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Journal articles on the topic 'Ancient Bronzes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Kane, Virginia C., Ma Chengyuan, Hsio-yen Shih, and Tang Bowen. "Ancient Chinese Bronzes." Journal of the American Oriental Society 109, no. 2 (1989): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604465.

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2

Zhang, Yan, and Xinyu Hu. "On the Visual Symbols of Dian Bronze Animal Decoration." Learning & Education 10, no. 5 (2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i5.2700.

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Among the animal patterns on the bronzes of the Dian Kingdom, the cow and the snake are the most common and  representative visual symbols. They have strong visual tension, expressiveness and artistic appeal, showing the unique artistic  aesthetics and ideas of the ancients of Dian Kingdom, and They all have specific meanings and contexts. This article mainly  explores the decorative symbols of animal decorations in Yunnan bronzes, and uses “ox” and “snakes” as the main objects to  analyze semantics and context.Methods:This article first elaborates on the types and deco

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3

Moser, Jeffrey. "Cauldron, Copper, Cash: Medieval Bronze in Motion and Flux." Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture 11, no. 1 (2024): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23290048-11118490.

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Abstract Medieval Chinese thinkers conceptualized ancient bronzes in anthropocentric terms—as mute, inert objects that required the engagement of a perspicacious human subject for their value to become apparent. They also regarded bronzes as animate things that had the capacity to act independently of direct human manipulation, and they situated bronzes within frameworks of material vitalism that parallel many aspects of the “new materialism” associated with contemporary theorists like Karen Barad and Jane Bennett. This article interprets both of these understandings as containment strategies

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4

Wang, Lan. "The form typology of inscriptions on ancient bronze objects." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 3-1 (2023): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202303statyi20.

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This article provides relevant evidence for the dating of bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty through typological analysis of the form of inscriptions on ancient bronze objects using the method of archaeological typology.

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Gamble, Clive. "Ancient bees and bronzes." Nature 344, no. 6262 (1990): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/344120a0.

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6

Strahan, Donna. "Color in Ancient Chinese Bronzes." West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture 28, no. 2 (2021): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/721216.

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7

Feng, Li. "Ancient Reproductions and Calligraphic Variations: Studies of Western Zhou Bronzes with “Identical” Inscriptions." Early China 22 (1997): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800003230.

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Traditional studies of Western Zhou bronze inscriptions have long centered on the issue of dating, but have ignored technical aspects regarding the creation of the inscriptions. In these studies, scholars generally considered bronzes with “identical” inscriptions to have been produced simultaneously. This article demonstrates, with the example of the newly excavated Ke lei and Ke he, that an inscription could be reproduced during the Western Zhou. The Ke lei was cast at the outset of the Zhou dynasty to celebrate the granting of the state of Yan, while the Ke he was probably cast somewhat late

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8

Yang, Yanpeng, Xiaojuan Cao, Yang Li, et al. "Spontaneous Symmetry-Breaking in the Corrosion Transformation of Ancient Bronzes." Minerals 10, no. 8 (2020): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080656.

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In general, during long-term museum conservation, ancient bronzes will generate new corrosion products also called the “secondary corrosion” on the surface of the unearthed “primary corrosion” products due to various environmental conditions. In this paper, the corrosion stages of several ancient Chinese bronzes are characterized by using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectrometer (Raman). It is found that there exist phase transformation relationships in between the “primary corrosion” and t

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9

Pan, Chun Xu, Ling Min Liao, and Ya Li Hu. "Functions and Morphology of Metal Lead Addition to Ancient Chinese Bronzes." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.523.

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The typical morphology of metal lead (Pb) in ancient bronzes made in the Spring-Autumn Warring States Period (770 B.C. –221 B.C.), China, was examined by using electron microscopic techniques. We propose that the main purposes for adding metallic Pb in a large quantity into ancient bronzes such as arrows and ritual vessel-Ding were for increasing weight and economical reasons. SEM observations from the fracture surface of the bronzes revealed that the Pb particle possessed a “hollow–cored bubble” structure, which was formed due to absorbing casting gases during solidification and therefore ind

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10

Lee, Sungwon. "Multiple Implications of Bronzes in Ancient China." DAEGU HISTORICAL REVIEW 140 (August 31, 2020): 245–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17751/dhr.140.245.

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11

Shi, Jingsong. "Shang dynasty bronzes and society in southern China: an illustration of complexity and diversity." Chinese Archaeology 20, no. 1 (2020): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2020-0013.

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AbstractThe production and use of bronzes had significant influences on the social developments even the formation of the early states. However, in different areas, the bronzes played different roles. By observing the different characteristics of the bronzes in the Central Plains, the Ganjiang River basin, the Xiangjiang River basin, and the Chengdu Plains, various developments of societies can be revealed. The case studies of these areas can further explain the complex relationships between the bronzes and their societies, as well as the diversity of the patterns of the developments of the an

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12

Notis, Michael R., and DongNing Wang. "Ancient Chinese Bronze Casting Methods: The Dilemma of Choice." MRS Advances 2, no. 33-34 (2017): 1743–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.298.

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AbstractThe history of the manufacture of the magnificent bronze castings produced in ancient China has been reinterpreted a number of times during the past hundred years or so. These bronzes were first believed to be fabricated by lost wax (cire perdue) casting, but this gave way to a belief that piece mold casting was the dominant, if not the sole method of manufacture from the Shang (1700-1100 BCE) until possibly as late as the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE). This has been reinforced by the finding, a number of years ago, of the Houma piece mold foundry, as well a number of more recent similar f

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Li, Bingjie, Xudong Jiang, Yin Tu, Qiang Fu, and Chunxu Pan. "“Inward Growth” Corrosion and Its Growth Mechanism in Ancient Chinese Bronzes." MRS Advances 5, no. 27-28 (2020): 1457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.58.

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ABSTRACTWe divide the corrosion products on ancient bronzes into two categories, i.e., "inward growth" and “outward growth” corrosions. Several selected Chinese ancient bronzes with the "inward growth” corrosion are studied; and their chemical compositions, microstructures and morphologies are characterized systematically. According to the results, it is found that the “inward growth” corrosion can be further divided into three types, i.e., "noble patina", "noble-like patina" and "lamellar peeling patina". We propose that the growth mechanism of the “inward growth” corrosion is that the corros

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Шаповалова, Светлана Николаевна. "Symbolism of decorative design of ancient Chinese bronzes." Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета, серия «Филология и искусствоведение», no. 2(277) (October 6, 2021): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53598/2410-3489-2021-2-277-215-223.

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Статья является продолжением семиотического анализа декоративно - орнаментальных элементов, украшающих древнекитайские предметы искусства. Личина Тао-те (Tao-tie (饕餮) и входящие в ее состав фигуры дракона Куй до сих пор не имеет научного определения, так как ни в одном письменном источнике нет упоминания об изображенном иконостилистическом персонаже. Исследование опирается на анализ пиктографических изображений (иероглифических надписей) на бронзовых сосудах эпохи Шан, раскрывающих семантику некоторых специально подчеркнутых деталей узора. В результате исследования объясняется значение изображ

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15

Varenov, A. V. "Bronze Anthropomorphic Figurines from the Sacrificial Pits of Sanxingdui." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 23, no. 4 (2024): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-4-65-78.

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This work gives a description of bronze figurines from the second sacrificial pit of Sanxingdui and their classification according to the affinity to different categories of ritual bronzes whose details they initially were. The classification helped to attribute small anthropomorphic images to one of the, earlier isolated by the author, stages of the technological evolution of Sanxingdui art of bronze casting from the JK2 sacrificial pit. Therefore, the chronologically meaningful typology of bronze figurines from the second sacrificial pit was constructed. As a result, the following groups of

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16

Wang, Zhongchi, Yang Li, Xudong Jiang, and Chunxu Pan. "Research Progress on Ancient Bronze Corrosion in Different Environments and Using Different Conservation Techniques: A Review." MRS Advances 2, no. 37-38 (2017): 2033–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.222.

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ABSTRACTAncient Chinese bronzes are precious cultural relics. Their surfaces are often severely damaged by dynamic changes in the external environment, both before and after they are unearthed. Therefore, scientific research has been required to preserve these treasures. In recent years, along with the development of modern science and technology, innovative instrumental analytical techniques have become indispensable tools to study corrosion phenomena as well as to evaluate post-excavation conservation techniques. In this paper, we present an overview of bronze corrosion processes in various

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17

Chattopadhyay, Pranab K., Prasanta Kumar Datta, and Barnali Maji. "Forging Technology of High-Tin Bronzes in Ancient Bengal." Current Science 118, no. 11 (2020): 1822. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v118/i11/1822-1831.

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18

Hoffmann, Herbert, and Nigel Konstam. "Casting the Riace Bronzes: Modern Assumptions and Ancient Facts." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 21, no. 2 (2002): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00155.

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19

Liao, Lingmin, and Chunxu Pan. "Relationships between microstructures and properties of chinese ancient bronzes." Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 18, no. 3 (2013): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11859-013-0919-7.

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20

Rahmouni, K., H. Takenouti, N. Hajjaji, A. Srhiri, and L. Robbiola. "Protection of ancient and historic bronzes by triazole derivatives." Electrochimica Acta 54, no. 22 (2009): 5206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.02.027.

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21

Hingley, Richard. "Esoteric Knowledge? Ancient Bronze Artefacts from Iron Age Contexts." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75 (2009): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000335.

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‘Esoteric knowledge is knowledge of the unusual, the exceptional, the extraordinary; knowledge of things that in some way lie beyond the familiar everyday world’ (Helms 1988, 13)This paper explores the ways in which Bronze Age bronze artefacts may, on occasions, have been used in the commemoration of place during the southern British Iron Age. The chronologically-based typological systems adopted by archaeologists indicate that these artefacts occur out of their time as they were already several centuries old when they were buried, but it should not be supposed that Iron Age societies necessar

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22

Young, M. L., F. Casadio, S. Schnepp, J. Almer, D. R. Haeffner, and D. C. Dunand. "Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and imaging of ancient Chinese bronzes." Applied Physics A 83, no. 2 (2006): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-006-3504-5.

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23

Yamazaki, E., S. Nakai, Y. Sahoo, et al. "Feasibility studies of Sn isotope composition for provenancing ancient bronzes." Journal of Archaeological Science 52 (December 2014): 458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.09.014.

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24

Budd, P., R. Haggerty, A. M. Pollard, B. Scaife, and R. G. Thomas. "Rethinking the quest for provenance." Antiquity 70, no. 267 (1996): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00083034.

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One of the larger — and more expensive — present programmes of study in archaeological science explores the provenance of prehistoric bronzes from the Mediterranean. What are the bases of research? What will the findings tell us about the real place of metal as it moved in the ancient world?

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25

Falsone, Gioacchino. "A Syro-Phoenician Bull-Bowl in Geneva and its Analogue in the British Museum." Anatolian Studies 35 (December 1985): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642879.

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The following discussion begins with a study of a bronze bowl belonging to Monsieur George Ortiz, whose collection of ancient bronzes in Vandoeuvres/Geneva includes a large number of outstanding pieces of Near Eastern art. The bowl was recently acquired in the antiquities market and is said to come from modern Turkey. It is one of the finest and best preserved examples of a particular class of oriental metalwork in repoussé, the so-called Syro-Phoenician “bull-bowls”, which were most probably produced in the Levant in the early first millennium B.C. The main decoration of this class consists o

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Emami, M. A., and M. Bigham. "Mechanism of corrosion due to unalloyed copper inclusion in ancient bronzes." Surface Engineering 29, no. 2 (2013): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329413x13601473753808.

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27

Mass, Jennifer L., Aaron Shugar, Adam C. Finnefrock, et al. "Selenium-based black bronze treatment, as compared to other patination technologies of ancient and historic black bronzes." Technè, no. 55 (November 16, 2023): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/techne.17341.

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28

Zhao, Shengwei, Xin Liu, Zhen Chen, Siyu Zhang, Qing Niu, and Xing Zhao. "Study on the Bronze Weapons Excavated from Xichuan, China." Metals 14, no. 4 (2024): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14040395.

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The collection of twelve bronze artifacts discovered in Xichuan provides invaluable historical insights into the Warring States period (476 BC to 221 BC) of ancient China. To investigate their fabrication techniques and current state of preservation, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using a metallographic microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and an electron spectrometer to examine the microstructure and elemental composition of the artifacts. The findings revealed that the copper content in these bronze artifacts varied between 41.82% and 87.95%, the tin content ranged from 6.79%

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Бровендер, Ю. М. "To the issue of tin bronzes over the area of the Dnieper-Don region in the late bronze age." ВІСНИК СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ імені Володимира Даля, no. 3(259) (February 18, 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2020-259-3-13-17.

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The paper is devoted to tin ores as an alloying impurity in the bronze production by the ancient population of the Dnieper-Don region in the Late Bronze Age. The eastern and western supply vectors providing the local population with both ore (cassiterite) and its products are considered. The author draws attention to the assumptions of some researchers not confirmed by geological surveys about the possibility of finding tin deposits in the Donbass and Krivoy Rog basin, which could probably have been developed in the Early Metal Age. An opinion was given regarding the production of bronze from

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Artemyev, D. A., A. D. Degtyareva, S. V. Kuzminykh, and L. B. Orlovskaya. "Non-ferrous metal of the Bronze Age of Northern Kazakhstan: geochemical characteristics and ore base." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 1(64) (March 15, 2024): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2024-64-1-2.

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The chemical composition of 29 copper and bronze artifacts from the sites of the Petrovka and Alakul Cultures located be-tween the Tobol and Ishim Rivers (the burial grounds of Bekteniz and Dzhangildy 5, and the sites of Novonikolskoye 1 and Semioz-ernoye 2; Northern Kazakhstan) were analysed using mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma and laser ablation. The sites are 14C dated to the interval between the 19th–17th centuries BC. In the examined sample, the leading metallurgical group with a slight prevalence in both Petrovka and Alakul metals was “pure” copper; the second part of

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Tignor, Robert L. "W. R. Bascom and the Ife bronzes." Africa 60, no. 3 (1990): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160114.

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Opening ParagraphIn 1938 an African building a house in the city of Ife, the cultural capital of the Yorubas and the mythical cradle of Yoruba civilisation, came upon an extraordinary cache of ancient Nigerian bronzes. In all, at least fifteen bronzes were uncovered in 1938 in a compound only 100 yards from the palace of the Oni of Ife. These bronzes were to prove of great historical and artistic significance. Until that time only two other bronzes had been unearthed in the Yoruba area, and one of those had disappeared, leaving Nigeria only a single original and a replica. In the disposition o

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Galeotti, Monica, Simone Porcinai, Andrea Cagnini, et al. "Organic Patinas on Small Historical Bronzes: From Mock-Ups to Actual Artworks." Coatings 14, no. 2 (2024): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14020212.

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This paper deals with the study of organic coatings (patinas) on historical bronzes, specifically those applied on small-size statues in Renaissance workshops. These coatings, often transparent and translucent, contain a mixture of organic and inorganic components and may be still preserved in hidden parts of statues in indoor displays. However, the complexity of the original varnishes, their degradation and alteration over time, and the coexistence of materials added for conservation and maintenance purposes are challenging for their characterization. The often well-preserved surface of varni

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Ehrlich, Vladimir. "The Most Ancient Tin Bronzes in the North-Western Caucasus. New Data." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080011449-0.

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De Ryck, I., A. Adriaens, and F. Adams. "MICROANALYTICAL METAL TECHNOLOGY STUDY OF ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN BRONZES FROM TELL BEYDAR*." Archaeometry 45, no. 4 (2003): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-4754.2003.00129.x.

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35

Oudbashi, Omid, and Russell Wanhill. "Archaeometallurgy of Copper and Silver Alloys in the Old World." AM&P Technical Articles 179, no. 5 (2021): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2021-05.p024.

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Abstract The production and processing of advanced materials, namely metals and alloys, began in the Old World about 8000 years ago and developed over many millennia, providing a lasting legacy for modern civilizations. This article gives a brief overview of the production and processing of ancient bronzes and silver in the Old World, and also mentions post-processing problems including corrosion and embrittlement, owing to long-term burial before archaeological recovery.

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Oudbashi, Omid, and Russell Wanhill. "Long-Term Embrittlement of Ancient Copper and Silver Alloys." Heritage 4, no. 3 (2021): 2287–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030130.

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The manifestations of ancient metals’ embrittlement, cracking and fracture, are challenging problems for restorers and conservators, yet the scientific understanding of these problems is limited. In particular, the study and interpretation of fracture surfaces, fractography, is a minor or non-existent consideration for most archaeometallurgical investigations. This paper presents a survey of fractographic analyses, in combination with the more widely used disciplines of microstructural studies, metallography, and chemical analyses for some Old-World copper alloy (bronzes) and high-silver alloy

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37

Orsilli, Jacopo, and Simone Caglio. "Combined Scanned Macro X-Ray Fluorescence and Reflectance Spectroscopy Mapping on Corroded Ancient Bronzes." Minerals 14, no. 2 (2024): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14020192.

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Bronze is an alloy composed primarily of copper and tin and since its discovery is widespread in the whole world. This alloy can thus be found in many archaeological sites and its study can give information about the technology of production, the trading routes, or the warfare within a region. However, bronze artefacts can undergo severe alteration processes, and the formation of corrosion layers of different copper minerals can prevent the readability of the artefact or even destroy it, as in the case of the ‘bronze disease’. Their preservation is crucial for maintaining a connection to our c

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Liu, Wei, Mo Li, Na Wu, Siran Liu, and Jianli Chen. "A new application of Fiber optics reflection spectroscopy (FORS): Identification of “bronze disease” induced corrosion products on ancient bronzes." Journal of Cultural Heritage 49 (May 2021): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2021.03.007.

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Moorey, P. R. S. "Ancient Persian Metalwork: The Collection of Luristan Bronzes at Medelhavsmuseet. Pat Marino-Hultman." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 59, no. 1 (2000): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468769.

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Ospitali, Francesca, Cristina Chiavari, Carla Martini, Elena Bernardi, Fabrizio Passarini, and Luc Robbiola. "The characterization of Sn‐based corrosion products in ancient bronzes: a Raman approach." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 43, no. 11 (2012): 1596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.4037.

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Savelieva, Anna S. "Materials of bronze foundry of the Paleometal Epoch in the Kiya River valley and new data about elemental composition of bronzes from the Shestakovo I burial ground." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 480 (2023): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/480/16.

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In the Mariinsk forest-steppe and on its western periphery in the valley of the Kiya River archaeological communities of the Upper Ob, Middle Yenisei, northern taiga and southern steppe interacted in ancient times. This historical and cultural region is commonly referred to as “contact”, “transit” or “marginal”. To study the influence of such specifics on bronze foundry, the author reviewed materials on bronze foundry production in the valley of the Kiya River and also studied bronzes from the Shestakovo I burial ground, the most western burial ground of the Tagar culture, to reveal whether th

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Yener, K. Aslihan, and Hadi Özbal. "Tin in the Turkish Taurus mountains: the Bolkardağ mining district." Antiquity 61, no. 232 (1987): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00052029.

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The sources of tin in the ancient Near East have been a long-standing puzzle. Anatolia is a key area, for it has copper in vast quantities, and silver. Since no substantial or workable deposits of tin seemed to exist in Turkey, an external source for tin bronzes in Anatolia has seemed necessary. The new finds reported here change that picture, as they reveal a major source of the metal in the Taurus mountains, on the south coast of Anatolia.

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43

Mackenzie, Colin, and Jenny F. So. "Eastern Zhou Ritual Bronzes from the Arthur M. Sackler Collections, Volume III of Ancient Chines Bronzes from the Arthur M. Sackler Collections." Artibus Asiae 56, no. 3/4 (1996): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3250124.

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Zhushchikhovskaya, Irina S., and Igor Yu Buravlev. "Ancient Ceramic Casting Molds from the Southern Russian Far East: Identification of Alloy Traces via Application of Nondestructive SEM-EDS and pXRF Methods." Heritage 4, no. 4 (2021): 2643–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040149.

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The investigation presented in this paper is a unique assemblage of ceramic casting molds discovered at one of the sites from the Bohai period (698–926) in the territory of the southern Russian Far East. The main research aim is to recognize probable traces of metal alloys cast in ceramic molds. Nondestructive pXRF and SEM-EDS methods were used as the research instruments for detecting the expected alloys’ chemical components. As a result, the elements Pb, Sn, Cu, and As were indicated at the surfaces of the molds’ cavities with evidence of carbonization caused by the casting process. Prelimin

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del Chiaro, Mario A., and Richard de Puma. "Etruscan Tomb-Groups. Ancient Pottery and Bronzes in Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History." American Journal of Archaeology 93, no. 1 (1989): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505413.

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De Puma, Richard. "FRANCESCO MARTINETTI AND THE CISTA PASINATI: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ENHANCEMENT OF ANCIENT BRONZES." Source: Notes in the History of Art 20, no. 1 (2000): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/sou.20.1.23206965.

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Fornarini, L., V. Spizzichino, F. Colao, R. Fantoni, and V. Lazic. "Influence of laser wavelength on LIBS diagnostics applied to the analysis of ancient bronzes." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 385, no. 2 (2006): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0300-1.

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Sarabia-Herrero, F. Javier, Jesús Martín-Gil, and Francisco J. Martín-Gil. "Metallography of ancient bronzes: Study of pre-roman metal technology in the Iberian Peninsula." Materials Characterization 36, no. 4-5 (1996): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1044-5803(96)00067-8.

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Rawson, Jessica. "Ancient Chinese ritual bronzes: the evidence from tombs and hoards of the Shang (c. 1500-1050 BC) and Western Zhou (c. 1050-771 BC) periods." Antiquity 67, no. 257 (1993): 805–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00063808.

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Abstract:

The great cast bronzes of China are today deservedly celebrated for their splendour and sheer size. By looking behind that surface impression, and into the characters of their find-contexts, one can - as for any class of artefact - see behind what they are for us towards what they were in their own time.

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Jun. "Historical Review of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappan Civilization in Pakistan." Pacific International Journal 5, no. 2 (2022): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v5i2.185.

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Abstract:

The ancient Indus civilization, also known as Harappan civilization is famous for the ruins of two ancient cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which remained unknown for thousands of years due to little written record in human history. It was not in the 1820s, when archaeologists excavated a large number of stone tools, bronzes, seals and agricultural remains in the two cities, that the world began to learn about the secret of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappan civilization. The total number of Harappan civilization sites may be as many as 2,000, but most of them are still buried underground, awaiting fu

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