Journal articles: 'Ancient Egyptian medicine'

1

Harer, W. Benson, and John F. Nunn. "Ancient Egyptian Medicine." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 34 (1997): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40000816.

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Becker, Marshall Joseph, and John F. Nunn. "Ancient Egyptian Medicine." American Journal of Archaeology 101, no. 2 (April 1997): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506518.

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Rosner, Lisa, John F. Nunn, and Darrell W. Amundsen. "Ancient Egyptian Medicine." Classical World 91, no. 5 (1998): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4352111.

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Greene, Nicholas M. "Ancient Egyptian Medicine." Anesthesia & Analgesia 84, no. 3 (March 1997): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199703000-00061.

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Greene, Nicholas M. "Ancient Egyptian Medicine." Anesthesia & Analgesia 84, no. 3 (March 1997): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199703000-00061.

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Cook, G. C. "Ancient Egyptian medicine." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, no. 5 (September 1996): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90348-x.

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Paton, A. "Ancient Egyptian Medicine." BMJ 312, no. 7039 (May 4, 1996): 1166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7039.1166a.

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Burridge, A. L. "Ancient Egyptian Medicine." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 290, no. 6 (August 13, 2003): 826—a—827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.6.826-b.

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M Amin, Omar. "Ancient Egyptian Medicine - Investigation Paper." Acta Scientific Microbiology 2, no. 9 (October 31, 2019): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2019.02.0419.

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Tapp, E. "Book Review: Ancient Egyptian Medicine." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89, no. 10 (October 1996): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689608901020.

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Prins, Herschel. "Book Review: Ancient Egyptian Medicine." Medicine, Science and the Law 37, no. 1 (January 1997): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249703700123.

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Moussa, Sam. "Book Review: Ancient Egyptian Medicine." Tropical Doctor 27, no. 2 (April 1997): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559702700240.

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Estes, J. Worth. "Book review: Ancient Egyptian Medicine." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 71, no. 2 (1997): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.1997.0078.

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Fanous, Andrew A., and William T. Couldwell. "Transnasal excerebration surgery in ancient Egypt." Journal of Neurosurgery 116, no. 4 (April 2012): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.12.jns11417.

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Ancient Egyptians were pioneers in many fields, including medicine and surgery. Our modern knowledge of anatomy, pathology, and surgical techniques stems from discoveries and observations made by Egyptian physicians and embalmers. In the realm of neurosurgery, ancient Egyptians were the first to elucidate cerebral and cranial anatomy, the first to describe evidence for the role of the spinal cord in the transmission of information from the brain to the extremities, and the first to invent surgical techniques such as trepanning and stitching. In addition, the transnasal approach to skull base and intracranial structures was first devised by Egyptian embalmers to excerebrate the cranial vault during mummification. In this historical vignette, the authors examine paleoradiological and other evidence from ancient Egyptian skulls and mummies of all periods, from the Old Kingdom to Greco-Roman Egypt, to shed light on the development of transnasal surgery in this ancient civilization. The authors confirm earlier observations concerning the laterality of this technique, suggesting that ancient Egyptian excerebration techniques penetrated the skull base mostly on the left side. They also suggest that the original technique used to access the skull base in ancient Egypt was a transethmoidal one, which later evolved to follow a transsphenoidal route similar to the one used today to gain access to pituitary lesions.

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Eltaieb, Fatma. "Ancient Egyptian Healers." Evidence-Based Nursing Research 1, no. 1 (April 11, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.47104/ebnrojs3.v1i1.27.

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Medicine in ancient Egypt was trying to restrain all malefic beings from the action and to preserve the well-being of the individual. Thus the initial statement that magic and science were one and only, a sole concept. Papyrus Edwin Smith mentioned diseases and surgery cases, 62 in total, fourteen with known treatments, and 48 without mentioning any treatment, maybe chronical diseases difficult to treat or even unknown diseases. At the same time as Papyrus Edwin Smith was bought in 1872 by Egyptologist George Ebers who gave it his name. It contains 877 medical treatises covering physical, mental and spiritual diseases. Papyrus Hearst Housed at the Bancroft Library, the University of California has eighteen pages, concentrating on the urinary tract treatments, blood, hair and snake and scorpion bites. Written in hieratic, its prescriptions go from a tooth that has fallen out to medicine to treat the lung and even human bites. Pigs and hippopotamus bites also. The nurse in Ancient Egypt could be female or male and was a highly respected medical professional although, as with midwives, there is no evidence of a school or professional training.

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Egamnazarov, Azamjon Imomnazarovich. "ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PAPYRUS AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE FOR STUDYING FOLK MEDICINE." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-04-11.

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The article describes the history of naming ancient Egyptian papyri, which played an important role in the history of traditional medicine, records of their treatment of various diseases, recommendations and suggestions for the prevention and prognosis of diseases.

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Risse, Guenter B. "Ancient Egyptian Medicine. John F. Nunn." Isis 90, no. 4 (December 1999): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/384532.

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Mayall, Peter R. "Ancient Egyptian surgery." Medical Journal of Australia 200, no. 1 (January 2014): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja12.10837.

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Lang, Johannes K., and Herbert Kolenda. "First appearance and sense of the term “spinal column” in ancient Egypt." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 97, no. 1 (July 2002): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2002.97.1.0152.

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✓ In contemporary anatomical nomenclature terms have often been derived from an ancient perspective of the human body. The term “spinal column” was used in ancient Egypt, symbolized by the “djet column.” The authors discuss the first appearance of the term “spinal column,” taking the ancient Egyptian interaction between religion and daily life into consideration, and they describe the different segments of the spinal column known to the ancient Egyptians. Inspection of medical papyri provides insight into the knowledge held by ancient Egyptian physicians and embalmers. It is assumed that hieroglyphs were used to depict the different vertebral regions of the spinal column (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar). The knowledge was gleaned, in fact, in pursuit of religious goals. The djet might be an example of how anatomical knowledge can improve understanding of a symbol that was previously thought to have a primarily religious meaning. The authors maintain that modern medical knowledge is useful for making a more precise and anatomically correct interpretation of the presumed sense intended by the ancient Egyptians.

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Ritner, Robert K. "Innovations and Adaptations in Ancient Egyptian Medicine." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 59, no. 2 (April 2000): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468799.

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Smith, Lesley. "The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus: ancient Egyptian medicine." Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 37, no. 1 (January 2011): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc.2010.0019.

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Retief, F. P., and L. Cilliers. "Egyptian medicine." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 23, no. 4 (September 23, 2004): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v23i4.202.

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Our understanding of ancient Egyptian medicine is seriously hampered by problems in the decipherment of the Egyptian writing, and the relative scarcity of medical writings from pharaonic times. No Egyptian medical equipment has survived. In this study the most recent understanding of medicine in pharaonic Egypt (3100-332 BC) is reviewed as it comes to the fore in inscriptions on walls and monuments, the writings of visiting historians, but mainly the contents of 10 so-called medical papyri written between circa 2500 BC and the 4th century BC. A clearly recognizable system of empirical medicine evolved from a background of magico-religious medicine during the Old Kingdom (2686-2181 BC) and flourished virtually unchanged for more than 2 millennia. Scientific empirical medicine co-existed with magical medicine during this time. The two entities influenced each other, and in the process Egypt produced mankind’s first scientific medical literature with a logical system of disease assessment and therapy, relatively free of magic. At the end of the pharaonic era a superior Greek medical system gradually became dominant, and when hieroglyphics were replaced by coptic Egyptian in the 5th century AD, the uniquely Egyptian contribution to medicine passed into oblivion, until early Egyptian writing was deciphered in the 19th and 20t centuries.

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Blomstedt, Patric. "Tracheostomy in ancient Egypt." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 8 (July 31, 2014): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215114001327.

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AbstractIt has often been reported that the ancient Egyptians performed tracheostomies. An analysis of this claim demonstrates it to be founded on only two depictions from the Protodynastic period (thirty-first centurybc). These depictions are difficult to reconcile with tracheostomy from an anatomical point of view and can more easily be explained as human sacrifices. Considering that Egyptian surgery included only minor procedures even at its zenith during later dynastic periods, it is difficult to imagine that they would have developed such an advanced procedure at such an early date.

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David, Rosalie. "Ancient Egyptian Medicine: The Contribution of Twenty-first Century Science." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 89 (September 2013): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.89.s.9.

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Preserved human remains from ancient Egypt provide an unparalleled opportunity for studies in the history of disease and medical practices. Egyptian medical papyri describe physiological concepts, disease diagnoses and prescribed treatments which include both ‘irrational’,(magical) and ‘rational’ (surgical and pharmaceutical) procedures. Many previous studies of Egyptian medicine have concluded that ‘irrational’ methods predominated, but this perception is increasingly challenged by results from scientific studies of ancient human remains (including autopsy, radiology, endoscopy, palaeohistology and immunological and molecular analyses), and plant materials. This paper demonstrates the significant contribution being made by multidisciplinary studies to our understanding of disease occurrence and medical treatments in ancient Egypt, and considers the feasibility of developing epidemiological comparisons of ancient and modern data sets that will provide acceptable historical contexts for contemporary disease studies.

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Borchardt, J. K. "The beginnings of drug therapy: Ancient egyptian medicine." Drug News & Perspectives 12, no. 2 (1999): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dnp.1999.12.2.863627.

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Allam, Adel H., Randall C. Thompson, L. Samuel Wann, Michael I. Miyamoto, Abd el-Halim Nur el-Din, Gomaa Abd el-Maksoud, Muhammad Al-Tohamy Soliman, et al. "Atherosclerosis in Ancient Egyptian Mummies." JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 4, no. 4 (April 2011): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.02.002.

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Hartmann, Anke. "Back to the roots - dermatology in ancient Egyptian medicine." JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 14, no. 4 (March 29, 2016): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddg.12947.

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Saba, Magdi M., Hector O. Ventura, Mohamed Saleh, and Mandeep R. Mehra. "Ancient Egyptian Medicine and the Concept of Heart Failure." Journal of Cardiac Failure 12, no. 6 (August 2006): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.03.001.

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Goodrich, James Tait. "Cervical spine surgery in the ancient and medieval worlds." Neurosurgical Focus 23, no. 1 (July 2007): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc-07/07/e7.

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✓The early historical literature on cervical spine surgery lacks printed material for review, and we can rely only on pathological material from the prehistoric period that has survived as a result of anthropological investigations. After the introduction of Egyptian and early Hellenic medicine, some written material became available. This paper reviews these materials, from both books and manuscripts, in an effort to understand the development of cervical spine surgery from the perspectives of the personalities involved and the early surgical practices used. The review thus considers the following five eras of medicine: 1) prehistoric; 2) Egyptian and Babylonian; 3) Greek and early Byzantine; 4) Middle Eastern; and 5) medieval.

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عبد العزيز, رانيا. "Spittle in Ancient Egyptian Religious Texts." Bulletin of the Center Papyrological Studies 38, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bcps.2021.204070.

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Isidro, Albert, Luis M. Gonzálvez, and Beatrice Huber. "Mummified Heart of an Ancient Egyptian." Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) 67, no. 5 (May 2014): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2013.12.015.

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Salem, Mohamed E., and Garabed Eknoyan. "The Kidney in Ancient Egyptian Medicine: Where Does It Stand?" American Journal of Nephrology 19, no. 2 (1999): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000013440.

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McKnight, Lidija M., Stephanie D. Atherton-Woolham, and Judith E. Adams. "Imaging of Ancient Egyptian Animal Mummies." RadioGraphics 35, no. 7 (November 2015): 2108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/rg.2015140309.

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von Lieven, Alexandra. "The Religious Sciences in Ancient Egypt." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 8, no. 1-2 (April 22, 2021): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2020-0013.

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Abstract Within the Ancient Egyptian temple, science was an important occupation for certain specialized priests. Two fields particularly well documented are astronomy and astrology on the one hand, and medicine on the other. For the medical practitioners, namely the Sakhmet priest and the Leader of Serqet, there are even special manuals for their use attested. The paper presents some of the evidence and discusses it within its cultural context.

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Poole, Federico. "'Cumin, Set Milk, Honey': An Ancient Egyptian Medicine Container (Naples 828)." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 87 (2001): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3822380.

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Poole, Federico. "‘Cumin, Set Milk, Honey’: An Ancient Egyptian Medicine Container (Naples 828)." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 87, no. 1 (December 2001): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751330108700115.

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Falke, Theo H. M., Marijke C. Zweypfenning-Snijders, Ruud C. V. J. Zweypfenning, and A. Everette James. "Computed Tomography of an Ancient Egyptian Cat." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 11, no. 4 (July 1987): 745–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004728-198707000-00044.

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Harust, Yu V., and B. O. Pavlenko. "Historical and legal aspects of medical human development." Legal horizons, no. 17 (2019): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:23.

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The history of medicine and the history of mankind have a common long-standing past. In this article, based on our thorough and thorough research, we highlight the historical and legal foundations of the development of medicine and humanity. We began our research precisely from the earliest times (the Neanderthals, who lived about 350-35 thousand years ago), that is, from the time of human birth. Based on the analysis of the results of archaeological, anthropological studies and historical sources, we have legally proved that, from the earliest stages of human development, medicine existed alongside the primordial person. Humanity has evolved, and so has medicine. Quite meaningfully, we have explored ancient Egyptian medicine, which is the oldest of the officially documented medical systems that existed from the XXXIII century BC. BC to 525 BC It was the most advanced for its time and even included simple non-invasive surgery, fracture treatments and a large set of pharmacopoeia. Ancient Egyptian medicine influenced many of the following medical systems of the Ancient World, including the Greek. Researching the state of medicine in Ancient Egypt, we came to the conclusion that treatment not only helped people, but sometimes, on the contrary, greatly harmed the health of patients. For example, many recipes include the mandatory use of manure, which contains fermentation products and mold, which is very dangerous for the body. However, despite these negative results, we can say that medical practice in ancient Egypt was quite advanced. The Egyptians understood that the disease needed to be treated with pharmaceuticals, and sometimes to undergo surgery. The study of this period has made it possible to conclude that medicine develops inseparably in connection with human development, and society uses the acquired medical knowledge for its own well-being. The study of the development of medicine and humanity of ancient India, gives reason to argue that due to advanced medical education, society has come to the conclusion that medicine is a component of human life and the key to its development and continuation. It was during this period that humanity moved to a new stage of health care when control of medicine by the state came to light. It is in India that public institutions have begun to consider the medical sector one of the main tools for ensuring the well-being of citizens. And in ancient China, medicine gained state support and became the basis for the development of society on a par with religion. Medical education received a tremendous boost. The knowledge given to the world of medicine by the doctors of Ancient Greece, led by Hippocrates, became the basis of all modern practical medicine. The results obtained in our study, based on historical facts, prove that medicine originated with the appearance of man and subsequently existed and evolved with the development of man. Keywords: history, humanity, medicine, medical activities, medical education.

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Mansour, Ahmed. "“Rosetta Stone”: One or More? Examples of Multilingualism Texts and the Deciphering of Ancient Scripts." Abgadiyat 16, no. 1 (October 19, 2022): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138609-01601009.

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The decipherment of ancient languages and scripts was a challenging mission for linguists and philologists. There are successful and unsuccessful attempts to decipher ancient and famous languages, of which is the Egyptian hieroglyphs. In 1822, Champollion announced in the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres his innovative methodology to read ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs when he could read the three scripts of the Rosetta Stone: Hieroglyphic, Demotic, and Greek. Champollion’s theory is based on finding a multi-script or multi-script text that is used as an aiding tool to read and decipher the required scripts. Thus, this paper sheds fresh light on the role of multilingualism in decoding ancient scripts. It is worth mentioning that the “Rosetta Stone” became an equivalent term of an assistance tool to crack ancient languages and scripts, giving examples of famous texts such as the Behistun Inscription and the manuscript copy of Landa alphabet.

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Mohammed Elsayed, Mohammed. "The deity Bapef(y) in ancient Egyptian Religion." Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jguaa2.2022.122011.1094.

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Manley, Bill, Katherine Eremin, Andrew Shortland, and Caroline Wilkinson. "The facial reconstruction of an Ancient Egyptian Queen." Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine 25, no. 4 (January 2002): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0140511021000051144.

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Rosso, Ana María. "Antidotes and Counter-Poisons in the Ancient World: Onions (hdw) (Allium cepa L.) in Egypt, the Preferred Antitoxic for Snake Bites." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 55 (November 22, 2019): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/jarce.55.2019.a011.

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Modern toxicology focuses on studying adverse effects of poisons and chemical exposures but understanding the toxicity and risks developing antidotes and counter-poisons has taken science a long time. The lack of a proper theory in antiquity to treat poisoned patients didn’t allow for the improvement in diagnosis and treatment. However, in Papyrus Brooklyn 47.2180 dated to the fourth century bc, ancient Egyptians classified local snakes, poisonous symptoms, diagnosis, and simple treatments with drugs and magical incantations, ignoring the effectiveness of remedies and their potential side effects. To solve the problem and protect themselves, people first tried to observe animal behavior and the reactions to different substances ingested. Ancient medicine found certain alexipharmic therapy or antidotes to reverse lethal intoxication based on two axioms: similia similibus, studying the tolerance of a poison and the dose, as with the modern theory of immunity, and contraria contraris, using substances with contrary properties, as in the case of antibiotics. This allowed the development of pharmacology, because “For the Egyptians, poisons are substances that may be offset by antidotes or substances with opposite properties.” An extremely common food, the Egyptian species of onion Allium cepa L., seemed to be the preferred alexipharmic to repel snake venom. Its characteristic smell comes from a volatile and fragrant sulphide gas and, through recent chemical research, scientists have reported its antibiotic properties, since it contains allium, transformed in allicin, the key ingredient responsible for its broad-spectrum and anti-bacterial activity. Useful for all kinds of treatment in the Egyptian pharmacopoeia, its defensive power also became known abroad.

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Zesch, Stephanie, Burkhard Madea, Tanja Pommerening, Stephanie Panzer, Thomas Henzler, Michel Polfer, Sonja Janssen, Ronny Friedrich, Susanne Lindauer, and Wilfried Rosendahl. "Blunt force trauma: an exceptional example of an ancient Egyptian mummy head." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 77, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2020/1060.

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El-Fiki, Mohamed, Nasser M. F. El-Ghandour, and Adel El Hakim. "Neurosurgery in Egypt from ancient Egyptians to Modern Neurosurgery, African Perspective." JOURNAL OF GLOBAL NEUROSURGERY 1, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.51437/jgns.v1i1.34.

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Neurosurgery has been practiced for more than 12,000 years worldwide. Cranial and transnasal approaches to the brain have beenpracticed for variable religious, mystical, or therapeutic purposes in ancient civilizations of Africa and specifically in Egypt (1). AncientEgyptian medicine is documented in the paintings on the walls of temples and numerous papyri (figure 1) (2-4).Ancient Egyptian medicine dates to 3500 BC when Athotis (Hor-Aha), the second king of the first dynasty, was found to have in his tombthe first “Book of the Dead” that was later quoted with modifications till it reached “Practical Medicine and Anatomic Book” in Ani’spapyrus (5, 6).

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Darnbrough, Leanne Rae. "Visions of Disrupted Chronologies: Sergei Eisenstein and Hedwig Fechheimer’s Cubist Egypt." Arts 11, no. 5 (September 21, 2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts11050092.

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By juxtaposing two ostensibly divergent characters, the Jewish art historian and Egyptologist Hedwig Fechheimer (1871–1942) and Soviet filmmaker and theorist Sergei Eisenstein (1898–1948), this paper investigates how both approaches folded time, creating Cubist chronologies. Fechheimer adapted the philological focus of her Berlin School contemporaries to create an ahistorical, anti-teleological grammar of ancient Egyptian art which espoused an artistic affinity between the Egyptians and the Cubist movement. Eisenstein, who held a copy of one of Fechheimer’s books in his personal library, took a similar approach in the development of his critiques of historical allegory. This paper looks specifically at two shots of a sphinx during the bridge sequence in the 1927 film October to demonstrate how they correspond to Fechheimer’s views on Egyptian art and also function peculiarly within the film. Ultimately, I aim to demonstrate how the interpellations of the sphinx demonstrate a particular critique of historicity that Eisenstein later expands upon in his Ivan the Terrible films.

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Sanchez, M., and M. Tismenetsky. "An Ancient Egyptian Mummified Head: A Second Opinion." American Journal of Neuroradiology 30, no. 1 (August 7, 2008): e2-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a1226.

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Dobanovacki, Dusanka, Ljiljana Milovanovic, Andjelka Slavkovic, Milanka Tatic, Skeledzija Miskovic, Svetlana Skoric-Jokic, and Marija Pecanac. "Surgery before common era (B.C.E.)." Archive of Oncology 20, no. 1-2 (2012): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo1202028d.

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Based on skeleton examination, cave-paintings and mummies the study of prehistoric medicine tells that the surgical experience dated with skull trepanning, male circumcision and warfare wound healing. In prehistoric tribes, medicine was a mixture of magic, herbal remedy, and superstitious beliefs practiced by witch doctors. The practice of surgery was first recorded in clay tablets discovered in ancient rests of Mesopotamia, translation of which has nowadays been published in Diagnoses in Assyrian and Babylonian Medicine. Some simple surgical procedures were performed like puncture and drainage, scraping and wound treatment. The liability of physicians who performed surgery was noted in a collection of legal decisions made by Hammurabi about the principles of relationship between doctors and patients. Other ancient cultures had also had surgical knowledge including India, China and countries in the Middle East. The part of ancient Indian ayurvedic system of medicine devoted to surgery Sushruta Samhita is a systematized experience of ancient surgical practice, recorded by Sushruta in 500 B.C.E. Ancient Indian surgeons were highly skilled and familiar with a lot of surgical procedures and had pioneered plastic surgery. In the ancient Egyptian Empire medicine and surgery developed mostly in temples: priests were also doctors or surgeons, well specialized and educated. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, the world?s oldest surviving surgical text, was written in the 17th century B.C.E., probably based on material from a thousand years earlier. This papyrus is actually a textbook on trauma surgery, and describes anatomical observation and examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous injuries in detail. Excavated mummies reveal some of the surgical procedures performed in the ancient Egypt: excision of the tumors, puncture and drainage pus abscesses, dentistry, amputation and even skull trepanation, always followed by magic and spiritual procedures. Various types of instruments were innovated, in the beginning made of stone and bronze, later of iron. Under the Egyptian influence, surgery was developed in ancient Greece and in Roman Empire. Prosperity of surgery was mostly due to practice in treating numerous battlefield injuries. Records from the pre-Hippocrates period are poor, but after him, according to many writings, medicine and surgery became a science, medical schools were formed all over the Mediterranean, and surgeons were well-trained professionals. Ancient surgery closed a chapter when Roman Empire declined, standing-by up to the 18th century when restoration of the whole medicine began.

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Goodrich, James Tait. "History of spine surgery in the ancient and medieval worlds." Neurosurgical Focus 16, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2004.16.1.3.

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There is a paucity of surviving texts from ancient and medieval times that can shed light on the early development of spine surgery. Nevertheless, the author reviews many of the available books and fragments and discusses early developments in the field of spine surgery from the point of view of physicians' personalities, general themes, and actual surgical practices. For purposes of an overview and to highlight changing trends in spine surgery, he divides the paper into four eras of medicine: 1) Egyptian and Babylonian; 2) Greek and early Byzantine; 3) Arabic; and 4) medieval.

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Islam, Arshad. "Unani methods of cure in the Indian subcontinent : an analytical study." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (May 22, 2018): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13802.

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Abstract:

The history of medicine is bound with the history of civilization, representing the complex interactions of human communities, geography and the environment over time. South Asia has always been a vibrant melting pot of interactions between different peoples. Unani (‘Greek’) medicine is based on ancient Hellenic thought (via its interactions with Babylonian, Egyptian, Indian and Persian knowledge). Tibb-i-Unani is Arabic for ‘Greek medicine’, which became Unani as practiced in the Indian Subcontinent, where it was developed and refined through systematic experimentation by renowned scholars. Islamic physicians tested Indian traditional medicines using clinical trials, as a result of which they incorporated a number of indigenous medicines in their own system, advancing and enriching its treasures. The basic Unani framework is timeless, based on human action and intrinsic causes. This paper highlights the subtler and perhaps more important aspects of classical Indian Unani medicine that contributed to the development of the entire body of scientific knowledge. Through an analysis of socio-cultural and historical context, the paper concludes that the contribution of Unani medicine in India lies in: (a) preserving the ancient Greek tradition of medicine; and (b) safeguarding and advancing utilitarian medical science and treatment into the early modern period.

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Hamed, Manar. "Ancient Egyptian kings under Divine Protection; Reflection in Art." Journal of Tourism, Hotels and Heritage 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/sis.2022.137577.1051.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ancient Egyptian medicine'

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