagnostic results of majority of the parameters. The validity and reliability of the aforementioned analyses were determined using Kappa statistics, sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV). Results: A substantial agreement was present between ANB angle and the diagnosis made by the final group (k = 0.802). In the Class I group, Downs angle of convexity showed the highest sensitivity (0.968), whereas ANB showed the highest PPV (0.910). In the Class II group, ANB angle showed the highest sensitivity (0.928) and PPV (0.951). In the Class III group, the ANB angle, the Wits appraisal and the Beta angle showed the highest sensitivity (0.902), whereas the Downs angle of convexity and the ANB angle showed the highest PPV (1.00). Conclusion: The ANB angle was found to be the most valid and reliable indicator in all sagittal groups. Downs angle of convexity, Wits appraisal and Beta angle may be used as valid indicators to assess the Class III sagittal pattern.
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Silwal, Sanzee, Rabindra Man Shrestha, Ujjwal Pyakurel, and Sanjeev Bhandari. "Cephalometric Comparison of Wits Appraisal and APP-BPP to the ANB Angle." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 10, no. 1 (September 4, 2020): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v10i1.31003.
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Introduction: Great emphasis has been given to the evaluation of sagittal apical base relationship in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Supposedly, the most commonly used parameter is “ANB angle”; however its accuracy and reliability have been questioned. Many authors have alternatively introduced linear parameters like Wits appraisal and APP-BPP. The objective of the study was to compare Wits appraisal and APP-BPP with the ANB angle.
Materials & Method: This study was conducted on patients visiting the Department of Orthodontics, Kantipur Dental College, Kathmandu. The sample included 100 lateral cephalograms of subjects of the age group 18–30 years with skeletal Class I relation. Parameters like ANB angle, Wits appraisal and APP-BPP were measured to assess the sagittal jaw relationship. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each parameter. Spearman’s test was done to evaluate the correlation between the parameters. Mann-Whitney U test was done to compare the parameters between male and female subjects.
Result: Descriptive statistics showed that the mean values of ANB, Wits appraisal and APP-BPP were 2.26±1.19°, 0.38±0.87mm and 3.25±1.20mm respectively. Mann-Whitney U test showed no significant difference among the parameters between the gender groups (p>0.05). Spearman’s test showed significant correlation among the parameters ANB angle, Wits appraisal and APP-BPP. The parameters had strong positive correlation as r value was greater than 0.7.
Conclusion: The strong positive correlation between ANB angle, Wits appraisal and APP-BPP indicates that these parameters can be used as better adjunct to ANB angle in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
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Siddiqui, Hina, Sadia Rizwan, Syed Shah Faisal, and Syed Sheeraz Hussain. "Correlation Between Pharyngeal Airway Space and Sagittal Skeletal Malocclusions." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 29, no. 04 (November 5, 2020): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.294.217.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine correlation between pharyngeal airway space and sagittal skeletal malocclusions. METHODOLOGY: Data was collected using pre-treatment records including pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of 54 orthodontic patients. Patients from both gender were included. The age group of selected patients was 15-25 years, Patients belonging to Pakistani ethnicity were included to avoid selection bias. Sagittal skeletal malocclusion was measured by ANB angle to group the skeletal Class I, II and III subjects (ANB=0-4°, ANB > 4° and ANB <0 respectively). Upper pharyngeal space and Lower Pharyngeal space was measured. This cross sectional study was conducted in Orthodontic OPD at Karachi Medical and Dental College, from August 2019 to March 2020. RESULTS: The obtained data showed strong negative correlation between ANB angle and upper pharyngeal space whereas moderately negative correlation between ANB angle and lower pharyngeal space. CONCLUSION: Upper and lower pharyngeal widths were influenced by Sagittal malocclusion. KEYWORDS: Pharyngeal airway space, Sagittal skeletal malocclusion, Obstructive sleep apnea, Sleep disordered breathing, ANB. HOW TO CITE: Siddiqui H, Rizwan S, Faisal SS, Hussain SS. Correlation between pharyngeal airway space and sagittal skeletal malocclusions. J Pak Dent Assoc 2020;29(4):217-222.
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Miquel, Serge. "Incisive inférieure et angle ANB." International Orthodontics 5, no. 1 (March 2007): 27–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1761-7227(07)89990-6.
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Mello, Priscilla de Almeida Solon de, Bruna Caroline Tomé Barreto, Ligia Vieira Claudino, Claudia Trindade Mattos, Guido Artemio Marañón-Vásquez, Mônica Tirre de Souza Araújo, and Eduardo Franzotti Sant’Anna. "Analysis of the middle region of the pharynx in adolescents with different anteroposterior craniofacial skeletal patterns." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 24, no. 5 (October 2019): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.24.5.060-068.oar.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the volume and morphology of the middle region of the pharynx (MRP) in adolescents with different anteroposterior craniofacial skeletal patterns. Methods: One hundred twenty-six patients (56 male and 70 female), who had cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) within their records, were selected for this cross-sectional study. Participants were classified, according to their ANB angle value, in Class I (1o ≤ ANB ≤ 3o), Class II (ANB > 3o) and Class III (ANB < 1o). The total volume (tV), minimum axial area (AxMin) and morphology of the MRP and its subdivisions - velopharynx (VP) and oropharynx (OP) - were characterized by CBCT and 3-dimensional image reconstruction software. Intergroup comparisons were performed by ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. Correlations between tV and Axmin with the ANB angle values were tested using linear regression analysis, considering sex as covariable. Results: Statistically significant difference between groups were observed in tV only for the VP region; Class II individuals presented significantly lower tV (6863.75 ± 2627.20 mm3) than Class III subjects (9011.62 ± 3442.56 mm3) (p< 0.05). No significant differences were observed between groups for any other variable assessed, neither in MRP nor in the OP region (p> 0.05). A significant negative correlation was evidenced between tV and Axmin and the ANB angle values; sexual dimorphism was observed for some variables. Conclusions: Class II subjects have smaller tV in the VP region. tV and Axmin tend to decrease in all evaluated regions when the ANB angle values increase.
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G Katti, Dr Chandrika, Dr Girish Katti, Dr Archana Mohan, Dr Ashok Kumar Talapaneni, and Dr Prasad Konda. "Correlation of ANB, Beta and Yen angle with soft tissue profile angle in class I and class II patients: A retrospective cephalometric study." RGUHS Journal of Dental Sciences 11, no. 2 (2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26715/rjds.11_2_5.
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In orthodontics, various methods of assessing sagittal jaw base relationship areformulated.Earlier, skeletal pattern was analysed only clinically, with the introduction of Cephalometrics by Broadbent and Hofrath in 1931, ANB angle and Beta angle are being used to describe skeletal discrepancies between the maxilla and mandible. YEN angle is also used as a sagittal dysplasia indicator after its introduction in 2009. The aim of our study was tocorrelate ANB, Beta and Yen angle with soft tissue profile angle in class I and class II patientsTotal of 140 lateral cephalograms of class I and class II patients were selected based on soft tissue profile angle. In each cephalogram, ANB, Beta and YEN angle were measured and compared with soft tissue profile angle. Statistical analysis carried out. Our study concluded that soft tissue drape in both Class I and class II individuals are not significantly correlated with skeletal alignment of maxilla and mandible.
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Oyonarte, Rodrigo, Mónica Hurtado, and M. Valeria Castro. "Evolution of ANB and SN-GoGn angles during craniofacial growth: A retrospective longitudinal study." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 6 (November 25, 2016): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.194796.
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ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to describe the evolution of the ANB and SN-GoGn angles throughout development, in a longitudinal sample of Caucasian patients.Materials and MethodsHistorical cephalometric records from North American individuals available at the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation Craniofacial Legacy Growth Collection website were used to carry out an exploratory longitudinal study. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontically untreated males and females were included. Individuals with three or more longitudinal cephalometric records at pre- and post-pubertal stages, with at least one postpubertal radiograph available in vertebral cervical maturation stage (cervical vertebral maturation) 5 or 6, were selected. Seventy-one individuals met the inclusion criteria. ANB, SNA, SNB, and SN-GoGn angles were measured. Individuals were classified according to the latest postpubertal ANB angle available and grouped by CVM. Descriptive statistics were obtained for the cephalometric variables, and differences between genders were analyzed.ResultsForty-five individuals were classified as skeletal Class I at the end of growth, 17 as Class II, and 9 as Class III. ANB values decrease as growth occurs in every group (average ANB decrease between the stages CVM 1 and 6: Class I - 1.5°, Class II - 0.7°, and Class III - 3.1°). For SN-GoGn angle, a constant reduction was observed as skeletal maturation increased (Average SN-GoGn decrease between the stages CVM 1 and 6: Class I - 4°, Class II - 2.5°, and Class III - 4.9°).ConclusionsANB and SN-GoGn angles decrease during growth. The magnitude varies depending on individual sagittal characteristics, Class III individuals displaying the greatest reduction, and Class II individuals the least.
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Aranitasi, Luela, Beatriz Tarazona, Natalia Zamora, Jose Luis Gandía, and Vanessa Paredes. "Influence of skeletal class in the morphology of cervical vertebrae: A study using cone beam computed tomography." Angle Orthodontist 87, no. 1 (August 11, 2016): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/041416-307.1.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: To quantify the prevalence of cervical vertebrae anomalies and to analyze any association between them and skeletal malocclusions or head posture positions in the same study. Materials and Methods: Two hundred forty patients who were attending the Department of Orthodontics of the University of Valencia for orthodontic treatment were selected and divided into three groups: skeletal Class I (control group, 0° <ANB < 4°), Class II (ANB ≥ 4°), and Class III (ANB ≤ 0°) according to ANB Steiner angle. The morphology of the first five cervical vertebrae was analyzed with cone beam computed tomography to identify any anomalies. Intra- and interobserver error methods were calculated. Results: Dehiscence and fusion of one unit (both 23.3%) and partial cleft (11.7%) were the most frequent anomalies, while occipitalization was the least common (3.3%). Dehiscence anomaly was observed when the control group was compared with Classes II and III and partial cleft anomaly when Class I was compared with Class III. Furthermore, NSBa and ss-N-sm/ANB angles were associated with partial cleft anomaly, while NSL/NL angle and extended head posture were associated with fusion anomaly. Conclusions: Fusion, dehiscence, and partial cleft were the most frequent cervical vertebrae anomalies. Dehiscence and partial cleft were found to present statistically significant differences between Class I and Classes II and III. Cervical vertebrae anomalies and head posture were associated with fusion.
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Saleem, Farah, and Zubair H. Awiasi. "Determination of Sagittal Skeletal Discrepancy through Beta Angle: A Lateral Cephalometric Study." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 10, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v10i3.35492.
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Introduction: Accurate classification and treatment planning relies on correct diagnosis of skeletal and dentalrelationships. Commonly used measurements used to classify sagittal relationship ANB and Wit’s appraisal are not without potential inherent problems which might lead to less accurate classification of sagittal dysplasia. To avoid these problems, a new approach Beta angle was introduced by Baik in 2004. Beta angle as it involves different landmarks of classifying anterior-posterior relationships is said to be devoid of those problems thus more reliable. We conducted a cross sectional study to measure the angle among patients presenting in Nishtar Institute of Dentistry Multan Pakistan.
Materials and Method: Ninety pretreatment cephalometric x-rays of patients between ages 12 to 30 years were selected and studied. They were divided into three classes based on ANB angle and Wit’s appraisal. For the measurement of Beta angle, a line was drawn from the center of condyle (C) to point A and other to point B. A third line joining A to B was drawn. A line from point A perpendicular to line C-B was drawn and angle was measured between this perpendicular and line joining A-B. ANOVA was used to compare means of three groups. Pearson correlational coefficient was used to correlate relationship between Beta angle and ANB angle.
Result: The results showed Beta angle ranged between 27° and 34° for class I. Subjects having angle less than 27° can be classified as skeletal class II and those with angles larger than 34° as skeletal class III subjects.
Conclusion: Beta angle is reliable method for assessing and classifying sagittal skeletal discrepancies
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Goyaliya, Abhishek, and Rupesh Gupta. "Comparative Assessment of Sagittal Maxillo-mandibular Jaw Relationship - A Cephalometric Study." Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 6, no. 1 (January 2012): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-6-1-14.
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ABSTRACT History is evident that correct assessment of Sagittal Jaw Relationship has always remained the perennial problem in orthodontics. The present study is undertaken to use Sagittal methods for assessing individuals and classifying for Skeletal Class I, Class II and Class III based on Jaw Relationship and to evaluate the reliability of sagittal methods. 200 subjects in the age group of 12 to 18 yrs were selected and were subjected to cephalometric radiography and traced. The sample was divided into skeletal Class I, Class II and Class III on the basis of AXD angle, FABA angle and MM Bisector. Subsequently following angles and linear measurements were measured; Beta angle; AB plane angle; JYD angle; ANB angle; AXB angle; AF - BF and App - Bpp. Result - Consistency could be demonstrated by all the methods assessed by Antero-Posterior jaw relationship. Insignificant difference on influence of growth, age and sex was noted. Angular methods used for assessing jaw relationship such as FABA, AXD, Beta and linear measurements such as App-Bpp, MM Bisector could demonstrate superiority for assessing Antero-Posterior jaw relationship over other methods such as AXB, AB plane, ANB and AF-BF which showed more variability.
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Mittal, Divi, Shivanand Venkatesh, Prashantha Govinakovi Shivamurthy, and Silju Mathew. "A “new vista” in the assessment of antero-posterior jaw relationship." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 5 (June 26, 2015): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.159412.
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Aim The purpose of this investigation was to (1) compare the credibility of four recently introduced cephalometric measurements in assessing the antero-posterior jaw relationship; (2) To assess the correlation between various measurements used for assessment of antero-posterior discrepancy, including Yen linear, Yen angle, W angle and Pi angle. Materials and Methods The sample size for the study consisted of 45 subjects with age group of 15-19 years (mean age 17 ± 2.1) and was subdivided into Skeletal Class I, II and III groups of 15 each based upon the ANB angle derived from the pre treatment lateral cephalogram. Landmarks were located and Yen angle, Yen linear, W angle and Pi angle were assessed for each group. All the lateral cephalograms were traced by a single examiner. Intra examiner reliability was assessed by Intraclass co-efficient correlation (ICC) test. Correlation coefficients were obtained for each of parameters to compare their relationship with other parameters in Class I group. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were run to examine sensitivity and specificity of all the angles. Results The results showed that ICC for all the groups were ≥0.90 showing good repeatability of the measurements. There was statistically significant correlation between Yen angle and ANB angle, Yen linear and Yen angle for Class I group, between W angle and Yen angle for Class II group, between Yen angle, Yen linear and ANB for Class III group. ROC curves showed that Pi angle had 100% sensitivity and specificity to discriminate a Class II and a Class III group from a Class I and a Class III group from a Class II. Yen linear and W angle showed very low specificity to differentiate a Class II from a Class I group. Interpretation and Conclusion The new parameters considered in the study were found to be equally reliable and are not affected much by local remodeling due to tooth movements or by occlusal or Frankfurt horizontal plane. These parameters measure the antero-posterior discrepancy more consistently and accurately, with Pi angle being the most accurate.
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Kerr, W. J. S., S. Miller, and J. E. Dawber. "Class III Malocclusion: Surgery or Orthodontics?" British Journal of Orthodontics 19, no. 1 (February 1992): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.19.1.21.
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The pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of two groups of 20 subjects with severe Class III malocclusions were compared. One group had been considered suitable for orthodontic correction by the diagnosing clinician and the other offered orthognathic surgery. The most significant differences between the groups were in angle ANB, M/M ratio (P < 0·001), lower incisor inclination and Holdaway angle (P < 0·01). Threshold values for angle ANB and lower incisor angulation below which surgery was almost always carried out were—4 and 83 degrees, respectively.
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Knösel, Michael, Klaus Jung, Thomas Attin, Wilfried Engelke, Dietmar Kubein-Meesenburg, Liliam Gripp-Rudolph, and Rengin Attin. "On the Interaction between Incisor Crown-Root Morphology and Third-Order Angulation." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/042508-234.
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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the significance of crown-root angles (CRAs) by testing the null hypothesis that there are no significant differences in deviations of third-order angles to axial inclination values between Angle Class II division 2 incisors and a neutral occlusion control sample. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised ntotal = 130 whites with either Angle Class II division 2 (n1 = 62; group A) or neutral (n2 = 68; control group B) occlusal relationships. Upper central incisor inclination (U1) was assessed with reference to the cephalometric lines NA and palatal plane (U1NA/deg, U1PP/deg). Craniofacial sagittal and vertical relations were classified using angles SNA, SNB, ANB, and NSL-PP. Third-order angles were derived from corresponding dental cast pairs using an incisor inclination gauge. Welch's two-sample t-tests (α-level: .05) were used to test the null hypothesis. Single linear regression was applied to determine third-order angle values as a function of axial inclination values (U1NA, U1PP) or sagittal craniofacial structures (ANB angle), separately for group A and B. Results: The discrepancy between axial inclination (U1NA, U1PP) and third-order angles is significantly different (P < .001) between groups A and B. Regression analysis revealed a simply moderate correlation between third-order measurements and axial inclinations or sagittal craniofacial structures. Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. The results of this study warn against the use of identical third-order angles irrespective of diminished CRAs typical for Angle Class II division 2 subjects. Routine CRA assessment may be considered in orthodontic treatment planning of Angle Class II division 2 cases.
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Lauc, Tomislav, Enita Nakaš, Melina Latić-Dautović, Vildana Džemidžić, Alisa Tiro, Ivana Rupić, Mirjana Kostić, and Ivan Galić. "Dental Age in Orthodontic Patients with Different Skeletal Patterns." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8976284.
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Objective. To evaluate the difference between chronological and dental age, calculated by Willems and Cameriere methods, in various skeletal patterns according to Steiner’s ANB Classification.Methods. This retrospective cross-sectional study comprised the sample of 776 participants aged between 7 and 15 years (368 males and 408 females). For each participant, panoramic images (OPT) and laterolateral cephalograms (LC) were collected from the medical database. On LC ANB angle was measured; on OPT dental age (DA) was calculated while chronological age (CA) and sex were recorded. The sample was divided into three subgroups (Class I, Class II, and Class III) with similar distribution based on the chronological age and ANB angle. CA was calculated as the difference between the date of OPT imaging and the date of birth, while DA was evaluated using Willems and Cameriere methods. ANB angle was measured on LC by two independent investigators using the cephalometric software. Differences between sexes and the difference between dental and chronological age were tested by independent and paired samplest-test, respectively; one-way ANOVA was used to test differences among ANB classes with Tukey post hoc test to compare specific pairs of ANB classes.Results. The significant difference was found between Class III and other two skeletal classes in males using both dental age estimation methods. In Class III males dental age was ahead averagely by 0.41 years when using Willems method, while Cameriere method overestimated CA for 0.22 years.Conclusion. In males with Class III skeletal pattern, dental development is faster than in Classes I and II skeletal pattern. This faster development is not present in females.
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Katayama, Koshu, Tetsutaro Yamaguchi, Mami Sugiura, Shugo Haga, and Koutaro Maki. "Evaluation of mandibular volume using cone-beam computed tomography and correlation with cephalometric values." Angle Orthodontist 84, no. 2 (July 18, 2013): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/012913-87.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between maxillofacial morphology and mandibular bone volume in patients with skeletal malocclusion. Materials and Methods: Subjects were 118 adult Japanese (58 males and 60 females). Skeletal malocclusion was classified, based on cephalometric analysis, into skeletal Classes I (−1° ≤ ANB < 4°), II (ANB ≥ 4°), and III (ANB < −1°). Using cone-beam computed tomography and three-dimensional image analysis software, the dental crowns and mandible were separated, with only the mandible extracted. This was then reconstructed as a three-dimensional model, from which the mandibular volume was measured. Results: No significant difference in mandibular volume was noted among skeletal Classes I, II, and III, nor was there any significant correlation between mandibular volume and the ANB, SNB, or mandibular plane angles. There was occasional and limited correlation between mandible volume and gonial angle and certain cephalometric distance parameters. Conclusion: We conclude that proper understanding of the three-dimensional maxillofacial morphology requires not only cephalometric radiographic tracings but also high-resolution analysis of the mandibular area, width, and volume.
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Zhou, Lei, Chung-Wai Mok, Urban Hägg, Colman McGrath, Margareta Bendeus, and John Wu. "Anteroposterior Dental Arch and Jaw-Base Relationships in a Population Sample." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 1023–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/100107-467.1.
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Abstract Objective: To determine the association between the anteroposterior relationship of the dental arch and the anteroposterior relationship of the jaw-base in a Chinese population sample. Materials and Methods: Orthodontic casts and lateral cephalograms were obtained from a random sample of 405 twelve-year-old Chinese children from a population survey in Hong Kong. Angle's classification was used to assess the dental arch relationship from orthodontic casts. The jaw-base relationship was assessed from the lateral cephalograms using angular (ANB angle) and linear (Wits analysis) measurements. The correlation between the anteroposterior dental arch and jaw-base relationships was assessed. Results: The anteroposterior dental arch did coincide with the jaw-base relationships, as expressed by the ANB angle in 61%, the Wits analysis in 67%, and with both in 53%. The jaw-base relationship assessed with the Wits analysis was more significantly associated with the dental arch relationship (P < .001) than that assessed with the ANB angle (P < .01). The correlation coefficient between the ANB angle and the Wits appraisal was .65 for the combined sample, and .60, .64, and .67 for Class I, II, and III dental arch relationships. Conclusion: In this population, the anteroposterior relationship of the dental arch and jaw-base fail to match in at least one out of every three individuals. Linear measurement of anteroposterior jaw-base relationships is a more valid reflection of the dental arch relationship than angular measurements.
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Hsiao, Szu-Yu, Ying-An Chen, and Chun-Chan Ting. "Pharyngeal Airway and Craniocervical Angle among Different Skeletal Patterns." BioMed Research International 2021 (July 15, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536464.
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Purpose. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pharyngeal airway dimensions and their correlations among the craniocervical angle and skeletal patterns. Materials and Methods. Cephalometric radiographs were obtained from 300 patients (≥15 years of age), of whom 150 were male patients and 150 were female patients. The patients were divided into three groups according to their skeletal patterns. The following dimensions were measured: NP: nasopharyngeal airway; PS: shortest distance from the soft palate to the pharyngeal wall; MP: Me-Go line intersecting the pharyngeal airway; TS: shortest distance from posterior tongue to pharyngeal wall; LP: laryngopharyngeal airway; UE length: shortest distance from the uvula to the epiglottis; PW: width of soft palate; PL: length of soft palate; ANB angle; palatal angle; and craniocervical angle. Paired t -test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation were applied for statistical analysis. The null hypothesis was that there were no differences among skeletal patterns in terms of pharyngeal airway dimensions. Results. The C4C2-SN angle of the Class II pattern (108.1°) was significantly greater than that of the Class III pattern (104.4°). The Class II PL was significantly longer than the Class III PL in the all patients and female patients groups. The ANB angle exhibited moderate positive correlation with palatal angle ( r : 0.462) and moderate negative correlation with TS ( r : -0.400) and MP ( r : -0.415) length. No significant differences were found in vertical hyoid lengths among all skeletal patterns. Class III (PS, TS, and MP) lengths were significantly greater than Class I and Class II in the all patients group. Regarding the LP length, no significant difference was found in the all patients group. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. Conclusion. Class III had significantly greater pharyngeal airway dimensions (PS, TS, and MP) than Class I and Class II. In all skeletal patterns, NP length was moderately correlated with the palatal angle. The PS was weakly negatively correlated with the ANB and PL. The TS and MP were moderately negatively correlated with the ANB angle.
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Nemes, Bálint, Dorottya Frank, Andreu Puigdollers, and Domingo Martín. "Occlusal Splint Therapy Followed by Orthodontic Molar Intrusion as an Effective Treatment Method to Treat Patients with Temporomandibular Disorder: A Retrospective Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 7249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167249.
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Our goal is to show that temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients with orthopaedic instability can be effectively treated by the combination of occlusal splint therapy and molar intrusion. Diagnostic records of 18 patients reporting previous TMD and treated with splint therapy were evaluated. Postsplint anterior open bite was treated by skeletally anchored molar intrusion. Changes in overjet (OJ), overbite (OB) were measured on articulator mounted models: initially in maximal intercuspidation (MI), centric “de jour”, postsplint centric relation (CR) and postintrusion CR. Changes in ANB (A point-Nasion-B point) angle, mandibular plane–palatal plane angle and facial axis angle were assessed on lateral cephalograms. Morphological changes of the condyle were detected on pre-and posttreatment CBCT images. When compared screening mountings to MI models, significant differences were found in OJ and OB. Following splint wear, there was a significant increase in lower facial height and significant decrease in facial axis angle, which in turn increased ANB angle. OB and OJ showed a significant change on the postsplint mountings when compared to MI. After intrusion, mandible exhibited counterclockwise rotation, which decreased lower facial height, increased OB and facial axis angle and decreased ANB and OJ. Posttreatment CBCTs confirmed improved condylar morphology.Occlusal splint therapy followed by orthodontic molar intrusion provides MI-CR harmony, therefore, it seems to be an effective method for treating TMD patients.
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Islam, Mushrath, Ayman Hameed Uraibi, Arkan Al Azzawi, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, and Asilah Yusof. "Sagittal discrepancies of the jaw in a Bangladeshi cohort: three-dimensional computed tomography analysis." Journal of International Medical Research 47, no. 8 (June 20, 2019): 3613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060519853927.
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Objectives In orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, the assessment of skeletal jaw relationships is an essential step. This study aimed to evaluate skeletal jaw relationships in a Bangladeshi cohort by using traditional (ANB angle and Wits appraisal) and newly described (Beta angle, W angle, and Yen angle) sagittal measurements in three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT). Methods The radiology department conducted CT scans of Bangladeshi patients. Mimics 3D imaging software (Materialise) was used to process the CT images and evaluate 3D sagittal measurements. SPSS software (IBM) was used to assess significant differences in the data at a confidence level of 5%. Independent-samples t-tests were used to evaluate sexual dimorphism for the measured values. Results In total, 85 men and 32 women were included in this study. All measurements were equivalent to the existing standards. There were no significant differences in the acquired values between men and women. Measurements were consistent with Class I normal classification. Conclusions This study established 3D CT standards for ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, W angle, and Yen angle in Bangladeshi patients.
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Guo, Jinhong. "Research on the Related Factors of the Second Molar Dislocation and Orthodontic Erect Method." Journal of Advances in Medicine Science 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jams.v3i1.1463.
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The second molar dislocation is more common clinically. To investigate the related factors of the second permanent molar dislocation, and provide reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of orthodontics. From the current clinical research, the clinical methods of orthodontic erect secondary molars are also diverse and clinical.The narrower first molar alveolar arch width, smaller ANB angle, and crowded maxillary posterior segment arch are the factors that cause the maxillary second permanent molar dislocation. The narrow alveolar arch width, the smaller SNB angle, the larger ANB angle, and the crowded lower mandibular arch are the factors leading to the dislocation of the mandibular second permanent molar. In addition, for the second mandibular molar malposition, it is particularly important to select the corrective treatment plan. It is especially important to improve the treatment.
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Jacob, Helder Baldi, Ary dos Santos-Pinto, and Peter H. Buschang. "Dental and skeletal components of Class II open bite treatment with a modified Thurow appliance." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 19, no. 1 (January 2014): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.19.1.019-025.oar.
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INTRODUCTION: Due to the lack of studies that distinguish between dentoalveolar and basal changes caused by the Thurow appliance, this clinical study, carried out by the School of Dentistry - State University of São Paulo/Araraquara, aimed at assessing the dental and skeletal changes induced by modified Thurow appliance. METHODS: The sample included an experimental group comprising 13 subjects aged between 7 and 10 years old, with Class II malocclusion and anterior open bite, and a control group comprising 22 subjects similar in age, sex and mandibular plane angle. Maxillary/mandibular, horizontal/vertical, dental/skeletal movements (ANS, PNS, U1, U6, Co, Go, Pog, L1, L6) were assessed, based on 14 landmarks, 8 angles (S-N-ANS, SNA, PPA, S-N-Pog, SNB, MPA, PP/MPA, ANB) and 3 linear measures (N-Me, ANS-Me, S-Go). RESULTS: Treatment caused significantly greater angle decrease between the palatal and the mandibular plane of the experimental group, primarily due to an increase in the palatal plane angle. ANB, SNA and S-N-ANS angles significantly decreased more in patients from the experimental group. PNS was superiorly remodeled. Lower face height (ANS-Me) decreased in the experimental group and increased in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The modified Thurow appliance controlled vertical and horizontal displacements of the maxilla, rotated the maxilla and improved open bite malocclusion, decreasing lower facial height.
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Huang, Boyen, Katsu Takahashi, Toru Yamazaki, Kazuyuki Saito, Masashi Yamori, Keita Asai, Yusuke Yoshikawa, Hiroshi Kamioka, Takashi Yamashiro, and Kazuhisa Bessho. "Assessing anteroposterior basal bone discrepancy with the Dental Aesthetic Index." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 3 (October 18, 2012): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/050312-369.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate dental appearance and cephalometric features, using a sample of orthognathic and/or orthodontic patients. A special interest was to identify the relationship of the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) with anteroposterior basal bone discrepancy (APBBD) and cephalometric indicators. Materials and Methods: A full sample of 159 patients in two Japanese hospitals was used. Each patient was assessed with a preorthodontic dental cast and cephalometric radiography. Results: Malocclusion with APBBD was more prevalent among high DAI subjects (P = .034, OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00–1.08), Class III malocclusion patients (P = .048, OR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.01–5.34) and male patients (P = .008, OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.33–6.61). Participants scoring 88 points (the highest score in this sample) of the DAI had 16.84 times the risk of APBBD of those who scored 17 points (the lowest score in this sample). Patients with APBBD presented with a greater adjusted ANB angle (t = −8.10, P < .001) and a larger adjusted A-B/NF appraisal (t = −9.65, P < .001). The SNA angle (P < .001), the SNB angle (P = .002), the adjusted ANB angle (P = .001), and the adjusted A-B/NF appraisal (P = .035) were associated with DAI scores in cubic regression models. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated a relationship between the DAI and APBBD. Feasibility of using the adjusted ANB angle and the adjusted A-B/NF appraisal to assess severity of APBBD has been confirmed. The DAI may provide a supportive method to evaluate orthognathic needs. Future investigations are indicated.
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Stojanovic, Zdenka, Predrag Nikolic, Angelina Nikodijevic, Jasmina Milic, and Milos Duka. "Analysis of variation of sagittal position of the jaw bones in skeletal class III malocclusion." Vojnosanitetski pregled 69, no. 12 (2012): 1039–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1212039s.
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Background/Aim. Skeletal Class III malocclusion is a discrepancy in the sagittal jaw relationship, due to imbalances in their development and/or position, resulting in the dominant appearance of the lower jaw in facial profile. The aim of this study was to determine variations in the sagittal position of the jaw bones to the cranial base in subjects with skeletal Class III, for the earliest possible diagnosis of malocclusion. Methods. Fifty children and as many adults with skeletal Class III, both sexes, were examined and selected, based on the findings of sagittal interjaw relationship (ANB) ? 0? from the cephalometric analysis of tele-x-ray profile head shots. The subjects were grouped according to age. The first group consisted of children aged 6-12 years, and another group, of adults aged 18-26 years. We measured the angles of maxillary prognathism (SNA), mandibular prognathism (SNB) and ANB. Based on these results, within the respective groups subclassification into the subgroups was done, among which a significant difference measured values was evaluated. In both groups a significant correlation of the determined values was evaluated. Results. An average SNA angle ranged 77.36 ? 3.58 in children and 77.32 ? 4.88 in adults, while an average SNB angle was 79.46 ? 3.91 in the group of children and 81.12 ? 3.76 in adults. An average ANB angle was -2.10 ? 2.07 in children, and -4.00 ? 2.34 in adults. In both groups, a significant correlation between the measured values and a significant difference in the values of all the measured parameters were found between patients from different subgroups (p < 0.01). Conclusion. The most common morphological variation of sagittal position of the upper jaw is its retrognatism, which is equally present in both children and adults. Sagittal position of the lower jaw in most of the adults was prognathic, while mandible prognathism in the children was less present.
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Dong, Qiang, HaoYu Shi, Qi Jia, Yueyi Tian, Keqian Zhi, and Lu Zhang. "Analysis of Three-Dimensional Morphological Differences in the Mandible between Skeletal Class I and Class II with CBCT Fixed-Point Measurement Method." Scanning 2021 (May 7, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9996857.
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This study was aimed at determining the three-dimensional differences in the mandible morphology between skeletal class I and II patients, at exploring the pathogenic mechanisms and morphological characteristics of skeletal class II, and at providing clinical references. The subjects were assigned to two groups according to the size of ANB angle: skeletal class I ( 2 ° < ANB angle < 5 ° ) and skeletal class II ( 5 ° < ANB angle < 8 ° ). After cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning, 31 landmarks and 25 measurement items were determined by In Vivo Dental 5.1 software (Anatomage, CA) for statistical analysis. The results were as follows: Co-Go, Go-Me, and CdM-CdD in skeletal class II cases were smaller than those in skeletal class I, and GoR-Me-GoL, GoR-Me-CoL, and, Ig-Men were larger than those in skeletal class I cases. In conclusion, there were significant differences in the three-dimensional morphology of the mandible between skeletal class I and class II patients. The vertical growth of the ramus, the horizontal growth of the mandibular body, and the condyle in skeletal class II patients were smaller than those in skeletal class I cases. In skeletal class II, the growth of the anterior part of the mandible in the vertical direction was larger than that in skeletal class I, and the shape of the mandible was more extended.
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Jakovljevic, Aleksandar, Emira Lazic, Ivan Soldatovic, Nenad Nedeljkovic, and Miroslav Andric. "Radiographic assessment of lower third molar eruption in different anteroposterior skeletal patterns and age-related groups." Angle Orthodontist 85, no. 4 (September 22, 2014): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/062714-463.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze radiographic predictors for lower third molar eruption among subjects with different anteroposterior skeletal relations and of different age groups. Materials and Methods: In total, 300 lower third molars were recorded on diagnostic digital orthopantomograms (DPTs) and lateral cephalograms (LCs). The radiographs were grouped according to sagittal intermaxillary angle (ANB), subject age, and level of lower third molar eruption. The DPT was used to analyze retromolar space, mesiodistal crown width, space/width ratio, third and second molar angulation (α, γ), third molar inclination (β), and gonion angle. The LC was used to determine ANB, angles of maxillar and mandibular prognathism (SNA, SNB), mandibular plane angle (SN/MP), and mandibular lengths. A logistic regression model was created using the statistically significant predictors. Results: The logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically significant impact of β angle and distance between gonion and gnathion (Go-Gn) on the level of lower third molar eruption (P < .001 and P < .015, respectively). The retromolar space was significantly increased in the adult subgroup for all skeletal classes. The lower third molar impaction rate was significantly higher in the adult subgroup with the Class II (62.3%) compared with Class III subjects (31.7%; P < .013). Conclusion: The most favorable values of linear and angular predictors of mandibular third molar eruption were measured in Class III subjects. For valid estimation of mandibular third molar eruption, certain linear and angular measures (β angle, Go-Gn), as well as the size of the retromolar space, need to be considered.
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Tsai, Hung-Huey. "Cephalometric characteristics of bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion in early mixed dentition." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 26, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.26.4.lqn08w5827576j60.
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The children with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion in early mixed dentition were compared with the normal occlusion children. The bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion children had significant smaller inter-incisal angle and greater convexity,A-B plane, and ANB angles than the normal children. Maxillary and mandibular growths of the bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion girls were greater than those of normal girls. The direction of the mandibular growth of the bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion boys showed a tendency of downward and backward.
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Di Giacomo, Paola, Valeria Ferrara, Ettore Accivile, Giacomo Ferrato, Antonella Polimeni, and Carlo Di Paolo. "Relationship between Cervical Spine and Skeletal Class II in Subjects with and without Temporomandibular Disorders." Pain Research and Management 2018 (October 16, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4286796.
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Aim. To assess changes in the craniocervical structure and in hyoid bone position in skeletal Class II subjects with and without temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Materials and Methods. The cephalometric analysis of 59 subjects with skeletal Class II was evaluated and compared. The measurements considered were ANB as a parameter of Class II and C0-C1 distance, C1-C2 distance, craniocervical angle, and hyoid bone position for the cervical spine analysis. Patients were divided into patients with TMD (group A) and patients without TMD (group B). TMD were evaluated with Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD). Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation analysis, with p value <0,005, were performed. Results. C0-C1 and C1-C2 distance values and hyoid bone position resulted within the normal range in the majority of patients examined. Craniocervical angle was altered in 33 patients. The reduction of this angle with the increase of the ANB value resulted to be statistically significant in group A, according to Pearson’s correlation index. No other data were statistically significant. Conclusions. The significant relationship between skeletal Class II and cervical spine cannot be highlighted. The alteration of craniocervical angle seems to be mildly present, with backward counterclockwise rotation of the head upon the neck in the sample (groups A and B). The presence of TMD as a key factor of changes in neck posture could explain the different result between the two groups about the relationship between ANB and craniocervical angle. This result should be further analyzed in order to better understand if cervical spine changes could be related to mandibular postural ones in the craniocervical space or to temporomandibular joint retropositioning, more recognizable in Class II with TMD, which could determine functional changes in other structures of this unit; neck posture could be the result of a compensatory/antalgic mechanism in response to TMD.
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Goymen, Merve, Tolga Topcuoglu, Ali Murat Aktan, and Ozlem Isman. "Cephalometric comparison of cesarean and normal births." European Journal of Dentistry 10, no. 02 (April 2016): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.178311.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to compare cephalometric variables of subjects with normal and cesarean births. Materials and Methods: Ninety age- and gender-matched patients, who were treated in Gaziantep University, Faculty of Dentistry Orthodontics Department were equally divided into normal and cesarean groups according to the birth methods reported by their mothers. To eliminate the negative effects of being different in terms of age and gender among parameters, control, and patient groups were matched in the present study. Pretreatment cephalometrics radiographs were used. Six measurements representing sagittal and vertical relationships were evaluated from pretreatment cephalograms using Dolphin Imaging Orthodontics Software was used in this issue by an orthodontist. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Student's t-test, and Mann–Whitney U-test were used for statistical comparisons. Results: A point-nasion-B point angle (ANB) and Wits values were higher in the normal group, while sella-nasion-A point angle, sella-nasion-B point angle, Frankfort horizontal-mandibular plane angle, and gonion-gnathion-SN plane angle values were higher in the cesarean group. However, the groups showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). ANB angle and Wits values showed high correlation. Conclusions: Within the study limitations, the results suggest that the birth method may not have a considerable effect on the development of the craniofacial skeletal system.
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Vukicevic, Vladanka, Jasna Pavlovic, Amila Vujacic, Brankica Martinovic, Mirjana Kostic, and Danijela Staletovic. "Radiographic cephalometry analysis of head posture and craniofacial morphology in oral breathing children." Vojnosanitetski pregled 74, no. 11 (2017): 1048–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp160127297v.
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Background/Aim. Nasal breathing plays an important role in overall physical growth and mental development, as well as in the growth of the craniofacial complex. Oral breathing over a long period of time, can cause changes in position of the head relative to the cervical spine and jaw relationship. It can cause an open bite and the narrowness of the maxillary arch due to increased pressure of strained face. The aim of this study was to analyze the position of the head and craniofacial morphology in oral breathing children, and compare the values obtained compared with those of the same parameters in nasal brething children. Methods. We analyzed the profile cephalometric radiographs of 60 patients who had various orthodontic problems. In the first group there were 30 patients aged 8?14 years, in which oral breathing is confirmed by clinical examination. In the second group there were 30 patients of the same age who had orthodontic problems, but did not show clinical signs of oral breathing. The analyses covered the following: craniocervical angle (NS/OPT), the length of the anterior cranial base (NS), anterior facial height (N-Me), posterior facial height (S-Go), the angle of maxillary prognathism (SNA), angle of mandibular prognathism (SNB), difference between angles SNA and SNB (ANB angle), the angle of the basal planes of the jaws (SpP/MP), cranial base angle (NSB), and the angle of facial convexity (NA/Apg). Results. The average value of the craniocervical angle (NS/OPT) was significantly higher in OB children (p = 0.004). There were significantly different values of SNA (p < 0.001), ANB (p < 0.001), NA/APg (p < 0.001) and length of the anterior cranial base (NS) (p = 0.024) between groups. Conclusion. Oral breathing children have pronounced retroflexion of the head in relation to the cervical spine compared to nasal breathing children, and the most prominent characteristics of the craniofacial morphology of skeletal jaw relationship of class II and increased facial convexity.
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Hwang, Soonshin, Yoon Jeong Choi, Ji Yeon Lee, Chooryung Chung, and Kyung-Ho Kim. "Ectopic eruption of the maxillary second molar: Predictive factors." Angle Orthodontist 87, no. 4 (May 3, 2017): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/020917-95.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic aspects, contributing conditions, and predictive key factors associated with ectopic eruption of maxillary second molars. Material and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the study models, lateral cephalographs, and panoramic radiographs of 40 adult subjects (20 men, 20 women) with bilateral ectopic eruption and 40 subjects (20 men, 20 women) with normal eruption of the maxillary second molars. Studied variables were analyzed statistically by independent t-tests, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, followed by receiver-operating characteristic analysis. Results: Tooth widths of bilateral lateral incisors, canines, and premolars were wider in the ectopic group, which resulted in greater arch lengths. The ANB angle and maxillary tuberosity distance (PTV-M1, PTV-M2) were smaller in the ectopic group. The long axes of the maxillary molars showed significant distal inclination in the ectopic group. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that three key factors—arch length, ANB angle, and PTV-M1 distance—were significantly associated with ectopic eruption of the second molars. The area under the curve (AUC) was the largest for the combination of the three key factors with an AUC greater than 0.75. PTV-M1 alone was the single factor that showed the strongest association with ectopic eruption (AUC = 0.7363). Conclusions: An increase in arch length, decrease in ANB angle, and decrease in maxillary tuberosity distance to the distal aspect of the maxillary first molar (PTV-M1) were the most predictive factors associated with ectopic eruption of maxillary second molars.
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Patel, Kunal Patel, Kartik Parikh, Varun Pratap Singh, and Jay Soni. "Identification of an Alternate Maxillary Apical Base Landmark from Pre-existing Substitution given by Different Authors." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 4, no. 1 (October 24, 2014): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v4i1.11309.
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Introduction: It is often difficult to locate Point A in a lateral cephalogram due to operational errors. Faulty identification of PointA can lead to erroneous measurement and faulty diagnosis.Objective: To identify nearest alternative maxillary apical base landmark for Point A substitutions given by different authors.Materials & Method: A cross sectional study was conducted on thirty good quality lateral cephalograms, which were appraisedfor skeletal Class I with the help of parameters angle ANB, WITS appraisal and Beta angle. Only those lateral cephalogramswere selected where Point A was easily identified. Landmarks: Sella (S), Nasion (N), Point A and three substitution points Y, L, Xwere traced. Angles formed by SN with Point A (Angle SNA) and three substitution points (Angle SNY, SNX, SNL) were measured.Correlation of angle SNA with angles SNY, SNX and SNL were derived.Result: A mean value of 82.8o ±1.9o, 83.1o ±1.8o, 78.3o ±2.9o and 78.7o ±2.7o for Angle’s SNA, SNY, SNL and SNX respectivelywas observed. A statistically significant correlation was observed between angles SNA and SNY, SNL, SNX; and strong positivecorrelation was observed with angle SNY.Conclusion: Point Y is the most nearing maxillary apical base landmark to Point A. Hence maxillary apical base landmark canbe substituted by Point Y where identification of point A is not obvious.
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Perinetti, Giuseppe, Marilena Callovi, Stefano Salgarello, Matteo Biasotto, and Luca Contardo. "Eruption of the permanent maxillary canines in relation to mandibular second molar maturity." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 4 (January 9, 2013): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/090212-704.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the timing of spontaneous maxillary canine eruption in relation to stages of mandibular second molar maturation. Potential confounding effects from such factors as age, growth phase, and facial features were also explored. Subjects and Methods: A sample of 106 healthy subjects (48 females and 58 males; age range, 9.4–14.3 years) with both permanent maxillary canines during the final phase of intraoral eruption were included. Mandibular second molar maturation (stages E to H) was assessed according to the method of Demirjian. Skeletal maturity was determined using the cervical vertebral maturational (CVM) method. Facial vertical and sagittal relationships were evaluated by recording the Sella-Nasion/mandibular plane (SN/MP) angle and the ANB angle. An ordered multiple logistic regression was run to evaluate adjusted correlation of each parameter with the mandibular second molar maturational stage. Results: Overall, the prevalence of the different second molar maturational stages was 36.8%, 37.8%, and 27.4% for stages E, F and G, respectively. According to the regression model, this relation was not influenced by sex, CVM stage, SN/MP angle, and ANB angle. Conclusions: Irrespective of sex, growth phase, and facial features, the maturational stage of the mandibular second molar may be a reliable indicator for the timing of spontaneous eruption of the maxillary canine.
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Tindlund, Rolf S. "Skeletal Response to Maxillary Protraction in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate before Age 10 Years." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 31, no. 4 (July 1994): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1994_031_0295_srtmpi_2.3.co_2.
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Over the last 15 years, cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients with maxillary deficiency in the care of the Bergen CLP Team have received interceptive orthopedic treatment to correct anterior and posterior crossbites during the deciduous and mixed dentition periods. The present study comprises 72 subjects of various cleft types with anterior crossbite, treated to an acceptable positive overjet by maxillary protraction using a facial mask (Delaire). Lateral cephalograms were taken immediately before and after the active treatment periods. Individuals exhibiting a favorable (fair) skeletal response to the protraction were compared with those who revealed little, (poor) skeletal response. Two cephalometric variables were chosen for the evaluation of the sagittal skeletal treatment changes: (1) the sagittal maxillomandibular change (change of angle ss-n-sm [ANB]); and (2) the forward movement of the maxilla (change of distance NSP-maxp), where maxp (maxillary point) represents the anterior contour of maxilla and NSP is the perpendicular to the naslon-sella-line (NSL) through sella. A numerical change greater than or equal to the value 1.5 (degrees or mm, respectively) was classified as fair versus poor response revealing a change less than 1.5. Fair-response (favorable response) of sagittal maxillomandibular change was found in 63 % of the cases (mean increase of angle ANB was 3.3 degrees), more often when protraction started early. The length of maxilla was increased, the skeletal maxilla was moved forward 1.8 mm, the upper dentition advanced 3.6 mm, the occlusal line was clockwise rotated, and the anterior face height was increased. Similarly, fair-response of forward movement of maxilla was found in 44% of the cases (mean increase of distance NSP-maxp was 2.4 mm), more often when protraction was started early and after long treatment duration. The maxillary prognathism increased 1.8 degrees, the angle ANB increased 3 degrees, the length of maxilla increased 1.5 mm, and the upper dentition was advanced 3.7 mm. The anterior face height increased with counterclockwise rotation of the nasal line, whereas the occlusal line was clockwise rotated. A paired fair-response of both skeletal maxillomandibular change and skeletal forward movement of maxilla was found in 35% of the cases. During protraction the mean increase of maxillary prognathism was 2.1 degrees, the maxilla moved forward 3.1 mm, the maxillary dentition advanced 4.3 mm, the maxillary length increased 1.9 mm, the ANB angle increased 3.7 degrees, and the lower anterior facial height increased 3.4 mm.
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Glisic, Branislav, Ivana Scepan, Zorana Nikolic, and Dusan Djordjevic. "Changes in position and relationship between jaws in children treated with Delair’s mask." Serbian Dental Journal 51, no. 4 (2004): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs0404177g.
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The aim of this study was to examine the efects of Delair`s mask on facial skeleton in patients with Class III antero-posterior jaw relationship. Two groups of children were evaluated. The first group of 34 children with Class III was treated with Delair`s mask. The second group of 46 children with Class III did not receive any orthodontic treatment and was presented as a control group. In the first group pretreatment and post treatment radiographic tracing was done while second tracing in the control group was done a year after diagnostic radiographic tracing. Analysis of the skeletal facial profile was done measuring SNA, SNB and ANB angles. Rotation of the maxillary base (NS/SpP), rotation of the mandibular base (NS/MP) and vertical relationship between jaws (SpP/MP) were also measured. The results were statisticaly analysed using T test, descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon`s test. The results of this study showed changes in facial skeleton in children treated with Delair`s mask compared to the control group. In the first group of children SNA and ANB angles were increased and the SNB angle was decreased.
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Nakawaki, Takatoshi, Tetsutaro Yamaguchi, Daisuke Tomita, Yu Hikita, Mohamed Adel, Koshu Katayama, and Koutaro Maki. "Evaluation of mandibular volume classified by vertical skeletal dimensions with cone-beam computed tomography." Angle Orthodontist 86, no. 6 (March 23, 2016): 949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/103015-732.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the relationship between anteroposterior and vertical differences in maxillofacial morphology and mandibular volume. Materials and Methods: Subjects comprised 213 Japanese adults (84 males and 129 females) who were divided into three groups based on mandibular basal arch (ANB) and Wits, measured in a cephalometric analysis: Class I (−1° ≤ ANB < 4°,−1 mm ≤ Wits < 0 mm), Class II (ANB ≥ 4°, Wits ≥ 0), and Class III (ANB <−1°, Wits <−1 mm). Subjects were also divided into three groups based on the mandibular plane angle (Mp), as follows: hypodivergent (Mp < 23°), normodivergent (Mp = 23–30°), and hyperdivergent (Mp > 30°) groups. Mandibular volume was measured from cone-beam computed tomographic images that were analyzed using Analyze™ image processing software and compared among the three groups in each classification. Results: No significant differences were noted in mandibular volume among Classes I, II, and III. An inverse relationship was found between mandibular volume and Mp, and a significant difference was noted in mandibular volume between the hypodivergent and hyperdivergent groups. Conclusions: In addition to two-dimensional analysis, such as lateral cephalometry, three-dimensional information such as volume, provided by cone-beam computed tomography, contributes to a more detailed assessment of maxillofacial morphology.
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Santos, Rogério Lacerda dos, and Antônio Carlos de Oliveira Ruellas. "Características cefalométricas de pacientes portadores de más oclusões Classe I e Classe II de Angle." Revista Dental Press de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial 14, no. 3 (June 2009): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-54192009000300013.
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OBJETIVOS: o presente estudo comparou algumas medidas cefalométricas relacionadas às características faciais em pacientes com má oclusão Classe I, Classe II 1ª divisão e Classe II 2ª divisão. METODOLOGIA: foram selecionadas 130 telerradiografias de pacientes leucodermas em fase inicial de tratamento ortodôntico, com idades entre 10 e 16 anos (média de 12,6 anos); e divididos em 3 grupos. As medidas cefalométricas utilizadas neste estudo foram: ANB, ı-SN, IMPA, AML, Ls-ı, Li-ī e EI. A análise de variância e o teste de Tukey foram realizados nas medidas ANB, IMPA, AML, ı-SN e Li-ī. Para as demais variáveis (EI e Ls-ı) foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal Wallis e Dunn. RESULTADOS: os resultados mostraram que as medidas Ls-ı e EI tiveram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos I e II-1 e entre os grupos II-1 e II-2 (p < 0,05). As medidas ANB e IMPA tiveram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos I e II-1 e entre os grupos I e II-2 (p < 0,05). A medida ı-SN teve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os 3 grupos (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: pode-se concluir que a medida ı-SN mostrou ser uma medida capaz de diferenciar os 3 tipos de más oclusões e a medida IMPA demonstrou que o comportamento axial dos incisivos inferiores em sua base óssea é bastante variável. A má oclusão Classe II 1ª divisão apresenta características faciais que a diferenciam da Classe II 2ª divisão e Classe I, quanto às medidas AML, Ls-ı e EI. As más oclusões Classe II 1ª divisão, Classe II 2ª divisão e Classe I não apresentaram características faciais diferentes para a medida Li-ī.
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Al-Hamlan, Nasir, Balsam Al-Eissa, Ahmad S. Al-Hiyasat, Farraj S. Albalawi, and Anwar E. Ahmed. "Correlation of Dental and Skeletal Malocclusions in Sagittal Plane among Saudi Orthodontic Patients." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 5 (2015): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1689.
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ABSTRACT Aim Whether or not the dental relationship correlates with skeletal relationship in the sagittal plane is an area of interest for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of the dental malocclusion and the skeletal malocclusion in the sagittal plane among Saudi orthodontic patients. Materials and methods Orthodontic dental casts and cephalometric radiographs of 124 patients were investigated and analyzed. The dental casts were classified in relation to the molar relationship according to Angle's classification and to the incisal relationship according to the British Standards Institution (BSI) classification. The sagittal relation in the cephalometric radiographs was analyzed according to ANB angle and WITS appraisal. Results The results show that the incisal relation had a very high significant association with WITS appraisal (p = 0.0045), whereas with ANB, the association was marginally significant (p =0.0528). No significant associations were found with molar relation neither at ANB (p = 0.2075) nor at the WITS (p = 0.4794) appraisal. Significant positive correlations between ANB and WITS appraisal were found at the three incisal classification classes (class I, r = 0.73; class II, r = 0.64; class III, r = 0.75) and no significant correlation was observed in all classes with the Angle's (molar) classification. Conclusions The incisal classification had a significant association with WITS appraisal, whereas with ANB the association was marginally significant. No correlation was found between Angle's (molar) classification and ANB or WITS appraisal. Clinical significance The incisal relation could be considered as a good indicator of the skeletal malocclusion in the sagittal plane in the orthodontic practice. How to cite this article Al-Hamlan N, Al-Eissa B, Al-Hiyasat AS, Albalawi FS, Ahmed AE. Correlation of Dental and Skeletal Malocclusions in Sagittal Plane among Saudi Orthodontic Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(5):353-359.
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Jeelani, Waqar, Mubassar Fida, and Attiya Shaikh. "The maxillary incisor display at rest: analysis of the underlying components." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 23, no. 6 (December 2018): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.23.6.048-055.oar.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Maxillary incisal display is one of the most important attributes of smile esthetics. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between maxillary incisal display at rest (MIDR) and various soft tissue, hard tissue and dental components. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 subjects (75 males, 75 females) aged 18-30 years. The MIDR was recorded from the pretreatment orthodontic records. The following parameters were assessed on lateral cephalograms: ANB angle, mandibular plane angle, palatal plane angle, lower anterior and total anterior facial heights, upper incisor inclination, upper anterior dentoalveolar height, and upper lip length, thickness and protrusion. The relationship between MIDR and various skeletal, dental and soft tissue components was assessed using linear regression analyses. Results: The mean MIDR was significantly greater in females than males (p = 0.011). A significant positive correlation was found between MIDR and ANB angle, mandibular plane angle and lower anterior facial height. A significant negative correlation was found between MIDR and upper lip length and thickness. Linear regression analysis showed that upper lip length was the strongest predictor of MIDR, explaining 29.7% of variance in MIDR. A multiple linear regression model based on mandibular plane angle, lower anterior facial height, upper lip length and upper lip thickness explained about 63.4% of variance in MIDR. Conclusions: Incisal display at rest was generally greater in females than males. Multiple factors play a role in determining MIDR, nevertheless upper lip length was found to be the strongest predictor of variations in MIDR.
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Lubis, Hilda Fitria, Nurhayati Harahap, and Ananda Permata Sari. "Skeletal Class II Malocclusion Treatment with Combined Twin Block and Lip Bumper Appliances: A Case Report." Archives of Orofacial Sciences 16, Supp. 1 (September 22, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/aos2021.16.s1.9.
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Functional appliances have been used over a century in clinical orthodontic treatments for skeletal Class II malocclusion patients. Its popularity is attributed to its high patient adaptability and ability to produce rapid treatment changes. The twin block and lip bumper can be combined depending on the patient’s cases. The purpose of therapy with twin block is effective in mandibular growth deficiencies to induce supplementary lengthening of mandibular by stimulating increased growth at the condylar cartilage. The patient was a ten-year-old male patient with skeletal Class II malocclusion. He had a convex facial profile, SNA (sella, nasion, A point) angle of 77.5°, SNB (sella, nasion, B point) angle of 73.0°, ANB (A point, nasion, B point) angle of 4.5°, overjet of 6.5 mm, overbite of 11/41 = 5.0 mm, 21/31 = 4.5 mm, abnormal upper labial frenulum, crossbite in the second left premolar of maxilla, crowded anterior teeth of mandibular, deficiency of mandibular growth, lower lip sucking habit, anterior teeth of maxilla with diastema and proclination. Orthodontic treatment for patient is a combination of twin block and lip bumper appliances. After seven months, frenectomy is used to eliminate and correct the spacing in the frenulum. After 10 months, the patient’s skeletal and profile had improved to skeletal Class I malocclusion, SNA angle of 78.0°, SNB angle of 75.0°, ANB angle of 3.0°, overbite and overjet of 4.0 mm, and the lower lip sucking habit had stopped. Twin block and lip bumper appliances are particularly good alternative treatment in managing selected cases of skeletal Class II malocclusion.
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Todorova-Plachiyska, Katya G., and Mariya G. Stoilova-Todorova. "Lateral Cephalometric Study in Adult Bulgarians with Normal Occlusion." Folia Medica 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2017-0072.
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Abstract Orthodontic treatment is effective when the facial and cephalometric characteristics of the ethnic background of patients are considered because the normal measurements for one group are not necessarily normal for another group. It is important to develop individual standards for each population. Different racial groups must be treated according to their own characteristics. The aim of this study was to establish a cephalometric standard of the cranial bases and jaw bases for Bulgarian population and to find the differences between males and females. The pilot study included 390 adult Bulgarians. Of these, 90 cases with intact dentitions, harmonious faces and Angle Class I occlusion who have not received orthodontic treatment, were purposefully selected. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of the selected subjects were taken. Six linear/angular measurements combining sagittal parameters selected form Steiner (ANB angular indicator), Schwarz (S–N, Ba–N, A1–PNS, Go– APMan linear indicators) and Jacobson (WITS–linear indicator) analysis were recorded. Student’s t-test with 5% significance level was used for data analysis (means, standard deviations, maximum and minimum values) and to assess gender differences. A gender-based cephalometric analysis of indicators found that there are statistically significant differences. Only the ANB angular parameter did not show any statistically significant difference between genders. The cephalometric variables measured in this study were significantly different between the genders except for angle ANB, and they were higher in boys. The results of our study confirm previous research on the topic presented in specialized literature.
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Martins-Ortiz, Maria Fernanda, Arnaldo Pinzan, Célia Pinzan, and Décio Rodrigues Martins. "Previsibilidade das medidas ANB e 1-NA da análise cefalométrica de Steiner." Revista Dental Press de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial 10, no. 1 (February 2005): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-54192005000100009.
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Objetivou-se, no presente estudo, verificar nas fases - final de tratamento ortodôntico corretivo e aproximadamente 5 anos (último controle) - a previsibilidade das medidas ANB e 1-NA estimadas inicialmente na elaboração da análise de Steiner, considerando-se os padrões de crescimento. A amostra constou dos valores registrados do ANB e 1-NA, da análise de Steiner, de 149 brasileiros leucodermas, da região de Bauru, descendentes de portugueses, italianos e/ou espanhóis; apresentando Classes I e II de Angle, tratados com e sem extrações de quatro pré-molares, pela técnica de Edgewise, divididos em grupos: horizontal (com 27 pacientes), equilibrado (com 79 pacientes) e vertical (com 43 pacientes), pareados por idade. De acordo com a metodologia empregada e com os resultados obtidos, foi possível constatar que: houve influência do padrão facial no comportamento do ANB, mas não no comportamento do 1-NA; ocorreu diferença estatisticamente significante entre o ANB proposto, o final e o obtido no último controle somente nos grupos horizontal e equilibrado. Observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre o 1-NA proposto, o final e o obtido no último controle, nos três grupos estudados; o 1-NA aumentou estatisticamente com o evolver da idade, nos grupos pesquisados. Clinicamente, o erro das estimativas do ANB e 1-NA apresenta-se pouco relevante. Portanto, pode-se concluir que: seria mais interessante que os tratamentos fossem planejados vislumbrando os resultados a longo prazo; as limitações destas estimativas não invalidam o seu emprego desde que, conscientes de suas deficiências, sejam utilizadas com restrições.
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Rosa, Anderson Jaña, Rizomar Ramos do Nascimento, José Nelson Mucha, and Oswaldo de Vasconcellos Vilella. "Effects of the cervical headgear in growing Angle Class II malocclusion patients: a prospective study." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 25, no. 2 (March 2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.25.2.025-031.oar.
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ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate dental and skeletal changes resulting from the exclusive use of the cervical headgear for 15 ± 4 months in the treatment of patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion. Methods: Differences between the beginning (T1) and immediately after the end of the therapy (T2) with the cervical headgear in growing patients (Experimental Group, EG, n = 23) were examined and compared, during compatible periods, with those presented by a group of untreated individuals (Control Group, CG, n =22) with similar malocclusions and chronological age. The cephalometric variables evaluated were: ANB, GoGn.SN, AO-BO, S'-ANS, S'-A, S'-B, S'-Pog and S'-U6 (maxillary first molar). The Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests were used to evaluate the results. Results: Significant differences were found relative to the ANB, S'-U6, AO-BO, S'-ANS, S'-A, S'-B and S'-Pog variables between T1 and T2 when comparing both groups. No statistically significant variation was found regarding the GoGn.SN angle. Conclusions: The use of cervical headgear promoted distal movement of the maxillary first molars and restricted the anterior displacement of the maxilla, without significantly affecting the GoGn.SN angle.
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Boiangiu, Ronen, Angelica Bencze, Elina Teodorescu, Stefan Milicescu Jr., Viorica Tarmure, Mariana Pacurar, and Ecaterina Ionescu. "Study Regarding the Applications of Imaging Technology in Cranial Base Morphology in Angle Class II Division 1 and 2 Malocclusions." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 8 (September 15, 2017): 1935–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.8.5795.
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The aim of the research is to investigate the characteristics of cranial base morphology in class II division 1 and class II division 2 malocclusions. The study group consisted of 40 patients aged 11 years treated at the Orthodontic Department of �Carol Davila� University. Both gender and both malocclusion types were equally represented. Lateral cephalograms were traced and 22 linear and angular cephalometric parameters were calculated: four parameters for the cranial base (N-S-Ba, N-Op-Ba angles, N-S, S-Ba lengths) and 18 parameters for the maxillofacial complex Nsa-Nsp, Go-Gn, Kdl-Go, S-Nsp, N-Nsa, Nsa-Gn, N-Gn, Nsp-Go, SNA angle, ANB angle, SN � NsaNsp angle, SN-GoGn angle, N-Nsa-Gn angle, S-Nsp-Go angle, N-Nsa-Pg angle, gonial angle, FMA angle, NsaNsp � GoGn. Statistical significant differences between cranial base parameters in the two malocclusions groups were depicted, in particular for feminine gender. Regardless of gender, the sphenoidal angle values were mainly increased in both malocclusion groups, when compared to normal population values. The S-Ba lengths were decreased in both malocclusion groups, regardless of gender. More significant alterations of cranial base morphology were depicted in patients with Class II Division 2 malocclusions then in patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion. The study�s results sustain the existence of some cranial base alterations in Class II malocclusions.
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Janson, Guilherme, Aron Aliaga-Del Castillo, and Ana Niederberger. "Changes in apical base sagittal relationship in Class II malocclusion treatment with and without premolar extractions: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Angle Orthodontist 87, no. 2 (September 6, 2016): 338–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/030716-198.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the changes in apical base sagittal relationship in Class II treatment with and without premolar extractions. Materials and Methods: Controlled studies evaluating ANB angle changes after Class II Division 1 malocclusion treatment with or without premolar extractions were considered. Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, Lilacs, and Google Scholar) without limitations regarding publication year or language were searched. Risk of bias was assessed with Risk Of Bias in Non-randomized Studies—of Interventions tool of the Cochrane Collaboration. Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated from the random-effects meta-analysis. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed. Results: Twenty-five studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Eleven nonextraction and only one extraction Class II treatment studies presented untreated Class II control group. Therefore, meta-analysis was performed only for the nonextraction protocol. In treated Class II nonextraction patients, the average of the various effects was a reduction in the ANB angle of 1.56° (95% CI: 1.03, 2.09, P < .001) compared with untreated Class II subjects. Class II malocclusions treated with two maxillary-premolar extractions and four-premolar extractions produced estimated mean reductions in ANB of −1.88° and −2.55°, respectively. However, there is a lack of low-risk-of-bias studies. Conclusions: According to the existing low quality evidence, the apical base sagittal relationship in nonextraction, two-maxillary and four-premolar extractions Class II treatments decreases −1.56°, 1.88° and 2.55°, respectively. Further studies are necessary to obtain more robust information.