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Journal articles on the topic 'Ancient Excavations (Archaeology) Greece'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Archontidou-Argyri, Aglaia, Angeliki Simossi, and Jean-Yves Empereur. "The underwater excavation at the ancient port of Thasos, Greece." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 18, no. 1 (February 1989): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1989.tb00173.x.

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2

Villing, Alexandra. "For whom did the bell toll in ancient Greece? Archaic and Classical Greek bells at Sparta and beyond." Annual of the British School at Athens 97 (November 2002): 223–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400017408.

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Bells of fairly small size were known across ancient Greece from the Archaic period onwards, both in bronze and terracotta. They are found in sanctuaries, graves and, more rarely, in houses, and served a variety of purposes, both practical and more abstract, in daily life and ritual, and in both male and female contexts. Archaeological, iconographical and literary sources attest to their use as votive offerings in ritual and funerary contexts, as signalling instruments for town-guards, as amulets for children and women as well as, in South Italy, in a Dionysiac context. A use as animal (notably horse) bells, however, was not widespread before the later Roman period. The bells' origins lie in the ancient Near East and Caucasian area, from where they found their way especially to Archaic Samos and Cyprus and later to mainland Greece. Here, the largest known find complex of bronze and terracotta bells, mostly of Classical date, comes from the old British excavations in the sanctuary of Athena on the Spartan acropolis and is published here for the first time. Spartan bells are distinctive in shape yet related particularly to other Lakonian and Boiotian bells as well as earlier bells from Samos. At Sparta, as elsewhere, the connotation of the bells' bronze sound as magical, protective, purificatory and apotropaic was central to their use, although specific functions varied according to place, time, and occasion.

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3

Gibbins, David. "Classical shipwreck excavation at Tektaş Burnu, Turkey." Antiquity 74, no. 283 (March 2000): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00066011.

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In 1999 the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) began the excavation of a 5th-century BC shipwreck off Tektaş Burnu, a rocky headland on the west coast of Turkey between the Greek islands of Chios and Samos. The site was discovered in 1996 during INA’s annual survey, which has pinpointed more than 100 ancient wrecks off southwest Turkey. Since 1960 teams under Gcorge Bass have excavated wrecks ranging in date from Bronze Age to medieval, but the high classical period of Greece remained unrepresented. Interest in the Tektas wreck was spurred by its likely date, in the third quarter of the 5th century BC; it is the only wrecked merchantman to be securely dated to these years, and is therefore shedding unique light on seafaring and trade at the height of classical Athens.

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4

Connor, W. R. "Tribes, festivals and processions; civic ceremonial and political manipulation in archaic Greece." Journal of Hellenic Studies 107 (November 1987): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/630068.

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In recent years classicists and ancient historians have devoted renewed attention to the Archaic Age in Greece, the period from approximately the eighth century to the fifth century BC. Important articles, excavation reports and monographs, as well as books by Moses Finley, L. H. Jeffery, Oswyn Murray, Chester Starr and others, not to mention a recent volume of the Cambridge Ancient History, bear witness to the vigor of recent scholarship in this area. Among many of these treatments of the period, moreover, is evident an increasing recognition of the close connection between social and economic developments and the political life of the Greek cities of the period. At the same time that this renewed interest in the Archaic Age has become so prominent in classical studies, a group of scholars working in more modern periods has developed a fresh approach to the role of ritual and ceremonial in civic life, especially during the European Middle Ages and Renaissance. Deeply influenced by cultural anthropology, they have found in the often surprisingly rich documentation about festivals, processions, charivaris etc. important insights into the societies in which these activities took place. Classicists looking upon this movement may be inclined to undervalue its originality and perhaps its controversiality, pointing out that a serious interest in ancient festivals has long been prominent in classical scholarship and is well represented in recent books such as those by Mikalson, Parke and Simon and such older works as Martin Nilsson's frequently cited Cults, myths, oracles and politics in ancient Greece (Lund 1951). Yet there is a great difference both in method and in results between the traditional approaches to ceremonial represented in the study of ancient Greece and those being developed in more recent fields.

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5

Mountjoy, P. A., H. Mommsen, and A. Özyar. "Neutron activation analysis of Aegean-style IIIC pottery from the Goldman excavations at Tarsus-Gözlükule." Anatolian Studies 68 (2018): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154618000030.

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AbstractThe appearance of Aegean-style IIIC pottery at Tarsus occured at a time of unrest and of movement of peoples resulting in part from the collapse of the Mycenaean palaces on the Greek mainland. Mycenaean Late Helladic IIIB pottery exports from mainland Greece to Cyprus and the Levant disappeared and were gradually replaced by local imitations. Eventually Aegean-style IIIC pottery appeared in the East Aegean-West Anatolian Interface, in Cyprus and at various sites on the southern coast of Turkey and in the Levant. It was not exported from the Greek mainland, but seems to have been locally made at each site. A first series of neutron activation analysis (NAA) was carried out on pottery from Tarsus to determine how much of the Aegean-style 12th-century BC pottery was locally produced, how much was imported and, if imported, from whence it came. The favourable results of this first analysis gave rise to a second NAA of more Aegean-style pottery from Tarsus, bringing the total number of pieces analysed to 67. It has confirmed the local production of the pottery; the chemical group TarA is the dominant local group at Tarsus, comprising a third of the samples. A smaller group, TarB, may also be local. The analysis revealed a large number of Aegean-style IIIC imports from Cyprus from several different sites; these make up a quarter of the samples. There are a few imports from other areas, including the East Aegean-West Anatolian Interface. Influence from both Cyprus and the Interface can also be seen at Tarsus in the use of some shapes and motifs. A comparison with 12th-century BC imports identified by NAA at the site of Tell Kazel (ancient Simyra) in Syria directly east of Cyprus shows imports from the same two areas.

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6

Connan, J. "Use and trade of bitumen in antiquity and prehistory: molecular archaeology reveals secrets of past civilizations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1379 (January 29, 1999): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0358.

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Natural asphalt (or bitumen) deposits, oil seepage and liquid oil shows are widespread in the Middle East, especially in the Zagros mountains of Iran. Ancient people from northern Iraq, south–west Iran and the Dead Sea area extensively used this ubiquitous natural resource until the Neolithic period (7000 to 6000 BC). Evidence of earlier use has been recently documented in the Syrian desert near (Boëda et al. 1996) near El Kown, where bitumen–coated flint implements, dated to 40,000 BC (Mousterian period), have been unearthed. This discovery at least proves that bitumen was used by Neanderthal populations as hafting material to fix handles to their flint tools. Numerous testimonies, proving the importance of this petroleum–based material in Ancient civilizations, were brought to light by the excavations conducted in the Near East as of the beginning of the century. Bitumen remains show a wide range of uses that can be classified under several headings. First of all, bitumen was largely used in Mesopotamia and Elam as mortar in the construction of palaces (e.g. the Darius Palace in Susa), temples, ziggurats (e.g. the so–called ‘Tower of Babel’ in Babylon), terraces (e.g. the famous ‘Hanging Gardens of Babylon’) and exceptionally for roadway coating (e.g. the processional way of Babylon). Since the Neolithic, bitumen served to waterproof containers (baskets, earthenware jars, storage pits), wooden posts, palace grounds (e.g. in Mari and Haradum), reserves of lustral waters, bathrooms, palm roofs, etc. Mats, sarcophagi, coffins and jars, used for funeral practices, were often covered and sealed with bitumen. Reed and wood boats were also caulked with bitumen. Abundant lumps of bituminous mixtures used for that particular purpose have been found in storage rooms of houses at Ra's al–Junayz in Oman. Bitumen was also a widespread adhesive in antiquity and served to repair broken ceramics, fix eyes and horns on statues (e.g. at Tell al–Ubaid around 2500 BC). Beautiful decorations with stones, shells, mother of pearl, on palm trees, cups, ostrich eggs, musical instruments (e.g. the Queen's lyre) and other items, such as rings, jewellery and games, have been excavated from the Royal tombs in Ur. They are on view in the British Museum. With a special enigmatic material, commonly referred to as ‘bitumen mastic’, the inhabitants of Susa sculpted masterpieces of art which are today exhibited in the Louvre Museum in Paris. This unique collection is presented in a book by Connan and Deschesne (1996). Last, bitumen was also considered as a powerful remedy in medical practice, especially as a disinfectant and insecticide, and was used by the ancient Egyptians to prepare mixtures to embalm the corpses of their dead. Modern analytical techniques, currently applied in the field of petroleum geochemistry, have been adapted to the study of numerous archaeological bituminous mixtures found in excavations. More than 700 bituminous samples have been analysed during the last decade, using gas chromatography alone and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and isotopic chemistry (carbon and hydrogen mainly). These powerful tools, focused on the detailed analysis of biomarkers in hydrocarbon fractions, were calibrated on various well–known natural sources of bitumen in Iraq, Syria, Iran, Bahrain and Kuwait. These reference studies have made it possible to establish the origins of bitumen from numerous archaeological sites and to document the bitumen trade routes in the Middle East and the Arabo–Persian Gulf. Using a well–documented case history, Tell el ‘Oueili (5800 to 3500 BC) in South Mesopotamia, we will illustrate in this paper how these new molecular and isotopic tools can help us to recognize different sources of bitumen and to trace the ancient trade routes through time. These import routes were found to vary with major cultural and political changes in the area under study. A second example, referring to the prehistoric period, describes bitumen traces on flint implements, dated from Mousterian times. This discovery, from the Umm El Tlel excavations near El Kown in Syria, was reported in 1996 in Boëda et al . At that time, the origin of the bitumen had not been elucidated due to contamination problems. Last year, a ball of natural oil–stained sands, unearthed from the same archaeological layer, allowed us to determine the source of the bitumen used. This source is regional and located in the Jebel Bichri, nearly 40 km from the archaeological site. The last case history was selected to illustrate another aspect of the investigations carried out. Recent geochemical studies on more than 20 balms from Egyptian mummies from the Intermediate, Ptolemaic and Roman periods have revealed that these balms are composed of various mixtures of bitumen, conifer resins, grease and beeswax. Bitumen occurs with the other ingredients and the balms studied show a great variety of molecular compositions. Bitumen from the Dead Sea area is the most common source but some other sources (Hit in Iraq?) are also revealed by different molecular patterns. The absolute amount of bitumen in balms varies from almost zero to 30% per weight.

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7

Papakonstantinou, Maria-Foteini, Arto Penttinen, Gregory N. Tsokas, Panagiotis I. Tsourlos, Alexandros Stampolidis, Ilias Fikos, Georgios Tassis, et al. "The Makrakomi Archaeological Landscapes Project. A preliminary report on investigations carried out in 2010–2012." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 6 (November 2013): 211–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-06-08.

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In this article we provide a preliminary report of the work carried out between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Makrakomi Archaeological Landscapes Project (MALP). The programme of research is carried out in co-operation between the Swedish Institute at Athens and the 14th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities at Lamia. The interdisciplinary project started in the summer of 2010, when a pilot survey was conducted in and around the hill of Profitis Elias, in the modern municipality of Makrakomi, where extensive traces of ancient fortifications are still visible. Systematic investigations have been conducted since 2011 as part of a five-year plan of research involving surface survey, geophysical survey and small-scale archaeological excavation as well as geomorphological investigation. The primary aim of MALP is to examine the archaeology and geomorphology of the western Spercheios Valley, within the modern municipality of Makrakomi in order to achieve a better understanding of antiquity in the region, which has previously received scant scholarly attention. Through the archaeological surface survey and architectural survey in 2011 and 2012 we have been able to record traces of what can be termed as a nucleated and structured settlement in an area known locally as Asteria, which is formed by the projecting ridges to the east of Profitis Elias. The surface scatters recorded in this area suggest that the town was primarily occupied from the late 4th century BC and throughout the Hellenistic period. The geophysical survey conducted between 2011 and 2012 similarly recorded data which point to the presence of multiple structures according to a regular grid system. The excavation carried out in the central part of Asteria also uncovered remains of a single domestic structure (Building A) which seems to have been in use during the Late Classical and Hellenistic periods. The combined data acquired through the programme of research is thus highly encouraging, and has effectively demonstrated the importance of systematic archaeological research in this understudied area of Central Greece.

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8

E. Grammatikakis, Kyriakidis, D. Demadis, Cabeza Diaz, and Leon-Reina. "Mineralogical Characterization and Firing Temperature Delineation on Minoan Pottery, Focusing on the Application of Micro-Raman Spectroscopy." Heritage 2, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 2652–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030163.

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Ceramic objects in whole or in fragments usually account for the majority of findings in an archaeological excavation. Thus, through examination of the values these items bear, it is possible to extract important information regarding raw materials provenance and ceramic technology. For this purpose, either traditional examination protocols could be followed, focusing on the macroscopic/morphological characteristics of the ancient object, or more sophisticated physicochemical techniques are employed. Nevertheless, there are cases where, due to the uniqueness and the significance of an object of archaeological value, sampling is impossible. Then, the available analytical tools are extremely limited, especially when molecular information and mineral phase identification is required. In this context, the results acquired from a multiphase clay ceramic dated on Early Neopalatioal period ΜΜΙΙΙΑLMIA (1750 B.C.E.–1490 B.C.E.), from the Minoan Bronze Age site at Philioremos (Crete, Greece) through the application of Raman confocal spectroscopy, a nondestructive/ noninvasive method are reported. The spectroscopic results are confirmed through the application of Xray microdiffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive Xray spectrometry. Moreover, it is demonstrated how it is made possible through the application of microRaman (μRaman) spectroscopy to examine and collect crucial information from very small inclusions in the ceramic fabric. The aim of this approach is to develop an analytical protocol based on μRaman spectroscopy, for extracting firing temperature information from other ceramic finds (figurines) where due to their uniqueness sampling and analyses through other techniques is not possible. This information can lead to dating but also to firing kiln technology extrapolations that are very significant in archaeology.

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9

Renfrew, Colin, T. W. Jacobsen, W. R. Farrand, Tjeerd H. Van Andei, Susan B. Sutton, Catherine Perles, Judith C. Shackleton, et al. "Excavations at Franchthi Cave, Greece." Journal of Field Archaeology 21, no. 3 (1994): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/530344.

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10

Kroll, John H., and Sitta von Reden. "Exchange in Ancient Greece." American Journal of Archaeology 101, no. 1 (January 1997): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506266.

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11

Antonaccio, Carla M., and Dennis D. Hughes. "Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece." American Journal of Archaeology 96, no. 4 (October 1992): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505202.

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12

Wallensten, Jenny. "The Seer in Ancient Greece." Time and Mind 3, no. 2 (January 2010): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169610x12632240392875.

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13

Verbanck-Pièrard, Annie. "Looking at Ancient Greece in Provence." American Journal of Archaeology 114, no. 1 (January 2010): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.114.1.187.

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14

Filer, Joyce M., and Veronique Dasen. "Dwarfs in Ancient Egypt and Greece." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 87 (2001): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3822382.

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15

POPHAM, MERVYN. "REFLECTIONS ON ?AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF GREECE': SURVEYS AND EXCAVATIONS." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9, no. 1 (March 1990): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1990.tb00213.x.

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16

Hoff, Michael, and K. W. Arafat. "Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers." American Journal of Archaeology 102, no. 4 (October 1998): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506121.

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17

Berthold, Richard M., and Alexander Fuks. "Social Conflict in Ancient Greece." American Historical Review 92, no. 1 (February 1987): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1862794.

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18

Carman, Patricia. "Ancient Bloody Meadows: Classical Battlefields in Greece." Journal of Conflict Archaeology 1, no. 1 (November 2005): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157407705774928917.

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19

Tandy, David W. ":Olive Cultivation in Ancient Greece: Seeking the Ancient Economy." American Historical Review 114, no. 2 (April 2009): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.2.467.

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20

Thomas, Patrick M., William A. McDonald, and Nancy C. Wilkie. "Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece II: The Bronze Age Occupation." American Journal of Archaeology 98, no. 1 (January 1994): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506229.

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21

Zardarian, M. H., and H. P. Akopian. "Archaeological Excavations of Ancient Monuments in Armenia 1985-1990." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 1, no. 2 (1995): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005794x00057.

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22

Serwint, Nancy, and Olga Tzachou-Alexandri. "Mind and Body: Athletic Contests in Ancient Greece." American Journal of Archaeology 94, no. 3 (July 1990): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505821.

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23

Kampen, Natalie Boymel, and Andrew Stewart. "Art, Desire, and the Body in Ancient Greece." American Journal of Archaeology 102, no. 2 (April 1998): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506483.

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24

Novotny, Claire, and Brett A. Houk. "Ancient Maya Patolli from Gallon Jug, Belize." Latin American Antiquity 32, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2021.11.

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Recent excavations at the site of Gallon Jug, a minor center in northwestern Belize, revealed multiple patolli boards incised into a well-preserved plaster floor in an unvaulted platform. A significant artifact deposit was placed directly on top of the patolli boards. In this report we describe the architectural context, associated artifact deposit, and the patolli boards themselves.

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25

Bugh, Glenn Richard, and Leslie J. Worley. "Hippeis: The Calvary of Ancient Greece." American Historical Review 100, no. 2 (April 1995): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169031.

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26

Powell, Barry B., and Kevin Robb. "Literacy and Paideia in Ancient Greece." American Historical Review 100, no. 5 (December 1995): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169897.

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27

Mikalson, Jon D., and Irad Malkin. "Religion and Colonization in Ancient Greece." American Historical Review 95, no. 3 (June 1990): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164308.

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28

Lateiner, Donald, Gordon S. Shrimpton, and K. M. Gillis. "History and Memory in Ancient Greece." American Historical Review 103, no. 4 (October 1998): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651227.

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29

West, William C., and Mark Golden. "Sport and Society in Ancient Greece." American Historical Review 105, no. 4 (October 2000): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651521.

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30

Wallace, Robert W., and Warren D. Anderson. "Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece." American Historical Review 102, no. 2 (April 1997): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170846.

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31

Childs, William A. P. "Polis Chrysochous: Princeton University's Excavations of Ancient Marion and Arsinoe." Near Eastern Archaeology 71, no. 1-2 (March 2008): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/nea20361349.

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32

Schloen, J. David, and Amir S. Fink. "Searching for Ancient Samʾal: New Excavations at Zincirli in Turkey." Near Eastern Archaeology 72, no. 4 (December 2009): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/nea25754028.

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33

Filer, Joyce M. "Book Review: Dwarfs in Ancient Egypt and Greece." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 87, no. 1 (December 2001): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751330108700117.

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34

Vafidis, A., N. Economou, Y. Ganiatsos, M. Manakou, G. Poulioudis, G. Sourlas, E. Vrontaki, A. Sarris, M. Guy, and Th Kalpaxis. "Integrated geophysical studies at ancient Itanos (Greece)." Journal of Archaeological Science 32, no. 7 (July 2005): 1023–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.02.007.

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35

Bahar, Awsam. "Statues and Votive Vessels from Tulūl al-Baqarāt." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 110, no. 2 (November 25, 2020): 218–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2020-0022.

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AbstractThe site of Tulūl al-Baqarāt in the Wasit province, Iraq, consists of a series of tells, the most prominent being TB1. Iraqi and Italian archaeological expeditions have conducted excavations at TB1, revealing a number of exceptional architectural units and a large number of ancient objects. This paper deals with stone statuary and objects with relief decoration from these excavations and presents several fragments of human or animal statues and sculptured votive vessels.

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36

Gagarin, Michael, and James F. McGlew. "Tyranny and Political Culture in Ancient Greece." American Historical Review 100, no. 2 (April 1995): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169032.

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37

Ekroth, Gunnel. "Greece and the Aegean in Swedish Archaeology 1986-1990." Current Swedish Archaeology 3, no. 1 (December 28, 1995): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1995.17.

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This paper constitutes a survey of Swedish scholarship during the period 1986-90 dealing with Greece and the Aegean area from the archaeological viewpoint. A large portion of the work done concerns the Aegean Bronze Age, e.g. aspects of the Minoan palaces, various kinds of pottery, different types of cult, and funerary practices. Scholarship focussed on the Greek Iron Age also shows an inclination towards religious topics, such as the deposition and use of votive offerings in Greek religion and the role of ritual dining, but studies dealing with architecture and pottery may be found as well. The fieldwork and the publication of material from Swedish excavations and surveys are also covered.

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38

Koumouzelis, Margarita, Boleslaw Ginter, Janusz K. Kozlowski, Maciej Pawlikowski, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Rosa Maria Albert, Maria Litynska-Zajac, et al. "The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece: The Excavations in Klisoura Cave." Journal of Archaeological Science 28, no. 5 (May 2001): 515–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2000.0599.

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39

Munro-Hay, Stuart. "The British Museum Excavations at Adulis, 1868." Antiquaries Journal 69, no. 1 (March 1989): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500043407.

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In 1868, during the British military expedition to Magdala in Abyssinia (Ethiopia), an archaeological excavation was undertaken, under the auspices of R. Holmes, a representative of the British Museum, at the ancient port-city of Adulis a few kilometres from the Red Sea coast. The excavation, of which some details were reported in a War Office Publication of 1870, was one of the earliest undertaken in Africa south of the Sahara. As a result an ancient church was discovered and cleared. Among the finds were a number of items of ecclesiastical furniture, some apparently imported in a prefabricated state from the Roman eastern Mediterranean. Some of these pieces, now lodged in the British Museum, are here published for the first time.

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40

Hammond, Norman. "Ancient Maya Wetland Agriculture: Excavations on Albion Island, Northern Belize." Journal of Archaeological Science 19, no. 2 (March 1992): 232–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(92)90052-5.

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41

Jameson, Michael H., Susan E. Alcock, and Robin Osborne. "Placing the Gods: Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece." American Journal of Archaeology 100, no. 3 (July 1996): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/507043.

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42

Jenkins, Ian, and Dyfri Williams. "Sprang Hair Nets: Their Manufacture and Use in Ancient Greece." American Journal of Archaeology 89, no. 3 (July 1985): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/504357.

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43

Tsourlos, Panagiotis, and Gregory N. Tsokas. "Tomographic Imaging of Ancient Wall Foundations in Thessaloniki, North Greece." ArchéoSciences, no. 33 (suppl.) (October 30, 2009): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/archeosciences.1865.

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44

Scheffer, Charlotte. "Studying Classical Archaeology and Ancient History in Sweden." Current Swedish Archaeology 8, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2000.11.

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This article traces the background and gradual growth of the subject of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History in Sweden from the 17th century to the present day. As a university subject it grew out of the study of the realia in connection with the classical languages and was separated as an independent subject as late as 1909. Between the 1920s and the 1970s, large-scale excavations dominated most work. At present, the topics are more varied, better use is being made of the possibilities of the dual nature of the evidence of texts and archaeological material and there is a growing awareness of a new set of problems.

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45

Damell, David. "About Royal Manors from the Late Iron Age in Middle Sweden." Current Swedish Archaeology 1, no. 1 (December 28, 1993): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1993.04.

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How royal power arose in Sweden and how this affected the creation of the State, has always been the focus of discussion among scientists and laymen. This is certainly because royal power can be connected to some of the most important ancient monument areas in the country such as Gamla Uppsala, Adelsö hovgård etc. In these areas there are visible remains of monuments and cemeteries as well as remains of terraces, plateaus etc. How these royal seats were formed is at present unknown. Excavations in many of these ancient momument areas during the last decade have, however, shown that the royal seats were constructed in a certain pattern. In this regard the excavated royal seats at Gamla Uppsala, Fornsigtuna, Adelsö hovgård and Husby-Enhörna are the only seats addressed in the paper. Each of these seats has strong similarities with one another. It seems possible though to start future excavations of other royal seats based upon the results described in the paper.

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Pappa, Maria, and Manthos Besios. "The Neolithic Settlement at Makriyalos, Northern Greece: Preliminary Report on the 1993-1995 Excavations." Journal of Field Archaeology 26, no. 2 (1999): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/530661.

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LeCount, Lisa J., Chester P. Walker, John H. Blitz, and Ted C. Nelson. "Land Tenure Systems at the Ancient Maya Site of Actuncan, Belize." Latin American Antiquity 30, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2019.16.

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A common property regime was established at the founding of the Maya site of Actuncan, Belize, in the Terminal Preclassic period (175 BC–AD 300), which governed access to land until the Terminal Classic period (AD 780–1000). This interpretation is based on urban settlement patterns documented through household excavation and remote-sensing programs. Excavations of all visible patio-focused groups in the urban core provided data to reconstruct residential histories, and a 60,621 m2 gradiometer survey resulted in a magnetic gradient map that was used to document buried constructions. Twenty ground-truth testpits correlated types of magnetic signatures to buried patio-focused groups and smaller constructions, including walled plots in agricultural field systems that were later exposed more fully through large-scale excavations. Combined, these methods provided data to reconstruct four correlates of land tenure systems: (1) the spatial proximity of residential units to land and resources, (2) diachronic changes in community settlement patterns, (3) land subdivision and improvements, and (4) public goods. Spatial analyses documented that houselots did not cluster through time, but instead became gradually improved, lending evidence to suggest the transgenerational inheritance of property rights in the Late and Terminal Classic periods.

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Donlan, Walter, Michael Grant, and Rachel Kitzinger. "Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece and Rome." American Historical Review 95, no. 2 (April 1990): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163783.

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Rotroff, Susan I. "Ancient Naukratis. Excavations at a Greek Emporium in Egypt, Part 1: The Excavations at Kom Ge'if. Albert Leonard Jr.." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 318 (May 2000): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357733.

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Radwa, Salem. "ANIMAL SACRIFICE IN ANCIENT GREECE. BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY." Археология Евразийских степей, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2020.5.130.136.

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This bibliographic essay addresses the different approaches to animal sacrifi ce generally with a focus on animal sacrifi ce in ancient Greece specifi cally. As animal sacrifi ce was one of the unfamiliar rituals introduced to western anthropologists by foreign cultures, the ritual of animal sacrifi ce was addressed by anthropologists as early as the nineteenth century. Later, the topic was a trend in other different majors like archaeology, history, sociology and psychology as well.

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