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1
de Graauw, Arthur. "Catalogue of potential ancient ports in the Black Sea." Méditerranée, no. 126 (June 1, 2016): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mediterranee.8326.
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Van Haeperen, Françoise. "Séquences onomastiques divines à Ostie-Portus." Archiv für Religionsgeschichte 21-22, no. 1 (December 2, 2020): 277–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arege-2020-0014.
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AbstractThe corpus of dedications from the ports of Rome, Ostia, and Portus, is examined through the lens of divine onomastic sequences, as defined by the Mapping Ancient Polytheisms (MAP) team. About forty onomastic attributes have been identified, nearly half of which appear more than once. The agents of these dedications are then investigated, before assessing the extent to which chronological and spatial dimensions have had an impact on the divine onomastic sequences attested at Ostia and Portus. Some reflections are also proposed on: the onomastic attributes augustus, sanctus, and Numen, frequent in the ports of Rome; divine onomastic sequences linked to groups or individuals; “functional” and “altero-divine” onomastic sequences. Finally, the variety of onomastic sequences that can be applied to the same deity is considered. This research thus testifies to the interest and operability of the tools forged by the MAP team, also in the Latin-speaking world.
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Astiti, Ni Komang Ayu. "OPTIMALISASI PENGELOLAAN PELABUHAN-PELABUHAN KUNO DI BULELENG DALAM PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA." Forum Arkeologi 31, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/fa.v31i1.516.
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Buleleng waters had been busy since the 10th century and achieved greatness during the Dutch government. The potential of natural resources and strategic geographical location are the main factors. Political developments led to only three ports that play an active role and as a triangle spot of the Dutch government. The purpose of optimizing management is that the ancient port as a cultural heritage also has an important role and existence in the current development and provide benefits both in the preservation of culture, economic community. This research uses descriptive qualitative approach with field observation data and interview technique. The results obtained that in optimizing the management of ancient ports for tourism development, should be accompanied by connections with subsystems and other tourism support facilities. The harbor and the surrounding landscape can serve as a tourist attraction as well as provide access services to increase the motivation of tourists to learn and gain new knowledge and experience. High tourist motivation to visit Buleleng will directly promote the tourism industry, preservation of ancient ports with various supporting facilities and as a means of diplomacy to become the pride of the people of Buleleng. In optimizing the management of ancient ports in tourism development, it is expected that there will be coordination and synchronization with stakeholders related to the preservation of cultural heritage, environment and tourism industry. Perairan Buleleng sudah ramai sejak abad ke-10 dan mencapai kejayaan pada masa pemerintahan Belanda. Potensi sumber daya alam dan letak geografis yang strategis menjadi faktor utama. Perkembangan politik menyebabkan hanya tiga pelabuhan yang berperan aktif dan sebagai triangle spot pemerintah Belanda. Tujuan optimalisasi pengelolaan adalah agar pelabuhan kuno sebagai warisan budaya juga mempunyai eksistensi dan peran penting dalam pembangunan saat ini serta memberikan manfaat dalam pelestarian budaya. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan diskriptif kualitataif dengan teknik pengumpulan data observasi lapangan dan wawancara. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa dalam melakukan optimalisasi pengelolaan pelabuhanpelabuhan kuno untuk pengembangan pariwisata, harus disertai dengan koneksi dengan subsistem dan fasilitas pendukung pariwisata lainnya. Motivasi wisatawan yang tinggi untuk berkunjung ke Buleleng secara langsung akan memajukan industri pariwisata, pelestarian pelabuhan-pelabuhan kuno dengan berbagai fasilitas pendukungnya dan sebagai sarana diplomasi sehingga menjadi kebanggaan masyarakat Buleleng. Dalam optimalisasi pengelolaan pelabuhan-pelabuhan kuno dalam pengembangan pariwisata diharapkan ada koordinasi dan sinkronisasi dengan stakeholder terkait pelestarian warisan budaya, lingkungan dan industri pariwisata.
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Inagurasi, Libra Hari. "SITUS PANTAI LHOK CUT DAN LUBUK SEBAGAI PELABUHAN KOSMOPOLITAN DI SELAT MALAKA ABAD KE 13—15." PURBAWIDYA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi 10, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24164/pw.v10i1.351.
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Abstrack. Sites Lhok Cut and Lubuk Coast as a Cosmopolitants Port in The Malacca Strait 13-15 th Century. The maritime territory of Indonesia provides a lot of data on ancient ports along its coast. This paper discusses Ssites Lhok Cut and Lubuk Coast, in the Lamreh coast region, Aceh Besar, as an example of a cosmopolitan port around the Straits of Malacca in the 13-15th century. The Malacca Strait since the beginning of our era was a busy international shipping lane connecting India and China. Long-distance trade shipping activities between the western and eastern hemispheres have led to the emergence of ports both on the coast of the country of origin, destination, and also on the coast between the country of origin and the destination of commercial shipping.
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Xie, Baoxia, Xianlong Zhu, and Adam Grydehøj. "Perceiving the Silk Road Archipelago: Archipelagic relations within the ancient and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road." Island Studies Journal 15, no. 2 (2020): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.118.
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This paper analyses the ancient Maritime Silk Road through a relational island studies approach. Island ports and island cities represented key sites of water-facilitated transport and exchange in the ancient Indian Ocean and South China Sea. Building our analysis upon a historical overview of the ancient Maritime Silk Road from the perspective of China’s Guangdong Province and the city of Guangzhou, we envision a millennia-long ‘Silk Road Archipelago’ encompassing island cities and island territories stretching across East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and East Africa. Bearing in mind the complex movements of peoples, places, and processes involved, we conceptualise the ancient Maritime Silk Road as an uncentred network of archipelagic relation. This conceptualisation of the ancient Maritime Silk Road as a vast archipelago can have relevance for our understanding of China’s present-day promotion of a 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road as part of the Belt and Road Initiative. We ultimately argue against forcing the Maritime Silk Road concept within a binary perspective of essentialised East-West conflict or hierarchical relations and instead argue for the value of a nuanced understanding of relationality.
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Grigoropoulos, Dimitris. "THE PIRAEUS FROM 86 BC TO LATE ANTIQUITY: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE LANDSCAPE, FUNCTION AND ECONOMY OF THE PORT OF ROMAN ATHENS." Annual of the British School at Athens 111 (January 7, 2016): 239–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245415000106.
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Modern perceptions of the ancient Piraeus have been monopolised by the urban image and function of the port as the naval stronghold of Classical Athens. Existing scholarship so far has tended to consider the post-Classical centuries, especially the era following the sack of the port in 86bcby the Romans, as a period of decline. Such preconceptions, based on largely superficial readings of a few ancient literary texts and a near-total disregard of the material evidence, have created a distorted image of the Piraeus and its significance in the Roman period. Drawing upon textual sources as well as archaeological evidence, this paper explores the changing nature of urban settlement, maritime functions and the economy of the port from the time of its destruction in 86bcto around the sixth centuryad. Particular emphasis is placed on a re-examination of the existing evidence from rescue excavations conducted by the Greek Archaeological Service as they relate to the topography of the Roman port and its long-term evolution. This combined study offers a more complex picture of the infrastructure, urban image and operational capability of the port during the Roman period than was hitherto possible. It also permits a more balanced understanding of the port's function at local, regional and provincial levels, and thus enables comparisons with other Roman ports in the Aegean and the rest of the Mediterranean.
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Kotarba-Morley, Anna M. "Port town and its harbors: sedimentary proxies for landscape and seascape reconstruction of the Greco-Roman site of Berenike Trogodytica on the Red Sea coast of Egypt." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 61–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1821.
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Berenike Trog<l>odytica was one of the key harbours on the Red Sea coast during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods and was a major trade and exchange hub connecting the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean. Berenike’s geographical position was extraordinarily propitious owing partly to its natural harbours, protected against the prevailing northern winds, as well as its location in the vicinity of an ancient viewshed, the large peninsula of Ras Benas. This paper discusses how multifaceted geoarchaeological approaches to the study of ancient ports can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms and logistics of maritime trade, as well as fluctuations in its quality and quantity. It also sheds new light on the significance of the effect that local and regional palaeoclimatic, landscape, seascape and environmental changes had on the development and decline of the port, and its changing role within the Red Sea–Indian Ocean maritime network.
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Papatheodorou, G., M. Geraga, A. Chalari, D. Christodoulou, M. Iatrou, E. Fakiris, St Kordella, M. Prevenios, and G. Ferentinos. "Remote sensing for underwater archaeology: case stud-ies from Greece and Eastern Mediterranean." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 44 (February 1, 2017): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11440.
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Modern underwater remote sensing technology introduces many advantages that extend the range of conventional diving work providing the means to survey in a detailed and systematic fashion large seafloor area. There are two general approaches regarding the application of these techniques in underwater archaeology; they are being increasingly used to identify, locate and map (i) ancient and historical shipwrecks lying on the seafloor or partly buried in it and (ii) the coastal palaeogeogra-phy and thus submerged sites of archaeological interest (submerged ancient cities, settlements, ports and man-made structures). The underwater remote sensing techniques most commonly applied to underwater archaeology employ: (i) single and multi-beam echosounders (ii) side scan sonar (acousting imaging), (iii) laser line scan (optical imaging) (iv) subbottom profiler, (v) marine magne-tometer and (vi) undersea vehicles. The objectives of this paper are twofold: (i) to present the results of remote sensing surveys that carried out at sites of archaeological and historical interest, in Greece (Dokos Island, ancient harbour of Kyllene and Navarino Bay whereas a historical naval Battle took place) and in Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Alexandria Egypt and Mazotos shipwreck Cyprus), and (ii) to prove the applicability of remote sensing techniques in underwater archaeology showing that a combination of these can be a very effective tool.
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Patra, Dipankar. "VERIES CITIES OF ANCIENT INDIA : AN ANALYTICAL SURVEY." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12457.
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Despite finding the scholars being divided in their opinions, the glorious antiquities of ancient India still continue to grow in stature since time immemorial. The rudimentary remnants of hoary tradition and a journey from the ancient, original and enriched nature of Indian culture to Gupta Dynasty with a passage through the epic age amply vouchsafes the very purpose of the article. With the subdivisions of historical ages, the cities in the Indus Valley Civilization with particular emphasis on the twin cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro along with some cardinal Archaeological credentials as well as discoveries have also been amply highlighted. In addition to that, archeologists, anthologists and ancient historians to the calibre of Sir John Marshall, Hieun Tsang, Daya Ram Sahni,Rakhal Das Bandyopadhya, Nani Gopal Mazumdar, E.J.H. Macky together with excavation samples, carbon analysis, pictograph,inscriptions,numismatic testimonies, different chronological references documented the erstwhile town planning, metropolitan civilization, societal pattern, rituals till the approach of the Aryans. The age of Rgveda and Mahabharata with the historical evidences of Epic cities like (1) Hastinapur, (2) Indraparastha, (3)Girivraja,(4)Mathura, (5) Dwarka, (6) Mahismati (7) Pragjyotishpur, (8) Prabhas, (9) Ayodhya, (10) Mithila have been cited alongside. Henceforth the article aims to allude the noteworthy references from Cities in the Period of Sungas&Guptas in reference of the populaces like Puruspur, Sakala, and historically famous provinces like Uttarapatha (including kandharpart) - Taxila ,(2) Avantrirattha (westrn part)- Ujjayini, (3) Dakhahinapatha - Suvarnagiri ,(4) Kalinga - Tosali (orisya) (5) Prachya, Prachina, Pras- Pataliputra. Thus with a renewed mission of rediscovering ancient India in light of the scientific skill and neatly organised enterprise of the erstwhile civilization, the article tends to delineate contemporary town plans, granaries, ports, tradings and prosperous populaces.
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Sadzali, Asyhadi Mufsi. "HULU KE HILIR: JARINGAN DAN SISTEM PERNIAGAAN SUNGAI KERAJAAN SRIVIJAYA." Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 9, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v9i1.276.
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<p>The Kedukan Bukit inscription was written in 682 AD. It is considered as the oldest inscription related to the kingdom of Srivijaya and an authentic proof of the advanced maritime culture of Srivijaya. This argument is supported by the fact that, geographically, Sumatra is endowed with hundreds of large and small rivers that have generated abundant natural resources from its upstream to downstream areas. Srivijaya must have utilized these natural conditions to facilitate the distribution of its trade commodities—pepper, camphor, resin, and gold—from the upstream regions (flowing through countless tributaries to the main rivers) to the coastal areas, and even further to the various ports in Southeast Asia. Archaeological methods were used to identify and analyze a number of findings in the form of ancient boat artifacts from Srvijaya period in terms of both their respective forms and positions as they were unearthed along the Batanghari and Musi watersheds, from the upstream to estuary areas. From these findings, it can be inferred that Srivijaya managed to build a pattern of distribution network of trade commodities and to develop a sophisticated boat technology to support it. The commodity distribution network started from the upstream areas, namely the feeder points, all the way down to the downstream areas, namely the collecting centers; then, the commodities would be transported to the estuary, namely the main port of Srivijaya, and then carried to various other ports throughout Southeast Asia. The development of boat technology is the second key to the success and effectiveness of the pattern of trade commodity distribution that Srivijaya created from its upstream to downstream areas. The combination of such distribution network pattern and the development of boat technology has successfully established Srivijaya’s image as the most influential maritime power in Southeast Asia in the ancient period.</p>
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Zhang, Xin Ke. "Diversified Architectural Model: Chinese-and-Western Architectural Style of Residences in Ancient Town of Nanxun." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.219.
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On the one hand, the opening up of the trading ports in the late 19th century has blocked the way of independent development of national capitalism, but on the other hand, it also exploited a vast market for the development of national capitalism, and promoted its own development. Zhejiang silk traders took this opportunity to go abroad for accepting foreign cultures and new ideas which were also reflected on the architectures. Their residences have broken the styles of the Chinese traditional architectures which are made of wood, stone, pantile, etc. and blended the western architectural culture elements in the roof form and facade material of the buildings. With Chinese style outside and western style inside, with elegance outside and dominance inside, the residences mainly make a perfect combination of Chinese pattern and western pattern. Based on the political, economic and social climate of the time, this article seeks the design features and aesthetic taste of Chinese and Western architectures.
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McKillop, Heather. "Ancient Maya Trading Ports and the Integration of Long-Distance and Regional Economies: Wild Cane Cay in South-Coastal Belize." Ancient Mesoamerica 7, no. 1 (1996): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100001280.
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AbstractThe importance of Maya sea trade was the sea's integrating role as provider of ritual and subsistence resources and ritual symbolism in the Maya economy. Coastal as opposed to inland transportation of obsidian and other exotics was enhanced because of coastal–inland exchange within the southern Maya lowlands. Results are presented on fieldwork conducted to investigate Maya sea trade by the South Coastal Archaeology in Belize (SCAB) project in the Port Honduras area of south-coastal Belize between Punta Gorda and Punta Negra. The research focused on identifying features characteristic of Maya trading ports that participated in long-distance trade and their impact on regional economies. The first part of the project, with fieldwork in 1982, identified the offshore island site of Wild Cane Cay as a trading port from the Classic through Postclassic periods (a.d. 300–1500). The discovery of some 30 sites during the second phase of the project, dating from the Protoclassic through the Postclassic periods (a.d. 1–1500), indicated that the coastal area had a long period of settlement in contrast to the inland area of southern Belize where settlement was concentrated during the Late Classic period (a.d. 600–900). The patterns of distribution of similar-sourced obsidian, and blades instead of cores within the south-coastal area indicated that some exotics were regionally distributed and that Wild Cane Cay was the nexus of regional distribution. The importance of coastal-inland exchange is underscored by the presence of specialized salt-production sites, coastal resources, and inland goods—notably “unit-stamped” pottery and moldmade figurine whistles.
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Kazanis, S., G. Kontogianni, R. Chliverou, and A. Georgopoulos. "DEVELOPING A VIRTUAL MUSEUM FOR THE ANCIENT WINE TRADE IN EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-399-2017.
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Digital technologies for representing cultural heritage assets of any size are already maturing. Technological progress has greatly enhanced the art of virtual representation and, as a consequence, it is all the more appealing to the general public and especially to younger generations. The game industry has played a significant role towards this end and has led to the development of edutainment applications. The digital workflow implemented for developing such an application is presented in this paper. A virtual museum has been designed and developed, with the intention to convey the history of trade in the Eastern Mediterranean area, focusing on the Aegean Sea and five productive cities-ports, during a period of more than 500 years. Image based modeling methodology was preferred to ensure accuracy and reliability. The setup in the museum environment, the difficulties encountered and the solutions adopted are discussed, while processing of the images and the production and finishing of the 3D models are described in detail. The virtual museum and edutainment application, <i>MEDWINET</i>, has been designed and developed with the intention to convey the essential information of the wine production and trade routes in the Eastern Mediterranean basin. The user is able to examine the 3D models of the amphorae, while learning about their production and use for trade during the centuries. The application has been evaluated and the results are also discussed.
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Qu, Han Fei, and Li Peng Zheng. "Investigation Analysis on Guangzhou Huangbu Village Conservation Plan and Situations after its Implementation." Advanced Materials Research 663 (February 2013): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.663.177.
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In a city with rapid urbanization and profound history and culture like Guangzhou, conservation for urban village is facing grim challenges. Taking Guangzhou Huangbu Village as a typical case, the paper is based on site investigation on periods before and after conservation of Guangzhou Huangbu Village by research means of literature collection, onsite investigation, induction and deduction etc. The paper proposes conservation planning under current situations and typical issues after implementation of construction, and analyzes the reasons for the issues in an objective fashion. The study offers good reference to urban village construction in China in the current stage. Huangbu Village is located in the east of Xinyao Town, Haizhu District, Guangzhou. As recorded by literature, ancient Huangbu Village was first built no later than Song Dynasty. With Bazhou Island on the west and Zhujiang Waters on the east, the Village was a natural harbor back in Song Dynasty, and an important port for foreign trade in Ming Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Guangdong Customs set up nine landing ports, and Huangbu Village is one of them. In the 22nd year of Emperor Qianlong's reign in Qing Dynasty (1757), only one port of Guangdong Customs was retained for trade, Huangbu Port flourished as the most important port for foreign trade at that time, bringing fast economic development for Huangbu Village as well. However after Treaty of Nanjing was signed, five ports were opened for trade, and with the relocation of Huangbu Registration Port, Huangbu Village also experienced a recession, changing from commercial trade based to natural agriculture based economy, and the once-flourishing town has descended to a common village. Today ancient port, fairly complete streets, ancestral temples, former residence of celebrity and other traditional Huangbu residences have been preserved, which are of high historical, art and scientific values. In July 2002, Guangzhou People's Government announced it to be the sixth batch of listed cultural relic site under conservation [1].
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Özgür, Özge. "Byzantine Churches of Enez (Ainis) in Eastern Thrace." Chronos 31 (September 30, 2018): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v31i0.127.
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The ancient city of Ainos was built on the east coast of the Maritsa (Meriç) river, where the river joins the sea. The city is located on the west of ancient Lake Stentoris (today Gala Lake) and was established on the 7th century BC as a colony of the Aiolians. The excavations at Ainos proved that the city was continuously inhabited since Neolithic era. Ainos was connected in the north to Adrianopolis by sea and by overland route, in the east to Gallipolis and Constantinople and was situated in a very important location. In 148 BC the city was conquered by the Romans and during the Byzantine era it became the capital of the Rhodope region of the Europa province. The location of the city attests its importance as a major commercial center. Today the ancient city of Ainos is situated 3.5 km inside from the coast. Throughout the prehistoric ages, Ainos had two ports and the point that Meriç (Maritsa) River joins today the sea used to be a gulf. Ainos, the most important port city of Eastern Thrace, besides joining the Aegean Sea with the hinterland of Eastern Thrace, was situated at the end of the shortest and most secure road between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. During the middle ages the city preserved its importance and as it continued to unite the Aegean islands to Thrace, it was a significant commercial center. Ainos remained a major commercial center until the beginning of the 19th century
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Gaur, A. S., Sundaresh, and Sila Tripati. "REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT PORTS AND ANCHORAGE POINTS AT MIYANI AND VISAWADA, ON THE WEST COAST OF INDIA: A STUDY BASED ON UNDERWATER INVESTIGATIONS." Mariner's Mirror 93, no. 4 (January 2007): 428–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2007.10657039.
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Then-Obłuska, Joanna. "Between the Nile and the Ocean. The bead assemblage from the Eastern Desert (4th–6th centuries AD)." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 719–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1816.
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More than 200 beads and pendants were found in seven trash middens excavated at the 4th/5th to the 6th century AD settlement site in Shenshef in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The site lies close to the Sudanese border and the Red Sea coast, and about 20 km to the southwest of the ancient port of Berenike. Although the purpose of the settlement has not been established, excavations provided a wide range of imports from the Mediterranean region and the Indian Ocean. An overview of the materials and manufacturing techniques applied in the production of the beads and pendants confirms the short- and long-distance contacts of Shenshef inhabitants. In addition to the many bead parallels that link the site with the Red Sea ports and the Nile Valley region up to the First Cataract, the presence of South Indian/Sri Lankan beads at Shenshef is especially meaningful. They may be proof of the intermediary role played by the Shenshef inhabitants in trading overseas imports into the Nubian Nile Valley region.
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Piven, P. V. "The Veneti the Heirs to the Minoans." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 2(112) (June 10, 2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2020)2-14.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the origin of various groups of the Veneti, known in historiography, based on data from archaeology, linguistics, and anthropology. Toponymic markers-ethnonyms use as the most important evidence of possible residence and subsequent spatial movements of tribes. It is justified that these geographical names appear, as a rule, when ethnic groups move to a new territory with an alien autochthonous population. The toponyms, ethnonyms provide an opportunity to identify areas of distribution and possible migration routes of the tribes. The article explores issues related to the migration of the Veneti during the Bronze Age disaster from the Northwestern part of the Asia Minor peninsula to Europe. It is justified that the Western Anatolian cultures created under the significant influence of the Minoan culture and the Veneti are among its successors. There is evidence that the self-name of the Minoans could be the ethnonym associated with the custom of painting the bodies of men in red. Evidence provided the trade of Ancient Egypt with the land of Rutenu (Ruzenu) could conducted with the Minoans and they could establish ports on the coast of the Levant, which became famous at afterwards.
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Bulić, Nada, Maria Mariola Glavan, and Daniel Nečas Hraste. "Hannibal’s Elephants and the Liburnians." Tabula, no. 17 (November 16, 2020): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/tab.17.2020.2.
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The second Punic war is a relatively well-known episode from Roman history. Reliable, detailed ancient sources such as Livy and Polybius, however, don’t say much on the topic of Hannibal’s provisions from his native Carthage. One of the questions related to the provisions is where Hannibal’s elephants came from after the battle of Cannae, as after traversing the Etrurian swamp Hannibal only had one elephant left (Livy XXII 2). Immediately after the victory at Cannae Hannibal sends a delegation requesting logistics and the Carthaginian senate decides to send him military aid, among which were 4000 Numidians and 40 elephants (Livy XXIII 11-13). In the meantime, Hannibal penetrates Campania already accompanied by elephants at the Siege of Casilinum (Livy XXIII 18). The authors of this paper believe that Hannibal’s path to Cannae was part of a premeditated military plan, according to which the Carthaginian army needed to pick up supplies near Cannae, with the Liburnians playing an important role in opening channels of communication and supplies. Several facts support this theory, most importantly the following: – one of the few suitable ports that Hannibal could count upon to be less guarded by the Romans than more northern ports, such as Ariminum, is found near Cannae; – an enormous amount of money from Africa is in circulation in Liburnia right at the time of the war with Hannibal; It is known that political entities on the eastern coast of the Adriatic had an anti-Roman political agenda during the time of the second Punic war, coordinating themselves with Macedonia among others, which became an ally of Hannibal and with which Rome went to war in 214 B.C, with which the two Illyrian wars right before and right after the war with Hannibal are related. The authors believe that the sources point to a sort of coalition for transport, trade and communication between Hannibal, the Liburnians and Carthage, which should be viewed in the context of the operations of the anti-Roman coalition of political entities on the eastern shores of the Adriatic
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Pan, Bo, Dandan Zhao, Siduo Liu, and Wei Yu. "Study on the virtual reality evolution of modern settlements along Liaohe River." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 03031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123603031.
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At the end of Qing Dynasty, with the opening of Yingkou port, the economic exchanges between Northeast China and foreign countries were exported. The transportation of goods was more convenient by water than by land. Liaohe river has become an important road of trade transportation, At the same time, it has also become an important way to culture introduction. Therefore, there are nearly three times more ports along the Liaohe river than before. With each port as the core, gathering the resources of the region becomes the core of transportation. The agglomeration of transportation promotes the emergence of corresponding service facilities and the rapid development of economy. Among them, Tianzhuangtai, located in the southern edge of Panjin City, bordering Liaohe river in the East and Bohai Sea in the west, is a typical representative of these traditional settlements. It has entered a period of rapid development from a military important town to a trade center since ancient times. The following changes in the settlement space have also shown a trend of development against the tradition, and the evolution of a series of patterns is also the materialization of the special political, economic and cultural influence of the Northeast in modern times.
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Ziemba, Antoni. "Mistrzowie dawni. Szkic do dziejów dziewiętnastowiecznego pojęcia." Porta Aurea, no. 19 (December 22, 2020): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/porta.2020.19.01.
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In the first half of the 19th century in literature on art the term ‘Old Masters’ was disseminated (Alte Meister, maître ancienns, etc.), this in relation to the concept of New Masters. However, contrary to the widespread view, it did not result from the name institutionalization of public museums (in Munich the name Alte Pinakothek was given in 1853, while in Dresden the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister was given its name only after 1956). Both names, however, feature in collection catalogues, books, articles, press reports, as well as tourist guides. The term ‘Old Masters’ with reference to the artists of the modern era appeared in the late 17th century among the circles of English connoisseurs, amateur experts in art (John Evelyn, 1696). Meanwhile, the Great Tradition: from Filippo Villani and Alberti to Bellori, Baldinucci, and even Winckelmann, implied the use of the category of ‘Old Masters’ (antico, vecchio) in reference to ancient: Greek-Roman artists. There existed this general conceptual opposition: old (identified with ancient) v. new (the modern era).
An attempt is made to answer when this tradition was broken with, when and from what sources the concept (and subsequently the term) ‘Old Masters’ to define artists later than ancient was formed; namely the artists who are today referred to as mediaeval and modern (13th–18th c.). It was not a single moment in history, but a long intermittent process, leading to 18th- century connoisseurs and scholars who formalized early-modern collecting, antiquarian market, and museology.
The discerning and naming of the category in-between ancient masters (those referred to appropriately as ‘old’) and contemporary or recent (‘new’) artists resulted from the attempts made to systemize and categorize the chronology of art history for the needs of new collector- and connoisseurship in the second half of the 16th and in the 17th century. The old continuum of history of art was disrupted by Giorgio Vasari (Vite, 1550, 1568) who created the category of ‘non-ancient old’, ‘our old masters’, or ‘old-new’ masters (vecchi e non antichi, vecchi maestri nostri, i nostri vecchi, i vecchi moderni). The intuition of this ‘in-between’ the vecchi moderni and maestri moderni can be found in some writers-connoisseurs in the early 17th (e.g. Giulio Mancini). The Vasarian category of the ‘old modern’ is most fully reflected in the compartmentalizing of history conducted by Carel van Mander (Het Schilder-Boeck, 1604), who divided painters into: 1) oude (oude antijcke), ancient, antique, 2) oude modern, namely old modern; 3) modern; very modern, living currently. The oude modern constitute a sequence of artists beginning with the Van Eyck brothers to Marten de Vosa, preceding the era of ‘the famous living Netherlandish painters’.
The in-between status of ‘old modern’ was the topic of discourse among the academic circles, formulated by Jean de La Bruyère (1688; the principle of moving the caesura between antiquité and modernité), Charles Perrault (1687–1697: category of le notre siècle preceded by le siècle passé, namely the grand masters of the Renaissance), and Pellegrino Antonio Orlandi writing from the position of an academic studioso for connoisseurs and collectors (Abecedario pittorico, 1704, 1719, 1733, 1753; the antichimoderni category as distinct from the i viventi).
Together with Christian von Mechel (1781, 1783) the new understanding of ‘old modernity’ enters the scholarly domain of museology and the devising of displays in royal and ducal galleries opened to the public, undergoing the division into national categories (schools) and chronological ones in history of art becoming more a science (hence the alte niederländische/deutsche Meister or Schule). While planning and describing painterly schools at the Vienna Belvedere Gallery, the learned historian and expert creates a tripartite division of history, already without any reference to antiquity, and with a meaningful shift in eras: Alte, Neuere, and lebende Meister, namely ‘Old Masters’ (14th–16th/17th c.), ‘New Masters’ (Late 17th c. and the first half of the 18th c.), and contemporary ‘living artists’. The Alte Meister ceases to define ancient artists, while at the same time the unequivocally intensifying hegemony of antique attitudes in collecting and museology leads almost to an ardent defence of the right to collect only ‘new’ masters, namely those active recently or contemporarily. It is undertaken with fervour by Ludwig Christian von Hagedorn in his correspondence with his brother (1748), reflecting the Enlightenment cult of modernité, crucial for the mental culture of pre-Revolution France, and also having impact on the German region. As much as the new terminology became well rooted in the German-speaking regions (also in terminology applied in auction catalogues in 1719–1800, and obviously in the 19th century for good) and English-speaking ones (where the term ‘Old Masters’ was also used in press in reference to the collections of the National Gallery formed in 1824), in the French circles of the 18th century the traditional division into the ‘old’, namely ancient, and ‘new’, namely modern, was maintained (e.g. Recueil d’Estampes by Pierre Crozat), and in the early 19th century, adopted were the terms used in writings in relation to the Academy Salon (from 1791 located at Louvre’s Salon Carré) which was the venue for alternating displays of old and contemporary art, this justified in view of political and nationalistic legitimization of the oeuvre of the French through the connection with the tradition of the great masters of the past (Charles-Paul Landon, Pierre-Marie Gault de Saint-Germain).
As for the German-speaking regions, what played a particular role in consolidating the term: alte Meister, was the increasing Enlightenment – Romantic Medievalism as well as the cult of the Germanic past, and with it a revaluation of old-German painting: altdeutsch. The revision of old-German art in Weimar and Dresden, particularly within the Kunstfreunde circles, took place: from the category of barbarism and Gothic ineptitude, to the apology of the Teutonic spirit and true religiousness of the German Middle Ages (partic. Johann Gottlob von Quandt, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe). In this respect what actually had an impact was the traditional terminology backup formed in the Renaissance Humanist Germanics (ethnogenetic studies in ancient Germanic peoples, their customs, and language), which introduced the understanding of ancient times different from classical-ancient or Biblical-Christian into German historiography, and prepared grounds for the altdeutsche Geschichte and altdeutsche Kunst/Meister concepts. A different source area must have been provided by the Reformation and its iconoclasm, as well as the reaction to it, both on the Catholic, post-Tridentine side, and moderate Lutheran: in the form of paintings, often regarded by the people as ‘holy’ and ‘miraculous’; these were frequently ancient presentations, either Italo-Byzantine icons or works respected for their old age. Their ‘antiquity’ value raised by their defenders as symbols of the precedence of Christian cult at a given place contributed to the development of the concept of ‘ancient’ and ‘old’ painters in the 17th–18th century.
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Méndez, Sigmund. "Los nombres, los poetas y los mitos: la alegoría en los antiguos estoicos." HABIS, no. 45 (2014): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/pixelbit.2014.i45.03.
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Fischer, Benjamin. "CIVILIZED DEPRAVITY: EVANGELICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF EARLY-NINETEENTH-CENTURY CHINA AND THE REDEFINITION OF “TRUE CIVILIZATION”." Victorian Literature and Culture 43, no. 2 (February 25, 2015): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106015031400062x.
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In the first few decadesof the nineteenth century, the experience of missionaries among peoples as diverse as the ancient civilizations of India, the highly organized Zulu kingdoms, and the cannibal tribes of the South Seas had sparked a national debate concerning whether or not the “civilization of the heathen” was necessary before they could be converted, or whether Christianity would be the best means of civilizing them. Unresolved as far as public policy was concerned, this question entered discussions of the 1835 Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes (British Settlements), a committee convened to address problems arising between British settlers and indigenous communities, including important trade sites in Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the Pacific. As with several other areas where significant British imperial pressure never took the form of direct colonial rule, the trade ports in China fell outside the committee's explicit considerations. Along with forbidding foreign settlements, Chinese culture did not fit the terms or assumptions of the committee's conversation. Since the first Jesuit mission to China in the late sixteenth century, there had been little doubt in Europe that Chinese civilization was far advanced. As a tightly controlled bureaucratic state confident of its own position as the Middle Kingdom of the world, China simply did not work within the discourse of civilization. This essay explores one attempt to adjust the terms of that British discourse in order to accommodate a civilized China.
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Malliri, A., K. Siountri, E. Skondras, D. D. Vergados, and C. N. Anagnostopoulos. "THE ENHANCEMENT OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSETS USING AUGMENTED REALITY (AR)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W10 (April 17, 2019): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w10-119-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Τhe development in the fields of Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) management and Maritime Archaeology, yields an interdisciplinary and creative academic framework, such as the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector that has been proved to build intelligent systems and applications. However, the ways to fully make use of these technologies are still being explored, as their potential have not been exploited yet. Underwater archaeological sites, semi (/or fully) submerged settlements, ancient ports and shipwrecks, unlike land sites, are not accessible to public due to their special (sub) marine environment and depth. In this paper, an innovative research idea of using Augmented Reality (AR) for maintaining the memory and the information of underwater archaeological sites, is presented. Although the “artificial” visual documentation cannot replace the authentic values of the underwater tangible heritage, the AR technology can contribute to the protection of the intangible properties and the conquered knowledge of the past of a place. This research work will focus, among other case studies, on the (semi) submerged fortifications and their contiguous contents of the acropolis of Halai in east Lokris, Greece. Hence, along with the climate change that may lead more antiquities covered by water during the following years, the advances in the communication field and the up-coming 5G and cloud technologies will make the idea fully applicable, contributing to the enhancement of the coastal and the underwater archaeological remains.</p>
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Adams, Colin E. P. "Kerstin Höghammar , Brita Alroth & Adam Lindhagen (ed.). Ancient ports: the geography of connections (Boreas: Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 34) 2016. 346 pages, numerous b&w illustrations. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis; 978-91-554-9609-8 hardback SEK 305." Antiquity 91, no. 357 (June 2017): 825–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.57.
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Soedewo, Ery. "Manik-Manik Kaca Salah Satu Indikator Kejayaan Dan Keruntuhan Perniagaan Pulau Kampai." KALPATARU 24, no. 2 (November 30, 2015): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kpt.v24i2.40.
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Salah satu jejak masa lalu di Pulau Kampai yang jumlah dan jenisnya berlimpah adalah manik-manik kaca. Permasalahan pada tulisan ini adalah keterkaitan antara keberlimpahan objek tersebut dengan refleksi kondisi tertentu pada masa lalu di Pulau Kampai. Keberlimpahan data kemudian dianalisis secara morfologi dan dilihat kuantitasnya, sehingga menghasilkan ragam jenis dan gambaran fluktuasi yang merupakan refleksi kejayaan dan keruntuhan perniagaan Pulau Kampai di masa lalu. Penjelasan tentang faktor penyebab fluktuasi dicapai melalui analogi sumber-sumber historis, baik lokal maupun mancanegara. Kajian ini bertujuan menggambarkan fluktuasi perniagaan di Pulau Kampai yang terefleksikan lewat fluktuasi kuantitas manik-manik kacanya, sekaligus menjelaskan faktor penyebab keruntuhan dan kejayaan perniagaan kuna di Pulau Kampai. Kejayaan perniagaan pulau ini berlangsung antara abad ke-11 hingga pertengahan abad ke-14, salah satunya didorong oleh permintaan terhadap produk alam Sumatera oleh pasar Tiongkok sejak masa Dinasti Sung. Keruntuhannya bermula sejak kekuasaan Dinasti Ming membatasi pengusaha swasta dalam perdagangan lintas samudera mulai abad ke-15, yang berakibat pada menurunnya permintaan terhadap produk alam Sumatera. Peran Kampai dalam perniagaan akhirnya mencapai titik terbawah pada abad ke-16 ketika bandar-bandar lain di Sumatera menjadi tempat dijualnya komoditi ekspor yang dihasilkan oleh Aru. Abstract. Kampai Island’s past traces include the abundant varied glass beads. Was such abundant glass beads reflects certain conditions on ancient Kampai Island? Such richness in number and variety have triggered a number of researches on their quantity and morphology which provide some information of categorization and trade fluctuation in the ancient Kampai Island. The factors contributing to the rise and fall of the island are explained through the analogy of local or international historical sources. Kampai’s heyday through AD 11 to the middle of AD 14 centuries was among others due to demand on Sumatera’s natural resources by the Chinese market since the Tang Dynasty’s period; on the other hand, the Ming Dynasty’s AD 15 century inter-ocean private trade quota limitation contributed to the decline of such resources demand. The declining demand finally brought Kampai’s commerce to collapse at AD 16 century when other Sumatera’s ports began to export Aru’s commodity.
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Elchaninov, Anatoly. "On the Great Silk Road—the Ice Silk Road—the road of peace and economic cooperation." InterCarto. InterGIS 25, no. 2 (2019): 330–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2019-2-25-330-344.
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The project on the organization of trade relations between China and other countries arose in the second half of the II century BC. The caravan road connecting East Asia with the Mediterranean in the ancient time and to the Middle Ages was used, first of all, for export of silk from China. Therefore in 1877 the German geographer F.F. von Richtgofen called this route giving the chance for establishment of business contacts, cultural dialogue, promoting to mutual enrichment of large civilizations,—“A Silk Road”. By XV century the overland Silk Road fell into decay, sea trade and navigation began to develop. At the present stage of its development the mankind realized need of restitution of the interstate and international interaction inherent in the period of existence of the Great Silk Road. At the XXIV session of the UNESCO General conference in 1987 the project on complex studying of the Great Silk Road was developed. This international project worked according to two large programs of UNESCO: “The environment surrounding the person, resources of the ground and sea” and “The culture and the future”. In the next years development of the idea of reconstruction and expansion of the opportunities put in the ancient times in the Great Silk Road continued. In 2013 the Chinese President Xi Jinping put forward the concept of “A New Silk Road” under the slogan “One Belt – One Road” including the “Economic Belt of the Silk Road” and “Sea Silk Road of the XXI Century” projects. The strategy of “A New Silk Road” included the project of development of the Northern Sea Route. The Northern Sea Route—the major navigable main passing across the seas of Arctic Ocean, connecting the European and Far East ports and also mouths of the navigable Siberian rivers into the unified transport system of the Arctic. The history of the Northern Sea Route began with the first voyages of the Pomors. Development, studying and the description of sea routes of the Russian Arctic continued further. Development of the Arctic navigation promoted the beginning of the industrial development of natural resources of the region. The large-scale industrial development of the Arctic territories began in the 1930s. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 ice breakers played a large role in conducting of northern convoys. The existing ports were specially converted, new polar stations are built and also additional airfields are developed. In post-war years the Arctic navigation gained further development thanks to the commissioning of icebreaking vessels of new classes. The map of the Northern Sea Route on which the objects built in the 1930–1940s are shown is presented in the article. In July, 2017 during the visit to Russia the chairman Xi Jinping with the president V.V. Putin reached the important agreement on development and use of the Arctic Sea Route and creation of the Ice Silk Road, the sea way uniting North America, East Asia and Western Europe. Within the project of “The Ice Silk Road” tankers with production of Yamal LNG for the first time in the history went the Arctic Sea Route without icebreaking maintenance in the summer of 2018 and arrived from the Arctic port Sabbeta to the Chinese port Jiangsu Zhudong. By these flights the beginning of the regular supply of LNG across the Northern Sea Route is opened.
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Lee, Choon Sun. "Changes in Trade Networks of Geumgwan-Gaya Looked atThrough Iron ingots As Burial Goods During the 4th~6th Century." Yeongnam Archaeological Society, no. 86 (January 30, 2020): 99–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.47417/yar.2020.86.99.
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This study intended to look into changes in the trade networks of Geumgwan-Gaya by analysis of the iron ingots excavated as burial goods from the 4th ~ 6th century ancient tombs in the areas of Nakdonggang River the southeast coast, and identify the scope and aspects of the interactions in the Geumgwan-Gaya Federation through it. First, this study analyzed the iron ingots buried in the ancient tombs in the areas of the southern coast and the lower Nakdonggang River by the forms and organized the changes in the shape of the iron ingots divided into periods ofⅠ ~ Ⅸ stages through the relics excavated together. Next, this study organized the buried aspects of those iron ingots by the hierarchy through the size of the tombs, and the burial goods of ironware and earthenware. Taking over the form of the plate-shaped iron ax in the middle of the 3rd century, the iron ingots were buried like a rail in the tombs for the highest hierarchy starting from the end of the 3rd century in the areas of Daeseongdong, Gimhae and Bokcheon-dong, Busan, where were the center of Geumgwan- Gaya. Starting from the middle of the 4th century to the early of the 5th century it shows the strong trend in the shape of the iron ingots being standardized into the symmetrical arc from of 15~22cm(ⅢBc), which are buried in bundles concentratedly inside the middle of the tombs for the early and lower hierarchy, and the number of tombs with hierarchy is increasing even in the small and medium-sized ancient tombs as well. After the middle of the 5th century, the symmetrical ones in the 10~15cm with arc blade and narrow-width (ⅣBc) are increased, and the iron ingots are buried also in the tombs for the lower hierarchy out of the small and medium-sized tombs. Together with the iron ingots, it shows noticeable burial goods of iron smelting tools such as hammers, anvils and tongs, evidencing that the hierarchy of ironware making becomes diversified. This shows that the iron ingots, that had been buried as a wealth symbol in the large-sized tombs for the highest hierarchy since the end of the 3rd century and the beginning of the 4th century, were buried in the small and middle-sized tombs for the highest hierarchy who formed the craftman networks in iron production by small regional unit in the middle and latter half of the 4th century, and they took in charge of the production and distribution of the iron ingots for the highest hierarchy of the Daeseong-dong ancient tombs under the control of them. However, after the 5th century, it became possible of iron production function by towns & villages of political structures in small unit areas. Since then, Geumgwan-Gaya, which lost its foreign trade routes, was transformed into a form of trade & distribution between the political structures in the inland area of the Nakdonggang River and the ones in small areas through the southern coast. Thus, those political structures in the small unit areas of the lower Nakdonggang River and the southern coast continued to maintain as the regional political structures of Geumgwan-Gaya even after the southern conquest by Goguryeo Kingdom, while interacting on equally basis as the trade ports of the later Geumgwan-Gaya.
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Lacore-Martin, Emmanuelle. "“Encores me frissonne et tremble le coeur dedans sa capsule”: Rabelais’s Anatomy of Emotion and the Soul." Renaissance and Reformation 39, no. 3 (January 14, 2017): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v39i3.27720.
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This article examines the role of anatomical references in the representation of emotion and argues that they constitute textual markers of the Rabelaisian view of the relationship between the body and the soul, and the nature of the soul itself. By analyzing the ancient models of natural philosophy and medicine on which Rabelais draws—Galen, in particular—and by contextualizing Rabelais’s thinking within contemporary debates on the faculties of the soul, the article aims to shed light on his representation of the intersection between material and immaterial processes within the human body. Instead of trying to reconcile potentially contradictory aspects of these ancient models with the Christian faith, Rabelais’s prose is informed by an intuitive understanding of ancient philosophy. His exploitation of the Galenic concept of the animal spirits gives us invaluable insights into the influence of materialist representations of the soul on Rabelais’s thinking.
Cet article étudie le rôle des références anatomiques dans la représentation rabelaisienne de l’émotion et propose d’y voir les marqueurs textuels de la façon dont Rabelais conçoit les rapports entre l’âme et le corps, et la nature de l’âme elle-même. En analysant les modèles anciens de la philosophie naturelle et de la médecine — Galien en particulier — dont Rabelais s’inspire et en situant sa pensée dans le contexte des débats contemporains sur les facultés de l’âme, l’article vise à éclairer la façon dont Rabelais représente l’intersection à l’intérieur du corps humain des processus matériels et immatériels. Sans chercher à réconcilier avec la foi chrétienne certains aspects de ces anciens modèles qui peuvent être en contradiction avec elle, la prose rabelaisienne porte la marque d’une compréhension intuitive de la philosophie ancienne. En particulier, l’exploitation de la conception galénique des esprits animaux donne de précieux aperçus concernant l’influence des représentations matérialistes de l’âme sur la pensée de Rabelais.
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Pratt, William, and Donald Hall. "Their Ancient Glittering Eyes: Remembering Poets and More Poets." World Literature Today 67, no. 2 (1993): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40149210.
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Kletou, Demetris, Periklis Kleitou, Ioannis Savva, Martin J. Attrill, Stephanos Charalambous, Alexis Loucaides, and Jason M. Hall-Spencer. "Seagrass of Vasiliko Bay, Eastern Mediterranean: Lost Cause or Priority Conservation Habitat?" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090717.
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Mediterranean coasts are affected by multiple mounting pressures. In Cyprus, marine fish farming has grown rapidly in the past decade and is concentrated in the west side of Vasiliko Bay. The east coast of this bay has ports, a power station, a desalination unit, a cement factory, a major new oil terminal, and gas storage facilities. The bay is earmarked to create the largest hydrocarbon processing, storing, and transport facility in the region. Here, we assess the status of Posidonia oceanica habitat in an understudied region at the upper thermal, and eastern limit, of this Mediterranean endemic seagrass. An extensive ancient seagrass meadow was revealed, covering about 200 ha across 10 km of coastline, over soft substrata at ca 10–30 m depth, and over hard substrata at ca 0–6 m depth. Seagrass shoot density and leaf surface area decreased, both with increasing depth and with proximity to industrial developments; part of the meadow had been destroyed by dredging to build a jetty. Close to fish farms the seagrass had higher epiphytic biomass as well as lower leaf number, mass, and surface area, all of which indicate adverse effects of eutrophication and increased turbidity. Despite these multiple stressors, most of the meadow was in good ecological status, with some of the highest shoot densities ever reported. Furthermore, iconic species like sea turtles, monk seals, and dolphins were seen during sampling. Posidonia oceanica meadows off Cyprus are among the most valuable in the Mediterranean due to their tolerance of high seawater temperatures. Managers of future coastal developments in the region will need to adhere to European legislation and international conventions designed to secure the socioeconomic benefits of seagrass beds.
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Maró, Zalán Márk, Attila Jámbor, and Áron Török. "Possible routes of the chinese new silk road - can the V4 countries benefit?" Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 8, no. 1-2 (May 26, 2019): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2019.1-2.168-174.
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The Ancient Silk Road was created 2100 years ago during the Han Dynasty (I-II century BC) to promote trade between China and Europe. The road was more than 7,000 km long and served as a catalyst for development for many centuries. After the 15th century, the Silk Road – and, at the same time, China's dominant role – lost its significance due to geographical discoveries. The dramatic fall in technology and the cost of transportation has led to the Silk Road being forgotten today.
The New Silk Road Initiative (also named ‘One Belt, One Road’ concept) has been China's greatest economic effort ever, with the main objective of stimulating economic development in Asia, Europe and Africa. It consists of two parts: the Belt will rely on major cities along the route that will carry some kind of central economic and commercial functions; while the Road is based on large ports, which together will result in a safe and efficient logistics route.The concept would affect 64% of the world's population (4.4 billion people) and would cover 30% of the world's GDP ($ 21 trillion). In recent years, China's economic growth has slowed down, and Chinese goods have become more and more expensive to rely on their main competitive advantage, the low price. This trend points to the need to examine the possibilities of making the transport of goods more efficient. Asia-Europe rail trade accounts for between 3% and 3.5% of total trade between the continents. It follows that 95-96% of the trade between the two continents is carried out at sea. The exact routes of the New Silk Road Initiative have not yet been fully defined but will consist of several land and sea transport routes. We made a systematic literature review to identify the possible paths of the New Silk Road. The initial search obtained 1.739 entries across all databases, which ended up in 49 relevant publications, but in this study we used only 17 publications due to the specificity of the topicAccording to the majority of the literature, the New Silk Road would consist of three general land routes. The first land route from China to Central Asia and Russia would reach Europe through the Baltic Sea. The second route would run through Central-, West Asia, the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean and Central Europe. This route would affect the V4 countries, especially Hungary. The third route would run through Southeast and South Asia to the Indian Ocean. The Maritime Silk Road would start from the coasts of China through the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean to Africa and Europe; as well as from the Chinese coastal ports through the South China Sea to the Pacific Ocean.
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Verga, Flaminia. "L'Assetto Rurale in Età Arcaica ed in Età Romana Del Territorio Di Poggio Sommavilla (Sabina Tiberina)." Papers of the British School at Rome 70 (November 2002): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200002117.
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RURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE ARCHAIC AND ROMAN PERIODS IN THE AREA OF POGGIO SOMMAVILLA (SABINA TIBERINA)This paper presents the results of an historical and topographical survey carried out in the middle Tiber valley, more specifically in the Sabina Tiberina, in the area around Poggio Sommavilla. The survey focused particularly on the area under the present-day administration of the Comune of Stimigliano, with the aim of reconstructing the topographical layout of the Roman landscape. The field survey shed important new light on the nature of the archaic and Roman road network. In particular, as well as the Via Flaminia that runs along the western limits of the study area, another road was identified running in a broadly northeast-southwest direction, which appears to have formed the main trade route that served the area during both the archaic and Roman periods. Furthermore, the study of earlier maps, together with the evidence from the survey, has permitted the identification along the Tiber of a number of ancient ports, the positions of which were not known previously.It is interesting to note that the settlement pattern characteristic of the Iron Age, which favoured high plateaux overlooking the Tiber, continued into the archaic period. This appears to have had a significant impact on settlement of the Roman period, in that the earliest attested Roman villas in this area are those situated next to the Tiber. The development of the ‘phenomenon of the villa’ in the area of the Sabina Tiberina from the end of the Republican period (third to second centuries BC) is consistent with the results of studies in other parts of central Italy. The study of the pottery collected from settlements of the archaic period (Colle Rosetta) and the Roman period (San Sebastiano) confirms the importance of the Tiber as a trade route for commercial exchange.
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Sumantri, Dirga Imam Gozali, Muhamad Raihan, Pindi Setiawan, and Agung Budi Harto. "The Magnificent Pilgrimage Route of Borobudur." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-355-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The historical map of Magnificent Pilgrimage Route of Borobudur is the research product of history, cartography, and visual communication. The purpose is to reconstruct the information of ancient pilgrimage routes in the magnificent era of Borobudur temple in Java Island.</p><p>The pilgrim routes are considered from several factors. First, transportation images factor which is appeared in Borobudur Temple Relief. These images reflect many vehicles in the Buddhist era. There are many types of transportation such as land transportation, river transportation, and sea transportation. The transportation types image drawn on relief are assumed to fit into the technology achievement at that time and associated with the transfer of pilgrims by sea, land, and river comfortably and without harm.</p><p>Second, the route factors are considered from the transportation technology which connected with trading shipping routes. The story begins from the seafarers and pilgrims through South East Asia. Smooth seas along North Java construct the trading route and ports were being the gate of the island. Ashore, the territories of ruling kingdoms consider the chosen route.</p><p>Last, topographic and waterway conditions create optional routes to reach Borobudur. Topographic and waterway are generated with the current condition and combined with historical pieces of evidence. Shreds of evidence are collected from many scholars, maps, artefacts, and sites which related to peoples and goods movement.</p><p>Mainframe focusing on the landscape perspective of the temple. Side information points out the entire journey with small-scale maps, figures, and infographics. Reliefs and characters of Borobudur are used to enrich the element of the map. The product will be drawn on a printed map.</p>
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Ciptandi, Fajar. "The Identity Transformation of Gedog Batik Tuban, East Java." Journal of Urban Society's Arts 7, no. 2 (December 13, 2020): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/jousa.v7i2.4500.
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Tuban area in East Java, Indonesia, has a role as one of the ancient international trading ports since the 11th century. For that role, Tuban has accepted many foreign cultures brought by other nations, such as Tionghoa and Gujarat. Tuban’s improvement that involves international relationships influences the forms of tradition and culture shown in Tuban nowadays. It is believed that from those traditions and cultures owned by the people of Tuban, producing cloth is one of the oldest traditions maintained by the people. However, in the current condition, the practice is slowly transforming into modernity. The research aims to explain the change of tradition on Tuban’s traditional cloth through a cultural transformation approach to find fundamental ground data and explain external elements that intervene in the tradition. And the new forms result from it. Transformasi Identitas Batik Gedog Tuban, Jawa Timur. Kawasan Tuban di Jawa Timur, Indonesia sejak abad ke-11 telah berperan sebagai salah satu pelabuhan perdagangan kuno internasional. Atas perannya tersebut, Tuban mengalami banyak penerimaan kebudayaan- kebudayaan asing yang dibawa oleh bangsa seperti Tionghoa dan Gujarat. Perkembangan Tuban yang melibatkan hubungan antarbangsa itu secara nyata turut berpengaruh pula terhadap wujud-wujud tradisi dan kebudayaan yang tampak di Tuban saat ini. Diyakini dari sekian banyak tradisi dan kebudayaan yang ada, membuat kain diperkirakan telah dimiliki oleh masyarakat Tuban sejak lama. Namun, pada kondisi saat ini tradisi tersebut perlahan- lahan mengalami transformasi ke arah modernitas. Penelitian ini menjelaskan kondisi perubahan yang terjadi pada produk tradisi kain tradisional masyarakat Tuban melalui pendekatan transformasi budaya untuk menemukan data berupa fundamental ground dari tradisi kain tersebut, serta menjelaskan unsur-unsur eksternal apa saja yang telah mengintervensi tradisi tersebut, serta bentuk-bentuk kebaruan apa yang dihasilkannya.
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Brennan, Michael L., Dan Davis, Andrei Opaiţ, and Marshall Stay. "Deep-water shipwrecks in the East Mediterranean: a microcosm of Late Roman exchange." Journal of Roman Archaeology 33 (2020): 291–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759420001026.
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Deep-water shipwrecks provide an opportunity to investigate ships away from the destructive dynamics of coastlines and approaches to harbors where most ancient wrecks to date have been found. Such exploration expands the potential for finding wrecks of periods for which relatively few are known. One such period is the 6th and 7th c. in the E Mediterranean. Studies of cargo assemblages from the few known wrecks of the later Roman period reveal a partial picture of interlinked and overlapping trade networks that incorporated major and minor ports in the adjacent provinces.1 Various trading modes may be discerned, including cabotage, short-haul trade, inter-regional commerce, and private long-haul trade. Largely missing thus far are the wrecks of ships that participated in the annona transport, the “backbone of Late Roman shipping”.2 Each year, an enormous fleet of private ships under state contract hauled thousands of shiploads of Egyptian grain from Alexandria to Constantinople for public distribution,3 but no shipwrecks explicitly associated with these fleets have been found. Also largely invisible are the non-commercial transports associated with the annona militaris, the fiscal supply of foodstuffs destined for armies stationed on the empire‘s borders. The state supply-system became more formalized in 536 when Justinian created the quaestura exercitus, a prefecture that was granted administrative control and jurisdiction of Moesia Secunda, Scythia, Caria, the Aegean islands, and Cyprus.4 Evidence suggests that the quaestor‘s main task was to ensure the supply, by sea, of agricultural products from the Aegean and NE Mediterranean to troops on the Danube frontier.5 While no definitive grain ships have been found in the E Mediterranean — what M. McCormick has called the “annona paradox”6 —, shipwrecks with the larger cargoes expected of state supply have remained rather elusive.
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McBride, Ian. "The Politics of A Modest Proposal: Swift and the Irish Crisis of the Late 1720s." Past & Present 244, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 89–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz015.
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Abstract Swift’s Modest Proposal (1729) is widely regarded as the most brilliant satire in the English language, but its political context has never been properly explored. Some literary scholars have presented the tract as a parody of political economy; others have concentrated on the imputation of cannibalism, the distinguishing mark of the savage, which Swift redirects away from the natives towards the English settlers and their descendants. But nobody has convincingly related A Modest Proposal to the Irish parliamentary debates and pamphlet discussions of the late 1720s, when three successive harvest failures led to food riots in southern ports, large-scale emigration from the north, and thousands of deaths. Nor has anyone seriously investigated Swift’s hatred of the Irish landlord class, which provides A Modest Proposal with its most powerful, animating grievance. During the 1720s disputes over estate management, leasing practices and the relative merits of tillage and pastoral agriculture reflected the spiralling sense that the colonial mission of Ireland’s Protestant elite was on the point of collapse. Swift joined other patriotic commentators in deploring the conversion of arable land to pasture and the resultant expulsion of communities of villagers. Political economists marshalled statistics to demonstrate that human tenants could be as profitable as livestock. A dramatic deterioration in relations between Ireland’s clerical intelligentsia and the landed elite encouraged a distinct strain of social criticism among Anglican clergymen, who blamed landowners for depopulating the countryside ‐ something that Swift repeatedly associated with those barbarous man-eaters of ancient times, the Scythians. For a century and a half the cultivation of Irish soil had been a barometer of the civilising process; consequently the figure of the grazier had become for Swift the epitome of Irish perversity and self-destruction.
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류소진. "Ancient Korean poets’ 「hesushi(和蘇詩)」." Journal of Chinese Language and Literature ll, no. 63 (August 2013): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15792/clsyn..63.201308.79.
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Ivinskiy, Alexander D. "M.N. Muravyov and Ancient Poets: Unpublished Translations." Studia Litterarum 6, no. 2 (2021): 358–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/10.22455/2500-4247-2021-6-2-358-385.
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The article is devoted to the translations of M.N. Muravyov. We present more than ten unpublished texts from his Notebook, which is preserved at the Manuscripts Department of the Russian State Library: a number of works of Horace, Virgil, Anacreon, Martial, Callimachus, Lucretius and Lucan. Secondary in this context, but no less important, is the translation of a fragment from the famous poem Jerusalem Delivered by T. Tasso. These texts do not exhaust the subject (many of Muravyov’s translations still remain unpublished), but, along with others, may become the basis for the reconstruction of Muravyov’s literary position, which can already be characterized as oriented towards European “classicism.”
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Ivinskiy, Alexander D. "M.N. Muravyov and Ancient Poets: Unpublished Translations." Studia Litterarum 6, no. 2 (2021): 358–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2021-6-2-358-385.
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The article is devoted to the translations of M.N. Muravyov. We present more than ten unpublished texts from his Notebook, which is preserved at the Manuscripts Department of the Russian State Library: a number of works of Horace, Virgil, Anacreon, Martial, Callimachus, Lucretius and Lucan. Secondary in this context, but no less important, is the translation of a fragment from the famous poem Jerusalem Delivered by T. Tasso. These texts do not exhaust the subject (many of Muravyov’s translations still remain unpublished), but, along with others, may become the basis for the reconstruction of Muravyov’s literary position, which can already be characterized as oriented towards European “classicism.”
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McKelvy, William R. "PRIMITIVE BALLADS, MODERN CRITICISM, ANCIENT SKEPTICISM: MACAULAY’S LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME." Victorian Literature and Culture 28, no. 2 (September 2000): 287–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106015030028203x.
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ONE OF THE BEST selling volumes of Victorian verse, as Donald Gray has shown, was Thomas Babington Macaulay’s The Lays of Ancient Rome first published in 1842 (Complete Writings 19: 167–279). For a generation after its publication, the Lays also generally enjoyed the praise of critics and poets.1 But in 1860, just months after Macaulay had been interred in Poets’ Corner, Matthew Arnold offered up the Lays as a touchstone of the grandly bad. In his lectures On Translating Homer, Arnold said that “a man’s power to detect the ring of false metal in those Lays is a good measure of his fitness to give an opinion about poetical matters at all” (1: 211). Arnold’s put-down was echoed in later works such as Thomas Humphry Ward’s multi-volume anthology The English Poets (1880), which opened with Arnold’s essay “The Study of Poetry.” Ward cited the continuing popularity of the Lays, but he pointed out that “the higher critical authorities have pronounced against them, and are even teaching us to wonder whether they can be called poetry at all. They find in the Lays the same faults which mar the author’s prose — commonplaceness of ideas, cheapness of sentiment and imagery, made to prevail by dint of the writer’s irresistible command of a new rhetorical force; in a word, eloquent Philistinism” (4: 540).
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Mesqui, J. "À la découverte des ponts anciens." Archéologie médiévale 17, no. 1 (1987): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arcme.1987.1187.
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Bing, Peter. "Theocritus' Epigrams on the Statues of Ancient Poets." Antike und Abendland 34, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anab-1988-0110.
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Blum, Wilhelm. "Humanistic Poets And Classical Philosophy." ETHICS IN PROGRESS 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/eip.2016.2.8.
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The aim of the article is to show that the so-called “philosophia perennis” is valid for our modern times too. Four philosophical schools of the Hellenistic times remain influential for the following centuries: Plato and Neoplatonism, Aristotle and the Peripatetics, the Stoics and the Epicureans. We are interpreting two, only two, poems from Thomas More and Jacob Balde, and so we see the greatest possible influence of all these four ancient philosophical schools.
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Gurukkal, Rajan, and Dick Whittaker. "In search of Muziris." Journal of Roman Archaeology 14 (2001): 334–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400019978.
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The importance of Muziris in Roman trade with India does not need any underlining. The port on the Malabar coast of modern Kerala figures prominently in the descriptions of classical geographers, it receives mention in the earliest Tamil poems, and it has come into the news more recently through the publication of a Greek papyrus from Egypt. It is also clear from the amount of Roman silver and gold coin found in S India — which gives some substance to Roman estimates of money haemorrhaging out to India — and from the value of the eastern cargoes recorded coming into Egypt and Rome that the trade was neither casual nor modest. All this is well known and has been carefully studied. The oddity, or pity, is that, despite the many ports listed in ancient authors along some 600 km of the Malabar coast, not a single one has been identified for certain, and not one has produced any serious archaeological evidence of Roman contact. As for Muziris, the most important of them all, we have only a vague idea of where it was located.Almost every earlier study has placed Muziris at Kodungallur (Cranganore/Cranganur in its Europeanised form) at the mouth of the Periyar river and north of Kerala's main modern port of Kochi (Cochin) (fig. 1). That is reasonable enough. The Periyar is the greatest river in Kerala and runs down from the towering western ghats to the sea. But where exactly on the Periyar? Kodungallur is the name given to a large zone, incorporating a number of small towns of which Kodungallur itself is one, strung out along the road that runs north for several kilometres from the Periyar parallel to the coast and the inland waters of the river Pullut. But how certain is this, anyway? These were the questions we had in mind when a group of us decided to take a closer look at the evidence, both in the literature and on the ground. Ultimately, only an excavation can answer the questions for certain, but perhaps we could narrow down the options.
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Bruguier, Bruno. "Les ponts en pierre du Cambodge ancien." Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient 87, no. 2 (2000): 529–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/befeo.2000.3490.
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Domède, Nathalie, Gérard Pons, and Alain Sellier. "Requalification des ouvrages anciens. Les ponts en maçonnerie." Revue européenne de génie civil 11, no. 9-10 (December 31, 2007): 1199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/regc.11.1199-1218.
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Olivia, Leanora, Sappho, and Diane Rayor. "Sappho's Lyre: Archaic Lyric and Women Poets of Ancient Greece." Classical World 90, no. 1 (1996): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4351915.
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GEYMONAT, MARIO. "ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRY IN ANCIENT ROME: SURVEYORS, INTELLECTUALS, AND POETS." Nuncius 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221058709x00024.
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Neury, Patrick, Jacques Seigne, Amaury Neury, Gabriel Rocque, André Roger, and Sylvain Roger. "Deux ponts antiques (?) à Tours / Two ancient (?) bridges at Tours." Revue archéologique du Centre de la France 42, no. 1 (2003): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/racf.2003.2940.
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