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1
Xu, Haixue, and Brahim Benmokrane. "Strengthening of existing concrete dams using post-tensioned anchors: a state-of-the-art review." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 6 (1996): 1151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-925.
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Many old dams are in need of strengthening and rehabilitation as a result of aging, deterioration, deficiencies in design and construction, and more stringent safety standards. These standards include the probable maximum flood and the maximum credible earthquake. Post-tensioned anchors are the most practical and cost-effective method of strengthening existing concrete dams subjected to direct tension, sliding, overturning and seismic loading. In some cases, they are used to stabilize rock abutments and concrete locks and to combat the effects of alkaline and aggregate reaction. The post-tensioning technique requires minimum demolition, has only a minor impact on the dam, and is relatively inexpensive using a small number of anchors. This paper reviews about 60 case histories of concrete dams strengthened by post-tensioned anchors. The reasons for strengthening existing dams are analyzed. The general design, construction, drilling, grouting, testing, and performance of post-tensioned anchors for strengthening concrete dams are outlined. Key words: post-tensioned, anchor, multistrand, fixed anchor length, free anchor length, anchor head, strengthening, rehabilitation, concrete dam.
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Skop, R. A. "Mooring Systems: A State-of-the-Art Review." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 110, no. 4 (1988): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3257074.
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A mooring system is any system of cables and anchors used to restrain the motion of a fixed or floating structure by transmitting the forces on the structure to the seafloor. Examples of mooring systems range from the simple single-anchor, single-line system used to restrain meteorological buoys to the complex systems used to restrain tension leg platforms and guyed towers for deepwater oil operations. In this paper, a state-of-the-art review regarding the behavior of cables as mooring system components, the types and selection of cables, and the various classes of anchors and their applications is presented.
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Brunner, Felix, Nathalie Marinakis, Cedric Wobill, et al. "Modular synthesis of simple cycloruthenated complexes with state-of-the-art performance in p-type DSCs." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 41 (2016): 9823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc03874c.
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An adaptable strategy to introduce different anchors to [Ru(N⁁N)<sub>2</sub>(C⁁N)]<sup>+</sup> dyes is described; use of a phosphonic acid anchor on NiO leads to p-type DSCs with J<sub>SC</sub> = 3.38 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> and PEC of 0.116%.
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Xiao, Xiaowu, Zhiqiang Zhou, Bo Wang, Linhao Li, and Lingjuan Miao. "Ship Detection under Complex Backgrounds Based on Accurate Rotated Anchor Boxes from Paired Semantic Segmentation." Remote Sensing 11, no. 21 (2019): 2506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11212506.
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It is still challenging to effectively detect ship objects in optical remote-sensing images with complex backgrounds. Many current CNN-based one-stage and two-stage detection methods usually first predefine a series of anchors with various scales, aspect ratios and angles, and then the detection results can be outputted by performing once or twice classification and bounding box regression for predefined anchors. However, most of the defined anchors have relatively low accuracy, and are useless for the following classification and regression. In addition, the preset anchors are not robust to produce good performance for other different detection datasets. To avoid the above problems, in this paper we design a paired semantic segmentation network to generate more accurate rotated anchors with smaller numbers. Specifically, the paired segmentation network predicts four parts (i.e., top-left, bottom-right, top-right, and bottom-left parts) of ships. By combining paired top-left and bottom-right parts (or top-right and bottom-left parts), we can take the minimum bounding box of these two parts as the rotated anchor. This way can be more robust to different ship datasets, and the generated anchors are more accurate and have fewer numbers. Furthermore, to effectively use fine-scale detail information and coarse-scale semantic information, we use the magnified convolutional features to classify and regress the generated rotated anchors. Meanwhile, the horizontal minimum bounding box of the rotated anchor is also used to combine more context information. We compare the proposed algorithm with state-of-the-art object-detection methods for natural images and ship-detection methods, and demonstrate the superiority of our method.
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Fernandez Garcia, N., J. Arias Fisteus, and L. Sanchez Fernandez. "Comparative Evaluation of Link-Based Approaches for Candidate Ranking in Link-to-Wikipedia Systems." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 49 (April 30, 2014): 733–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4129.
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In recent years, the task of automatically linking pieces of text (anchors) mentioned in a document to Wikipedia articles that represent the meaning of these anchors has received extensive research attention. Typically, link-to-Wikipedia systems try to find a set of Wikipedia articles that are candidates to represent the meaning of the anchor and, later, rank these candidates to select the most appropriate one. In this ranking process the systems rely on context information obtained from the document where the anchor is mentioned and/or from Wikipedia. In this paper we center our attention in the use of Wikipedia links as context information. In particular, we offer a review of several candidate ranking approaches in the state-of-the-art that rely on Wikipedia link information. In addition, we provide a comparative empirical evaluation of the different approaches on five different corpora: the TAC 2010 corpus and four corpora built from actual Wikipedia articles and news items.
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Antunes, João Luís, Jose Bidarra, and Mauro Figueiredo. "AR With Cloud Anchors." International Journal of Creative Interfaces and Computer Graphics 10, no. 2 (2019): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcicg.2019070103.
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Despite all the potential of augmented reality to improve the human-computer interface (HCI) and the user experience, it's still below the expected usage. The reason may be related to the fact that until recently the AR implementation was mostly marker-based or GPS-based to trigger additional content (video, 3D, or other) to the reality identified with the camera. The research in this paper is focused on AR marker-less solutions that allows sharing AR content between users across the Cloud, based on the anchor identification. With this technological paradigm shift, the potential for use of new functional environments and an unprecedented status of HCI enrichment is achieved. In addition to the operations related to the applications functionality, the door opens for media-art artists to create AR models that can be shared in a multiple user environment across the Cloud.
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BARMAN, SONALI, G. P. DAS, and Y. KAWAZOE. "FIRST PRINCIPLES DENSITY FUNCTIONAL INVESTIGATION OF SUPPORTED TUNGSTEN CLUSTER (Wn; n = 1 TO 6) ON ANCHORED GRAPHITE (0001) SURFACE." International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Engineering 02, no. 03n04 (2013): 1350015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2047684113500152.
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Size-selected Wn clusters can be deposited firmly on a graphite (0001) surface using a novel technique, where the positive ions (of the same metal atom species) embedded on the graphite surface by ion implantation, act as anchors. The size selected metal clusters can then soft land on this anchored surface m [Hayakawa et al., 2009]. We have carried out a systematic theoretical study of the adsorption of Wn (n = 1-6) clusters on anchored graphite (0001) surface, using state-of-art spin-polarized density functional approach. In our first-principles calculations, the graphite (0001) surface has been suitably modeled as a slab separated by large vacuum layers. Wn clusters bond on clean graphite (0001) surface with a rather weak Van-der-Waals interaction. However, on the anchored graphite (0001) surface, the Wn clusters get absorbed at the defect site with a much larger adsorption energy. We report here the results of our first-principles investigation of this supported Wn cluster system, along with their reactivity trend as a function of the cluster size (n).
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Chi, Cheng, Shifeng Zhang, Junliang Xing, Zhen Lei, Stan Z. Li, and Xudong Zou. "Selective Refinement Network for High Performance Face Detection." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 8231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33018231.
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High performance face detection remains a very challenging problem, especially when there exists many tiny faces. This paper presents a novel single-shot face detector, named Selective Refinement Network (SRN), which introduces novel twostep classification and regression operations selectively into an anchor-based face detector to reduce false positives and improve location accuracy simultaneously. In particular, the SRN consists of two modules: the Selective Two-step Classification (STC) module and the Selective Two-step Regression (STR) module. The STC aims to filter out most simple negative anchors from low level detection layers to reduce the search space for the subsequent classifier, while the STR is designed to coarsely adjust the locations and sizes of anchors from high level detection layers to provide better initialization for the subsequent regressor. Moreover, we design a Receptive Field Enhancement (RFE) block to provide more diverse receptive field, which helps to better capture faces in some extreme poses. As a consequence, the proposed SRN detector achieves state-of-the-art performance on all the widely used face detection benchmarks, including AFW, PASCAL face, FDDB, and WIDER FACE datasets. Codes will be released to facilitate further studies on the face detection problem.
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Mohee, Faizul M., Adil Al-Mayah, and Alan Plumtree. "Anchors for CFRP plates: State-of-the-art review and future potential." Composites Part B: Engineering 90 (April 2016): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.01.011.
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Marchi, Luca, Stefano Grigolato, Omar Mologni, Roberto Scotta, Raffaele Cavalli, and Lucio Montecchio. "State of the Art on the Use of Trees as Supports and Anchors in Forest Operations." Forests 9, no. 8 (2018): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9080467.
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Tree stability assessment is fundamental to preserve the safety of both people and goods. This topic attributes high relevance to cable-supported harvesting where trees and stumps are used as supporting and anchoring elements. In this case, the applied external loads are characterized by higher magnitude and dynamic amplification effects than the typical forces acting on trees (e.g., those derived from meteorological events). Consequently, due to the higher forces involved on cable-supported harvesting on relatively young trees used as supports and anchors, the risk of uprooting and stem failures is real. Numerous studies have been conducted on tree stability and the impact of the external loads has been positively linked to the consequent tree failures, in terms of root-plate overturning and stem breakages, or parasite-mediated wood decay involving the root system, thus giving a better understanding of how different trees species deal with such occurrences. This review aims to synthetize and examine the main aspects covered by research works available in literature that, directly or indirectly, might be helpful in clarifying the behavior of standing trees or tree stumps used as supports and anchors in cable-supported forest operations. Lastly, areas that lack research in this particular topic as well as consequent operating suggestions are highlighted in the conclusions.
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Brás, Rita Emanuela Rainho, and Ana Sofia Da Cunha Bessa Reis. "The “Unachieved” place of art education in the south." Conhecer: debate entre o público e o privado 9, no. 23 (2019): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32335/2238-0426.2019.9.23.1134.
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This article introduces the Ph.D. studies of its authors, who put into question the bridge between utopia and the reality experienced at the Mindelo_International School of Art (Mindelo_Escola Internacional de Arte – M_EIA), legally known as the University Institute of Art, Technology, and Culture [Instituto Universitário de Arte, Tecnologia e Cultura], the first Higher Education space in the areas of arts and design in Cape Verde, constituting a singular, irreverent, project in the struggle for art education practices informed by decolonized policies. Created in 2004, this utopian project sent its anchors out to the practices, promoting the country’s culture and development, by means of a relationship with the Atelier Mar’s local development projects, consolidating a long experience in the art education area. Tensions arise between expectations about the experimental and local nature of the M_EIA and its regulation and (non-)conformity with hegemonic knowledge in art education or development models foreign to the Cape Verdean reality.
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Wu, Yundong, Jiajia Liao, Yujun Liu, et al. "Knowledge-Driven Network for Object Detection." Algorithms 14, no. 7 (2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a14070195.
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Object detection is a challenging computer vision task with numerous real-world applications. In recent years, the concept of the object relationship model has become helpful for object detection and has been verified and realized in deep learning. Nonetheless, most approaches to modeling object relations are limited to using the anchor-based algorithms; they cannot be directly migrated to the anchor-free frameworks. The reason is that the anchor-free algorithms are used to eliminate the complex design of anchors and predict heatmaps to represent the locations of keypoints of different object categories, without considering the relationship between keypoints. Therefore, to better fuse the information between the heatmap channels, it is important to model the visual relationship between keypoints. In this paper, we present a knowledge-driven network (KDNet)—a new architecture that can aggregate and model keypoint relations to augment object features for detection. Specifically, it processes a set of keypoints simultaneously through interactions between their local and geometric features, thereby allowing the modeling of their relationship. Finally, the updated heatmaps were used to obtain the corners of the objects and determine their positions. The experimental results conducted on the RIDER dataset confirm the effectiveness of the proposed KDNet, which significantly outperformed other state-of-the-art object detection methods.
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Chen, Shiqi, Jun Zhang, and Ronghui Zhan. "R2FA-Det: Delving into High-Quality Rotatable Boxes for Ship Detection in SAR Images." Remote Sensing 12, no. 12 (2020): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12122031.
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Recently, convolutional neural network (CNN)-based methods have been extensively explored for ship detection in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images due to their powerful feature representation abilities. However, there are still several obstacles hindering the development. First, ships appear in various scenarios, which makes it difficult to exclude the disruption of the cluttered background. Second, it becomes more complicated to precisely locate the targets with large aspect ratios, arbitrary orientations and dense distributions. Third, the trade-off between accurate localization and improved detection efficiency needs to be considered. To address these issues, this paper presents a rotate refined feature alignment detector (R 2 FA-Det), which ingeniously balances the quality of bounding box prediction and the high speed of the single-stage framework. Specifically, first, we devise a lightweight non-local attention module and embed it into the stem network. The recalibration of features not only strengthens the object-related features yet adequately suppresses the background interference. In addition, both forms of anchors are integrated into our modified anchor mechanism and thus can enable better representation of densely arranged targets with less computation burden. Furthermore, considering the shortcoming of the feature misalignment existing in the cascaded refinement scheme, a feature-guided alignment module which encodes both the position and shape information of current refined anchors into the feature points is adopted. Extensive experimental validations on two SAR ship datasets are performed and the results demonstrate that our algorithm has higher accuracy with faster speed than some state-of-the-art methods.
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Sun, Chang, Yibo Ai, Sheng Wang, and Weidong Zhang. "Dense-RefineDet for Traffic Sign Detection and Classification." Sensors 20, no. 22 (2020): 6570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226570.
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Detecting and classifying real-life small traffic signs from large input images is difficult due to their occupying fewer pixels relative to larger targets. To address this challenge, we proposed a deep-learning-based model (Dense-RefineDet) that applies a single-shot, object-detection framework (RefineDet) to maintain a suitable accuracy–speed trade-off. We constructed a dense connection-related transfer-connection block to combine high-level feature layers with low-level feature layers to optimize the use of the higher layers to obtain additional contextual information. Additionally, we presented an anchor-design method to provide suitable anchors for detecting small traffic signs. Experiments using the Tsinghua-Tencent 100K dataset demonstrated that Dense-RefineDet achieved competitive accuracy at high-speed detection (0.13 s/frame) of small-, medium-, and large-scale traffic signs (recall: 84.3%, 95.2%, and 92.6%; precision: 83.9%, 95.6%, and 94.0%). Moreover, experiments using the Caltech pedestrian dataset indicated that the miss rate of Dense-RefineDet was 54.03% (pedestrian height > 20 pixels), which outperformed other state-of-the-art methods.
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Liu, Jin, and Yongjian Gao. "Field Network—A New Method to Detect Directional Object." Sensors 20, no. 15 (2020): 4262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154262.
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As the development of object detection technology in computer vision, identifying objects is always an active yet challenging task, and even more efficient and accurate requirements are being imposed on state-of-the-art algorithms. However, many algorithms perform object box regression based on RPN(Region Proposal Network) and anchors, which cannot accurately describe the shape information of the object. In this paper, we propose a new object detection method called Field Network (FN) and Region Fitting Algorithm (RFA). It can solve these problems by Center Field. Center field reflects the probability of the pixel approaching the object center. Different from the previous methods, we abandoned anchors and ROI technologies, and propose the concept of Field. Field is the intensity of the object area, reflecting the probability of the object in the area. Based on the distribution of the probability density of the object center in the visual field perception area, we add the Object Field in the output part. And we abstract it into an Elliptic Field with normal distribution and use RFA to fit objects. Additionally, we add two fields to predict the x,y components of the object direction which contain the neural units in the field array. We extract the objects through these Fields. Moreover, our model is relatively simple and have smaller size, which is only 73 M. Our method improves performance considerably over baseline systems on DOTA, MS COCO and PASCAL VOC datasets, with overall performance competitive with recent state-of-the-art systems.
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Yang, Jianxiu, Xuemei Xie, Guangming Shi, and Wenzhe Yang. "A Feature-Enhanced Anchor-Free Network for UAV Vehicle Detection." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (2020): 2729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172729.
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Vehicle detection based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images is a challenging task. One reason is that the objects are small size, low-resolution, and large scale variations, resulting in weak feature representation. Another reason is the imbalance between positive and negative examples. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture for UAV vehicle detection to solve above problems. In detail, we use anchor-free mechanism to eliminate predefined anchors, which can reduce complicated computation and relieve the imbalance between positive and negative samples. Meanwhile, to enhance the features for vehicles, we design a multi-scale semantic enhancement block (MSEB) and an effective 49-layer backbone which is based on the DetNet59. The proposed network offers appropriate receptive fields that match the small-sized vehicles, and involves precise localization information provided by the contexts with high resolution. The MSEB strengthens discriminative feature representation at various scales, without reducing the spatial resolution of prediction layers. Experiments show that the proposed method achieves the state-of-the-art performance. Particularly, the main part of vehicles, much smaller ones, the accuracy is about 2% higher than other existing methods.
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Zhao, Minghui, Tyler Chang, Aditya Arun, Roshan Ayyalasomayajula, Chi Zhang, and Dinesh Bharadia. "ULoc." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, no. 3 (2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478124.
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A myriad of IoT applications, ranging from tracking assets in hospitals, logistics, and construction industries to indoor tracking in large indoor spaces, demand centimeter-accurate localization that is robust to blockages from hands, furniture, or other occlusions in the environment. With this need, in the recent past, Ultra Wide Band (UWB) based localization and tracking has become popular. Its popularity is driven by its proposed high bandwidth and protocol specifically designed for localization of specialized "tags". This high bandwidth of UWB provides a fine resolution of the time-of-travel of the signal that can be translated to the location of the tag with centimeter-grade accuracy in a controlled environment. Unfortunately, we find that high latency and high-power consumption of these time-of-travel methods are the major culprits which prevent such a system from deploying multiple tags in the environment. Thus, we developed ULoc, a scalable, low-power, and cm-accurate UWB localization and tracking system. In ULoc, we custom build a multi-antenna UWB anchor that enables azimuth and polar angle of arrival (henceforth shortened to '3D-AoA') measurements, with just the reception of a single packet from the tag. By combining multiple UWB anchors, ULoc can localize the tag in 3D space. The single-packet location estimation reduces the latency of the entire system by at least 3×, as compared with state of art multi-packet UWB localization protocols, making UWB based localization scalable. ULoc's design also reduces the power consumption per location estimate at the tag by 9×, as compared to state-of-art time-of-travel algorithms. We further develop a novel 3D-AoA based 3D localization that shows a stationary localization accuracy of 3.6 cm which is 1.8× better than the state-of-the-art two-way ranging (TWR) systems. We further developed a temporal tracking system that achieves a tracking accuracy of 10 cm in mobile conditions which is 4.3× better than the state-of-the-art TWR systems.
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Zhong, Bo, and Kai Ao. "Single-Stage Rotation-Decoupled Detector for Oriented Object." Remote Sensing 12, no. 19 (2020): 3262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193262.
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Oriented object detection has received extensive attention in recent years, especially for the task of detecting targets in aerial imagery. Traditional detectors locate objects by horizontal bounding boxes (HBBs), which may cause inaccuracies when detecting objects with arbitrary oriented angles, dense distribution and a large aspect ratio. Oriented bounding boxes (OBBs), which add different rotation angles to the horizontal bounding boxes, can better deal with the above problems. New problems arise with the introduction of oriented bounding boxes for rotation detectors, such as an increase in the number of anchors and the sensitivity of the intersection over union (IoU) to changes of angle. To overcome these shortcomings while taking advantage of the oriented bounding boxes, we propose a novel rotation detector which redesigns the matching strategy between oriented anchors and ground truth boxes. The main idea of the new strategy is to decouple the rotating bounding box into a horizontal bounding box during matching, thereby reducing the instability of the angle to the matching process. Extensive experiments on public remote sensing datasets including DOTA, HRSC2016 and UCAS-AOD demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art detection accuracy with higher efficiency.
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Guo, Jun, and Jiahui Ye. "Anchors Bring Ease: An Embarrassingly Simple Approach to Partial Multi-View Clustering." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.3301118.
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Clustering on multi-view data has attracted much more attention in the past decades. Most previous studies assume that each instance appears in all views, or there is at least one view containing all instances. However, real world data often suffers from missing some instances in each view, leading to the research problem of partial multi-view clustering. To address this issue, this paper proposes a simple yet effective Anchorbased Partial Multi-view Clustering (APMC) method, which utilizes anchors to reconstruct instance-to-instance relationships for clustering. APMC is conceptually simple and easy to implement in practice, besides it has clear intuitions and non-trivial empirical guarantees. Specifically, APMC firstly integrates intra- and inter- view similarities through anchors. Then, spectral clustering is performed on the fused similarities to obtain a unified clustering result. Compared with existing partial multi-view clustering methods, APMC has three notable advantages: 1) it can capture more non-linear relations among instances with the help of kernel-based similarities; 2) it has a much lower time complexity in virtue of a noniterative scheme; 3) it can inherently handle data with negative entries as well as be extended to more than two views. Finally, we extensively evaluate the proposed method on five benchmark datasets. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of APMC over state-of-the-art approaches.
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Wu, Tong, Yuan Hu, Ling Peng, and Ruonan Chen. "Improved Anchor-Free Instance Segmentation for Building Extraction from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (2020): 2910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12182910.
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Building extraction from high-resolution remote sensing images plays a vital part in urban planning, safety supervision, geographic databases updates, and some other applications. Several researches are devoted to using convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract buildings from high-resolution satellite/aerial images. There are two major methods, one is the CNN-based semantic segmentation methods, which can not distinguish different objects of the same category and may lead to edge connection. The other one is CNN-based instance segmentation methods, which rely heavily on pre-defined anchors, and result in the highly sensitive, high computation/storage cost and imbalance between positive and negative samples. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an improved anchor-free instance segmentation method based on CenterMask with spatial and channel attention-guided mechanisms and improved effective backbone network for accurate extraction of buildings in high-resolution remote sensing images. Then we analyze the influence of different parameters and network structure on the performance of the model, and compare the performance for building extraction of Mask R-CNN, Mask Scoring R-CNN, CenterMask, and the improved CenterMask in this paper. Experimental results show that our improved CenterMask method can successfully well-balanced performance in terms of speed and accuracy, which achieves state-of-the-art performance at real-time speed.
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Simpson, Alison, and Nicole A. Thomas. "Neuroticism, schizotypy, and scale anchors influence eye movement behaviour in the visual exploration of abstract art: An exploratory study." Acta Psychologica 183 (February 2018): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.12.008.
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Anyira, Kingsley Chukwuemeka, and Divine Sheriff Uchenna Joe. "Spotlight on Challenges and Prospect of Directing in Nollywood: A Decade’s Study (2006-2016)." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, no. 4 (2021): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i4.6.
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The art of video film directing is all encompassing as the director deals with virtually all aspects of film production. This comes with herculean challenges that tend to mar the efforts of directors if not properly addressed. Film scholars cum critics have done a lot of work investing the challenges of the Nigerian Video Film industry with little or no effort to directly ascertain the peculiar challenges of each sector of the industry. To this effect, the paper seeks to source from the directors what these challenges have been over the decade in view and as well through the affected, proffer plausible suppositions asmeasure to ameliorate the identified challenges. In doing so, this paper adopts the view point that the director is the author of the film and thus engages the Survey research method wherein Personal interviews are employed as data collation tool and later analyzed with inferences made from the responses. Conclusively, it anchors on the directors’ views of possible ways to improve/enhance the director’s art in future productions.
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Greer, Ann Lennarson. "The State of the Art Versus the State of the Science: The Diffusion of New Medical Technologies into Practice." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 4, no. 1 (1988): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300003202.
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AbstractThis paper offers a theory to explain the diffusion of new medical technologies into local practice. Based on several hundred interviews with community hospital physicians, it anchors technology decisions in the norms and relationships of local practice. Physician descriptions of their use of different types of assessment information provide insight into the way in which local consenses on appropriate practice are formed, guide behavior, and change. To understand new technology adoption, it is necessary to (a) differentiate “formed” (complete) and “dynamic” (still developing) technologies, and (b) appreciate the extent to which medical practice is locally organized. Concepts from organizational literature, then, become useful in explaining the penetration of these medical communities and the circumstances under which a new modality takes hold in them. Within the framework presented, previously puzzling findings regarding variations in local practice and the poor relationship between practice behavior and the published literature become understandable.
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Lu, C. F., J. Kurjan, and P. N. Lipke. "A pathway for cell wall anchorage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-agglutinin." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 7 (1994): 4825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.7.4825.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-agglutinin is a cell wall-anchored adhesion glycoprotein. The previously identified 140-kDa form, which contains a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor (D. Wojciechowicz, C.-F. Lu, J. Kurjan, and P. N. Lipke, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:2554-2563, 1993), and additional forms of 80, 150, 250 to 300, and > 300 kDa had the properties of intermediates in a transport and cell wall anchorage pathway. N glycosylation and additional modifications resulted in successive increases in size during transport. The 150- and 250- to 300-kDa forms were membrane associated and are likely to be intermediates between the 140-kDa form and a cell surface GPI-anchored form of > 300 kDa. A soluble form of > 300 kDa that lacked the GPI anchor had properties of a periplasmic intermediate between the plasma membrane form and the > 300-kDa cell wall-anchored form. These results constitute experimental support for the hypothesis that GPI anchors act to localize alpha-agglutinin to the plasma membrane and that cell wall anchorage involves release from the GPI anchor to produce a periplasmic intermediate followed by linkage to the cell wall.
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Lu, C. F., J. Kurjan, and P. N. Lipke. "A pathway for cell wall anchorage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-agglutinin." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 7 (1994): 4825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.7.4825-4833.1994.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-agglutinin is a cell wall-anchored adhesion glycoprotein. The previously identified 140-kDa form, which contains a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor (D. Wojciechowicz, C.-F. Lu, J. Kurjan, and P. N. Lipke, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:2554-2563, 1993), and additional forms of 80, 150, 250 to 300, and > 300 kDa had the properties of intermediates in a transport and cell wall anchorage pathway. N glycosylation and additional modifications resulted in successive increases in size during transport. The 150- and 250- to 300-kDa forms were membrane associated and are likely to be intermediates between the 140-kDa form and a cell surface GPI-anchored form of > 300 kDa. A soluble form of > 300 kDa that lacked the GPI anchor had properties of a periplasmic intermediate between the plasma membrane form and the > 300-kDa cell wall-anchored form. These results constitute experimental support for the hypothesis that GPI anchors act to localize alpha-agglutinin to the plasma membrane and that cell wall anchorage involves release from the GPI anchor to produce a periplasmic intermediate followed by linkage to the cell wall.
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Wang, Peng, Yunyan Hu, Shaochen Bai, and Shiyi Zou. "Matching Biomedical Ontologies: Construction of Matching Clues and Systematic Evaluation of Different Combinations of Matchers." JMIR Medical Informatics 9, no. 8 (2021): e28212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/28212.
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Background Ontology matching seeks to find semantic correspondences between ontologies. With an increasing number of biomedical ontologies being developed independently, matching these ontologies to solve the interoperability problem has become a critical task in biomedical applications. However, some challenges remain. First, extracting and constructing matching clues from biomedical ontologies is a nontrivial problem. Second, it is unknown whether there are dominant matchers while matching biomedical ontologies. Finally, ontology matching also suffers from computational complexity owing to the large-scale sizes of biomedical ontologies. Objective To investigate the effectiveness of matching clues and composite match approaches, this paper presents a spectrum of matchers with different combination strategies and empirically studies their influence on matching biomedical ontologies. Besides, extended reduction anchors are introduced to effectively decrease the time complexity while matching large biomedical ontologies. Methods In this paper, atomic and composite matching clues are first constructed in 4 dimensions: terminology, structure, external knowledge, and representation learning. Then, a spectrum of matchers based on a flexible combination of atomic clues are designed and utilized to comprehensively study the effectiveness. Besides, we carry out a systematic comparative evaluation of different combinations of matchers. Finally, extended reduction anchor is proposed to significantly alleviate the time complexity for matching large-scale biomedical ontologies. Results Experimental results show that considering distinguishable matching clues in biomedical ontologies leads to a substantial improvement in all available information. Besides, incorporating different types of matchers with reliability results in a marked improvement, which is comparative to the state-of-the-art methods. The dominant matchers achieve F1 measures of 0.9271, 0.8218, and 0.5 on Anatomy, FMA-NCI (Foundation Model of Anatomy-National Cancer Institute), and FMA-SNOMED data sets, respectively. Extended reduction anchor is able to solve the scalability problem of matching large biomedical ontologies. It achieves a significant reduction in time complexity with little loss of F1 measure at the same time, with a 0.21% decrease on the Anatomy data set and 0.84% decrease on the FMA-NCI data set, but with a 2.65% increase on the FMA-SNOMED data set. Conclusions This paper systematically analyzes and compares the effectiveness of different matching clues, matchers, and combination strategies. Multiple empirical studies demonstrate that distinguishing clues have significant implications for matching biomedical ontologies. In contrast to the matchers with single clue, those combining multiple clues exhibit more stable and accurate performance. In addition, our results provide evidence that the approach based on extended reduction anchors performs well for large ontology matching tasks, demonstrating an effective solution for the problem.
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Lowe, Lisa, and Kris Manjapra. "Comparative Global Humanities After Man: Alternatives to the Coloniality of Knowledge." Theory, Culture & Society 36, no. 5 (2019): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276419854795.
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The core concept of ‘the human’ that anchors so many humanities disciplines – history, literature, art history, philosophy, religion, anthropology, political theory, and others – issues from a very particular modern European definition of Man ‘over-represented’ as the human. The history of modernity and of modern disciplinary knowledge formations are, in this sense, a history of modern European forms monopolizing the definition of the human and placing other variations at a distance from the human. This article is an interdisciplinary research that decenters Man-as-human as the subject/object of inquiry, and proposes a relational analytic that reframes established orthodoxies of area, geography, history and temporality. It also involves new readings of traditional archives, finding alternative repositories and practices of knowledge and collection to radically redistribute our ways of understanding the meaning of the human.
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Pan, Zhenru, Rong Yang, and Zhimin Zhang. "MSR2N: Multi-Stage Rotational Region Based Network for Arbitrary-Oriented Ship Detection in SAR Images." Sensors 20, no. 8 (2020): 2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082340.
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In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, ships are often arbitrary-oriented and densely arranged in complex backgrounds, posing enormous challenges for ship detection. However, most existing methods detect ships with horizontal bounding boxes, which leads to the redundancy of detected regions. Furthermore, the high Intersection-over-Union (IoU) between two horizontal bounding boxes of densely arranged ships can cause missing detection. In this paper, a multi-stage rotational region based network (MSR2N) is proposed to solve the above problems. In MSR2N, the rotated bounding boxes, which can reduce background noise and prevent missing detection caused by high IoUs, are utilized to represent ship regions. MSR2N consists of three modules: feature pyramid network (FPN), rotational region proposal network (RRPN), and multi-stage rotational detection network (MSRDN). First of all, the FPN is applied to combine high-resolution features with semantically strong features. Second, in RRPN, a rotation-angle-dependent strategy is employed to generate multi-angle anchors which can represent arbitrary-oriented ship regions more felicitously than horizontal anchors. Finally, the MSRDN with three sub-networks is proposed to regress proposals of ship regions stage by stage. Meanwhile, the incrementally increasing IoU thresholds are selected for resampling positive and negative proposals in sequential stages of MSRDN, which eliminates close false positive proposals successively. With the above characteristics, MSR2N is more suitable and robust for ship detection in SAR images. The experimental results on SAR ship detection dataset (SSDD) show that the MSR2N has achieved state-of-the-art performance.
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Guo, Wei, Weihong Li, Weiguo Gong, and Jinkai Cui. "Extended Feature Pyramid Network with Adaptive Scale Training Strategy and Anchors for Object Detection in Aerial Images." Remote Sensing 12, no. 5 (2020): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12050784.
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Multi-scale object detection is a basic challenge in computer vision. Although many advanced methods based on convolutional neural networks have succeeded in natural images, the progress in aerial images has been relatively slow mainly due to the considerably huge scale variations of objects and many densely distributed small objects. In this paper, considering that the semantic information of the small objects may be weakened or even disappear in the deeper layers of neural network, we propose a new detection framework called Extended Feature Pyramid Network (EFPN) for strengthening the information extraction ability of the neural network. In the EFPN, we first design the multi-branched dilated bottleneck (MBDB) module in the lateral connections to capture much more semantic information. Then, we further devise an attention pathway for better locating the objects. Finally, an augmented bottom-up pathway is conducted for making shallow layer information easier to spread and further improving performance. Moreover, we present an adaptive scale training strategy to enable the network to better recognize multi-scale objects. Meanwhile, we present a novel clustering method to achieve adaptive anchors and make the neural network better learn data features. Experiments on the public aerial datasets indicate that the presented method obtain state-of-the-art performance.
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Tononi, Fabio. "IDEOLOGY AND MEMORY IN FABIO MAURI’S PERFORMANCES AND WRITINGS FROM 1970S: AN EXAMPLE OF INSTITUTIONAL CRITIQUE IN ITALY." ARTis ON, no. 9 (December 26, 2019): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37935/aion.v0i9.244.
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This article analyses a set of performances and installations created by the Italian artist Fabio Mauri (1926- -2009) in connection with his theoretical writings and anchors them to the international artistic concern of the time: institutional critique. Eight of Mauri’s performances from the 1970s are documented. This study centres on the fi rst three chronologically – Che cosa è il fascismo, Esercizi spirituali and Ebrea, all dated 1971 – which better exemplify the theme on which Mauri focused throughout this period. As theoretical texts, photographs and objects reveal, these eight performances and installations all involve the critique of ideology as institution. This practice shares many similarities with institutional critique, that is, the international and systematic inquiry that aims at subverting the roles of the art market and artistic institutions. This paper offers a novel interpretation of Mauri’s work as an example of institutional critique in Italy.
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Hoehler, Matthew S., Marios Panagiotou, José I. Restrepo, et al. "Performance of Suspended Pipes and Their Anchorages During Shake Table Testing of a Seven-Story Building." Earthquake Spectra 25, no. 1 (2009): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3046286.
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This paper presents results of shake table tests on pipe systems anchored in a full-scale, seven-story building performed on the Large High-Performance Outdoor Shake Table at the University of California at San Diego on 1 May 2006. The purpose of the tests was to investigate the forces that act on post-installed anchors in buildings during a diverse range of earthquake ground motions. A sound understanding of the force levels and number of cycles is important for developing reliable anchor qualification approaches and seismic design guidelines. The tests also provide data on floor accelerations and acceleration amplification for nonstructural components in buildings during seismic events.
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Nissen, Shawn, Quint B. Randle, Jared L. Johnson, and Jenny Lynes. "Prosodic Elements for Content Delivery in Broadcast Journalism: A Quantitative Study of Vocal Pitch." Electronic News 14, no. 2 (2020): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1931243120933356.
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Individuals verbally express meaning not only through speech sounds and words but also prosodically through the pitch, loudness, and tempo of their voice. Through a quantitative analysis, this exploratory study examined the prosodic elements of mean pitch, pitch variability, and pitch range in a sample of 450 voice-overs and throws from 90 male and female broadcast reporters and anchors from larger markets across the United States. Findings indicate that compared to typical speakers in the general population, male broadcasters actually speak with an elevated mean pitch, more pitch variability, and use more range. However, female broadcasters were found to speak at slightly lower mean pitch levels when compared to other female speakers in the general population (but like males with more variability and range). It is hoped that this study will serve as a starting point in moving broadcast vocal coaching from that of just an art to a bit more of a science.
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Gao, Qian, Chong Shen, Fang Dong, et al. "TIME-DRIVEN opportunistic routing protocol for ultra-wideband indoor positioning." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 12, no. 12 (2016): 155014771667984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147716679846.
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The scope of a single regional indoor positioning network is often restricted to its main anchor communication range and more susceptible to obstacles. Multiple main anchors can be the basis of an indoor positioning network’s extensibility and can adapt to the complex communication environment. In this article, a novel TIME-DRIVEN opportunistic routing protocol with intelligent response is proposed. First, an extendable ultra-wideband positioning system is modeled. In two or more communication cells, anchors can act as a main or slave anchor in different areas, respectively, and a forward clock check package from the initial district to its surrounding area. They can also achieve the clock synchronization of the entire network. In this model, the anchors will be divided into different sizes of clusters, and the main anchor is elected according to the broadcast time. Furthermore, the relay anchor will be intelligently selected according to the opportunistic probability based on the received signal strength indicator. Finally, experiments are conducted to verify the performance of the method.
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Smirnova, Yuliya G., Herre Jelger Risselada, and Marcus Müller. "Thermodynamically reversible paths of the first fusion intermediate reveal an important role for membrane anchors of fusion proteins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 7 (2019): 2571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818200116.
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Biological membrane fusion proceeds via an essential topological transition of the two membranes involved. Known players such as certain lipid species and fusion proteins are generally believed to alter the free energy and thus the rate of the fusion reaction. Quantifying these effects by theory poses a major challenge since the essential reaction intermediates are collective, diffusive and of a molecular length scale. We conducted molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with a state-of-the-art string method to resolve the minimum free-energy path of the first fusion intermediate state, the so-called stalk. We demonstrate that the isolated transmembrane domains (TMDs) of fusion proteins such as SNARE molecules drastically lower the free energy of both the stalk barrier and metastable stalk, which is not trivially explained by molecular shape arguments. We relate this effect to the local thinning of the membrane (negative hydrophobic mismatch) imposed by the TMDs which favors the nearby presence of the highly bent stalk structure or prestalk dimple. The distance between the membranes is the most crucial determinant of the free energy of the stalk, whereas the free-energy barrier changes only slightly. Surprisingly, fusion enhancing lipids, i.e., lipids with a negative spontaneous curvature, such as PE lipids have little effect on the free energy of the stalk barrier, likely because of its single molecular nature. In contrast, the lipid shape plays a crucial role in overcoming the hydration repulsion between two membranes and thus rather lowers the total work required to form a stalk.
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F Murphy, Robert. "Rib-Based Anchors are Associated with Proximal Translational Deformity in Early Onset Spinal Deformity Patients undergoing Growth-Friendly Surgical Treatment." Journal of Orthopaedics & Bone Disorders 4, no. 2 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jobd-16000202.
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Objective/Background: No studies to date have evaluated the the effect of rib-based anchors on the translational relationship between the rib and spine. We hypothesized that there would be an increase in the translational distance between the rib anchor and anterior vertebral body in early onset spinal deformity patients managed with long-term rib-based anchors. Methods: All patients with EOSD from a single tertiary level institution treated with a growth-friendly technique surgery utilizing proximal rib-based anchors from 2006-2015 with a minimum of 2-year follow-up were included. Thoracic kyphosis and the translational distance from the rib anchor to the corresponding anterior vertebral body were measured. Results: Twenty-seven patients (13 female, 14 male) qualified for inclusion. Mean age at implantation of the index proximal rib-based construct was 5±1.9 years (range, 1-9). EOSD etiology was congenital: 3, neuromuscular: 17, syndromic: 3, and idiopathic: 4. Mean kyphosis improved from 31±33° preoperatively to 25±20° immediately post-operatively. No significant changes in kyphosis were noted over 1 and 2 year follow-up (p=0.3). Twenty-one (78%) patients demonstrated an increase in translational distance from the rib anchors to the adjacent anterior vertebral body. Immediately post-operatively, mean distance was 25±1 mm and increased at 1-year (26±1 mm) and significantly at 2-year (29±1 mm) follow-up (p=0.005). Conclusion: The use of long term rib-based anchors may lead to an increase in the distance between the rib utilized for proximal fixation and the associated vertebral body, generating what appears to be increased anterior translation of the spine. This translation, in conjunction with increased or increasing overall thoracic kyphosis, may be the source of unexpected obstacles at the time of future surgical procedures for revision or final fusion.
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Eyharabide, Victoria, Imad Eddine Ibrahim Bekkouch, and Nicolae Dragoș Constantin. "Knowledge Graph Embedding-Based Domain Adaptation for Musical Instrument Recognition." Computers 10, no. 8 (2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers10080094.
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Convolutional neural networks raised the bar for machine learning and artificial intelligence applications, mainly due to the abundance of data and computations. However, there is not always enough data for training, especially when it comes to historical collections of cultural heritage where the original artworks have been destroyed or damaged over time. Transfer Learning and domain adaptation techniques are possible solutions to tackle the issue of data scarcity. This article presents a new method for domain adaptation based on Knowledge graph embeddings. Knowledge Graph embedding forms a projection of a knowledge graph into a lower-dimensional where entities and relations are represented into continuous vector spaces. Our method incorporates these semantic vector spaces as a key ingredient to guide the domain adaptation process. We combined knowledge graph embeddings with visual embeddings from the images and trained a neural network with the combined embeddings as anchors using an extension of Fisher’s linear discriminant. We evaluated our approach on two cultural heritage datasets of images containing medieval and renaissance musical instruments. The experimental results showed a significant increase in the baselines and state-of-the-art performance compared with other domain adaptation methods.
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Glöckner, Andreas, and Birte Englich. "When Relevance Matters." Social Psychology 46, no. 1 (2015): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000214.
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Studies on anchoring effects indicate that judgments can be biased by previous comparisons to high- or low-anchor values. Anchoring effects have been demonstrated in many domains and they have been found both for relevant anchors that provide partially valid information concerning the assessed target as well as for irrelevant anchors that clearly don’t. Based on previous findings it has been argued that anchoring effects are independent of the relevance of the anchor. In research on multiple-cue inferences it has, however, been found that individuals are highly sensitive to the relevance (validity) of cues. In two studies on sentencing decisions we show that relevant anchors influence sentencing decisions to a larger degree than irrelevant ones. We consistently find an effect of relevance for high anchors. Results still remain a bit mixed since the effect of relevance did not hold for low anchors that were introduced in the second study.
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Garg, Prateek, Anirudh Srinivasan Chakravarthy, Murari Mandal, Pratik Narang, Vinay Chamola, and Mohsen Guizani. "ISDNet: AI-enabled Instance Segmentation of Aerial Scenes for Smart Cities." ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 21, no. 3 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3418205.
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Aerial scenes captured by UAVs have immense potential in IoT applications related to urban surveillance, road and building segmentation, land cover classification, and so on, which are necessary for the evolution of smart cities. The advancements in deep learning have greatly enhanced visual understanding, but the domain of aerial vision remains largely unexplored. Aerial images pose many unique challenges for performing proper scene parsing such as high-resolution data, small-scaled objects, a large number of objects in the camera view, dense clustering of objects, background clutter, and so on, which greatly hinder the performance of the existing deep learning methods. In this work, we propose ISDNet (Instance Segmentation and Detection Network), a novel network to perform instance segmentation and object detection on visual data captured by UAVs. This work enables aerial image analytics for various needs in a smart city. In particular, we use dilated convolutions to generate improved spatial context, leading to better discrimination between foreground and background features. The proposed network efficiently reuses the segment-mask features by propagating them from early stages using residual connections. Furthermore, ISDNet makes use of effective anchors to accommodate varying object scales and sizes. The proposed method obtains state-of-the-art results in the aerial context.
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Nguyen, Ngoc Mai, Le Chung Tran, Farzad Safaei, et al. "Performance Evaluation of Non-GPS Based Localization Techniques under Shadowing Effects." Sensors 19, no. 11 (2019): 2633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112633.
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Non-GPS localization has gained much interest from researchers and industries recently because GPS might fail to meet the accuracy requirements in shadowing environments. The two most common range-based non-GPS localization methods, namely Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Angle-of-Arrival (AOA), have been intensively mentioned in the literature over the last decade. However, an in-depth analysis of the weighted combination methods of AOA and RSSI in shadowing environments is still missing in the state-of-the-art. This paper proposes several weighted combinations of the two RSSI and AOA components in the form of pAOA + qRSSI, devises the mathematical model for analyzing shadowing effects, and evaluates these weighted combination localization methods from both accuracy and precision perspectives. Our simulations show that increasing the number of anchors does not necessarily improve the precision and accuracy, that the AOA component is less susceptible to shadowing than the RSSI one, and that increasing the weight of the AOA component and reducing that of the RSSI component help improve the accuracy and precision at high Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs). This observation suggests that some power control algorithm could be used to increase automatically the transmitted power when the channel experiences large shadowing to maintain a high SNR, thus guaranteeing both accuracy and precision of the weighted combination localization techniques.
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Xu, Cheng, Jie He, Xiaotong Zhang, Xinghang Zhou, and Shihong Duan. "Towards Human Motion Tracking: Multi-Sensory IMU/TOA Fusion Method and Fundamental Limits." Electronics 8, no. 2 (2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020142.
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Human motion tracking could be viewed as a multi-target tracking problem towards numerous body joints. Inertial-measurement-unit-based human motion tracking technique stands out and has been widely used in body are network applications. However, it has been facing the tough problem of accumulative errors and drift. In this paper, we propose a multi-sensor hybrid method to solve this problem. Firstly, an inertial-measurement-unit and time-of-arrival fusion-based method is proposed to compensate the drift and accumulative errors caused by inertial sensors. Secondly, Cramér–Rao lower bound is derived in detail with consideration of both spatial and temporal related factors. Simulation results show that the proposed method in this paper has both spatial and temporal advantages, compared with traditional sole inertial or time-of-arrival-based tracking methods. Furthermore, proposed method is verified in 3D practical application scenarios. Compared with state-of-the-art algorithms, proposed fusion method shows better consistency and higher tracking accuracy, especially when moving direction changes. The proposed fusion method and comprehensive fundamental limits analysis conducted in this paper can provide a theoretical basis for further system design and algorithm analysis. Without the requirements of external anchors, the proposed method has good stability and high tracking accuracy, thus it is more suitable for wearable motion tracking applications.
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McDOWELL, Mary Ann, Dawn M. RANSOM, and James D. BANGS. "Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-dependent secretory transport in Trypanosoma brucei." Biochemical Journal 335, no. 3 (1998): 681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3350681.
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We have investigated the role of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors in forward secretory trafficking using African trypanosomes as a model system. Soluble GPI-minus forms of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), in which the C-terminal GPI-addition peptide signal is deleted, are secreted from transformed procyclic trypanosomes with 5-fold reduced kinetics, relative to matched GPI-anchored constructs. Cell fractionation and immunofluorescence localization studies indicate that the GPI-minus VSG reporters accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This transport defect is specific, since overexpression of GPI-minus VSG has no effect on the rate of transport of a second soluble secretory reporter (BiPN) when co-expressed in the same cells. Two results suggest that delayed forward transport cannot be accounted for by failure to fold/assemble in the absence of a GPI anchor, thereby leading to prolonged association with ER quality-control machinery. First, no evidence was found for elevated association of GPI-minus VSG with the ER molecular chaperone, BiP. Secondly, newly synthesized GPI-minus VSG is dimerized efficiently, as judged by velocity-sedimentation analysis. GPI-dependent transport is not confined to the VSG reporters, because a similar dependence is found with another trypanosomal GPI-anchored protein, trans-sialidase. These findings suggest that GPI structures act in a positive manner to mediate efficient forward transport of some, and perhaps all, GPI-anchored proteins in the early secretory pathway of trypanosomes. Possible mechanisms for GPI-dependent transport are discussed with respect to current models of vesicular trafficking.
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Brown, D., and G. L. Waneck. "Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane proteins." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 3, no. 4 (1992): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v34895.
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Many proteins of eukaryotic cells are anchored to membranes by covalent linkage to glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI). These proteins lack a transmembrane domain, have no cytoplasmic tail, and are, therefore, located exclusively on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. GPI-anchored proteins form a diverse family of molecules that includes membrane-associated enzymes, adhesion molecules, activation antigens, differentiation markers, protozoan coat components, and other miscellaneous glycoproteins. In the kidney, several GPI-anchored proteins have been identified, including uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein), carbonic anhydrase type IV, alkaline phosphatase, Thy-1, BP-3, aminopeptidase P, and dipeptidylpeptidase. GPI-anchored proteins can be released from membranes with specific phospholipases and can be recovered from the detergent-insoluble pellet after Triton X-114 treatment of membranes. All GPI-anchored proteins are initially synthesized with a transmembrane anchor, but after translocation across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, the ecto-domain of the protein is cleaved and covalently linked to a preformed GPI anchor by a specific transamidase enzyme. Although it remains obscure why so many proteins are endowed with a GPI anchor, the presence of a GPI anchor does confer some functional characteristics to proteins: (1) it is a strong apical targeting signal in polarized epithelial cells; (2) GPI-anchored proteins do not cluster into clathrin-coated pits but instead are concentrated into specialized lipid domains in the membrane, including so-called smooth pinocytotic vesicles, or caveoli; (3) GPI-anchored proteins can act as activation antigens in the immune system; (4) when the GPI anchor is cleaved by PI-phospholipase C or PI-phospholipase D, second messengers for signal transduction may be generated; (5) the GPI anchor can modulate antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex molecules. Finally, at least one human disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, is a result of defective GPI anchor addition to plasma membrane proteins.
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Baghelani, Masoud. "Anchor Loss Calculation for Ring Shape Anchored Contour Mode Disk Resonators." International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration 23, No 3, September 2018 (2018): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20855/ijav.2018.23.31092.
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Miniaturization is the most sophisticated method for achieving UHF and SHF resonance frequencies in RF MEMS resonators. However, by reducing the dimensions of the resonators, the size of their supports become more comparable with the size of the resonator and anchor loss becomes the dominant loss mechanism, thereby suppressing the quality factor. This study considers, Ring Shape Anchored Contour Mode Disk Resonator and calculates anchor loss effects using both energy loss and acoustic impedance ratio methods. Results of analytical calculations are verified using finite element harmonic analysis. Simulation results show that RSACMDRs have an acceptable quality factor in comparison with the other state-of-the-art resonators.
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Greenstein, Michael, and Alexandra Velazquez. "Not all Anchors Weigh Equally." Experimental Psychology 64, no. 6 (2017): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000383.
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Abstract. The anchoring bias is a reliable effect wherein a person’s judgments are affected by initially presented information, but it is unknown specifically why this effect occurs. Research examining this bias suggests that elements of both numeric and semantic priming may be involved. To examine this, the present research used a phenomenon wherein people treat numeric information presented differently in Arabic numeral or verbal formats. We presented participants with one of many forms of an anchor that represented the same value (e.g., twelve hundred or 1,200). Thus, we could examine how a concept’s meaning and its absolute numeric value affect anchoring. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that people respond to Arabic and verbal anchors differently. Experiment 3 showed that these differences occurred largely because people tend to think of numbers in digit format. This suggests that one’s conceptual understanding of the anchored information matters more than its strict numeric value.
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Fang, Alex C., Wan-yin Li, and Jing Cao. "In search of poetic discourse of classical Chinese poetry." Chinese Language and Discourse 2, no. 2 (2011): 232–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.2.2.04fan.
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We address the issue of poetic discourse in classical Chinese poetry and propose the use of imageries as characteristic anchors that stylistically differentiate poetic schools as well as individual poets. We describe an experiment that is aimed at the use of ontological knowledge to identify patterns of imagery use as stylistic features of classical Chinese poetry for authorship attribution of classical Chinese poems. This work is motivated by the understanding that the creative language use by different poets can be characterised through their creative use of imageries which can be captured through ontological annotation. A corpus of lyric songs written by Liu Yong and Su Shi in the Song Dynasty is used, which is word segmented and ontologically annotated. State-of-the-art techniques in automatic text classification are adopted and machine learning methods applied to evaluate the performance of the imagery-based features. Empirical results show that word tokens alone can be used to achieve an accuracy of 87% in the task of authorship attribution between Liu Yong and Su Shi. More interestingly, ontological knowledge is shown to produce significant performance gains when combined with word tokens. This observation is reinforced by the fact that most of the feature sets with ontological annotation outperform the use of bare word tokens as features. Our empirical evidence strongly suggests that the use of imageries is a powerful indicator of poetic discourse that is characteristic of the two poets concerned in the study.
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Khanna, Puja P., Paul Maranian, Jeff Gregory, and Dinesh Khanna. "The minimally important difference and patient acceptable symptom state for the Raynaud's condition score in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon in a large randomised controlled clinical trial." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 69, no. 3 (2009): 588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.107706.
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BackgroundThe Raynaud's condition score (RCS) is a validated outcome measure for Raynaud's phenomenon (RP).ObjectiveTo assess the minimally important difference (MID) and patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) for RCS in patients with RP.Subjects and methodsPatients with active RP (n=162) (mean RCS >25 (0–100 visual analogue scale) participated in a placebo-controlled, crossover randomised clinical trial (RCT). Data from the two treatment groups were combined for this analysis. Retrospective and prospective anchors were administered during the RCT. MID groups were defined as the group who reported being somewhat better (anchor #1) and a one-step change from “unbearable” to “very severe”, etc (anchor #2). Patients were considered to have achieved PASS if they rated their Raynaud's condition as “very mild” or “mild” at the last study visit.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 48.9 years and the mean baseline RCS was 46.4 points. The RCS change score for the MID improvement group ranged from −13.9 to −14.3 points and PASS estimate was 34.0 points.ConclusionThe MID and PASS estimates for RCS are 14–15 points for improvement and 34 points, respectively, on a 0–100 scale in a large RCT of patients with active RP. This information can aid in interpreting RCS in future RP trials.
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Benting, Jürgen H., Anton G. Rietveld, and Kai Simons. "N-Glycans Mediate the Apical Sorting of a Gpi-Anchored, Raft-Associated Protein in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells." Journal of Cell Biology 146, no. 2 (1999): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.146.2.313.
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Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)- anchored proteins are preferentially transported to the apical cell surface of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. It has been assumed that the GPI anchor itself acts as an apical determinant by its interaction with sphingolipid-cholesterol rafts. We modified the rat growth hormone (rGH), an unglycosylated, unpolarized secreted protein, into a GPI-anchored protein and analyzed its surface delivery in polarized MDCK cells. The addition of a GPI anchor to rGH did not lead to an increase in apical delivery of the protein. However, addition of N-glycans to GPI-anchored rGH resulted in predominant apical delivery, suggesting that N-glycans act as apical sorting signals on GPI-anchored proteins as they do on transmembrane and secretory proteins. In contrast to the GPI-anchored rGH, a transmembrane form of rGH which was not raft-associated accumulated intracellularly. Addition of N-glycans to this chimeric protein prevented intracellular accumulation and led to apical delivery.
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Shahin, Mohamed A., and Mark B. Jaksa. "Pullout capacity of small ground anchors by direct cone penetration test methods and neural networks." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 6 (2006): 626–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-029.
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Marquees are temporary light structures that are connected to the ground by small anchors that act in tension and are designed to resist uplift forces. Due to the temporary nature of these structures, little, if any, attention is given to the pullout capacity of the anchors used to secure them. Failures of such structures are not rare and have resulted in deaths and tens of thousands of dollars of damage. This paper reports on a series of 119 in situ anchor pullout tests conducted on rough mild steel anchors of various lengths, cross-sectional shapes, and areas. Comparison tests are carried out to investigate the impact of the factors affecting the pullout capacity of small anchors. Six methods that determine the axial pile capacity directly from cone penetration test (CPT) data are presented and used to calculate the pullout capacity of small ground anchors. The capacities obtained from these CPT-based methods are compared with predictions from a recently developed artificial neural network (ANN) model. The actual pullout loads are compared with predictions from the CPT and ANN methods, and statistical analyses are carried out to evaluate and rank their performance. The results indicate that the ANN-based method provides superior predictions of the pullout capacity of small ground anchors, whereas the Schmertmann method provides the best performance of the CPT-based techniques examined.Key words: ground anchors, pullout capacity, cone penetration test, artificial neural networks.
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Sharom, Frances J., and Marty T. Lehto. "Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins: structure, function, and cleavage by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80, no. 5 (2002): 535–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o02-146.
Full textAbstract:
A wide variety of proteins are tethered by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor to the extracellular face of eukaryotic plasma membranes, where they are involved in a number of functions ranging from enzymatic catalysis to adhesion. The exact function of the GPI anchor has been the subject of much speculation. It appears to act as an intracellular signal targeting proteins to the apical surface in polarized cells. GPI-anchored proteins are sorted into sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich microdomains, known as lipid rafts, before transport to the membrane surface. Their localization in raft microdomains may explain the involvement of this class of proteins in signal transduction processes. Substantial evidence suggests that GPI-anchored proteins may interact closely with the bilayer surface, so that their functions may be modulated by the biophysical properties of the membrane. The presence of the anchor appears to impose conformational restraints, and its removal may alter the catalytic properties and structure of a GPI-anchored protein. Release of GPI-anchored proteins from the cell surface by specific phospholipases may play a key role in regulation of their surface expression and functional properties. Reconstitution of GPI-anchored proteins into bilayers of defined phospholipids provides a powerful tool with which to explore the interactions of these proteins with the membrane and investigate how bilayer properties modulate their structure, function, and cleavage by phospholipases.Key words: glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, lipid bilayers, reconstitution, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, placental alkaline phosphatase.
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Zheng, Yongbin, Peng Sun, Zongtan Zhou, Wanying Xu, and Qiang Ren. "ADT-Det: Adaptive Dynamic Refined Single-Stage Transformer Detector for Arbitrary-Oriented Object Detection in Satellite Optical Imagery." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (2021): 2623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132623.
Full textAbstract:
The detection of arbitrary-oriented and multi-scale objects in satellite optical imagery is an important task in remote sensing and computer vision. Despite significant research efforts, such detection remains largely unsolved due to the diversity of patterns in orientation, scale, aspect ratio, and visual appearance; the dense distribution of objects; and extreme imbalances in categories. In this paper, we propose an adaptive dynamic refined single-stage transformer detector to address the aforementioned challenges, aiming to achieve high recall and speed. Our detector realizes rotated object detection with RetinaNet as the baseline. Firstly, we propose a feature pyramid transformer (FPT) to enhance feature extraction of the rotated object detection framework through a feature interaction mechanism. This is beneficial for the detection of objects with diverse patterns in terms of scale, aspect ratio, visual appearance, and dense distributions. Secondly, we design two special post-processing steps for rotated objects with arbitrary orientations, large aspect ratios and dense distributions. The output features of FPT are fed into post-processing steps. In the first step, it performs the preliminary regression of locations and angle anchors for the refinement step. In the refinement step, it performs adaptive feature refinement first and then gives the final object detection result precisely. The main architecture of the refinement step is dynamic feature refinement (DFR), which is proposed to adaptively adjust the feature map and reconstruct a new feature map for arbitrary-oriented object detection to alleviate the mismatches between rotated bounding boxes and axis-aligned receptive fields. Thirdly, the focus loss is adopted to deal with the category imbalance problem. Experiments on two challenging satellite optical imagery public datasets, DOTA and HRSC2016, demonstrate that the proposed ADT-Det detector achieves a state-of-the-art detection accuracy (79.95% mAP for DOTA and 93.47% mAP for HRSC2016) while running very fast (14.6 fps with a 600 × 600 input image size).