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Abdrabou, Ahmed, Eissa Zidan, Akiko Nishisaka, Hiromasa Kurokochi, and Sakuji Yoshimura. "King Khufu’s Second Boat: Scientific Identification of Wood Species for Deckhouse, Canopy, and Forecastle." Forests 13, no. 12 (December 10, 2022): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122118.
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Very little published information is available on the scientific identification of wood species used in the construction of boats in ancient Egypt. This paper deals with the scientific identification of wood species used in the construction of the deckhouse, canopy, and forecastle of King Khufu’s second wooden boat (4th Dynasty—Old Kingdom) in detail. This paper also discusses the principal technological characteristics of the identified woods, considering specifically their utilization for construction of the deckhouse, canopy, and forecastle. Almost all the woods used in the boat’s deckhouse, canopy, and forecastle were made of two imported species of wood (Cedrus libani A.Rich. and Juniperus sp.), with two native species (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. and Vachellia sp.) also identified. The analysis most surprisingly revealed the presence of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. in 25% of the analyzed forecastle samples, which was discovered for the first time for making cross beams in the construction of boats in ancient Egypt. Another intriguing aspect of the boat’s construction is the presence of Juniperus sp., which surprisingly showed that almost 85% of the analyzed samples were Juniperus sp., used in the deckhouse’s boards, frames, and cross beams. The data let us examine the specific employment of the wood species used in the parts of the boat, which evidenced that the identified woods were suitably used for the construction of the different parts of the deckhouse, canopy, and forecastle of the boat.
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Goff, Alan. "Boats, Beginnings, and Repetitions." Journal of Book of Mormon Studies (1992-2007) 1, no. 1 (October 1, 1992): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44758622.
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Abstract Ancient texts are too often approached using modern assumptions. Among those assumptions obstructing an understanding of ancient texts is the modern emphasis on originality and on writing as intellectual property. Ancient writers relished repetition—stories that were repeated in succeeding generations—over originality. The Bible is full of repeated or allusive stories, and the Book of Mormon often reinscribes this biblical emphasis on repetition. One such biblical reverberation in the Book of Mormon is Nephi’s ocean voyage, which evokes biblical stories of origination: creation, deluge, and exodus. These three stories of beginnings are carefully alluded to in Nephi’s own foundational story, exactly as we would expect an ancient Hebraic text to do.
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Hamilton, Julia Clare Francis. "Hedgehogs and Hedgehog-Head Boats in Ancient Egyptian Religion in the Late 3rd Millennium BCE." Arts 11, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts11010031.
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Hedgehogs held a special place in ancient Egyptian life like many other desert- and marsh-dwelling animals. Their natural defensive qualities were admired by ancient Egyptians and their bodily parts, notably their hardened spines, were used as ingredients in medico-magical prescriptions. In tomb reliefs of the late 3rd Millennium BCE, hedgehogs are represented being carried alive by offering bearers or as background participants in desert hunting scenes. In later periods of Egyptian history, rattles, small unguent vessels, and scaraboid amulets were made in their shape, all of which are presumed to have had apotropaic purposes. A particular votive object of the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE) is a palm-sized modelled boat with a prow in the shape of a hedgehog head, which has been discovered at sites throughout Egypt. A similar representation of this motif is the so-called ‘Henet’-boat (from the word ḥnt[j]) with a hedgehog head at the prow facing inwards, which is found in late Old Kingdom art. This article reassesses the role of hedgehogs as protective or apotropaic entities and their association with boats, considering how ancient Egyptians understood their ecology and their predation of snakes, scorpions, and similar stinging creatures. An updated list is provided of known representations of hedgehog-head boats, including petroglyphs and as yet unpublished examples from tombs at Giza and Saqqara. The meaning of the ancient Egyptian word ḥnt(j) is also rexamined in relation to the representation of riverine and marsh-water boats in Old Kingdom tombs.
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CROOME, ANGELA. "Ancient Boats and Ships - by Seán McGrail." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36, no. 1 (February 6, 2007): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2007.140_2.x.
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Darmawan, Akbar Bagus, Yeddid Yonatan Eka Darma, and Jangka Rulianto. "Analysis The Effect of Outrigger (Cadik) Variations on Motion Response of Fishing Boat Using CFD Method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1081, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1081/1/012010.
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Abstract Jukung is a type of traditional fishing boat used as transportation for fishing activities in Muncar, Banyuwangi, which has a wave as high as 2 m with a period of 4.6 s which is classified as 2nd sea state. One of the boats used has a length of 7.2 m, width 0.75 m, and height of 0.8 m. The characteristics of the hull which with an L/B ratio of 9.6 require outriggers to help balance while sailing. The outrigger itself is a cylindrical component that is placed at a certain distance on both sides of the boat. Since ancient times, the construction of outrigger boats has been carried out by local artisans by relying on experience. This is certainly very risky because it is not known for certain whether the construction, in this case, the outrigger can keep the boat stable. For this reason, we researched the boat’s motion using the CFD method to provide a reference for the construction of the outrigger design. Using one of the existing boats with LOA 7.2 m, B 0.671 m, and H 0.8 m, and Vs 4.385 kt as a simulation model, we varied the outrigger-centerline distance by 2.5 m and 2.8 m; diameters of 90 mm, 120 mm, and 150 mm; which tested under conditions of full load and light load with the wave directions of headsea (180°), headquarter (135°), and beamsea (90°), resulting in Response Amplitude Operator (RAO) as follows. The model with an outrigger-CL distance of 2.8 m and diameter of 150 mm has the lowest heaving value of 0.02 m/m at a frequency of 4.1 rad/s from the headsea direction, 0.44 m/m at a frequency of 3.7 rad/s from the headquarter direction, and 0.4 m/m at a frequency of 6.2 rad/s from the beamsea direction. This model also has the lowest value in pitching and rolling responses from all directions with each value of 0.4 rad/m to 0.15 rad/m in pitching and relatively 0 rad/m in rolling responses.
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Mohan, Thamizhmani, and Zereghaber Araya. "Design and Fabrication of Fiber Reinforced Boat in Eritrea." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 9, no. 08 (August 30, 2018): 20207–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/08/587.
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Transportation through water body is the cheapest and the most important way of transportation system in human life. Eritrea has a wide range of coastal area along Red Sea and it is obvious that those people who live in the coastal area were used to fishing. Wood is one of the easiest and ancient materials that have been utilized for the construction of boats and it also remains as a favorite one for many professionals, but the boats which were constructed of woods were much heavier in their light weight, therefore they couldn't carry more loads. Scarcity and high price of the timber along with the high annual repair and maintenance cost will reduce the income of the boatmen and also increased consumption of timber will results in faster deforestation.
In this situation, various alternative materials like ferrocement, aluminium, fibre reinforced glass and fibre reinforced concrete has been used as an alternative material for construction of boats. So, our first work in the fabrication of the boat is to choose the alternative material for fabricating a vessel.
Plywood has lots of advantages like they are stiffer than boards of equal thickness of regular lumber. Due to the stiffness of the plywood panels, weight can be saved by replacing the regular lumbar by plywood, which is an important problem faced in both power and sail boats. Fiber glass along with resins has many advantages like thermal insulation, electrical insulation, reinforcement, heat and corrosion resistant and easily recyclable for future purposes.
This technique of fabrication will give good results by reducing the problems with leakage and bio fouling of hull surface due to marine growth such as barnacles and in turn which increases the life span of the hull surface of the boats. So this work will be useful for those communities who are working with the boats for their transportation and fishing activities and it also improves the standard of the fisherman and their activities. By design and constructing a boat with plywood and FRG, the quality and standard of the boat will be improved along with a certain degree of safety. As a student of marine engineering department, this research work increase the knowledge about design software’s like solid works and delft ship, design parameters of a vessel and all the fabrication procedures of the boat by using fiber reinforced glass in combination with plywood.
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Wang, Tongze, Yanlong Zhao, and Hua Chen. "Watertight Compartment Fujian Ancient Ship Art Value and Extended Development Take the "Hei Bo Wu Qing An" ship type as an example." Advances in Education, Humanities and Social Science Research 3, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aehssr.3.1.114.
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As the "Cultural Capital of East Asia" and one of the starting points of the Maritime Silk Road, Quanzhou has nurtured a long-standing maritime culture, and the prosperity of maritime trade cannot be achieved without exquisite shipbuilding techniques.In July 2021, "Quanzhou: China's World Maritime Trade Center in the Song and Yuan Dynasties" was successfully declared a World Heritage Site. More and more local intangible cultural heritage in Quanzhou is being paid attention to and protected, and the watertight, compartmentalized Fujian ancient ship is one of them. The Fujian ancient boat is the Quanzhou people's contribution to maritime culture, with deep cultural heritage, a major invention of China's ancient shipbuilding technology, high artistic and aesthetic value, and a unique connotation; we must excavate and protect it as part of our intangible cultural heritage. In order to better understand the connotation of watertight compartment Fujian ancient ships, the author conducted several field studies in Fengwei Town and Quanzhou City, the birthplace of watertight compartment Fujian ancient ships. This paper explores the artistic value of Fujian's ancient boats in Quanzhou, Fujian, and their extended development from the perspective of art design.
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Bellwood, Peter, Judith Cameron, Nguyen Van Viet, and Bui Van Liem. "Ancient Boats, Boat Timbers, and Locked Mortise-and-Tenon Joints from Bronze/Iron-Age Northern Vietnam." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36, no. 1 (March 2007): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00128.x.
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Costa, Elisa, and Francesco Guerra. "3D recording of ancient wooden boats for scientific and educational purposes." Applied Geomatics 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12518-018-0228-0.
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Dağtekin, Murat, Devrim Selim Misir, İsa Şen, Cemil Altuntaş, Gülsüm Balçik Misir, and Ali Çankaya. "Small-scale fisheries in the southern Black Sea: Which factors affect net profit?" Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 51, no. 2 (July 12, 2021): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/aiep.51.62792.
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Small-scale fisheries (SSF) is a local and community-based activity that can be traced back to ancient times, and thus, closely related to the history of humankind. However, large-scale fisheries have grown tremendously, approaching an industrial sector in the last century, due to their socio-economic and political properties, including both national and international aspects. This progress towards industrial-scale fisheries led to the involvement of scientific research, first aiming to improve production efficiency, and then, to protect ecosystems as resources exploited for fisheries activity, by mitigating their adverse impacts. During this evolutionary progress, SSF was usually neglected because of their limited production ability, and thus minimal economic contribution, until the later phase when the protection of ecosystem resources gained sufficient importance. As a result of this, many countries lack data on SSF, undermining efforts for the creation of proper policies for this type of fisheries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity and the effects of some demographic characteristics, boat structures, and some cost (input) items on the net profit of SSF in the Black Sea. The eligible sample for this study consisted of 5575 small-scale fishing boats in the Black Sea. The number of fishers to be surveyed was determined as 315 using the “Simple Random Sampling” method, based on operators of boats < 12 m, i.e., boats in the SSF. Questionnaires were conducted face-to-face with fishers. In this study, it was tested if six parameters were investigated to determine whether they had a significant effect on net profit in SSF. These parameters were: (1) engine power; (2) number of fishing days; (3) boat length; (4) consumption of fuel in fishing; (5) education level of fishers; and (6) overall professional experience of fishers. To do so, Simple Linear Regression Analysis was performed to determine the effect of the data considered as independent variables when the net profit was set as the dependent variable. Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793); whiting, Merlangius merlangus (Linnaeus, 1758); rapa whelk, Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846); and turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758) were the most important commercial fish species for small scale fishing. When catch per boat in SSF was evaluated, Kırklareli province ranked first with 97 007 kg, with Atlantic bonito (44 778 kg) being the most common species caught. Samsun had the second-largest catch per boat with 91 761 kg. The total net profit of 303 boats was calculated as €1 794 938 and the mean net profit per boat was €5924. The highest per boat mean net profit (€25 909) was in Kırklareli. According to the results of the study, the number of days at the sea, boat length, engine power, and fuel cost had a significant effect on the net profit while education level and professional experience were not important in productivity. The economically-fragile SSF sector may need some kind of supporting subsidy. It would be beneficial to provide support to the majority of fishers active in the SSF in terms of complementary alternative employment opportunities in the regions where they are located.
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Goodburn, D. M. "Some further thoughts on reconstructions, replicas and simulations of ancient boats and ships." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 22, no. 3 (August 1993): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1993.tb00411.x.
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Goodburn, D. "Some further thoughts on reconstructions, replicas and simulations of ancient boats and ships." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 22, no. 3 (August 1993): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ijna.1993.1002.
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Redknap, Mark. "Ancient Boats in N.W. Europe.the archaeology of water transport to ad 1500. By SeanMcGrail." Archaeological Journal 146, no. 1 (January 1989): 648–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1989.11021355.
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Coles, John. "A Theatre of Imagery: the Rock Carving of Döltorp, Skee Parish, Bohuslän, Sweden." Antiquaries Journal 91 (July 14, 2011): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581511000084.
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AbstractThe parish of Skee, in western Bohuslän, has a wide variety of ancient monuments, among which is a small rock at Döltorp that displays a range of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age rock carvings. The new recording presented here identifies a number of hitherto unrecognized images and details. Some of the carvings are now considered to be of the late second millennium bc, while the bulk of the images are of mid-first millennium bc date. They include a particularly large decorated boat, with its crew finely detailed, as well as a number of carvings of warriors, discs, horses, spirals and smaller boats. The site lies in a landscape well inland from the Bronze Age shoreline, and its selection for carving was probably related to the existence of an earlier cairn high on a ridge to the west of the rock-carving site, perhaps linked to it by additional stones. Other sites in the immediate lowland region suggest that we should not view such sites as static creations; rather, we should consider them to have had long and episodic lives, maintaining and augmenting a societal awareness over many generations.
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Saunders, Andrew. "Book Review: Ancient Boats in N. W. Europe. The Archaeology of Water Transport to AD 1500." International Journal of Maritime History 2, no. 1 (June 1990): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149000200115.
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Cassidy, Jim, L. Mark Raab, and Nina A. Kononenko. "Boats, Bones, and Biface Bias: The Early Holocene Mariners of Eel Point, San Clemente Island, California." American Antiquity 69, no. 1 (January 2004): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4128350.
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By 8000 B.P., sea-mammal hunting and open-sea voyages were established at Eel Point, San Clemente Island, California. The early inhabitants of Eel Point depended heavily on sea-mammal hunting and shellfish collecting, rather than the intensive fishing that developed during the Late Holocene along the Southern California coast. Eel Point technological capabilities rivaled those of Late Holocene groups such as the Chumash Indians, including the ability to fabricate sophisticated watercraft. These data question traditional models of progressive maritime cultural development in coastal Southern California, and reveal the need for more empirical methods of assessing the seafaring capabilities of ancient maritime populations.
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de Courcy Ireland, John. "Seán McGrail, Ancient boats in N. W. Europe: the archaeology of water transport to 1500 A. D." Peritia 8 (January 1994): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.peri.3.223.
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Jain, Mr Khush, and Ms Fariah Rizwani. "A Review on Medicinal Bamboo: An Ancient Source Towards Healthy Lifestyle." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49043.
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Abstract: Bamboos are reported as the most valuable among other forest reserves, comfortably available and also sustainable. Bamboos are observed to be a group of evergreen perennial flowering plants belonging to the family Poaceae - (subfamilyBambusoideae). As per reports bamboos have huge divergence in nature consisting of around 1400 species and 115 genera. Bamboo species are used over a long ancient period to produce textiles, boats, paper, furniture, and as a food. Their dried leaves are also used to wrap up decorative items and even food items to protect from any contamination. Various bamboo species contains chemical constituents such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, lignins and polysaccharides. Other characteristic compounds present in bamboo are caffeic acid, orientin, vitexin, p-coumaric acid, isoorientin and chlorogenic acid. There are many reported studies which showing a wide use of bamboo leaves in Ancient history and even in today’s modern world used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, arteriosclerosis and even few forms of cancer. We have many studies and literature emphasizing upon use of bamboo in medicinal practice in Asian region and Southeast Asian region, but there’s a lot more to be explored in Southern American species. This information shows beneficial results in human health, which are of a great interest in the medical nutrition industry which is an industry that emerged for the convergence between the food and pharma industries.
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YOSHIMURA, Sakuji, Takeshi NAKAGAWA, and Hiromasa KUROKOCHI. "STUDY ON THE ORIGINAL FORM OF THE FIRST BOAT OF KING KHUFU : Study on the restoration of the boats of King Khufu, Ancient Egypt Part2." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 63, no. 503 (1998): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.63.217_1.
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Denker, A., and H. Oniz. "ANCIENT SHIPYARD ON TURKEY’S DANA ISLAND: ITS 3D MODELLING WITH PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-289-2018.
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Although a small island 2 km off the southern coast of Turkey, Dana Island offers a rich history which is likely to shed light upon the Dark Ages. Starting from 2015 our archaeological team discovered through continuing coastal and underwater excavations 274 shipsheds/slipways there. This discovery places Dana Island among the biggest shipyards of antiquity. The slipways varied in dimensions suitable for vessels of different sizes from small boats to large warships. Historical sources suggest that the name of the island may stem from Yadnana, Yadana or Adana which was mentioned in an Assyrian tablet of the 8th century BC, as an island in the vicinity of Cyprus. Archaeological evidence exists that shows Dana Island had played a significant role in seamanship activities in Levant starting from Neolithic times. A substantial part of the naval campaigns must have involved Dana Island which used be the biggest shipyard/naval base of the Eastern Mediterranean. A 3D model of the island has been made by using photogrammetry and computer graphics methods and simulations were executed to check the hypotheses related to the involvement of Dana Island in the major sea battles of antiquity, such as Sea Battle of Lade in 495 BC.
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YOSHIMURA, Sakuji, Takeshi NAKAGAWA, and Hiromasa KUROKOCHI. "UNREPORTED HIERATIC INSCRIPTIONS ON THE TIMBERS OF THE FIRST BOAT OF KING KHUFU : Study on the restoration of the boats of king Khufu, Ancient Egypt Part 1." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 62, no. 496 (1997): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.62.201_3.
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Atnabayeva, Natalia, Vladimir Baltachev, Yekaterina Troynikova, and Lilia Khasanova. "LEXICAL NOMINATION AS A REFLECTION OF CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE IN OLD ENGLISH SEAFARING." Proceedings of CBU in Social Sciences 1 (November 16, 2020): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/pss.v1.39.
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The theory that nominative processes extended through centuries to systematic formations of special terminological meanings of professional Old and Middle English marine terminological vocabulary had already been explained in different ways based on an evidential linguistic material. There is no doubt of the historical and philosophical approaches employed to describe the ancient language representation of the native speakers’ world, as well as of the role and degree of their participation in the formation of nominations inclusive of those of ancient seafaring vehicles. Having been referenced repeatedly, both conceptually and through documents, they had confirmed their right to exist.
In several topical articles, terminological units have already been represented by a synonymous series of proper nominations for the seafaring vessels (boats/ships) of various types by respective lexically-organized terms according to their word-formation, structural and content design in the Old and the Middle English. Despite the apparent decline of interest towards the subject of historical nominations in general, and the history of the English Marine language in particular,thereare unsettled challenges in the field. Specifically, more clarity is required regarding the incentives, degree of participation and the role of extralinguistic (human) factor in the history of a vessel-name formation, as well as in the mode of operation of the nominative apparatus for the above marine terms with respect to the of intralinguistic (language) factors involved.
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Haldane, Cheryl W., and Cynthia W. Shelmerdine. "Herodotus 2.96. 1–2 Again." Classical Quarterly 40, no. 2 (December 1990): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000983880004310x.
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As A. B. Lloyd points out, the passage from Herodotus which includes this sentence is the most important non-Egyptian commentary on Ancient Egyptian shipbuilding. In the years following the discovery of the Dynasty IV ships buried beside Khufu's pyramid at Giza (c. 2500 B.C.), J. S. Morrison suggested a change in the translation of the word (⋯ν)επ⋯κτωσαν. Traditionally, and in Lloyd's commentary, the verb ⋯μπακτ⋯ω has been interpreted as meaning ‘to caulk’. Morrison, however, believes that (⋯ν)επ⋯κτωσαν ought to refer to reinforcement of a ship's fastenings with papyrus ropes. He bases this interpretation on the evidence of the Khufu boats, which are sewn through v-shaped mortises across the hull's width (Fig. 1), and on the argument that caulking is better done from the outside. Lloyd has challenged this translation, but we would like to support it with some further evidence, in particular evidence of Egyptian shipbuilding practice.
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Bradley, Richard, Alice Rogers, Fraser Sturt, Aaron Watson, Diana Coles, Julie Gardiner, and Ronnie Scott. "Maritime Havens in Earlier Prehistoric Britain." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 82 (February 9, 2016): 125–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2015.22.
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It is widely accepted that between the beginning of the Early Neolithic period and the end of the Early Bronze Age different regions of Britain were connected to one another by sea, but little is known about the nature of maritime contacts before plank-built boats developed during the 2nd millenniumbc. This paper considers a series of coastal sites, some of which were first settled from Mesolithic times. From the early 4th millennium they were also associated with artefact production and the use of imported objects and raw materials. Their distribution focuses on the region of isostatic uplift in northern Britain where the ancient shoreline still survives. It is considered in relation to a new model of coastal change which suggests that these locations were characterised by natural havens sheltered behind islands or bars. The sites can be compared with the ‘landing places’ and ‘beach markets’ discussed by historical archaeologists in recent years.
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GOÑI, RAQUEL, NICHOLAS V. C. POLUNIN, and SERGE PLANES. "The Mediterranean: marine protected areas and the recovery of a large marine ecosystem." Environmental Conservation 27, no. 2 (June 2000): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900000126.
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In the Mediterranean, fishing is an ancient tradition and signs of its presence can be found everywhere along its coasts. In early times, most fishing was carried out from land with small nets and traps and only a portion of the fishing operations was carried out from boats away from the coast. Over time, growth of human populations along the Mediterranean coasts led to the expansion of sea fishing and gradual depletion of many near-shore stocks. Until recently, fishing in the Mediterranean retained its artisanal character. The type of small vessels, the fishing gears and labour-intensive character of the operations had changed little from generation to generation. However, some fishing practices benefited greatly from the advent of new technologies, such as those that replaced sails by powered engines, or the incorporation of fish-finding devices and efficient gear-handling techniques. These developments added to a growing market demand from the booming Mediterranean population, and led to overfishing of the most vulnerable target populations.
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Yanchenko, Volodymyr. "THE MUSEUM OF WOODEN INDUSTRY IN THE PARK ‘KYIVAN RUS’." City History, Culture, Society, no. 3 (October 30, 2017): 136–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2019.03.136.
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The article is devoted to the created in the Park «Kievan Rus» Museum ofWooden Architecture. The reader can get acquainted with this unique phenomenonin the modern museum world as a project restoring ancient Kyiv («city of Vladimir») in 1: 1 scale.Modern experience supply objective information and historical reconstructions(individual subjects, objects, and even entire urban locations) includeproviding opportunities to experience the atmosphere and the specificsof Kievan Rus in all its fullness. The perfect opportunity to achieve this is areproduction of the image of the medieval city, but not on the monitors andmodels, but as in the original. Experience of the solution to the problem is amuseum complex in the open air - «Park Kievan Rus». Today we can confidentlyassert that the ambitious project of PKR to reproduce the ancientcapital grew to a powerful research center, which deals with a wide range ofproblems associated with medieval history, archaeology, and museology.The author presents the basic features of the museum complex areas - reconstructionand construction of fortifications and sacral buildings, housingand commercial complexes, street network planning and other constants medievalcity.One of the scientific and educational activities PKR is the creation ofmuseums on its territory. One of these new museums - the Museum of WoodenArchitecture. The museum is unique because it exhibits archaeological artifacts, reconstructed models of ancient structures housing, replicas of ancienttools of the carpenter.According to archeological data, the main types of woodworking toolsand their range took constant shape in the X - XI and remained unchangeduntil the XVIII century. The exhibition features tools that can be consideredreplicas of ancient counterparts, their identity is proven by archaeologicalartifacts. The basis of the comparative analysis underlying the developmentof V. Kharlamov. Among the exhibited things can be identified replica tesla,boats, planes, drills, saws, hammers and others.Archaeological studies in recent years finally convince us wide distributionin Old Kiev namely carcass type residential buildings. Therefore, thirdmainline presents the reconstruction ofsome ancient frame, frame layout design method vrubky «v oblo», layoutwindows and roof of the home.
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Iliadi, Alexandr. "MISCELLANEA ETYMOLOGICA: TOPONYMICA." Research Bulletin Series Philological Sciences 1, no. 193 (April 2021): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-4077-2021-1-193-171-176.
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The paper deals with the verification of several etymological versions, suggested for interpretation of hydronyms (i.e. names of water geographical objects) of ancient Slovakia. Earlier these lexical units were classified as elements of Iranian (Sarmatian and Alanian) substratum in local Slavic historical toponymy. The author compares etymological versions, existing in scientific circulation, and finds out the soft spots in their argumentation and also notes the lack of proof for different contentions. The special attention is given to problematic question of ambiguity of orthography of documented forms hydronyms, because ambiguity all too often gives grounds for several (absolutely different) interpretations of one word. Consequently, here is focused on the problem of choice of a certain variant as more «authoritative» (i. e. maximally closed to primordial, etymological form) for research. Critical assessment of proposed above etymological versions uncovers new resources for genetic interpretation of five viewed hydronyms, which can be surely defined as Celt and Germanic lexical heritage in Slovak hydronymy. Among river names the primordial Germanic hydronym is pointed out; one is extended with Middle Iranian term of geographical nomenclature, which evidences about lexical reception of Germanic toponymy stratum traces in the speech practice of Sarmatian and Alanian population and consequently about both ethnoses lingual interaction. In particular Celtic and Germanic etymologies are suggested for such Slovakian hydronyms: Hasztergan, Hor. Hastrgan, Hor. Hastrgan = *Gaster-gan < Germ. *Gaster ‘stream in ravine’, extended with Iran. *kan ‘sorce, well, spring’; Kubra, Cubra = Celt. *kubr (< adj. *kumb-ro-) ‘stream, current on valley’; Metrbos = Germ. *Mittel-bach, *Mittel Bach or *Mitlpos(sky) ‘between creeks’; Nuduna = Celt. *nau-dun ‘port for boats’, ‘fortification with marina for boats’; Gardubarto, Gardubartu, Karduberka, Chaduwocha = Celt. *kar[r]-dubur = «stone water», «stone stream» + Hung. to [tava, tavat] ‘lake’, ‘pond’.
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Zuckerman, Constantin. "A chapter in the Byzantine paleography of accountancy: The fractions in the Book of Ceremonies." Millennium 15, no. 1 (October 18, 2018): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mill-2018-0006.
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AbstractChapter II, 45 of the Book of Ceremonies, a half-edited dossier pertaining to the naval expedition of 949 against the Arabs at Crete, contains a document which is most banal and singular at once. This is a procurement report of miscellaneous supplies recording in each entry the amount spent and the nature of the supplies acquired, occasionally specifying the price per item or per measure. However common such reports are in ancient and modern accounting, this is the only document of its kind preserved from the middle Byzantine period. In line with the State accounting norms inherited from Late Antiquity, all expenses are listed in gold, the silver miliaresia being recorded as fractions of a golden nomisma. The symbols for fractions have not been recognized by editors, translators and students of the text; they were either disregarded or misinterpreted. Restoring their meaning to these symbols allows not only a coherent reading of the report as a whole and a better understanding of the State purchasing process; it also throws light on prices of many items and on the last-minute enterprise which consisted in building Viking-style boats for the Rus’ warriors participating in the campaign.
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Spanier, Ehud, Kari L. Lavalli, Jason S. Goldstein, Johan C. Groeneveld, Gareth L. Jordaan, Clive M. Jones, Bruce F. Phillips, et al. "A concise review of lobster utilization by worldwide human populations from prehistory to the modern era." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, suppl_1 (May 7, 2015): i7—i21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv066.
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Abstract Lobsters are important resources throughout the world's oceans, providing food security, employment, and a trading commodity. Whereas marine biologists generally focus on modern impacts of fisheries, here we explore the deep history of lobster exploitation by prehistorical humans and ancient civilizations, through the first half of the 20th century. Evidence of lobster use comprises midden remains, artwork, artefacts, writings about lobsters, and written sources describing the fishing practices of indigenous peoples. Evidence from archaeological dig sites is potentially biased because lobster shells are relatively thin and easily degraded in most midden soils; in some cases, they may have been used as fertilizer for crops instead of being dumped in middens. Lobsters were a valuable food and economic resource for early coastal peoples, and ancient Greek and Roman Mediterranean civilizations amassed considerable knowledge of their biology and fisheries. Before European contact, lobsters were utilized by indigenous societies in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand at seemingly sustainable levels, even while other fish and molluscan species may have been overfished. All written records suggest that coastal lobster populations were dense, even in the presence of abundant and large groundfish predators, and that lobsters were much larger than at present. Lobsters gained a reputation as “food for the poor” in 17th and 18th century Europe and parts of North America, but became a fashionable seafood commodity during the mid-19th century. High demand led to intensified fishing effort with improved fishing gear and boats, and advances in preservation and long-distance transport. By the early 20th century, coastal stocks were overfished in many places and average lobster size was significantly reduced. With overfishing came attempts to regulate fisheries, which have varied over time and have met with limited success.
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Cassen, Serge, and Valentin Grimaud. "Resolution of a sign (1). Regarding a Neolithic slab in the petit mont passage grave (Arzon, France)." Camera Praehistorica 5, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/2658-3828-2020-2-25-41.
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Our communication will make use of the word “resolution” in order to address both the original meanings of prehistoric signs and the new technical capabilities that make it possible to detect ancient engravings on stone. An interpretation of an iconographic program belonging to such an old period (6500 BP) relies on a precise inventory of material removals on the rock surface so that all the signs can be detailed and labelled. For this, we will focus on one of the two passage graves preserved in the Neolithic cairn of PetitMont (Arzon, France). There, an engraved orthostat displaying a figure of a so-called “solar wheel” has been known for a long time; however, this type of motif neither fits the chronological context nor the usual corpus of signs in the megaliths of Brittany. A careful recording combining a compilation of images under oblique lighting and 3D modelling makes it possible to produce a graphical synthesis at several levels of information (contours, removal of material from the rock surface, chromatic and morphological alterations). All the signs identified on the basis of their hollow layouts allow us to recognize four main motifs: a circular composition consisting of 17 polished axe blades; a representation of a liquid element; two depictions of boats, one with crew, the other unmanned.
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Ayu, Rahmatia. "Misengi Élo’na Lopié: Menelaah Pesan Kutika dalam Budaya Bahari Bugis." Manuskripta 12, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.33656/manuskripta.v12i2.206.
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The Kutika Manuscripts in the Bugis language found in the Kalimantan Islands are a track record of the knowledge and existence of the Buginese in the area. This text can be associated with the culture of massompe' or migrating among the people of South Sulawesi. This study opens a space for discussion about the concept of maritime culture of the Bugis tribe based on the Kutika script. This article uses philological studies for textual analysis on the manuscript of Kutika Ugi 'Sakke Rupa (KUSR) which comes from the collection of the Mulawarman Museum in East Kalimantan. This study analyzes how the environmental awareness of the Bugis community is based on a small aspect in the process before sailing which is called misengi élo'na lopié as the etiquette of communicating with boats. The results of this study reveal that the boat is associated with a soul and will. This finding is related to the Merleau-Ponty concept of body ontology regarding body intentionality. Overall, this research contributes to the scientific realm by not only introducing local knowledge found in ancient texts, but also elaborating philosophical values related to the way Bugis people read nature and the sea.
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Naskah Kutika berbahasa Bugis yang terdapat di Kepulauan Kalimantan merupakan rekam jejak pengetahuan dan keberadaan orang Bugis di daerah tersebut. Naskah ini dapat dikaitkan dengan budaya massompe’ atau merantau di kalangan masyarakat Sulawesi Selatan. Kajian ini membuka ruang diskusi tentang konsep budaya bahari suku Bugis berdasarkan naskah Kutika. Artikel ini menggunakan kajian filologi untuk analisis tekstual pada naskah Kutika Ugi 'Sakke Rupa (KUSR) yang berasal dari koleksi Museum Mulawarman di Kalimantan Timur. Penelitian ini menganalisis bagaimana kesadaran lingkungan masyarakat Bugis berdasarkan satu aspek kecil dalam proses sebelum berlayar yang disebut misengi élo'na lopié sebagai etika berkomunikasi dengan perahu. Hasil dari penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa perahu diasosiasikan memiliki jiwa dan kehendak. Temuan ini dikaitkan dengan konsep ontologi tubuh Merleau-Ponty mengenai intensionalitas tubuh. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam ranah ilmiah yang tidak sekadar memperkenalkan pengetahuan lokal yang terdapat di dalam naskah kuno, melainkan juga menguraikan nilai-nilai filosofis yang berhubungan dengan cara manusia Bugis membaca alam dan laut.
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Melnik, Eleonora L., and Alla Y. Gudym. "NATURE, PEOPLE AND TRADITIONS IN THE NATIONAL PARK "VODLOZERSKY" - APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 12, no. 1 (March 25, 2015): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/15.12.45.
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Content - analysis of scientific literature conducted in the frameworks of the research and method of observation on life and work of Vodlozero residents in the national park "Vodlozersky" in the context of environmental education, showed that the style of their relationship with nature is built not only on the knowledge of modern science of nature and society, but also on regulations, standards, patterns of behavior and activities, as well as various beliefs that have their roots in the past of the society of this region. Relict programs are an objective reality of modern life of residents of the National park and are still rooted in their minds, coming out in the form of individual customs and traditions in agriculture, farming, fishing, gathering mushrooms and berries, cooking, home furnishing. The process of "relict memory" functioning among people is supported at different levels of social activity: communication between social groups of different ages in areas of their compact settlement, attributive means - dances, roundelays, songs on national festivities and holidays. An annual celebration of "Otzhinaha", which takes place in the central village Kuganavolok becomes a phenomenon linking the old traditions of Vodlozero residents and contemporaries. Residents of the former villages, previously located in Vodlozerye also take part in it. "Otzhinaha" is associated as a kind of folk festival in this region. Nature and activities in it is subject to its rhythm - the change of seasons: transition of the sun from winter to summer, the end of winter and beginning of spring, blooming plants and harvesting. The content of lyrics sung at the festival reflects the nature of human work in the fields, hayfields, its labor inputs and dependence on nature, "there will be bread, and there will be song." Orthodox holidays are an important part of spiritual life of the villagers. Modern secular program that could ensure the reproduction of forms and types of activities that are vital for the area and determine the specific character of the community, that are working currently and influence their future, are demanded in a lesser degree. The reasons for this phenomenon lies in partial or complete loss of the true bearers, guardians, and reproducers of forms and types of former activities, the complexity and long duration of the process of reproduction of a particular type of craft. Certain activities were typical only for a limited part of residents living compactly in the area away from the center. This fully applies to the issue of the revival of ancient shipbuilding technology - an ancient lost skill of "sewing" typical for this region boats - "vodlozerki." The craft is in demand, boats are sewed, and people buy them. But awareness of the kinds of crafts demanded in the region is low. Most often in everyday life villagers use the traditional beliefs, signs and custom suggesting the emergence of negative consequences for people. Working in the human mind as a taboo, they serve as a talisman for life and that is why they are stable in memory. Based on our observations, we can say that the superstition or fear of being punished (by water spirit, wood spirit, etc.) has played and continues to play a significant role in behavior of people. Key words: behavior of people, content analysis, environmental education, social activity.
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Greenhill, Basil. "Seán McGrail. Ancient boats in NW Europe: the archaeology of water transport to AD 1500. London & New York: Longmans, 1987. xxii + 321 pages, 177 illustrations. £45 & $79.95 hardback." Antiquity 61, no. 233 (November 1987): 483–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00073191.
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Rocca, Giovanna. "Afrodite Muchia." Aristonothos. Rivista di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico, no. 18 (July 18, 2022): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2037-4488/18101.
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L’epiteto mychia, riferito ad Afrodite in una iscrizione da Gyaros (IG XII 5, 651), ha ricevuto diverse spiegazioni sulla base di una generica semicità del termine mychos che esprime il concetto di ‘profondità: divinità ctonia, dea delle grotte o della parte più interna della casa’. μυχός, riferito a un porto in fonti antiche e moderne, è la parte più interna, quella in cui il mare raggiunge la terraferma e indica il punto di attracco per le imbarcazioni. Su questa base e considerato che Afrodite è dea invocata dai marinai in situazioni di pericolo e protettrice dei viaggi, si propone l’ipotesi che l’epiteto indichi Afrodite che porta in salvo nella parte più profonda del porto (misurata per estensione, in senso orizzontale, e in senso figurato > ‘interna’) e vicina alla terraferma ringraziata in questo modo per lo scampato pericolo. The epithet mychia, referring to Aphrodite in an inscription from Gyaros (IG XII 5, 651), has received various explanations on the basis of a generic semicity of the term mychos, which expresses the concept of ‘depth’: ‘chthonic divinity, goddess of caves, or innermost part of the house’. The term μυχός, with reference to a port in ancient and modern sources, is the innermost part of a port, that area where the sea reaches the mainland and indicates the docking point for boats. On this basis and considering that Aphrodite is the protector of voyages and a goddess invoked by sailors in situations of danger, it is proposed that the epithet refers to Aphrodite leading them to safety in the deepest part of the port (measured by extension, horizontally, and figuratively > ‘internal’) yet close to the mainland. In this way, she is thanked for their narrow escape.
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Pomey, Patrice, and Giulia Boetto. "Ancient Mediterranean Sewn-Boat Traditions." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 48, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 5–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12337.
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Lelono, Hari. "PERAHU PINCUK DARI GRESIK (SUMBANGAN PENGETAHUAN ETNOGRAFIS BAGI KHASANAH PERAHU NUSANTARA)." Berkala Arkeologi 30, no. 2 (November 13, 2010): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v30i2.410.
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The history of the Indonesian Archipelago has demonstrated the glorious ages of large maritime kingdoms which governed this vast area, e.g Sriwijaya, Mataram Hindu, Singasari and Majapahit. During that age the maritime transportation must have been well developed and varieties of watercrafts might have been created to support interisland communication. Unfortunately, the hard evidence for this maritime technology are hardly recovered, so that our knowledge on watercraft construction technigue used at that time is very limited. In order to bridge that gap, ethnographic data may provide invaluable information to reconstruct the ancient maritime technology.One of the important information to reconstruct ancient watercraft building technigue are terms and names used for referring parts and components of the watercraft. Such information is still available among the traditional boat builder community in the village of Campurejo, near Gresik, East Java. Situated in the north coast of Java, Gresik had played a great role in the ancient maritime trade linking the eastem and western parts of the archipelago. Presumably, the traditional boat building technigue used here, as reflected in terminology for boat components, still represents the ancient Javanese boat technology. This paper describes the terms and construction method to build the unigue “pincuk” boat in Gresik area. These data will hopefully provide useful information to reconstruct ancient knowlegde on some aspects of maritime technology of Ancient Java
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Rule, Margaret. "Ancient Boats in N.W. Europe. The Archaeology of Water Transport to A.D. 1500. By Sean McGrail. 25·5 × 19·4 cm. Pp. xx + 321, 181 figs. London: Longman (Longman Archaeology Series), 1987. ISBN 0-582-49267-X. £45." Antiquaries Journal 68, no. 2 (September 1988): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500069651.
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Blue, Lucy. "Cheryl A. Ward. Sacred and secular: ancient Egyptian ships and boats (Archaeological Institute of America Monographs [n.s.] No. 5). xiv+162 pages, 79 figures, 16 tables. 2000. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum; 0-7872-7182-9 hardback $77.75." Antiquity 77, no. 297 (September 2003): 631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092760.
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Monastersky, R. "Pharaoh's Boat Found in Ancient Pit." Science News 132, no. 19 (November 7, 1987): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3972086.
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Parr, Ryan. "Missing the Boat to Ancient America … Just Plain Missing the Boat." FARMS Review 17 (2005), no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/farmsreview.17.1.0083.
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Жукова, Людмила Николаевна. "Вода/река – макроэлемент культурной географии юкагиров." Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology), no. 1 (53) (March 15, 2021): 288–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2021-53-1/288-303.
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Рассматривается один из основных ландшафтных кодов культурной географии – «вода/река», его анализ позволит понять особенности формирования хозяйственной специфики и духовных ценностей бродячих охотничье-рыболовных племен Восточной Сибири. Территории кочевания этих племен за последние 2 тыс. лет существенно сократились, и в настоящее время Нелемнинский наслег – земли родовой общины «Тэки Одулок» в Верхнеколымском улусе Республики Саха (Якутия) – единственное в своем роде место компактного проживания потомков древнего населения. Для северных кочевников юкагиров (охотников и рыболовов) вода/река имела культурообразующее значение: она кормила, помогала перемещаться с места на место, служила ориентиром на местности. Важность водных ресурсов рассматривается в статье через призму этнической истории юкагирского народа. Показано, что современная уникальная культура северных номадов Верхней Колымы сложилась благодаря двум основным факторам: сохранности гомогенной «кормящей» территории и незначительной трансформации традиционного годового хозяйственного цикла. Природно-климатические условия и полукочевой уклад жизни выработали у этой группы юкагиров устойчивые стереотипы мышления и поведения и определенную систему ценностей и предпочтений. Их пространственные представления формировались под влиянием ландшафта, в частности водной системы территории кочевания. Традиционно в период промысла родовые группы лесных юкагиров длительное время находились в изоляции – такое положение сохранялось вплоть до начала XX в. Подобные условия предполагали разного рода опасности и риски, реальные и воображаемые. При отсутствии дорог в теплое время года и в силу большой заболоченности территории древний ландшафтный код «вода/река» определял номадический характер культуры юкагиров. Водная система в представлениях охотников и рыболовов Верхней Колымы запечатлена в духовной и материальной культуре как амбивалентная стихия. В геокультурном пространстве потомков аборигенных северных номадов концепт «водная стихия» традиционно построен на культурных смыслах, образах и символах. Сегодня присваивающий характер хозяйства лесных юкагиров и сохранение значимости ландшафтного кода «вода/река» позволяют говорить, что в обозримом будущем в культуре этого народа по-прежнему будут присутствовать элементы древних языческих религиозно-мифологических представлений. The article considers one of the main landscape codes of cultural geography – water/river, which in part determined the specifics of economy and spiritual values of the wandering hunting tribes of Eastern Siberia. The areas of nomadic hunting and fishing tribes of Eastern Siberia have significantly decreased over the past two thousand years, and currently the territory of the Nelemninsky National Council and the tribal community “Teki Odulok” in the Verkhnekolymsky region (ulus) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is the only place of compact residence of descendants of the ancient population. Among the northern nomads –Yukagirs-hunters and fishermen, the water/river landscape code was of a cultural-forming significance; water/river provided food, transport and served as a reference point in space. The significance of water resources is considered in diachronic and synchronous ranges against the background of the ethnic history of the Yukagir people with the involvement of archival and literary data. It is shown that the modern functioning of the unique culture of northern nomad dog breeders in the Upper Kolyma is due to the preservation of a homogeneous feeding territory and a minor transformation of the traditional annual economic cycle. The territorial community, the organization of living space in such climatic conditions and the semi-nomadic way of life have developed stable stereotypes of thinking and behavior, a system of values and preferences for this group of Yukagirs. The understanding of space of the nomad dog breeders reveals the mechanisms of formation and influence of the water/river discourse on various aspects of their activities. Traditionally from antiquity and to the beginning of the 20th century during the period of fishing and nomading on boats and rafts in the warm season, the tribal groups of forest Yukagirs were isolated for a long time. This situation implied various potential dangers and risks, real and mythologized. The ancient landscape code water / river in the absence of dirt roads in the warm season and a large bog area determined the nomadic nature of the culture. The figurative and geographical model of the water universe at the locus of the water hunters and fishermen of the Upper Kolyma is captured in the discourse of spiritual and material culture as an ambivalent element. In the geo-cultural area of the descendants of the aboriginal northern nomads, the concept of the water element is traditionally built on cultural meanings, images and symbols. The appropriating nature of the economy and the longstanding significance of one of the main landscape codes of water/river stimulate the continued exsistence of ancient pagan religious and mythological representations among the forest Yukagirs in the foreseeable future
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Connan, J. "Use and trade of bitumen in antiquity and prehistory: molecular archaeology reveals secrets of past civilizations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1379 (January 29, 1999): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0358.
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Natural asphalt (or bitumen) deposits, oil seepage and liquid oil shows are widespread in the Middle East, especially in the Zagros mountains of Iran. Ancient people from northern Iraq, south–west Iran and the Dead Sea area extensively used this ubiquitous natural resource until the Neolithic period (7000 to 6000 BC). Evidence of earlier use has been recently documented in the Syrian desert near (Boëda et al. 1996) near El Kown, where bitumen–coated flint implements, dated to 40,000 BC (Mousterian period), have been unearthed. This discovery at least proves that bitumen was used by Neanderthal populations as hafting material to fix handles to their flint tools. Numerous testimonies, proving the importance of this petroleum–based material in Ancient civilizations, were brought to light by the excavations conducted in the Near East as of the beginning of the century. Bitumen remains show a wide range of uses that can be classified under several headings. First of all, bitumen was largely used in Mesopotamia and Elam as mortar in the construction of palaces (e.g. the Darius Palace in Susa), temples, ziggurats (e.g. the so–called ‘Tower of Babel’ in Babylon), terraces (e.g. the famous ‘Hanging Gardens of Babylon’) and exceptionally for roadway coating (e.g. the processional way of Babylon). Since the Neolithic, bitumen served to waterproof containers (baskets, earthenware jars, storage pits), wooden posts, palace grounds (e.g. in Mari and Haradum), reserves of lustral waters, bathrooms, palm roofs, etc. Mats, sarcophagi, coffins and jars, used for funeral practices, were often covered and sealed with bitumen. Reed and wood boats were also caulked with bitumen. Abundant lumps of bituminous mixtures used for that particular purpose have been found in storage rooms of houses at Ra's al–Junayz in Oman. Bitumen was also a widespread adhesive in antiquity and served to repair broken ceramics, fix eyes and horns on statues (e.g. at Tell al–Ubaid around 2500 BC). Beautiful decorations with stones, shells, mother of pearl, on palm trees, cups, ostrich eggs, musical instruments (e.g. the Queen's lyre) and other items, such as rings, jewellery and games, have been excavated from the Royal tombs in Ur. They are on view in the British Museum. With a special enigmatic material, commonly referred to as ‘bitumen mastic’, the inhabitants of Susa sculpted masterpieces of art which are today exhibited in the Louvre Museum in Paris. This unique collection is presented in a book by Connan and Deschesne (1996). Last, bitumen was also considered as a powerful remedy in medical practice, especially as a disinfectant and insecticide, and was used by the ancient Egyptians to prepare mixtures to embalm the corpses of their dead. Modern analytical techniques, currently applied in the field of petroleum geochemistry, have been adapted to the study of numerous archaeological bituminous mixtures found in excavations. More than 700 bituminous samples have been analysed during the last decade, using gas chromatography alone and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and isotopic chemistry (carbon and hydrogen mainly). These powerful tools, focused on the detailed analysis of biomarkers in hydrocarbon fractions, were calibrated on various well–known natural sources of bitumen in Iraq, Syria, Iran, Bahrain and Kuwait. These reference studies have made it possible to establish the origins of bitumen from numerous archaeological sites and to document the bitumen trade routes in the Middle East and the Arabo–Persian Gulf. Using a well–documented case history, Tell el ‘Oueili (5800 to 3500 BC) in South Mesopotamia, we will illustrate in this paper how these new molecular and isotopic tools can help us to recognize different sources of bitumen and to trace the ancient trade routes through time. These import routes were found to vary with major cultural and political changes in the area under study. A second example, referring to the prehistoric period, describes bitumen traces on flint implements, dated from Mousterian times. This discovery, from the Umm El Tlel excavations near El Kown in Syria, was reported in 1996 in Boëda et al . At that time, the origin of the bitumen had not been elucidated due to contamination problems. Last year, a ball of natural oil–stained sands, unearthed from the same archaeological layer, allowed us to determine the source of the bitumen used. This source is regional and located in the Jebel Bichri, nearly 40 km from the archaeological site. The last case history was selected to illustrate another aspect of the investigations carried out. Recent geochemical studies on more than 20 balms from Egyptian mummies from the Intermediate, Ptolemaic and Roman periods have revealed that these balms are composed of various mixtures of bitumen, conifer resins, grease and beeswax. Bitumen occurs with the other ingredients and the balms studied show a great variety of molecular compositions. Bitumen from the Dead Sea area is the most common source but some other sources (Hit in Iraq?) are also revealed by different molecular patterns. The absolute amount of bitumen in balms varies from almost zero to 30% per weight.
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Li, Ning and Zheng, Jie. "A Research on Boat Vocabulary in Ancient China." Language & Information Society 33, no. ll (March 2018): 159–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29211/soli.2018.33..006.
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Frantz, Laurent A. F., James Haile, Audrey T. Lin, Amelie Scheu, Christina Geörg, Norbert Benecke, Michelle Alexander, et al. "Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 35 (August 12, 2019): 17231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901169116.
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Archaeological evidence indicates that pig domestication had begun by ∼10,500 y before the present (BP) in the Near East, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) suggests that pigs arrived in Europe alongside farmers ∼8,500 y BP. A few thousand years after the introduction of Near Eastern pigs into Europe, however, their characteristic mtDNA signature disappeared and was replaced by haplotypes associated with European wild boars. This turnover could be accounted for by substantial gene flow from local European wild boars, although it is also possible that European wild boars were domesticated independently without any genetic contribution from the Near East. To test these hypotheses, we obtained mtDNA sequences from 2,099 modern and ancient pig samples and 63 nuclear ancient genomes from Near Eastern and European pigs. Our analyses revealed that European domestic pigs dating from 7,100 to 6,000 y BP possessed both Near Eastern and European nuclear ancestry, while later pigs possessed no more than 4% Near Eastern ancestry, indicating that gene flow from European wild boars resulted in a near-complete disappearance of Near East ancestry. In addition, we demonstrate that a variant at a locus encoding black coat color likely originated in the Near East and persisted in European pigs. Altogether, our results indicate that while pigs were not independently domesticated in Europe, the vast majority of human-mediated selection over the past 5,000 y focused on the genomic fraction derived from the European wild boars, and not on the fraction that was selected by early Neolithic farmers over the first 2,500 y of the domestication process.
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Watanabe, Yoshio. "Two kinds of feng-shui history in Japan: science and divination." Estudos Japoneses, no. 35 (March 7, 2015): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2447-7125.v0i35p124-138.
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In this paper, I don’tuse the word of “geomancy” but use “feng-shui”, as meaning a set of method and concept for an assessment for environmental impact against human life. Environmental impact assessment, connected with the feng-shui theory of later eras, first began with xiang-zhai (house and community observation), which appeared in the Zhou Period (770~256 BC.), Spring and Autumn/Warring States Periods(770~221 BC.) in China. Now I recognize the meanings of feng-shuiare indicated two kinds. One meaning is a kind of scientific thought through the ancient environmental impact assessment, and another meaning is a method of divination through judgments fortune-telling items. So I will mention about the Japanese history of feng-shuidivided into two kinds of histories. A number of scholars have pointed out the transmission of feng-shui knowledge to Japan, as recorded in the section of the Nihon Shoki (the Book of the ancient Japanese record) which reads: “In 601 AD, a buddhist monk named Kanroku arrived from Paekche (one of the country, ancient Korea) to Japan. As tribute, they brought books of astronomy and geography (same meaning of feng-shui)...”. After this record, terms synonymous with feng-shui can be sporadically seen in the records of ancient Japan. Continuing, in the Book of Ryo-no-gige (chapter of staff inst- ructions) of the 9th century in Japan, it states that 6 yin-yang practitioners of the yin-yang Bureau (Ministry of astronomical and geographical observations) “shall be in charge of divination sticks and souchi (feng-shui)”. Thus, one of the duties of the yin-yang practitioners was souchi. This was a form of divination and observation topography which was a predecessor of the feng-shui theory. Much later in time, we arrive at the Edo Period (1603~1868 AD.). In Wakan-sansai-zue, or Sino-Japanese encyclopaedia from this Period written by Terashima Ryoan, the compass (which developed later) was called a tokei-shin, and it is explained as “an instrument for determining directions and telling time”. According to Terashima Ryoan, it is a compass, like that used in Japan today for kasou (i.e. divining the fortune of a house from its directions and situation). The tokei-shin described by Terashima Ryoan was a “compass for sea navigation” developed further for sea navigation after the invention of the luo-pan (compass) in the Sung Period in China. This “compass for sea navigation” was a simplified version of the luo-pan for land divination (feng-shui), and until very recently, was used as a compass for small boats in Japan. After the luo-pan using a magnetic needle was invented, there is a history in China of using the luo-pan as a surveying instrument, i.e. as a successor of the previous tugui method based on sun shadow measurement. This was not a luo-pan notched with many graduations; rather, it was a luo-pan which attempted to measure accurate directions and angles by using only one type of graduation. This type of luo-pan was also used in Japan in the Edo Period called “banshin- raban”. In the Edo Period, there was active development of mines, and it was necessary to measure accurate bearings and angles for tasks like excavating mine tunnels. In the some of ancient Japanese written historical records, the synonymous words of “Chiri” (in Japanese), or “Dili” (in Chinese) could be recognized as the “geography” which has been used in ancient China. But we know two letters of “feng (wind) and shui (water)” that are widely used today all over the world. When it comes to the Edo period, the name “fuu-sui”, or “geography=Chiri” can be discovered at the time of feng-shui manual named “Kasou-sho”. A book of “Kasou-zukai or feng-shui illustration published in 1798 is commentary various divination ways in the name of “fuu-sui”. Since then, also in many other Edo periods, at the Kasou-sho manual, words and examples of “fuu-sui” are abundantly found, the knowledge of “fuu-sui” as a method of divination had been introduced to Japan. Currently, examples of I know the oldest word of “fuu-sui or feng-shui” in Japan is in a memorial document of “Engaku temple” in the Muromachi era. But I don’t know now that from Muromachi to Edo era, the term of “fuu-sui” has first used in Japan or not. Appeared in a “topography of Youshuu” in the Edo era and “Engaku temple document” in the Muromachi era, “fuu-sui or feng-shui” do not mean the knowledge of “geography” associated with land observations, but means a method how to judge right and wrong about their environmental conditions. We therefore, can recognize about the meaning of “Chiri” that there were two kinds or more of knowledge in Edo era. A Japanese geographer in Edo era named Nyoken Nishikawa wrote his book (1712). His book tells us an example of meaning of “Chiri”. Nyoken Nishikawa said that ranging from one of the house to the entire earth, “Chiri or geography” have various levels of meaning. “Fuu-sui” means “geographical conditions” themselves. There are good or bad conditions in “Chiri” itself, but not exist in human environmental judgments. “Geography” itself means environmental conditions, so there was no need to judge human environment good or bad. However, in the medieval period, Yin-yang diviner or fuu-sui master in Japan had broken out over wide area and using the name of “Chiri or geography”, explaining about the vicissitudes of descendant life, as a result of their adverse effects do not converge till now. At the time of Japan, there were many Yin-yang diviners preached weal or woe of human life for the common people. As the time passed, they were gradually increasing and Kasou-sho were also gradually increasing. Today in Japan and East Asia, we can take many books of feng-shui judgment and Kasou documents in our hand. These are filled with bothersome non-scientific judgment items. And because there are many different items in each feng-shui manuals, of course these books are fortune-telling books, but we can also find “some vestiges of scientific thought” in such feng-shui fortune-telling judgment items. European awareness about the declination was the end of 14th century, that is to say several hundred years later for China. Chinese direction finding methods and land surveying technology and knowledge, whose development was motivated by feng-shui divination and observation, subsequently spread to Europe (12th century) and Arabia (13th century). Therefore, today we must take another look at feng-shui research, on a global scale.
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Кемберли, Б. Н. "The roots of physical culture in the Oghuz heroic epic and in Azerbaijani traditional culture." Эпосоведение, no. 3(23) (October 27, 2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/v7243-9464-2636-e.
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Физическая культура в Азербайджане занимает важное место вместе с другими сферамикультурной жизни. В статье рассматривается вопрос истории формирования физической культуры в Азер-байджане по материальному и нематериальному культурному наследию. Азербайджан – одна из стран сдревнейшими человеческими поселениями: здесь были созданы различные виды орудий труда и оружия(каменные палицы, копья, лук и стрелы, лодки и т. д.); среди одомашненных на территории Азербайджанаживотных была и лошадь, которая использовалась людьми в самых разных целях. Созданные в древностиразличные виды орудий труда, вооружения, навыки их использования стали основой для развития высо-кой материальной и духовной культуры. Образцами этой культуры являются наскальные рисунки Гобуста-на, миниатюры, ковры. Она нашла свое отражение также в народном эпосе. Сохранившиеся в содержанииэпоса сведения дают хороший материал для изучения традиционной культуры. По материалам огузскогоэпоса можно заключить, что только физически и умственно совершенные люди считались полноценнымичленами общества; что зачатки физической культуры формировались в игре, в ритуале и способствоваливедению здоровой и безопасной жизни. Физическая культура занимает особое место в истории тюркскойтрадиционной культуры и имеет тесные связи с социальными ценностями азербайджанского народа.Основной целью исследования является изучение истоков физической культуры в материальных инематериальных культурных памятниках народа. Теоретико-методологическую основу данного иссле-дования составляют научно-теоретические положения известных фольклористов и этнографов о тради-ционной культуре азербайджанского народа. Объектом исследования являются образцы героического эпо-са («Книга Деда Коркута» и др.) и материальные памятники Азербайджана. Предметом же исследованияявляется физическая культура, представленная в устном народном творчестве и материальных памятни-ках. В исследовании методом сравнительно-типологического подхода выявлены сведения о физическойкультуре, с помощью историко-сравнительного анализа – генетические соответствия. Научная новизнаисследования заключается в том, что данные о физической культуре, встречающиеся в тексте эпоса ив материальных памятниках, привлекаются к исследованию в сравнении с аналогичными сведениямив других исторических памятниках. The article considers the history of the formation of physical culture in Azerbaijan by tangible andintangible cultural heritage. Azerbaijan is one of the countries with the most ancient human settlements: peoplecreated various kinds of implements and weapons (stone sticks, spears, bows and arrows, boats, etc.); amongdomesticated animals on the territory of Azerbaijan there was also the horse, which was used by people forvarious purposes. Ancient weaponry and various types of implements, skills of their use served as a basis for thedevelopment of high material and spiritual culture. The Gobustan rock carvings, miniatures and carpets are thesamples of this culture. The folk epic also reflects this rich culture. The information preserved in the epic providesrich material for studying the traditional culture. Physical culture occupies special place in the history of Turkictraditional culture and is closely connected to the social values of the Azerbaijani people. The material of the Oguzepic allows concluding that only physically and mentally perfect people were considered full-fledged members ofthe society; that the rudiments of physical culture were formed in games and rituals and promoted healthy and safelife. The relevance of the study is to identify the reflection of important moments of the development of physicalculture in various tangible and intangible cultural monuments of the people. The main purpose of the study wasto investigate the origins of physical culture, which has a special place in the heroic epic and material culture. Thetheoretical and methodological basis of this study consists of scholarly and theoretical ideas of famous folkloristsand ethnographers on traditional culture, including the intangible cultural heritage of the people. The objectof the study was the samples of heroic epic (The Book of Dede Korkut and others) and material monuments ofAzerbaijan. The subject of research was the physical culture presented in the oral folk art and material monumentsof Azerbaijani people. With the use of the comparative-typological approach, the information on physical culturewas revealed; by means of the historical-comparative analysis – genetic conformity. The scholarly novelty of thestudy lies in the fact that the data on physical culture found in the epic text and material monuments are involvedin the study in comparison with similar information in other historical monuments.
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Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole, and Sean McGrail. "Some Principles for the Reconstruction of Ancient Boat Structures." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 35, no. 1 (April 2006): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00085.x.
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Wang, Jicong, Min Li, Jia Wang, and Xiaoqing Ma. "Inheritance and Development of Ancient Buildings Culture based on Digital Image Technology." E3S Web of Conferences 179 (2020): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017901011.
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Given the glorious achievements China boasts in the construction of ancient buildings, developing digital image technology for exploring the existing ancient buildings is of great significance, which cannot only analyse ancient civilization thoroughly, but also provide a reference for the field of modern architecture. It is efficient and accurate to collect information of ancient buildings by using modern digital image technology. However, it also has the drawbacks of having enormous sources which cannot be directly applied to image transmission. How to simplify the miscellaneous information resources and combine them with the ancient architectural culture is the key and difficult points of this study. In order to overcome the problem caused by incomplete information and lack of cultural concepts in ancient architecture construction, this paper explores the cultural connotation of ancient architecture from two aspects—material culture and intangible culture. When high-quality ancient architectural culture is demonstrated through modern digital image technology, ancient architectural culture is further promoted with the help of a variety of media platforms, so as to provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese ancient architectural culture.
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McGRAIL, SEAN. "ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ANCIENT BOAT?THE HASHOLME LOGBOAT." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7, no. 1 (March 1988): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1988.tb00166.x.
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Prentice, Andrew, Conor Doherty, Joann McDermid, Sarah Atkinson, and Sharon Cox. "The ancient battle for iron: Our struggle with pathogens." Biochemist 25, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio02506015.
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Young children in rural Gambia face constant exposure to gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and, during the rainy season (July–November), suffer recurrent bouts of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Within living memory, these conditions led to more than half of the children dying before their fifth birthday, providing a graphic demonstration of the impact that infectious diseases have had on our natural selection. Fortunately, these horrific statistics have been decreased greatly by improved medical care, especially through vaccination and anti-malarial therapies, but conditions such as these have inevitably left a powerful imprint on man's genetic make-up.