Dissertations / Theses: 'Ancient Population'

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Brunel, Samantha. "Paleogenomics of human population dynamics on the French territory between 7000 and 2000 before present." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC282.

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Ces derniers 10000 ans en Eurasie occidentale ont été marqués par des transitions culturelles qui ont profondément transformé les sociétés humaines : l’apparition et la diffusion du Néolithique, de l’Âge du Bronze et de l’Âge du Fer. La paléogénomique, en analysant les génomes anciens, s’est attelée à en décrire les processus démographiques sous-jacents dans diverses parties du continent. En France cependant, la fin de la Préhistoire est seulement connue par le biais de l’archéologie, et n’a pas encore été explorée par la génétique à l’échelle du territoire. Nous avons produit un large jeu de données comprenant les génomes mitochondriaux, marqueurs du chromosome Y et génotypes d’une sélection de loci nucléaires d’intérêt via une procédure d’enrichissement pour 193 individus datant du Mésolithique, Néolithique, Âge du Bronze et Âge du Fer à travers le territoire de la France actuelle. Nous avons également généré les génomes à faible couverture de 58 individus répartis sur les mêmes périodes et recouvrant partiellement ce panel. L’intégralité de ces résultats offre, pour la première fois, un aperçu des dynamiques des lignées maternelles et paternelles ainsi que du génome nucléaire sur une période recouvrant 5000 ans. Que ce soient les lignées parentales ou le génome, différentes dynamiques apparaissent entre le nord et le sud de la France durant le Néolithique, avec un degré variable d’incorporation des populations de chasseurs-cueilleurs autochtones dans les communautés de fermiers. Ils mettent également en évidence, peu avant le début de l’Âge du Bronze, un flux de gènes dominé par des hommes dont la signature génétique des bergers de la Steppe Pontique, une signature qui ensuite persiste durant l’Âge du Fer, alors que la population montre peu de différentiation à l’échelle du territoire français. Certains marqueurs phénotypiques observés au Néolithique arborent une fréquence proche de celle observée dans la population européenne actuelle, indiquant des épisodes de sélection positive pré-datant le Néolithique, tandis que d’autres montrent des fréquences différentes, signe d’une sélection en cours sur ces loci. Cette étude accroit notre compréhension de relations entre les différentes populations de la fin de la Préhistoire, à l’échelle de la France et de l’Europe
The last 10,000 years in Western Eurasia were marked by cultural transitions that profoundly transformed human societies: the advent of the Neolithic, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Paleogenomics, the analysis of ancient genomes, started to address the underlying demographic processes in various parts of the continent. In France, however, Late Prehistory is only known from the rich archaeological records and not yet explored through genetics at a territory-wide scale. We generated a large dataset comprising the complete mitochondrial genomes, Y chromosome markers and genotypes on a number of nuclear loci of interest obtained through a DNA enrichment approach of 193 Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age individuals sampled across the territory of present-day France. It was complemented with the low-coverage genomes of 58 individuals partially overlapping this dataset. This panel provides, for the first time, a high-resolution 5,000-year transect of the dynamics of maternal and paternal lineages in France as well as of autosomal genotypes. Both parental lineages and genomic data revealed different dynamics in the North and the South of the French territory during the Neolithic, with varying degrees of incorporation of autochthonous hunter-gatherers lineages into farming communities. They also revealed a mostly male-driven gene flow from individuals deriving part of their ancestry from the Pontic Steppe at the onset of the Bronze Age, a signature that then persisted through the Iron Age. The various nuclear phenotypic markers we studied evolved differently. While some harbor present-day European frequencies already at the Neolithic epoch indicating ancient episodes of positive selection of these specific traits, others show different evolutionary stages throughout the Neolithic and the Bronze Age allowing us the establish more clearly the origin and evolution of the phenotypic traits that characterize the present-day European population. This study further expands our understanding of the relationship between populations during late Prehistory in France and across Europe

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White, Adam J. "Fecal Stanols as Indicators of Ancient Population Change." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10690842.

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Fecal stanol analysis is an emergent geoarchaeological method that provides a proxy of human population change within a watershed. We provide an overview of the method, summarizing previous research and biochemical, geological, and archaeological considerations necessary for the method’s success. We apply the method on cores from lake sediments near Cahokia, Illinois, the largest and most well-studied prehistoric mound center in North America. We find fecal stanol data closely track independently established population reconstructions from multiple sources, confirming the utility of the method and demonstrating its viability in warm climates. We compare the Horseshoe Lake fecal stanol record with paleoenvironmental data from this study and others to evaluate the role of flooding, droughts, and environmental degradation in Cahokia’s decline. We find Mississippi River flooding and warm season droughts occurred shortly after Cahokia’s population maximum, but we find no conclusive evidence of prehistoric environmental degradation in the watershed.

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Bailey, Jillian F. "Analysis of population structure using ancient and modern mitochondrial DNA." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284410.

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Skoglund, Pontus. "Reconstructing the Human Past using Ancient and Modern Genomes." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Evolutionsbiologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-206787.

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The study of DNA variation is one of the most promising avenues for learning about the evolutionary and historical past of humans and other species. However, the difficulty associated with obtaining DNA directly from ancient remains have for long kept genomic studies of population history trapped in time; confined to interpreting patterns of modern-day variation without direct historical observations. In this thesis, I outline new approaches for the retrieval, analysis and interpretation of large-scale genomic data from ancient populations, including solutions to overcome problems associated with limited genome coverage, modern-day contamination, temporal differences between samples, and post-mortem DNA damage. I integrate large-scale genomic data sets from ancient remains with modern-day variation to trace the human past; from traits targeted by natural selection in the early ancestors of anatomically modern humans, to their descendants' interbreeding with archaic populations in Eurasia and the spread of agriculture in Europe and Africa. By first reconstructing the earliest population diversification events of early modern humans using a novel large-scale genomic data set from Khoe-San populations in southern Africa, I devise a new approach to search for genomic patterns of selective sweeps in ancestral populations and report evidence for skeletal development as a major target of selection during the emergence of early modern humans. Comparing publicly available genomes from archaic humans, I further find that the distribution of archaic human ancestry in Eurasia is more complex than previously thought. In the first direct genomic study of population structure in prehistoric populations, I demonstrate that individuals associated with farming- and hunter-gatherer complexes in Neolithic Scandinavia were strongly genetically differentiated, and direct comparisons with modern-day populations as well as other prehistoric individuals from Southern Europe suggest that this structure originated from Northward expansion of Neolithic farming populations. Finally, I develop a bioinformatic approach for removing modern-day contamination from large-scale ancient DNA sequencing data, and use this method to reconstruct the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Siberian Neandertal that is affected by substantial modern-day contamination.

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Caruana, Josef. "Population genetics of Western Mediterranean islands : Malta, a case study." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/population-genetics-of-western-mediterranean-islands--malta-a-case-study(c1d605f5-01ae-4989-9b0c-4e5f34e431c6).html.

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In order to gain a greater understanding of the genetic makeup of the Maltese population, mitochondrial DNA HVR1 and HVR2, and Y-chromosomal and autosomal STRs were amplified in a representative sample of the Maltese population. The results showed that the Maltese have close genetic ties with Sicily and mainland Italy both from a matrilineal and a patrilineal perspective, whilst no conclusive evidence was found for a Phoenician link between the Maltese and the Lebanese population. In order to try and gain an insight into the Maltese population throughout time, a study was conducted on three Maltese archaeological burial places dating from the Neolithic to the Roman period. The study extracted and amplified ancient DNA sequences from these three sites and compared the resulting mtDNA sequences with the modern Maltese population. The results showed that aDNA survives in the Maltese archaeological record, and that some haplotypes found during the Roman period in Malta are also found in the modern day population, whilst other haplotypes present in the archaeological samples are not visible in the modern Maltese population.

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Endicott, Phillip. "Ancient DNA and human population genetics in island South East Asia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670170.

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Ramsey, Heather C. "Comparisons of mitochondrial DNA from ancient and modern Miami Indian populations." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1133738.

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The purpose of this research endeavor was to determine the extent of genetic relatedness between an ancient and modern Miami Indian population. The modern Miami Indian nation in Indiana is currently in the process of regaining the federal recognition which was lost in the mid 1800's when part of the tribe was forced to relocate. A close genetic relationship between a modern and known ancient population could considerably strengthen the case to regain federal recognition. The human skeletal remains used for this experiment were excavated after partial exposure by flooding between 1989-1993 along the banks of the Mississinewa River in Wabash County. Through ethnohistoric dating techniques, the remains have been shown to represent a Miami Indian population living between 1790-1820. In order to yield amplifiable DNA several methods of isolation were attempted and compared. CTAB and phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:24:1) and a silica based purification method provided the best results yielding approximately 50-100 ng of amplifiable DNA from 3 of the 4 individuals. Purification of the DNA was found to be necessary following both isolation (Elu-Quik) prior to PCR amplification and after PCR but prior to sub-cloning(Gene-Clean). Regions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome of isolated DNA were amplified using primers which are specific for the HIizcIl and AIui regions of the mtDNA genome. Although the mtDNA proved to be somewhat amplifiable, it was still too fragmented to be cloned, which prevented genetic analysis and comparison of the two populations. As a result, a discussion of alternative methods for looking at relatedness between populations has been included.
Department of Biology

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López, de Rioja Víctor. "Population range expansions, with mathematical applications to interacting systems and ancient human genetics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667171.

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The thesis studies from an analytical and computational perspective, and by using reaction-diffusion equations, the spatiotemporal evolution of different populations. First, the dynamics of the T7 bacteriophage infecting the E. coli bacteria is studied. By adding the delayed time in diffusion and reaction terms, as well as new mathematical terms biologically sound, we can achieve results that accurately match the experimental propagation speeds. Secondly, different mathematical models are proposed to correctly understand the expansion of VSV in Glioblastoma. The only model capable of this explanation is the system which understands the delay time for the processes of diffusion and reaction. Finally, the Neolithic transition through Europe is explained by studying ancient genetic DNA samples alongside mathematical simulations. Focusing on haplogroup K, the model is built by analyzing the two Neolithic diffusion mechanisms: demic and cultural. The simulations show that the transition is basically demic, with only 2% of the Neolithic farmers interacting culturally
Aquesta tesi estudia des d’un punt de analític i computacional, gràcies a les equacions de reacció-difusió, l’evolució espaciotemporal de diferents poblacions que interactuen entre elles. El primer article estudia la dinàmica del bacteriòfag T7 infectant el bacteri E. coli. Gràcies a la incorporació del temps de retard en els termes de difusió i reacció, així com de nous termes matemàtics amb sentit biològic, aconseguim uns resultats que s’ajusten millor a les velocitats de propagació. El segon article aplica diferents models matemàtics per entendre millor l’expansió del VSV en Glioblastomes. L'únic model capaç d'explicar de manera correcte el sistema té en compte el temps de retard per als processos de difusió i reacció. L’últim article explica la transició del Neolític a través d’Europa utilitzant mostres genètiques antigues i simulacions matemàtiques. Centrant-nos en l’haplogrup K, el model es construeix tenint en compte els dos mecanismes de difusió neolítica: dèmica i cultural. Les simulacions mostren que la transició és bàsicament dèmica, on només el 2% dels neolítics interaccionen culturalment

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Kuil, Linda, Gemma Carr, Alexia Prskawetz, José Luis Salinas, Alberto Viglione, and Günter Blöschl. "Learning from the Ancient Maya: Exploring the Impact of Drought on Population Dynamics." Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.10.018.

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Understanding the relationship between drought and population dynamics is increasingly important, particularly in areas where high population growth corresponds with increasing drought risk due to climate change. We examine the relationship between drought events and population dynamics using a stylized hydrology-demography model that has been calibrated to simulate plausible feedbacks for the population decline of the Ancient Maya of Central America. We employ a deterministic and a stochastic approach. We find that the impact of drought increases abruptly once a critical threshold of population density is exceeded. The critical threshold depends on the intensity and duration of the drought as well as on the level of technology adopted by society, the extent of markets and societal behavior. The simulations show that, for a society to be as food secure post-climate change as they are pre-climate change, strategies would have to be adopted to not only increase the region's capacity to provide sufficient resources for its growing population, but also to buffer the impact of a drier climate on productivity. This study provides suggestions on how technological, societal and economic development can modify the system to mitigate the impacts of climate change on the human population.

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Vohr, Samuel H. "Identification and mixture deconvolution of ancient and forensic DNA using population genomic data." Thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10249290.

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Forensic scientists routinely use DNA for identification and to match samples with individuals. Although standard approaches are effective on a wide variety of samples in various conditions, issues such as low-template DNA samples and mixtures of DNA from multiple individuals pose significant challenges. Extreme examples of these challenges can be found in the field of ancient DNA, where DNA recovered from ancient remains is highly fragmented and marked by patterns of DNA-damage. Additionally, ancient libraries are often characterized by low endogenous DNA content and contaminating DNA from outside sources. As a result, standard forensics approaches, such as amplification of short-tandem repeats, are not effective on ancient samples. Alternatively, ancient DNA is routinely directly sequenced using high-throughput sequencing to survey the molecules that are present within a library. However, the resulting sequences are not easily compared for the purposes of identification, as each data set represents a random and, in some cases, non-overlapping, sample of the genome.

In this dissertation, I present two approaches for interpreting shotgun sequences that address two common issues in forensic and ancient DNA: extremely low nuclear genome coverage and mixtures of sequences from multiple individuals. First, I present an approach to test for a common source individual between extremely low-coverage sequence data sets that makes use of the vast number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discovered by surveys of human genetic diversity. As almost no observed SNP positions will be common to both samples, our method uses patterns of linkage disequilibrium as modeled by a panel of haplotypes to determine whether observations made across samples are consistent with originating from a single individual. I demonstrate the power of this approach using coalescent simulations, downsampled high-throughput sequencing data and published ancient DNA data. Second, I present an approach for interpreting mixtures of mitochondrial DNA sequences from multiple individuals. Mixed DNA samples are common in forensics investigations, either from the direct nature of a case (e.g., a sample containing DNA from both a victim and a perpetrator) or from outside contamination. I describe an expectation maximization approach for detecting the mitochondrial haplogroups contributing to a mixture and partitioning fragments by haplogroup to reconstruct the underlying haplotypes. I demonstrate the approach’s feasibility, accuracy, and sensitivity on both in silico and in vitro sequence mixtures. Finally, I present the results of applying our mixture interpretation approach on ancient contact DNA recovered from ∼ 700 year old moccasin and cordage samples.

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Miller, K. W. P. "Molecular genetic analysis of human populations in Orkney and the North Atlantic region." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242555.

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Allentoft, Morten Erik. "An Ancient DNA Study of Four Sympatric Species of Moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) from Holocene Deposits in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5264.

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Ancient DNA (aDNA) was isolated from the bones of 290 individuals and four species of extinct New Zealand moa. All sampled bones had been recovered from a small geographic area (~10 km radius) near Waikari in North Canterbury. A total of 217 specimens were 14C-AMS dated, providing a temporal framework for the genetic analyses and an unprecedented opportunity to study extinct megafauna at the population level. Taxon and sex were determined for each individual, using aDNA technology. This revealed a large excess of females (overall ♂:♀ = 1:5.1), and significant compositional differences for the moa assemblages between fossil sites. Balanced sex ratios were observed among juvenile moa, suggesting that a gender-bias developed as the birds matured, probably as a result of higher male mortality. Female territoriality and ecological niche-separation are discussed in this context. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), amplified using a quantitative PCR procedure, provided a measure of DNA preservation in each radiocarbon-dated fossil. This assessment showed that DNA degrades over thousands of years according to an exponential decay model, and the average molecular half-life for the here targeted DNA fragment was estimated to be 521 years. By using high-throughput sequencing, six polymorphic moa microsatellite markers were identified and characterised. These are the first microsatellite primers developed exclusively for extinct taxa. A high-resolution genetic study of the four sympatric moa populations was carried out, combining information from mtDNA, microsatellites, sex-identification, and radiocarbon age. Genetic diversity, past demography, kinship, and other aspects of moa biology were analysed. The populations showed a remarkable extent of genetic stability throughout the 3000-4000 years preceding their extinction, suggesting that they were large and viable before suddenly disappearing. The results represent significant advances in aDNA research and thanks to the high resolution in microsatellite markers, moa have here been studied, almost as if they were still alive.

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Scott, Leon. "Implications of evolutionary history and population structure for the analysis of quantitative trait loci in the ancient conifer Araucaria cunninghamii." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://epubs.scu.edu.au/theses/52/.

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Leone, Agostino. "Genetic characterisation and global comparison of ancient Mediterranean Great White Sharks population (Carcharodon carcharias, L.1758)." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5115/.

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This study poses as its objective the genetic characterization of the ancient population of the Great White shark, Carcharodon carcharias, L.1758, present in the Mediterranean Sea. Using historical evidence, for the most part buccal arches but also whole, stuffed examples from various national museums, research institutes and private collections, a dataset of 18 examples coming from the Mediterranean Sea has been created, in order to increase the informations regarding this species in the Mediterranean. The importance of the Mediterranean provenance derives from the fact that a genetic characterization of this species' population does not exist, and this creates gaps in the knowledge of this species in the Mediterranean. The genetic characterization of the individuals will initially take place by the extraction of the ancient DNA and the analysis of the variations in the sequence markers of the mitochondrial DNA. This approach has allowed the genetic comparison between ancient populations of the Mediterranean and contemporary populations of the same geographical area. In addition, the genetic characterization of the population of white sharks of the Mediterranean, has allowed a genetic comparison with populations from global "hot spots", using published sequences in online databases (NCBI, GenBank). Analyzing the variability of the dataset, both in terms space and time, I assessed the evolutionary relationships of the Mediterranean population of Great Whites with the global populations (Australia/New Zealand, South Africa, Pacific USA, West Atlantic), and the temporal trend of the Mediterranean population variability. This method based on the sequencing of two portions of mitochondrial DNA genes, markers showed us how the population of Great White Sharks in the Mediterranean, is genetically more similar to the populations of the Australia Pacific ocean, American Pacific Ocean, rather than the population of South Africa, and showing also how the population of South Africa is abnormally distant from all other clusters. Interestingly, these results are inconsistent with the results from tagging of this species. In addition, there is evidence of differences between the ancient population of the Mediterranean with the modern one. This differentiation between the ancient and modern population of white shark can be the result of events impacting on this species occurred over the last two centuries.

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Moorhouse, Alexander James. "Population structure of Candida species : spatio-temporal distribution of strain types and association with ancient Hominins." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=229378.

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Potter, Amiee Bell. "The genetic affinities of the prehistoric people of San Clemente Island, California : an analysis of ancient DNA /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3136440.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-168). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Campana, Michael Gray. "Diachonic DNA analyses of animal breeds and populations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/236764.

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Humans are dependent on the animals they raise and breed for food and secondary products. Archaeological and genetic investigations can provide critical insights into the history and development of these breeds and help understand human activities in the past. Furthermore, many well-adapted breeds are endangered and archaeological and genetic data can help inform future breed conservation choices. Utilising ancient DNA data could potentially permit detailed diachronic analyses of the development of animal breeds. Ancient DNA analyses have typically focussed on large-scale biogeographic patterns in time and space, such as the spread of domesticates or the movements of peoples. Few studies have attempted fine-scale diachronic analysis within single animal populations or breeds. This is largely due to restricted sample availability and the limited phylogenetic resolution provided by the mitochondrial genome, the most commonly used ancient DNA marker. In this thesis, I demonstrate that fine-scale diachronic analyses within single animal populations and breeds over short time scales are feasible. First, in order to address the limitations of sample size, I assessed three sample screening methods’ abilities (maximum mitochondrial DNA amplicon length, NanoDrop® spectrometry and collagen preservation) to select samples in which DNA was preserved and analysed the utility of parchment as a novel source of ancient and historic DNA. None of the screening methods accurately predicted DNA preservation, but collagen preservation was able to weed out extremely poorly preserved samples from further analysis. All but one of the tested parchments produced multiple sequences matching several different species. Parchment therefore was not appropriate for fine-scale diachronic analyses. Next, I assessed whether analysing the nuclear genome could permit fine-resolution diachronic genetic studies. Since single nucleotide polymorphisms are ideal candidate nuclear markers for diachronic DNA analyses, I assessed the accuracy of the nuclear SNP-typing methodology, SNaPshot™, by genotyping three coat colour markers for a sample of historic Thoroughbred horses for which both phenotypic and correct genotypic information were known from pedigree information in the General Stud Book. The SNaPshot™ protocol was found to provide accurate genotypic information in all cases. Finally, as a proof of method, I compared the diachronic information provided by the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in Icelandic and Thoroughbred horses. Specifically, in the Icelandic horse, I analysed the mitochondrial D-loop and three coat colour genes in modern and historic populations. In the Icelandic horse, I found statistically significant evidence for genetic change in the mitochondrial genome over the last 150 years. I found no evidence for change in coat colour allele frequencies. Conversely, in the biased and small historic Thoroughbred dataset, the mitochondrial genome was insufficient to provide population-level information, but I was able to show that allele frequencies in the nuclear MSTN gene, a gene previously shown to influence racing performance, have changed significantly in the past century.

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Bodiba, Molebogeng K. "Ancient DNA analysis of the Thulamela remains : deciphering the migratory patterns of a Southern African human population." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45931.

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Bio-archaeology is the study of biological remains found at sites of archaeological interest. It is an interdisciplinary science employing different scientific fields including physical anthropology, geography, archaeology and genetics. Genetic analysis includes ancient DNA (aDNA) studies, now a specialised field in genetics. This approach was used to analyse human skeletal material of eight individuals from various Iron Age archaeological sites in southern Africa. Included in this sample is a naturally mummified individual from Tuli, in Botswana. The context of the specimens found in the Limpopo Province (Thulamela), as well as their cultural links with the Zimbabwe Culture Complex (which includes Mapungubwe and Khami) suggests that some gene exchange might have occurred. While this is not the first aDNA study on southern African samples, it is the first aDNA study based on southern African Iron Age human individuals and also included a naturally mummified individual. Morphometric and morphological analyses have indicated the age at death, sex and health status of the individuals, and the context in which they were found has helped in assessing their cultural affinity. Bone samples were analysed in a specialized aDNA laboratory at the Centre for Evolutionary Medicine in Switzerland. Following DNA extraction, ancestry-specific mitochondrial DNA was amplified from all samples and was compared to that of modern sub-Saharan Africans whose data were accessed from GenBank. Some individuals show (maternal) genetic similarities to present-day Sotho/Tswana groups. The male individual from Thulamela aligns somewhat more with the groups from the west and the female with the eastern peoples. Two Early Iron Age individuals from Happy Rest presented some similarities to the Khoesan peoples. Genetic-sex determination efforts were inconclusive for all individuals. The purpose of this study was to place the Thulamela individuals within the context of the genetic diversity in South Africa. It was noted that the introduction of genetic material from the early Sotho/Tswana was gradual in the case of Thulamela. Two other individuals from Happy Rest, who were contemporaries of each other, showed very little genetic variation and it can be said that their maternal DNA was of the same (possibly Khoesan) origin. Further resolution in haplotype assignment will be done in future. These temporally and spatially dispersed individuals can only provide a glimpse into the population interactions of the Iron Age that may have partially shaped the immense genetic diversity of present-day southern Africa.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
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Fehren-Schmitz, Lars. "Pre-Columbian Population Dynamics and Cultural Development in South Coast Perú as Revealed by Analysis of Ancient DNA." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113298.

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In this paper I report on a study whose principal aim is to understand the development and decline of the southern Peruvian Nasca culture in the upper Río Grande de Nasca drainage, and its cultural and biological affinities to the preceding Paracas culture. Ancient DNA analyses were conducted on over 300 pre-Columbian individuals from various cemeteries in southern Perú, from periods ranging from the Formative Period to the Middle Horizon. Our results show that the Nasca populations are close related to those of the preceding Paracas culture, and combined with archaeological data, suggest that the Nasca culture was autochthonous to the Río Grande drainage. Furthermore, one can observe how changes in socioeconomic complexity influence the genetic diversity. The pre-Columbian coastal populations of southern Perú differ significantly from both ancient highland and all present-day Peruvian populations. The genetic differentiation between the main cultural areas of western South America seems to fade with the Middle Horizon.
Se presenta aquí un estudio cuyo objetivo principal es la comprensión del desarrollo y decadencia de la cultura Nasca en la parte alta de la cuenca del Río Grande de Nasca, así como sus afinidades biológicas y culturales con su antecesora, la cultura Paracas. Se realizaron análisis de ADN antiguo en más de 300 individuos procedentes de varios cementerios prehispánicos del sur del Perú correspondientes a un lapso que se inicia en el Período Formativo y alcanza el Horizonte Medio. Los resultados muestran que las poblaciones nasca son cercanas a las de su cultura precedente. Esta información, combinada con los datos arqueológicos, sugiere que la cultura Nasca se desarrolló, de manera autóctona, en la cuenca del Río Grande. Más aún, se puede observar que los cambios socioeconómicos de este período influyeron en la diversidad genética. Las poblaciones prehispánicas costeñas del sur del Perú difieren, significativamente, de las antiguas poblaciones de la sierra y de las poblaciones peruanas actuales. La diferenciación genética entre las principales áreas culturales de la parte oeste de Sudamérica parece desaparecer en el Horizonte Medio.

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Montgomery, Janet. "Lead and strontium isotope compositions of human dental tissues as an indicator of ancient exposure and population dynamics." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527341.

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Abstract: This thesis employs lead and strontium isotope analysis of teeth by TIMS to identify migrants amongst British archaeological cemetery populations since the Neolithic. The study evaluates the benefits of combining two independent isotope systems with the exposure information obtained from elemental concentrations of lead and strontium. It demonstrates that they provide complementary information about mobility but highlights how their efficacy fluctuates both spatially and temporally in the periods investigated. Strontium was useful in all periods but heavily biased towards maritime 87Sr/86Sr (~O.7092) making it a poor discriminant between coastal habitats where lead was superior. Lead utility changes following the advent of large-scale mining and metallurgy, when anthropogenic ore lead severs the link between geographical origin and lead exposure. A cultural focussing of British enamel signatures ensues accompanied by a concomitant rise in lead burdens. British lead exposure during the last two millennia appears more indicative of status and the cultural sphere (e.g. rural/urban) than geographical origin. The results are assessed in the light of migration theory and traditional archaeological and osteological indicators. Samples used are core enamel and co-genetic primary crown dentine, which neither model nor remodel in vivo and thus remain representative of a constrained period of childhood. Modem and archaeological teeth are investigated to assess isotope variability intra-enamel, intra-tissue, intra-antimere, intra-dentition, intra-sibling and between mother/child pairs. Recommendations for future tissue sampling and standardisation are made. The fundamentals of tooth biomineralisation are reviewed and clarified, chiefly that incremental enamel structures relate to initial formation not mineralisation; lead and strontium are principally incorporated during mineralisation. Macromorphological preservation proved no guide to biogenic strontium or lead isotope integrity. Mature, but not immature, enamel proved highly resistant to diagenesis whether well preserved or not. Dentine was highly susceptible to diagenesis irrespective of preservation state and is proposed as a proxy for the time averaged isotope signature of the soil. Moreover, it is argued that lead and strontium behave differently in teeth; uptake mechanisms are different and they respond independently to subsequent migration. Results suggest soil leaches were useful but complex and the most suitable leach reagent may be specific to the soil type and isotope system. Two Norse Period immigrants (male and female) were identified at Cnip, Lewis; the the 87Sr/86Sr signatures constrain their origin to Tertiary volcanics. In the North Atlantic these occur on Iceland, Faeroe Isles, and Antrim in Ireland but not Norway. No indubitable immigrants were identified at the Anglian cemetery at West Heslerton, Yorkshire but soil leaches and juveniles suggested a local 87 Sr/86Sr signature range. "Non-locals" included both sexes, weapon burials and unaccompanied burials, providing no evidence for an immigrant group composed solely of male warriors. All analysed burials with wristclasps and cruciform brooches were non-local, supporting Hines' (1984) hypothesis that wristclasps confirm the presence of Norwegian immigrants during this period.

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Polyakov, Maxim. "The power of time : old age and old men in ancient Greek drama." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2d238e6d-e040-479a-ae8f-dcf5ecd7e838.

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The study of old age in the humanities has developed significantly in the last few decades, but there is still much scope for progress. This thesis, therefore, seeks to contribute to the growing academic discourse in this area by considering ageing as it is represented in ancient Greek theatre. At the same time, it seeks to take its place within Classical Studies by developing new readings of the plays. To develop a context for its analysis, this study begins with consideration of the contemporary demographics, social position, and stage portrayal of old age, and following this dedicates a chapter to each of the four surviving fifth century dramatists. In Aiskhylos’ Agamemnon, old age emerges as a crucial element in choral self-identity, and an important component of the authority that they display. Following this, the thesis considers the chorus of Euripides’ Herakles, in particular its use of metadramatic language, and the impact this has on plot-development and the representation of their age. The next chapter, on Oidipous Koloneus, shifts to consideration of the protagonist. The old age of Oidipous emerges as a powerful driver of his mental and spiritual power, and forms a striking background to the exploration of his character. The final chapter of the thesis examines how mechanisms of renewal that old men undergo in Aristophanes’ comedies (Knights, Akharnians, Peace, Wasps, Birds) differ across the dramas, and the impact this difference has on their interpretations. Such reassessments of ancient dramatic texts through the lens of old age can provide significant insight into the complexity of old men’s characterisations and of their involvement in the dramas. At the same time (from a gerontological perspective), this thesis’ analysis contributes to the developing discussion of the history of ageing, and highlights the differences between the ancient and modern worlds in this respect.

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Komiya, Takefumi. "The origin and ecological and morphological divergence of Sarcocheilichthys fishes in Lake Biwa." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/179371.

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Dudar, John Christopher. "Reconstructing population history from past peoples using ancient DNA and historic records analysis, the Upper Canadian pioneers and land resources." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ50990.pdf.

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Dudar, J. Christopher. "Reconstructing population history from past peoples using ancient DNA and historic records analysis : the Upper Canadian pioneers and land resources /." *McMaster only, 1998.

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Matchett, Ashley A. "Genetic and biochemical analysis of materials from a medieval population from Ynys Mon North Wales." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2011. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/3880/.

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The archaeological excavation of the early medieval site at Towyn-Y-Capel on the island of Anglesey (Ynys Môn) in North Wales, UK, provided the opportunity to study a large population (122 skeletons) at a site that was in use over a period of up to 550 years (650 -1200 AD). Samples of skeletal materials for this study were taken directly from the site itself .The osteological condition of skeletal material was variable across the site. In general, the upper burials in particular were in the poorest condition, and were mainly fragmented and dispersed due to the ongoing site erosion and diagenetic processes. Conversely, lower “cist” burials were in far better condition. The assessment of skeletal sample condition was used to select materials chosen for genetic analysis, and 44% (54) of the skeletal population were selected for analysis of appropriate samples of tooth and bone. The gross morphology of samples was assessed and 87% of bones and teeth were considered to be in good or fair condition, according to the gross preservation index (GPI) used, while only 2% of bones and no teeth were considered to be in excellent condition. In addition to GPI, a novel technique called Qualitative Light Fluoresence (QLF), based on autofluoresence, was used to ascertain the surface condition of the teeth. Compared to the fluorescence of modern enamel, there was a net loss of 21.8% fluorescence, although the degree of fluorescence from one sample to another varied (with a standard deviation from the mean of 24.973). Histological sections taken from non-human bone finds from the site generally varied less than that indicated by the gross morphology, showing good to excellent histological preservation. Further to gross and histological morphology, ten skeletal samples were selected for detailed investigations, and were analysed for amino acid racemisation and amino acid composition. All samples tested had D/L enatomer Aspartic acid ratio less than 0.1, although 50% of the samples had D/L enatiomer Aspartic acid ratio over 0.08, which indicated that the recovery of aDNA from these skeletal samples was feasible, although the biological condition of the teeth was fairly degraded. The inorganic element profile of the same ten samples showed no discernable anomalies, either due to diet or diagenesis. To consolidate genographic research, strontium isotope analysis was performed and, from the small population subset, three anomalous ratios were found. Two of these were high (Skeletons 33 and 60), indicating that these individuals had spent their childhoods in areas with high strontium ratios, representative of precambrian rock types, possibly older than those of the Holyhead Rock group, such as in Northern Scotland or Norway. The skeletal samples yielding the lowest strontium ratio (Skeleton 52) are of compelling interest, since the ratio is indicative of upbringing in only one place in the North Atlantic, namely Iceland. In this study, DNA recovery was performed on teeth and bones from the site, after extensive decalcification of samples, and also extraction and optimisation trials. Amplification of DNA extracted from teeth samples was generally more successful than for bone samples. A random amplification based polymorphic (RAPD) DNA technique was utilised to “fingerprint” human and animal samples with limited success. Contamination and template variation are likely causes for the lack of success. Amplification using several primers specific for human HV1 & 2 mtDNA targets was also met with limited success. The results show that 14.8% of the skeletal teeth samples were amplified, and these were not commonly reproducible. DNA spiking trials demonstrated that some of the samples were affected by inhibition. Independent confirmation of 9 of 10 successful samples was attained by sequencing, and although sequences were highly degraded, an attempt was made at determining the haplogroups from the sequenced HV1 haplotypes based on likelihood. Generally, the site showed a high predominance of Haplotype K (5) followed by H (2) and U (2) haplogroup profiles.

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Jessome, MacKenzie Kirk. "Core and peripheral settlements in ancient central Panamá : a reconstruction of population change at Site 054 in the Río Parita Valley." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/41973.

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The suggestion that demographically nucleated cultural centers of Preconquest central Panamanian Coclé chiefdoms firmly controlled and/or influenced peripherally located occupations is empirically evaluated using newly collected, intensive survey sampling in the Río Parita valley and shovel testing of one small site in particular: Site 054. This research shows that Site 054, a relatively small-scale hamlet for its entire 1300 year-long occupation (A.D. 250 to 1522) was peripherally located relative to the major centres at the time. In spite of rapid, precocious advances in socio-political complexity at adjacent sites within the valley, Site 054 appears to have remained unaffected by trends of population nucleation associated with the emergence of complex socio-political organization. It was not until 200 years after chiefly authority had been established in the valley that Site 054 was impacted by trends of population nucleation. The findings of this research contribute to a collectively established and expanding archaeological database designed to test specific environmental and cultural factors involved in the emergence of Coclé chiefdoms in the Central Region of Panamá.

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Wang, Ke [Verfasser], Stephan [Gutachter] Schiffels, Matthias [Gutachter] Steinrücken, and Christina [Gutachter] Warinner. "Investigating human population structure through time with new computational methods and ancient DNA data / Ke Wang ; Gutachter: Stephan Schiffels, Matthias Steinrücken, Christina Warinner." Jena : Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1226217907/34.

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Perfetta, Cory. "Diatom Analysis of Tikal Reservoir Sediments." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1573570531434833.

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Fehren-Schmitz, Lars, Bastien Llamas, Elsa Tomasto, and Wolfgang Haak. "Ancient DNA and the Early Population History of Western South America: What Have We Learned So Far and Where Do We Go From Here." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113534.

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Even though the analysis of DNA from archaeological bone comes with some major limitations, it constitutes the most directmeans of investigating prehistoric population dynamics. The interdisciplinary contextualization of genetic data with the archaeological and palaeoecological record helps to reconstruct past population histories and the demography of ancient populations. For South America, palaeogenetic studies have become increasingly important. Here we review the existing ancient DNA data from pre-Columbian individuals to assess their potential to contribute to our understanding of early South American population history. The spatial and temporal distribution of ancient South American populations analysed to date is very uneven and the data resolution of the analysed genetic markers is low. Nevertheless, the data suggest that there were population dynamic processes accompanying cultural development in Western South America. With the new methodologies and better sampling strategies employed in current paleogenetic projects and more effective interdisciplinary cooperations it will be soon possible to achieve a better understanding of the peopling of the continent and the succeeding population history.
Aún cuando el análisis de ADN de huesos arqueológicos tiene algunas grandes limitaciones, constituye la manera más directa de investigar eventos prehistóricos de dinámica poblacional. La contextualización interdisciplinaria de los datos genéticos con los registros arqueológico y paleoecológico permite reconstruir las historias poblacionales pasadas y la demografía de sociedades antiguas. Por otro lado, el número de estudios paleogenéticos en Sudamérica se está incrementando. En este artículo revisamos los datos de ADN antiguo de individuos prehispánicos que existen en la actualidad con la finalidad de evaluar su potencial para contribuir a nuestro entendimiento de la historia temprana del poblamiento de Sudamérica. La distribución espacial y temporal de las poblaciones sudamericanas antiguas muestreadas a la fecha es muy irregular y la resolución de los marcadores genéticos analizados esbaja. Sin embargo, los datos sugieren que existieron procesos de dinámica poblacional que acompañaron el desarrollo cultural de la parte oeste de Sudamérica. Con las nuevas metodologías y mejores estrategias de muestreo que se emplean hoy en día en los proyectos de paleogenética, y con una cooperación interdisciplinaria más efectiva, pronto será posible lograr un mejor entendimiento del poblamiento del continente, así como de los hechos sucesivos de su historia poblacional.

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Vanna, V. "Ancient versus modern health patterns : biological and socioeconomic status differences and similarities between a Hellenistic and a 20th century human burial population from Greece." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318145/.

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The present research offers the rare opportunity to compare the human remains of an ancient (3rd-1st century BC) population from the North Cemetery of Demetrias, Thessaly, and a modern (late 19th-late 20th century AD) one, the Athens Collection, from various cemeteries in Athens, Greece. Its main purpose is to explore the biological similarities and differences between the two populations and among the subsets within each one of them, as these are defined by biosocial parameters, namely sex/gender, and purely social, that is socioeconomic status. An attempt is made to associate biological with social variation through oral pathology and wear and address questions as to whether the health status of burial populations can indeed reflect socioeconomic conditions and status in life. Data analysis produced very conclusive differences between the two populations, and among sex/gender and socioeconomic status groups and suggests that dental caries, antemortem tooth loss, occlusal wear and dental enamel defects are very sensitive indicators of social position and conditions in general. Comparisons between the ancient and the contemporary population reveal that environmental, cultural and socioeconomic circumstances did not have the same effect on all oral conditions. Moreover, variations between the sexes are quite evident in Demetrias and they appear to reflect the inferior social position of both women and female infants/children. In contrast, in Athens, there is no evidence to indicate gender discrimination or favourable treatment of male infants. Social class differentiation manifests itself in the distribution of oral pathology and wear between status groups in both assemblages, but it is clearly more pronounced in Demetrias. Finally, this thesis contributes towards a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between biological and socioeconomic status and of the Hellenistic biocultural history. It also emphasises that analysis of human remains should be carefully contextualised culturally, archaeologically and historically.

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Lavretsky, Philip. "PHYLOGENETICS, POPULATION GENETICS, AND EVOLUTION OF THE MALLARD COMPLEX." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1400160673.

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Rathmann, Hannes [Verfasser], and Katerina [Akademischer Betreuer] Harvati. "Reconstructing human population structure and history from dental phenotypes : Theory, methods and application to the ancient Greek colonization of southern Italy / Hannes Rathmann ; Betreuer: Katerina Harvati." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1191752615/34.

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Rogers, Leland Liu. "Understanding ancient human population genetics of the eastern Eurasian steppe through mitochondrial DNA analysis| Central Mongolian samples from the Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Mongol Empire periods." Thesis, Indiana University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10253175.

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This study is based on the extraction and sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA from 132 ancient human samples from central Mongolia dating to the Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age (Xiongnu) and Mongol Empire periods. The data collected were compared to mtDNA gene pools from multiple published studies of ancient and modern human populations from across Eurasia with particular focus on Eurasian steppe populations. The results of these analyses support a model of human migration showing an original eastern population on the Neolithic Mongol Steppe that admixed with a western population, which had migrated onto the eastern Eurasian steppe zone during the Neolithic. This study demonstrates western Eurasian DNA on the eastern Eurasian steppe as far as the Mongol Steppe by the Late Neolithic, and reveals a significant western component in the Bronze Age population of Central Mongolia. It supports an indigenous population as the origin of the Xiongnu, confirms that the Xiongnu had a strongly admixed mtDNA gene pool, and indicates that a significant shift towards eastern mtDNA occurred between the Xiongnu Empire and Mongol Empire periods, which has continued up to the present.

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Siska, Veronika. "Human population history and its interplay with natural selection." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284164.

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The complex demographic changes that underlie the expansion of anatomically modern humans out of Africa have important consequences on the dynamics of natural selection and our ability to detect it. In this thesis, I aimed to refine our knowledge on human population history using ancient genomes, and then used a climate-informed, spatially explicit framework to explore the interplay between complex demographies and selection. I first analysed a high-coverage genome from Upper Palaeolithic Romania from ~37.8 kya, and demonstrated an early diversification of multiple lineages shortly after the out-of-Africa expansion (Chapter 2). I then investigated Late Upper Palaeolithic (~13.3ky old) and Mesolithic (~9.7 ky old) samples from the Caucasus and a Late Upper Palaeolithic (~13.7ky old) sample from Western Europe, and found that these two groups belong to distinct lineages that also diverged shortly after the out of Africa, ~45-60 ky ago (Chapter 3). Finally, I used East Asian samples from ~7.7ky ago to show that there has been a greater degree of genetic continuity in this region compared to Europe (Chapter 4). In the second part of my thesis, I used a climate-informed, spatially explicit demographic model that captures the out-of-Africa expansion to explore natural selection. I first investigated whether the model can represent the confounding effect of demography on selection statistics, when applied to neutral part of the genome (Chapter 5). Whilst the overlap between different selection statistics was somewhat underestimated by the model, the relationship between signals from different populations is generally well-captured. I then modelled natural selection in the same framework and investigated the spatial distribution of two genetic variants associated with a protective effect against malaria, sickle-cell anaemia and β⁰ thalassemia (Chapter 6). I found that although this model can reproduce the disjoint ranges of different variants typical of the former, it is incompatible with overlapping distributions characteristic of the latter. Furthermore, our model is compatible with the inferred single origin of sickle-cell disease in most regions, but it can not reproduce the presence of this disorder in India without long-distance migrations.

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White, Patricia J. "Reconstructing Ancient and Modern Land Use Decisions in the Copan Valley, Honduras:A GIS Landscape Archaeology Perspective." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1448275319.

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Chassaing, Olivier. "Organisation génétique des populations d'esturgeon européen Acipenser sturio : passé, présent, futur." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20252/document.

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L'esturgeon européen Acipenser sturio (Linnaeus, 1758) était un poisson commun de nos fleuves jusqu'au début du 20e siècle. Toutes ses populations sont maintenant éteintes sauf une qui survit dans le bassin Gironde-Garonne-Dordogne en France. Les données disponibles sur l'espèce restent très partielles car elles proviennent quasi exclusivement de cette population relictuelle. Au cours de cette thèse, plus d'une centaine d'échantillons anciens d'esturgeons restes archéologiques ou spécimens naturalisés conservés dans les muséums d'histoire naturelle ont été analysé grâce aux méthodes de la paléogénétique. Ces analyses génétiques ont été réalisées sur l'ADN mitochondrial (surtout la Dloop) ainsi que sur cinq loci microsatellites qu'il a été nécessaire d'adapter aux méthodes d'étude de l'ADN ancien. Les données paléogénétiques obtenues ont permis d'étudier : 1) les relations de l'esturgeon européen avec les autres espèces d'esturgeons vivant ou ayant vécu en Europe, en particulier l'esturgeon de l'Adriatique A. naccarii et l'esturgeon atlantique A. oxyrinchus. 2) la diversité génétique de l'esturgeon européen sur l'ensemble de son ancienne aire de répartition. 3) la diversité génétique d'une population d'esturgeon européen au cours du temps la population du Rhône, d'une période où elle était florissante jusqu'à son extinction. L'ensemble de ces données ont été discuté à la lumière de la conservation de l'espèce, qui est aujourd'hui en danger critique d'extinction
The European sturgeon Acipenser sturio (Linnaeus, 1758) was a common fish of our rivers until the beginning of the 20th century. All populations are now extinct except one which survives in the Gironde-Garonne-Dordogne basin in France. Data available on this species are only partial because they only stem from this relictual population. During this thesis, more than one hundred ancient sturgeon samples archaeological remains or naturalized museum specimens were analysed by paleogenetics means. These genetics anlyses were carried out on mitochondrial DNA (mainly the Dloop) and five microsatellites loci which were adapted to ancient DNA methodologies. Paleogenetics data that we obtained were used to study : 1) A. sturio interactions with other sturgeon species which live or lived in Europe, especially the Adriatic sturgeon A. naccarii and the atlantic sturgeon A. oxyrinchus. 2) the genetic diversity of A. sturio all over its former geographical range. 3) genetic diversity of a population of the European sturgeon through time the Rhone River population from a period it was flourishing until its extinction. All these data were considered in the light of the species conservation, since A. sturio is now critically endangered

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Lembring, Maria. "Application of Mitochondrial DNA Analysis in Contemporary and Historical Samples." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Genomik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-209970.

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The mitochondrion is a tiny organelle that is the power supplier of the cell and vital to the functioning of the body organs. Additionally it contains a small circular genome of about 16 kb, present in many copies which makes the mitochondrial DNA more viable than nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is also maternally inherited and thus provides a direct link to maternal relatives. These two properties are of particular use for forensic samples, which only contain limited or degraded amounts of DNA, and for historical samples (ancient DNA). This thesis presents work on the mitochondrial DNA in the hypervariable regions (HV) I and II, in both contemporary and historical samples. Forensic genetics makes use of mitochondrial DNA analysis in court as circumstantial evidence, and population databases are used for the calculation of evidence value. Population samples (299) across Sweden have been analysed in order to enrich the EDNAP mtDNA database (EMPOP) (paper I). The application of mitochondrial DNA analysis allowed for analysis of historical skeletal remains: Copernicus, 1473-1543 (paper II), Karin Göring, 1888-1931 (paper III) and Medieval bones, 880-1000 AD, from a mass grave found in Sigtuna, Sweden (paper IV). The thesis also includes analyses of bones and teeth from the shipwrecked crew of the Vasa warship, 1628, samples from the Vasa museum, Stockholm, Sweden (paper V). Overall, the varying age of the samples and the different conservation environments (soil and water) accounted for variations in quality, but still allowed for successful DNA analysis.

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Meffray, Avril. "Infections des populations du passé : développement et application d'une approche originale de paléoépidémiologie intégrative." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200630_MEFFRAY_473hgvhb335uthc207t610n_TH.pdf.

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La restitution des environnements infectieux propres aux populations anciennes et de l’influence qu’incarnaient les infections sur leur état sanitaire représentent des pierres angulaires de notre connaissance des sociétés passées. L'objectif de cette recherche doctorale est de développer et mettre en œuvre une nouvelle approche d’étude des maladies infectieuses dans le passé : la paléoépidémiologie intégrative. Il s’agit, pour une collection ostéoarchéologique, de combiner l’étude paléoépidémiologique macroscopique dite classique avec une approche microbiologique « populationnelle ». Cette approche paléomicrobiologique rend ainsi possible l’estimation de prévalences infectieuses plus proches de la réalité épidémiologique de nos échantillons, en révélant la part des infections silencieuses présentes dans les corpus. La mise en œuvre de cette approche pour l’étude de quatre séries ostéoarchéologiques issues de contextes chronogéographiques variés a notamment démontré son potentiel dans le cadre des recherches sur les maladies infectieuses dans le passé, en prouvant la présence de nombreuses infections parmi les individus étudiés. In fine, au vu de leur complémentarité et de la richesse des données qu’elles apportent, l’intégration de la paléopathologie et de la paléomicrobiologie au sein d’une même approche s’inscrit dans l’avenir de l’étude des contextes infectieux du passé. Le développement de la paléoépidémiologie intégrative s’entrevoit dans une perspective interdisciplinaire, visant à croiser les sciences biologiques aux sciences humaines et sociales, afin d’améliorer notre compréhension des communautés de maladies qui se sont imposées aux populations du passé
The reconstruction of the infectious environments of ancient populations and the influence that infections had on their health status are cornerstones of our knowledge of past societies. The purpose of this doctoral research is to develop and implement a new approach to the study of infectious diseases in the past: integrative paleoepidemiology. For an osteoarchaeological collection, the aim is to combine the so-called classical macroscopic paleoepidemiological study with a "population-based" microbiological approach. This paleomicrobiological approach thus makes it possible to estimate infectious prevalences closer to the epidemiological reality of our samples, by revealing the proportion of "silent" infections present in the corpus. The implementation of this approach for the study of four osteoarcheological series from various chrono-geographic contexts has notably demonstrated its potential in the context of research on infectious diseases in the past, by proving the presence of numerous infections among the individuals studied. Finally, given their obvious complementarity and the wealth of data they provide, the integration of paleopathology and paleomicrobiology within a single approach is part of the future of the study of past infectious contexts. Forthcoming developments of integrative paleo-epidemiology can be foreseen from a resolutely interdisciplinary perspective, aiming to cross the biological sciences with the human and social sciences, in order to improve our understanding of the communities of diseases that have imposed themselves on past populations

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Savino, A. "On the complex stellar populations of ancient stellar systems." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/9190/.

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The study of ancient stellar systems in the vicinity of the Milky Way provides a wealth of information on the conditions, in the early Universe, that led to the properties we observe today in galaxies and in their constituent components. Resolved stellar populations enable us to gain detailed insights on the age and chemical composition of such stellar systems, tracing their properties on a fine spatial scale. The deep investigation of Local Group objects revealed that even very old, low mass, stellar systems host unexpected complexities in their stellar populations. Such complexities remain largely unexplained, our understanding limited by observational and theoretical limitations. Here I present work aimed at a deeper characterisation of the complex stellar popula- tions in dwarf spheroidal galaxies and Galactic globular clusters. I use a combination of observational and modelling techniques to shed light on the detailed stellar properties of these objects. Part of my investigation focuses on the horizontal branch of dwarf spheroidal galaxies. By careful modelling of the horizontal branch in the galaxy Carina, which has well known star formation history, I demonstrate that the horizontal branch contains precious information, that can be used to refine age measurements in nearby galaxies. To this aim, I develop a new modelling method that, for the first time, combines constraints from the main sequence turn-off and the horizontal branch to provide very precise measurements of the star formation history in resolved galaxies. The combined information from different regions of the colour-magnitude diagram permits to recover the value of mass loss experienced by red giant branch stars with very high precision. I test this technique on a range of synthetic populations and on the well studied galaxy Sculptor, demonstrating the increased age resolution that this approach provides. I apply my modelling tool to the distant galaxy Tucana, determining a very detailed star formation history, where multiple events of star formation can be clearly distinguished. The identification of the different stellar populations on the horizontal branch permits us to characterise the spatial distribution of the star formation events in this galaxy. I also perform a photometric study of the massive globular cluster M13, focussing on the multiple stellar populations present in this object. I identify and trace the different stellar populations out to most external regions of this cluster. The spatial distribution of these populations, which shows no sign of radial segregation, reveal the very advanced dynamical evolutionary stage of the cluster. The work presented in this manuscript constitutes a step forward to understand the formation of low mass ancient stellar systems and paves the way for deeper studies of large samples of stellar systems in the Milky Way vicinity.

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Chandler, Helen C. "Using ancient DNA to link culture and biology in human populations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404074.

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Ferrando-Bernal, Manuel 1990. "Analysis of co-ancestry links in modern and ancient human populations." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672475.

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The aim of this thesis is to apply Identity by Descent (IBD) methodology to identify ancestry connections among individuals from genetically similar populations. Recombination events diminish the likelihood to detect IBDs. As most of the aDNA samples date from 2,000 years ago or more, this methodology has rarely been applied to these studies. In this thesis we detect IBD among modern individuals from similar Bantu populations and among modern Europeans with an historical individual (700 years ago) from the Iberian peninsula, which was sequenced to a high coverage. Our results show that IBDs can be used to detect the genomic structure in genetically close populations. For example, they can be used to show high degrees of endogamy caused by isolation or to identify ancestral connections among individuals belonging to different populations that otherwise would be difficult to see with other more commonly used methods.

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Ibrahim, M. A. "A study of dental attrition and diet in some ancient Egyptian populations." Thesis, Durham University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379754.

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Zvénigorosky-Durel, Vincent. "Etude des parentés génétiques dans les populations humaines anciennes : estimation de la fiabilité et de l'efficacité des méthodes d'analyse." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30260/document.

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L'étude des parentés génétiques permet à l'anthropologie d'identifier la place du sujet au sein des différentes structures dans lesquelles il évolue : l'individu est membre d'une famille biologique, d'un groupe social et d'une population. L'application des méthodes probabilistes classiques (établies pour répondre à des problématiques de médecine légale, comme la méthode des Likelihood Ratios (LR) ou " Rapports de vraisemblance ") aux données STR issues du matériel archéologique a permis la découverte de nombreux liens de parenté, qui ensemble constituent des généalogies parfois complexes. Notre pratique prolongée de ces méthodes nous a cependant amenés à identifier certaines limites de l'interprétation des données STR, en particulier dans les cas de parentés complexes, distantes ou consanguines, ou dans des populations isolées, méconnues ou disparues. Ce travail de thèse s'attache en premier lieu à quantifier la fiabilité et l'efficacité de la méthode des LR dans quatre situations : une population moderne avec une grande diversité allélique, une population moderne avec une faible diversité allélique, une population ancienne de grande taille et une population ancienne de petite taille. Les publications récentes font usage des marqueurs plus nombreux issus des nouvelles technologies de séquençage (NGS) pour mettre en place de nouvelles stratégies de détection des parentés, basées en particulier sur l'analyse des segments chromosomiques partagés par ascendance entre les individus (segments IBD). Ces méthodes ont rendu possible l'estimation plus fiable de probabilités de parenté dans le matériel ancien. Elles sont néanmoins inadaptées à certaines situations caractéristiques de la génétique des parentés archéologiques : elles ne sont pas conçues pour fonctionner avec une seule paire isolée d'individus et reposent, comme les méthodes classiques, sur l'estimation de la diversité allélique dans la population. Nous proposons donc une quantification de la fiabilité et de l'efficacité de la méthode des segments partagés à partir de données NGS, en s'attachant à déterminer la qualité des résultats dans les différentes situations qui correspondent à des tailles de population plus ou moins importantes et à une hétérogénéité plus ou moins grande de l'échantillonnage.[...]
The study of genetic kinship allows anthropology to identify the place of an individual within which they evolve: a biological family, a social group, a population. The application of classical probabilistic methods (that were established to solve cases in legal medicine, such as Likelihood Ratios, or LR) to STR data from archaeological material has permitted the discovery of numerous parental links which together constitute genealogies both simple and complex. Our continued practice of these methods has however led us to identify limits to the interpretation of STR data, especially in cases of complex, distant or inbred kinship. The first part of the present work is constituted by the estimation of the reliability and the efficacy of the LR method in four situations: a large modern population with significant allelic diversity, a large modern population with poor allelic diversity, a large ancient population and a small ancient population. Recent publications use the more numerous markers analysed using Next generation Sequencing (NGS) to implement new strategies in the detection of kinship, especially based on the analysis of chromosome segments shared due to common ancestry (IBD "Identity-by-Descent" segments). These methods have permitted the more reliable estimation of kinship probabilities in ancient material. They are nevertheless ill-suited to certain typical situations that are characteristic of ancient DNA studies: they were not conceived to function using single pairs of isolated individuals and they depend, like classical methods, on the estimation of allelic diversity in the population. We therefore propose the quantification of the reliability and efficiency of the IBD segment method using NGS data, focusing on the estimation of the quality of results in different situations with populations of different sizes and different sets of more or less heterogeneous samples.[...]

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Cowie, Neil R. "The dynamic morphology of the wood anemone, Anemone nemorosa L. in an ancient coppice wood." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357181.

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Desjardins, Bertrand. "Le registre de la population du Québec ancien : genèse, fonctionnement et applications." Lyon 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO20041.

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Le registre de la population du quebec ancien concretise l'objectif de base du programme de recherche en demographie historique de l'universite de montreal : reconstituer la population du quebec depuis ses origines en etablissant, sur la base des registres paroissiaux, les biographies de tous les individus qui y ont vecu. L'expression designe en realite un systeme complexe et inedit, tant par ses composantes que par son fonctionnement ; resultat d'une longue evolution methodologique et technique, il constitue un fichier informatique evolutif et polyvalent, appele a servir les interets de chercheurs de nombreuses disciplines. Une serie de travaux en matiere de nuptialite, fecondite, mortalite, descendance, heritabilite et saisonnalite des phenomenes, faisant appel a une caracteristique ou l'autre du registre, confirment les attentes provoquees par les circonstances exceptionnelles dont beneficie le projet en termes de sources et d'observation
The register of the quebec population of the past puts in concrete from the objective of the programme de recherche en demographie historique of the university of montreal : the reconstitution, on the basis of parish registers, of the quebec population from its origins, by establishing the biographies of all persons who lived on its territory. The expression actually points to an original and complex system, both by is structure and its functioning ; result of a long technical and methodological evolution, it represents a versatile and evolving computerized data base, destined to serve researchers of varied disciplines. A series of studies of nuptiality, mortality, fertility, descendants and of the inheritance and seasonality of demographic phenomena highlight the register's possibilities, confirming the expectations arising from the exceptional circumstances available in terms of sources and observation

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Klaus, Haagen D. "Out of Light Came Darkness: Bioarchaeology of Mortuary Ritual, Health, and Ethnogenesis in the Lambayeque Valley Complex, North Coast Peru (AD 900-1750)." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1209498934.

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Wapler, Ulrike. "Cribra orbitalia in anthropobiology : diagnostic criterions and implications in the study of ancient skeletal populations." Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10657.

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Les cribra orbitalia sont des lesions osseuses qui consistent en des porosites ou des structures criblees du toit de l'orbite. Elles ont ete trouves sur des cranes du monde entier. La cause de cette lesion a long temps ete l'objet de recherches et de debats mais depuis les annees 80 la plupart des scientifiques admettent l'hypothese que cette lesion est un signe d'hypertrophie de la moelle epinaire rouge et la tiennent pour preuve d'anemie. Mais depuis les recherches de differents auteurs ont recement montre que dans certain cas la structure histologique des os ne satisfait pas a un diagnostique d'anemie. Le status d'indicateurs des cribra orbitalia devient incertain. La presente etude a ete effectue afin de preciser des causes possibles de ce caractere osseux. La methode appliquee est la recherche microscopique sur des coupes osseuses minces. L'echantillon de cranes provenant de missiminia (soudan) contient 344 cranes dont la plupart sont adultes. Les cribra orbitalia sont presents sur 101 sujets. Pour au moins 54. 3% des cas de cribra orbitalia il n'y a pas de signe histologique indiquant des modifications osseuses due a l'anemie. On trouve des signes de pathologies differents comme des traces d'inflammation, d'osteoporose, d'atrophie par pression. Une partie assez importante des individus montre seulement des traces d'erosion postmortem sur les zones poreuses et sont consideres comme des toits d'orbite normaux. La comparaison de 18 donnees morphologiques decrivant la lesion ne peut aboutir a une distinction entre l'hypertrophie, l'inflammation et les cas d'erosion.

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Ricaut, Francois-Xavier. "ADN ancien et populations du passé : le cas de l'Altaï et de la Sibérie orientale." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0068.

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L'identification génétique (région HV1 de l'ADNmt et STR des autosomes et du chromosome Y) de restes humains anciens appartenant aux populations Scythe du sud de la Sibérie (2500 ans BP), Yakout de Sibérie centrale (500-300 ans BP) et néolithique de l'extrême nord-est Sibérien (6000 ans BP) a été réalisé avec succès. Les résultats confirment l'hypothèse (i) d'un (re)peuplement de la Sibérie à partir de deux zones distinctes correspondant aux deux zones de refuge glaciaire en place il y a 10000 ans, et (ii) d'une poussée des populations mongoloïdes de l'est vers l'ouest de la Sibérie, décelable dès le 1er millénaire BC. La forte hétérogénéité génétique des populations Scytho-Sibérienne et Yakout, la présence caucasoïde en Altaï plusieurs siècles avant le développement de la route de la soie et la complexité des modes de recrutement funéraire Yakout a été mis en évidence, ainsi que leur ethnogénèse à partir des populations d'Asie centrale
Molecular analysis (region HV1 of mtDNA and Y and autosomal STR) of ancient human remains belonging to the Scytho-Siberian of south Siberia (2500 years BP), Yakut of central Siberia (500-300 years BP) and north-eastern Neolithic (3600 BP) populations have been successful accomplish. Results are in agreement with the hypothesis (i) of a Siberia peopling from two distinct glacial refuge regions corresponding to north-eastern Siberia and southern Siberia and (ii) mongoloid population movement westward from the 1st millenary BC. We also underlined the strong genetic heterogeneity of Scytho-Siberian and Yakut populations, the Caucasoid presence in Altai several centuries before the silk road development, and that commercial exchange with neighbouring population (notably Chinese) were coupled with genetic exchange. Moreover, our genetic results suggested the Yakut funeral practice diversity and confirmed the hypothesis of their ethnogenesis from central Asian populations

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Robinson, Heather Anne. "The geographic distributions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus, and the potential to detect past yeast populations with ancient DNA." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-geographic-distributions-of-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-and-saccharomyces-paradoxus-and-the-potential-to-detect-past-yeast-populations-with-ancient-dna(66d27ad5-9e00-42b9-a0ed-60c3fcfb2eb9).html.

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It is acknowledged that some microbes have interrupted distributions, yet these distributions have rarely been correlated with environmental variables. The wild biogeography of the fermenting yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus are explored in this study, considering multiple environmental variables as potential effectors of each species' geographical distributions. I demonstrate that summer temperatures predict maximum species distribution limits for both S. paradoxus and S. cerevisiae on oak bark, and that S. paradoxus is more likely to be isolated from larger, older trees. Modelling these data predicts a generally denser southern European population of S. paradoxus, with S. cerevisiae being scarce on oak bark throughout Europe. It was not possible to recover ancient Saccharomyces DNA sequences from samples of sub-fossilized oaks, from Greco-Roman and North African amphora residues, or from North African 6th-14th Century pottery residues, which may be a consequence of the low concentration of these species in comparable modern environmental samples. Even from air dried breads and recent wines, Saccharomyces aDNA was not recovered as part of this study, although ancient DNA sequences from plants and other yeasts were identified in other samples via the same methods. Any future recovery of ancient Saccharomyces sequences may therefore be challenging. Novel plant sequences possibly belonging to the Musaceae family and Pinus genus were identified from 6th-14th century AD North African pottery; as well as a Vicia-like DNA sequence from a 13th-12th century BC North African amphora.

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Dunn, Philip James Harris. "Marine resource exploitation and consumption amongst ancient human populations : unravelling the carbon isotope signal of bone collagen." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547841.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ancient Population'

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