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Journal articles on the topic 'Ancient Mesopotamian Text'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Ossendrijver, Mathieu. "A Simulation-Based View on Mesopotamian Computational Practices." Claroscuro. Revista del Centro de Estudios sobre Diversidad Cultural, no. 20 (December 30, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/cl.vi20.66.

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It is argued that iterative computations which are attested in Mesopotamian and other ancient sources can be productively analyzed and interpreted in a simulation-based framework. Ancient Mesopotamia present us with a rich body of textual evidence for computational practices over a period of more than three millennia. This paper is concerned with Mesopotamian iterative computations of empirical phenomena, where each iteration updates the values of certain quantities from one state to the next state. It will be argued that these computations can be fruitfully interpreted in the so-called simula

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2

Yu, Shuqian. "The Role of Death in the Epic of Gilgamesh." Communications in Humanities Research 19, no. 1 (2023): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/19/20231247.

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Humans fear of death and pursuit of eternal life have long been reflected in literary texts. As a representative of ancient Mesopotamian literature, the epic of Gilgamesh not only symbolizes the peak of Near Eastern epics, but also brings an ultimate proposition into literature for the first timeHow to resist the fear of death and how to achieve infinite immortality in a finite life. This paper consists of three parts. The first part is the introduction, which introduces the background and significance of the research. The second part is the text analysis, and the third part is the analysis of

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Crocker, Richard L. "Mesopotamian tonal systems." Iraq 59 (1997): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900003417.

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In his article “Babylonian Music Again”, O. R. Gumey provides a welcome update on research on the tablets concerning music of the ancient Near East. Gurney's article also has a corrective effect on a rambunctious article by Martin West that appeared shortly before. Gurney seems to me to have the musical system almost right. West, while he seems to understand the system, presents it in ways that I find illogical, and that I fear will be confusing or misleading. Furthermore, while some of West's conclusions exceed the span of even my own irresponsible imagination, some of his other conclusions s

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Fetaya, Ethan, Yonatan Lifshitz, Elad Aaron, and Shai Gordin. "Restoration of fragmentary Babylonian texts using recurrent neural networks." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 37 (2020): 22743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003794117.

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The main sources of information regarding ancient Mesopotamian history and culture are clay cuneiform tablets. Many of these tablets are damaged, leading to missing information. Currently, the missing text is manually reconstructed by experts. We investigate the possibility of assisting scholars, by modeling the language using recurrent neural networks and automatically completing the breaks in ancient Akkadian texts from Achaemenid period Babylonia.

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Kurtik, Gennady E. "On the origin of the 12 zodiac constellation system in ancient Mesopotamia." Journal for the History of Astronomy 52, no. 1 (2021): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828620980544.

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This article pursues two main goals: (1) to reconstruct the history of the 12 zodiac constellation system in the astronomy of ancient Mesopotamia; (2) to reveal traces of this system directly in cuneiform texts. Among the most important circumstances led to appearance of this system: (1) development of ideas about the band of zodiac constellations, including—according to MUL.APIN—the total of 18 (or 17) constellations; (2) usage of the schematic year, containing 12 months, 30 days each, and (3) development of ideas about mathematical or uniform zodiac, subdivided into 12 equal parts, 30° each.

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Cecilia, Ludovica. "A Late Composition Dedicated to Nergal." Altorientalische Forschungen 46, no. 2 (2019): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2019-0014.

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Abstract This article treats a composition that was probably dedicated to Nergal, a god with a long cultic tradition in ancient Mesopotamia who was mainly related to war and death. The text was first edited by Böhl (1949; 1953: 207–216, 496–497), followed by Ebeling (1953: 116–117). Later, Seux (1976: 85–88) and Foster (2005: 708–709) translated and commented upon it. I will present a new reading of the invocation on the tablet’s upper edge, which confirms that the tablet originated in Uruk during the Hellenistic period. Furthermore, I will discuss the many Neo-Babylonian and Late Babylonian g

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Sanders, Seth. "OLD LIGHT ON MOSES' SHINING FACE." Vetus Testamentum 52, no. 3 (2002): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853302760197520.

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AbstractThe crux of Moses' shining face in Ex. xxxiv is explained by first-millennium Mesopotamian astronomical and lexical sources which attest an ancient understanding of light as material. Moses' face could, quite literally, radiate horns of light, and the need to translate the term as either divine radiance or physical protuberance is a side-effect of modern conceptual categories, irrelevant to ancient Israelite ideas. Furthermore, the well known ancient Jewish tradition of Moses' coronation, and his divine physical transformation attested in newly published Midrashic sources suggests an a

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Grekyan, Yervand. "Evidence of celestial phenomena in Urartian cuneiform texts?" ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13, no. 1 (2019): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v13i1.952.

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Unlike the ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform sources, there is no direct evidence of keeping records of celestial objects or astronomical phenomena in the corpus of the Urartian cuneiform texts. In spite of this, astral scenes are widely represented in religious symbolism and iconography of Urartian bronze art. An exceptional evidence of an Urartian cuneiform text could fill the lack of information, perhaps, pointing out the apparition of a comet.

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9

Schwemer, Daniel. "The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 7, no. 2 (2007): 121–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921207783876404.

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AbstractIn many regions of the ancient Near East, not least in Upper Mesopotamia, Syria and Anatolia where agriculture relied mainly on rainfall, storm-gods ranked among the most prominent gods in the local panthea or were even regarded as divine kings, ruling over the gods and bestowing kingship on the human ruler. While the Babylonian and Assyrian storm-god never held the highest position among the gods, he too belongs to the group of 'great gods' through most periods of Mesopotamian history. Given the many cultural contacts and the longevity of traditions in the ancient Near East only a stu

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Schwemer, Daniel. "The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies: Part II." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 8, no. 1 (2008): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921208786182428.

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AbstractIn many regions of the ancient Near East, not least in Upper Mesopotamia, Syria and Anatolia where agriculture relied mainly on rainfall, storm-gods ranked among the most prominent gods in the local panthea or were even regarded as divine kings, ruling over the gods and bestowing kingship on the human ruler. While the Babylonian and Assyrian storm-god never held the highest position among the gods, he too belongs to the group of 'great gods' through most periods of Mesopotamian history. Given the many cultural contacts and the longevity of traditions in the ancient Near East only a stu

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11

Nasoraia, Brikha H. S. "Probing the Relationships Between Mandaeans (the Followers of John the Baptist), Early Christians, and Manichaeans." Religions 16, no. 1 (2024): 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16010014.

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Mandaeism is the only ancient Gnostic religion surviving to the present day from antiquity. ‘Gnosticism’ was a block of creative religious activity mostly responding to the early Christian teachings in unusual ways of cosmicizing Jesus, and presenting a challenge to the ancient church fathers in the first-to-third centuries CE. Mandaeism, by comparison, has roots from John the Baptist rather than Jesus, although it is also important to recognize that this baptizing movement emerged in part as a survival of a very old indigenous ethno-religious grouping from Mesopotamia, its followers eventuall

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Schwemer, Daniel. "Any Evil, a Stalking Ghost, and the Bull-Headed Demon." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 110, no. 2 (2020): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2020-0015.

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AbstractBased on first-millennium cuneiform manuscripts from Aššur, Babylon, and Uruk, this article offers an edition of a ritual against an illness conceptualized as the demon ‘Any Evil’. The text sheds light on how the catch-all figure Any Evil corresponds to the idea of a universal cure for any physical ailment, and how the rhetoric of the incantation articulates this relationship and facilitates the active participation of the patient. The ritual instructions of this and a closely related text show that Any Evil is envisaged as a bull-headed, male demon. This points to an adaptation of mot

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Al-Rawi, Farouk N. H. "Tablets from the Sippar library X. A dedication of Zabaya of Larsa." Iraq 64 (2002): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900003727.

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The Neo- or Late Babylonian tablet presented here adds to the increasing number of ancient Mesopotamian formal inscriptions extant in copies made by first-millennium scribes. Another such tablet from the Sippar library, containing a copy of two building inscriptions reporting the work of Gudea and Šulgi on the temple of Nanše at Sirara, has already been published.The present tablet's existence was announced in Iraq 49 (1987) 249. The inscription copied on to it uses an early monumental script. The text (11. 1–13) is a dedication to the goddess Nanše made by a diviner called Nanna-mansum (or Sî

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Carver, Daniel E. "Biblical Prophecy in Its Ancient Near Eastern Context: A New Interpretation of Jeremiah 30–33." Journal of Biblical Literature 142, no. 2 (2023): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15699/jbl.1422.2023.5.

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Abstract In a new approach, I interpret biblical prophecy in light of its ancient Near Eastern divinatory context and offer a new perspective on the (non)fulfillment of prophecy. I begin with a description of how divine communication was understood according to Mesopotamian and biblical texts, laying a foundation for comparative analysis. I then apply this approach to the prophecies of restoration in Jeremiah 30–33. I argue that the prophecies in these chapters, originally intended to be fulfilled in the postexilic era, were canceled (except 31:35–37, 33:19–26) and that a new decision or decis

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ESPAK, Peeter. "Genesis 11, 1–9 and its Sumerian Predecessors in Comparative Perspective: Early Views on “National Culture” and its Nature." STUDIA ANTIQUA ET ARCHAEOLOGICA 27, no. 2 (2021): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saa-2021-27-2-2.

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The paper discusses some key texts from Ancient Mesopotamian and also Hebrew mythologies which may have had several indications and contained many ancient understandings about the early views on the modern notions of a nation, national culture and the role of language on these beliefs. The possible connection of the Sumerian epic tale Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta is discussed in context with the Enuma Eliš myth in context with Hebrew Genesis’ the Tower of Babel story and the character of these text and the nature of their evolution is analysed. Based on some Sumerian royal correspondence, h

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Bunta, Silviu N. "THE MĒSU-TREE AND THE ANIMAL INSIDE: THEOMORPHISM AND THERIOMORPHISM IN DANIEL 4." Scrinium 3, no. 1 (2007): 364–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18177565-90000162.

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The present article offers an analysis of Daniel 4. It argues that the literary origins of the tree imagery in the biblical text most probably lie in Mesopotamian conceptions of the mēsu-tree, the tree that supplies the flesh of the gods, the material of their statuary presence. The presence of the imagery in Ezekiel 31 suggests that the Mesopotamian concept was incorporated into exilic and post-exilic redefinitions of the legitimate channels of the iconic worship of YHWH. Within a priestly redefinition of YHWH's iconic presence in Judah, Adam's physical resemblance to YHWH provided in humanit

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Seleznyov, Mikhail G., Anna A. Luppova, and Leonid V. Shulyakov. "Structure of Creation Narrative in Genesis Chapter 1." Vestnik RFFI. Gumanitarnye i obŝestvennye nauki 121, no. 2 (2025): 134–43. https://doi.org/10.22204/2587-8956-2025-121-02-134-143.

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The article provides a historical and philological commentary and analysis of the story describing God's creation of the world (Genesis 1:1–2:3). The story of Creation, or hexaemeron, sets the perspective for the entire narrative of the Genesis, from the prehistory of mankind to the cycle of the patriarchs. This story is distinguished by its precise composition and elevated style. The text, which is usually associated with the so-called priestly source, serves to express the most important theological ideas and can be called a liturgical hymn to the one God, His creative design and care for th

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18

Böck, Barbara. "ÜBERLEGUNGEN ZU EINEM KULTFEST DER ALTMESOPOTAMISCHEN GÖTTIN INANNA." Numen 51, no. 1 (2004): 20–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852704773558214.

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AbstractThe present study aims at interpreting a Sumerian hymn pertaining to the cult of the ancient Mesopotamian goddess of love and war, Inanna/Ištar. Though this literary composition belongs to the realm of royal religion, and centres on the relationship between the goddess and the royal personage, the hymn also provides an insight into a cultic feast of rather popular character. The text describes a ritual; its inner logic follows the course of a cultic ceremony. Accordingly, the term "implicit ritual" as opposed to "explicit ritual", or liturgical order, can be applied. Until now the Sume

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Makkaveev, Nikolai A. "On the Dogs-Prostitutes in the Old Testament." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 6 (2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080023579-3.

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Despite the widespread ideas, there were no cult male prostitutes in Ancient Israel. Therefore, we must reject the popular hypothesis according to which the “dogs” in Deuteronomy (23:19) meant “male prostitutes”. The interpretation of female qedešot and male qedešim as cult harlots and fornicators dates back at least to the Vulgate (late 4th century) (while the translators of the Septuagint did not understand these words and interpreted them according to context). However, such an understanding contains a huge number of logical stretches and internal contradictions. We agree with Phyllis Ann B

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Magdalene, F. Rachel, Bruce Wells, and Cornelia Wunsch. "Pre-trial negotiations: The Case of the run-away slave in Dar. 53." Iraq 70 (2008): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900000954.

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The study of ancient Near Eastern trial procedure has a long history, and the judicial systems of several periods have been investigated in detail. What remains lacking is a thorough and systematic treatment of the trial law and procedure from the Neo-Babylonian and Persian periods, though numerous legal texts have been studied. Recently two dissertations by F. R. Magdalene and S. E. Holtz have described the adjudicative process from the bringing of charges by an accuser through various stages and actions, including the taking of witness statements, interrogation, the examination of physical e

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Knohl, Israel. "Sacred Architecture: The Numerical Dimensions of Biblical Poems." Vetus Testamentum 62, no. 2 (2012): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853312x629199.

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Abstract I have recently studied the numerical architecture of several biblical poems and found sophisticated use of the numerical structures of words and cola. It is possible that some of these numerical structures are based on numerical values of the letters of the names of God. If this is indeed the correct explanation of these numerical structures, it should be perceived through wider cultural spectrum: The phenomenon of symbolizing divine names with numerical values is known in the Mesopotamian world. The development of Alphabetic script opened new possibilities for representation of divi

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Anjum, Ovamir. "Editorial Note." American Journal of Islam and Society 40, no. 1-2 (2023): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v40i1-2.3255.

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In this issue, you will find three peer-reviewed articles and two forum essays. Adrien A. P. Chauvet’s “Cosmographical readings of the Qurʾan” is a trained physicist’s probing, multidisciplinary inquiry about a topic of great interest to the recent generations of Muslims about the compatibility of Islam and science, and about the obvious exuberance Muslims feel when some modern discoveries point to the Qurʾanic truth. As a trained physicist, he wonders whether and how we can be sure that the scientific paradigms endorsed today will endure, and therefore, more pertinently, “how can the text sta

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Bilić, Tomislav. "Following in the Footsteps of the Sun: Gilgameš, Odysseus and Solar Movement." Annali Sezione Orientale 82, no. 1-2 (2022): 3–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685631-12340126.

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Abstract During the heyday of the solar-myth paradigm it was a norm to interpret every single mythic character and his or her actions in terms of either the annual or diurnal solar movement. With the paradigm’s inevitable demise, the body of evidence that was central to its approach was relegated to a more peripheral position by the adherents of succeeding paradigms that successively dominated the field. This has left a significant number of references to solar phenomena in ancient text on the margins of scholarly interest, including those that appear in the central texts of both Mesopotamian

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Выдрин, Андрей. "Urim and Thummim in Ancient Israel: Critical Analysis of Sources and Hypotheses." Theological Herald, no. 3(34) (August 15, 2019): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/2500-1450-2019-34-17-38.

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В статье анализируются основные научные гипотезы о том, что собой представляли урим и туммим, каково было их назначение и способ использования. Для этого привлекаются различные источники, начиная с древнейших упоминаний в рукописях Кумрана, согласно которым урим и туммим ассоциировались с драгоценными камнями на наплечниках или нагруднике первосвященнического эфода. Данной точки зрения в той или иной степени придерживалось большинство последующих древних писателей (Иосиф Флавий, авторы соответствующих эпизодов из Вавилонского Талмуда, свт. Иоанн Златоуст, блж. Феодорит Кирский и др.). Однако,

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Böck, Barbara. "Proverbs 30:18-19 in the Light of Ancient Mesopotamian Cuneiform Texts." Sefarad 69, no. 2 (2009): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/sefarad.2009.v69.i2.595.

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BÖCK, BARBARA. "CHRISTOPHER WALKER and MICHAEL DICK: The induction of the cult image in ancient Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian Mīs Pî ritual. (State Archives of Assyria Literary Texts, 1.) vii, 267 pp., CD. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Institute for Asian and African Studies, University of Helsinki, 2001. $75." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 66, no. 2 (2003): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x03230159.

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Stocks, Denys A. "Making stone vessels in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt." Antiquity 67, no. 256 (1993): 596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00045804.

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Collins, C. John. "Reading Genesis Well: Navigating History, Poetry, Science, and Truth in Genesis 1-11." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 72, no. 4 (2020): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf12-20collins.

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READING GENESIS WELL: Navigating History, Poetry, Science, and Truth in Genesis 1-11 by C. John Collins. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Academic, 2018. 336 pages. Paperback; $36.99. ISBN: 9780310598572. *C. John Collins makes judicious use of C. S. Lewis throughout his book and offers a reading of the early chapters of Genesis that seeks to avoid both an ahistorical fundamentalist interpretation and a dismissive scientism that views Genesis as bad science by ignorant people. Collins identifies himself as a "religious traditionalist," and he seeks to read Genesis in ways that take seriously the or

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Wasserman, Nathan. "Treating Garments in the Old Babylonian Period: “At the Cleaners” in a Comparative View." Iraq 75 (2013): 255–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900000486.

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This article examines UET 6/2, 414, the Old Babylonian dialogue between a fuller and a client, commonly referred to as “At the Cleaners”, from the point of view of ancient technology. Drawing upon a wide range of Talmudic and Classical sources mentioning laundry, and based on a careful philological reading of the Akkadian text, this study offers a new understanding of the different stages of washing and treatment of luxury garments in the Old Babylonian period. It is argued that the possible humorous aspect of the text is irrelevant to the fact that UET 6/2, 414 is a unique composition in anti

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Kellner, Angelika. "Time Is Running. Ancient Greek Chronography and the Ancient Near East." Journal of Ancient History 9, no. 1 (2021): 19–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jah-2019-0027.

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Abstract The article explores the question whether there was a possible dialogue between ancient Greek and Mesopotamian chronography. This is an interesting albeit challenging subject due to the fragmentary preservation of the Greek texts. The idea that cuneiform tablets might have influenced the development of the genre in Greece lingers in the background without having been the subject of detailed discussion. Notably the Neo-Assyrian limmu list has been suggested as a possible blueprint for the Athenian archon list. In order to examine this topic further, a thorough analysis of ancient Greek

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Fodor, Alexander. "Arabic Bowl Divination and the Greek Magical Papyri." Arabist: Budapest Studies in Arabic 9-10 (1994): 73–101. https://doi.org/10.58513/arabist.1994.9-10.6.

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Bowl divination or lecanomancy, a specific kind of hydromancy, has always been a favourite practice in the Middle East. It is generally agreed that its origins can be traced back to the inhabitants of ancient Mesopotamia, from whom it spread to Egyptians, Jews, Greeks, Persians, Arabs, and Turks, arriving finally in Europe. The paper provides an analysis of a text from a modern Arabic book of magic, ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ as-Sayyid aṭ-Ṭūḫī‘s Siḥr Bār Nūḥ, in an endeavour to prove that the author relied on sources containing ancient material.

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Shibata, Daisuke. "An Old Babylonian manuscript of the Weidner god-list from Tell Taban." Iraq 71 (2009): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900000723.

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AbstractThis article presents a fragment of an Old Babylonian clay tablet excavated in 2007 at Tell Taban, ancient Ṭābatum, near Hassake in Syria. The text is a common Babylonian scholarly composition known as the Weidner god-list. It is the oldest exemplar of this list so far recovered from north Mesopotamia and important for the history of the diffusion of Babylonian scholarship.

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Simkó, Krisztián. "THE MAGICAL POTENTIAL OF STONES USED FOR CYLINDER SEALS: NEW MANUSCRIPTS OF THE TEXT KNOWN FROM BAM 194 VIII’ 9’–14’." Iraq 77 (December 2015): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2015.16.

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Besides their significance in administrative procedures, cylinder seals also played an important role as amulets in ancient Mesopotamia. There are many references to them being used in medical and magical procedures, which sometimes determine their features of magical potential. Thus not only the imagery and inscription of cylinder seals but also the raw material of which they were made contributed to their medico-magical usage (cf. Collon 1987: 119; 1997: 19–20). This paper deals with the last-mentioned feature of cylinder seals, that is their raw material, which is treated in a short series

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Kennedy, Titus. "Temple Dedication and Construction Texts of the Ancient Near East with Elapsed Years: Implications for Long Duration Chronologies." Religions 15, no. 4 (2024): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel15040408.

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Ancient texts dedicating or commemorating temples that can be associated with archaeological remains such as architecture and inscriptions, along with identifiable kings who built or commemorated those temples and the specification of the elapsed number of years from a past event, are known from Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Levant over the span of several centuries. Although the texts originate from differing religious, cultural, and geographic contexts and were recorded on various mediums, the similarity in content, style, and objective indicates a shared tradition and allows the grouping of t

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Głowacz, Joanna. "Smok i Wąż starodawny z Ap 12, 3-4 i 12, 7-9. Symbolika i geneza wyobrażenia." Wrocławski Przegląd Teologiczny 25, no. 1 (2019): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.52097/wpt.2259.

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The ancient and universal symbol of the serpent/dragon has a rich spectrum of meanings. The article describes archaic aspect of this idea, in which the serpent and dragon are personifications of chaos and demonic powers. Such personification appeared in many ancient cultures. The text describes some selected, associated with the world of the biblical: Land of Canaan, Land of Hatti, Mesopotamia and Egypt. Descriptions of fights in the sky, present in ancient religions, have many similarities. God – The Creator, or God – The Hero, which is the guarantor of the cosmic order, fighting the monster,

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Roberts, John R. "Biblical Cosmology: The Implications for Bible Translation." Journal of Translation 9, no. 2 (2013): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54395/jot-583n6.

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We show that the creation account in Genesis 1.1–2.3 refers to a worldview of the cosmos as the ancient Mesopotamians and ancient Egyptians understood it to be. These civilisations left behind documents, maps and iconography which describe the cosmological beliefs they had. The differences between the biblical cosmology and ancient Near East cosmologies are observed to be mainly theological in nature rather than cosmological. However, the biblical cosmology is conceptually different to a modern view of the cosmos in significant ways. We examine how a range of terms are translated in English Bi

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Kang, Jinoon, and Sujung Kim. "A Study on the Analysis of the Interrelationship between the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Bible Using Text Mining." JAHR 13, no. 2 (2023): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21860/j.13.2.9.

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The development of human civilization is a continuous process of imitation and creation based on exchange. Most historical research is performed qualitatively, so consequently, historical interpretations tend to be biased with personal or subjective viewpoints. In this context, Bible is the most-read book in history and comparative studies are steadily conducted owing to its similarities with the myths of ancient civilizations. This study combines qualitative and quantitative analysis to analyze the interrelationship between a myth and the Bible. Specifically, intertextuality analysis was perf

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Frenez, Dennys. "Cross-Cultural Trade and Socio-Technical Developments in the Oman Peninsula during the Bronze Age, ca. 3200 to 1600 BC." Ocnus | Quaderni della Scuola di Specializzazione in Beni Archeologici dell'Università di Bologna 27 (September 1, 2020): 7–47. https://doi.org/10.12876/OCNUS2702.

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This paper presents an updated compendium of the archaeological and ancient textual data about long-range trade and multicultural interactions involving the nomadic and sedentary communities of the Oman Peninsula, with a specific focus on the Early Bronze Age including the so-called Hafit and Umm an-Nar periods (ca. 3200-2000 BC). Substantial evidence of direct and intermediated interactions is discussed in light of their contribution to the local development of particular socio-technical spheres and how they influenced the cultural and economic setting of the local society in the different ph

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Ur, Jason, Lidewijde de Jong, Jessica Giraud, James F. Osborne, and John MacGinnis. "Ancient Cities and Landscapes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey 2012 Season." Iraq 75 (2013): 89–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900000425.

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In 2012, the Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey (EPAS) conducted its first season of fieldwork. The project's goal is the complete mapping of the archaeological landscape of Erbil, with an emphasis on the Neo-Assyrian and Hellenistic periods. It will test the hypothesis that the Neo-Assyrian landscape was closely planned. This first report emphasizes the project's field methodology, especially the use of a variety of satellite remote sensing imagery. Our preliminary results suggest that the plain was part of the urbanized world of Mesopotamia, with new cities of the Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Sa

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Dickens, Mark, and Natalia Smelova. "A Rediscovered Syriac Amulet from Turfan in the Collection of the Hermitage Museum." Written Monuments of the Orient 7, no. 2 (2021): 107–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/wmo65952.

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Item ВДсэ-524 in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg is an amulet scroll written in Syriac which was discovered by the Second German Turfan Expedition (19041905) and kept afterwards in the Museum of Ethnology (Museum fr Vlkerkunde) in Berlin. The artifact originates in the Turkic-speaking Christian milieu of the Turfan Oasis, probably from the Mongol period. The text, however, reflects a long tradition of magical literature that goes back to ancient Mesopotamia and can be categorised as a piece of apotropaic (protective) magic. The article contains an edition of the Syriac text with t

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Raulwing, Peter. "Manfred Mayrhofer’s Studies on Indo-Aryan and the Indo-Aryans in the Ancient Near East: A Retrospective and Outlook on Future Research." Journal of Egyptian History 5, no. 1-2 (2012): 248–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187416612x632481.

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Abstract Around 100 years ago, the surprising discovery of linguistic traces of an older stage of the Vedic language in the ancient Near East caused an increasing amount of interest in various academic disciplines such as Indo-European linguistics, oriental studies (Assyriology), and Egyptology, among others. In default of a historical name, this language became known as “Indo-Aryan” in the ancient Near East over the course of the 20th century. Its relatively small text corpus, documented in cuneiform archives across the Eastern Mediterranean cultures, contains about two or three dozen termini

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Basu, Sudipta, and Gregory B. Waymire. "Recordkeeping and Human Evolution." Accounting Horizons 20, no. 3 (2006): 201–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2006.20.3.201.

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We seek to characterize the evolutionary role played by the transactional record that is the foundation of modern accounting. We theorize that systematic recordkeeping crystallizes memory and, along with other institutions (e.g., law, weights, and measures), promotes the trust necessary for large-scale human cooperation. Our theory yields two predictions: (1) permanent records emerge to supplement memory when complex intertemporal exchange between strangers becomes more common and (2) systematic records and other exchange-supporting institutions co-evolve and feed back to increase gains from e

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Garcia-Ventura, Agnes. "A Tearful and Busy Mother." Avar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Life and Society in the Ancient Near East 2, no. 1 (2023): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/aijls.v2i1.2068.

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As a way to explore certain aspects related to the construction of motherhood, and by extension of an ideal of femininity in ancient Mesopotamia, in this article we examine a first millennium BCE baby incantation known to us thanks to two duplicates found in the city of Assur. More specifically, we concentrate on the two references to the mother in this text. In the first one the mother herself cries when she sees that she cannot stop her baby’s crying. In the second one the mother is presented as unable to attend to the work she has to do because of the baby’s crying. In our analysis we argue

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Frenez, Dennys. "Cross-Cultural Trade and Socio-Technical Developments in the Oman Peninsula during the Bronze Age, ca. 3200 to 1600 BC." Ocnus | Quaderni della Scuola di Specializzazione in Beni Archeologici dell'Università di Bologna 27 (September 1, 2020): 7–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5513800.

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This paper presents an updated compendium of the archaeological and ancient textual data about long-range trade and multicultural interactions involving the nomadic and sedentary communities of the Oman Peninsula, with a specific focus on the Early Bronze Age including the so-called Hafit and Umm an-Nar periods (ca. 3200-2000 BC). Substantial evidence of direct and intermediated interactions is discussed in light of their contribution to the local development of particular socio-technical spheres and how they influenced the cultural and economic setting of the local society in the different ph

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А.М., Суботялова, та Суботялов М.А. "ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ О ЗДОРОВЬЕ В ДРЕВНЕМ МИРЕ". Человеческий капитал, № 9 (20 вересня 2023): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25629/hc.2023.09.08.

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В истории науки важен вопрос становления и развития понятийного и терминологического аппарата. Понятие «здоровье» является одним из фундаментальных, так как оно задействовано в любой медицинской области. Данное понятие наполнялось разным содержанием в зависимости от эпохи, определенной культуры и медицинской школы, в рамках которой оно использовался. Целью настоящего обзора является анализ формирования понятия «здоровье» в Древнем мире. При подготовке текста данной публикации использовались статьи в изданиях, включенных в РИНЦ, PubMed. Глубина поиска публикаций составила 15 лет, также в обзор

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Ai-Turkey, Qusay Mansoor. "Cuneiform Inscription on the Brick from King Shalmanassar1stPeriod." لارك 1, no. 18 (2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/lark.vol1.iss18.710.

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The text that we are going to study is considered one of the well-known writings which is usually known as " bricks inauguration " in buildings, palaces and temples and they are in the form of stamp or inscription. This type of cuneiform is codified as memorial models to indicate to the kind of construction and discrimination in terms of inauguration or re- construction and the impact that we are going to study a brick stone its total dimensions 27.2 cm. long , 22.3 cm. wide and 5.5 cm. thickness , written on it the cuneiform text belong to the period of the king, "Shalmaneser I " (1274 - 1245

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Shorsh Omer, Sara, and Kameran Mohammed Jalal. "The Trade in Ancient Kurdistan (in the secand half 2nd Mellenium B.C.)." Journal of University of Raparin 11, no. 6 (2024): 94–118. https://doi.org/10.26750/vol(11).no(6).paper5.

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The Assyrians were commercially proficient, and Kurdistan was an important place. Trade in the Kurdistan region was at its peak in the second millennium BC, and Mitanni and Khouri controlled power, politics, and religion. And there was a business plan; archaeological digs revealed the following facts: Kurdistan's cities were an important trade gate for merchants, and at the same time, in terms of geographical nature, the plains were rich with crops such as wheat, barley, and sesame, and the mountainous areas were important places for grazing animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle, etc., so t

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Dobanovacki, Dusanka, Ljiljana Milovanovic, Andjelka Slavkovic, et al. "Surgery before common era (B.C.E.)." Archive of Oncology 20, no. 1-2 (2012): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo1202028d.

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Based on skeleton examination, cave-paintings and mummies the study of prehistoric medicine tells that the surgical experience dated with skull trepanning, male circumcision and warfare wound healing. In prehistoric tribes, medicine was a mixture of magic, herbal remedy, and superstitious beliefs practiced by witch doctors. The practice of surgery was first recorded in clay tablets discovered in ancient rests of Mesopotamia, translation of which has nowadays been published in Diagnoses in Assyrian and Babylonian Medicine. Some simple surgical procedures were performed like puncture and drainag

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Hmayakyan, Hasmik Harutyun, and Monika Hovik Mirzoyan. "ON THE ICONOGRAPHY OF LIONS AND LEOPARDS ON THE GOBLET OF KARASHAMB." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 20, no. 2 (2024): 354–66. https://doi.org/10.32653/ch202354-366.

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The Goblet of Karashamb (c. 22nd-21st centuries BC, stored in the History Museum of Armenia, HMA 3183-206) is considered one of the most renowned archaeological artifacts in Armenia. The iconographic features of the goblet have already been discussed by researchers. Various opinions, parallels, and comparisons mentioned by them highlight that the Goblet of Karashamb synthesizes the iconography and jewelry styles distinctive to Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and the South Caucasus. While concurring with this assessment, this study focuses specifically on the depictions of lions and leopards on the go

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Kiperwasser, Reuven, and Dan D. Y. Shapira. "Irano-Talmudica I: The Three-Legged Ass and Ridyā in B. Ta‘anith: Some Observations about Mythic Hydrology in the Babylonian Talmud and in Ancient Iran." AJS Review 32, no. 1 (2008): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009408000056.

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In this paper we shall study an aggadic tradition from the Babylonian Talmud while trying to find traces of early Iranian mythological conceptions that were absorbed by the talmudic sages as a part of their own biblically enrooted knowledge. We shall also attempt to gain a better understanding of the talmudic text by presuming that it reflects ideas absorbed from the Iranian—or, rather, “Iraqian”—environment. Occasionally, however, early Iranian myths do not always survive in their original, complete forms, and sometimes only fragmentary remains in medieval Zoroastrian literature can be used f

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