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Journal articles on the topic 'Ancient stones and marbles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Sullivan, M. G. "Two sculptor-geologists and the perception of marble in nineteenth-century Britain: Sir Francis Chantrey and William Brindley." Sculpture Journal 30, no. 2 (2021): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/sj.2021.30.2.10.

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This article focuses on two British sculptors who straddled the worlds of practical geology and sculpture in the nineteenth century, and in particular how their work affected the scientific and popular understanding of marble. Francis Chantrey and William Brindley were both long-term members of the Geological Society of London and contributed practical understanding of stone to the development of the geological discourse on white and coloured decorative marbles. This article looks at Chantrey’s use of fossiliferous British ‘marbles’ and his role in the growing comprehension of Carrara marble a

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Gambino, Francesca, Alessandro Borghi, Anna d’Atri, et al. "Minero-Petrographic Characterization of Chianocco Marble Employed for Palazzo Madama Façade in Turin (Northwest Italy)." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (2019): 4229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154229.

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The study of ancient marble plays an important role in the interpretation of historical and archaeological sites and gives interesting information about building materials used in ancient times and their trade routes. The present work focuses on Chianocco marble that represents one of the most important ancient white marbles for cultural heritage exploited in the Piedmont region (Northwest Italy) and employed for the Palazzo Madama façade. A multi-analytical study based on petrographic (optical and scanning electron microscopy), electron microprobe, cathodoluminescence and stable isotope analy

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3

Bradley, Mark. "Colour and marble in early imperial Rome." Cambridge Classical Journal 52 (2006): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1750270500000440.

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The proliferation of white and coloured marbles in Rome and the provinces has received detailed attention from archaeologists, and the symbolism underlying the use and distribution of these marbles has been discussed at length by art historians. In addition, there are now several important catalogues of ancient Roman marbles. Their stones are presented attractively in full glory, using state-of-the-art printing technology, page after page of dazzling colour. In case the full extent of the polychromy is lost on the reader, descriptions and labels (particulary those coined in nineteenth-century

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Scardozzi, Giuseppe. "The Provenance of Marbles and Alabasters Used in the Monuments of Hierapolis in Phrygia (Turkey): New Information from a Systematic Review and Integration of Archaeological and Archaeometric Data." Heritage 2, no. 1 (2019): 519–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2010035.

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Determining the provenance of the stones used for ancient architectures is very important in order to reconstruct many social and economic questions linked to the life of a city. This paper integrates previous and new archaeometric data about marble and alabaster quarries in south-western Phrygia (Lykos valley), and offers a review of some results of the research activities carried out between the years 2013–2018 and aimed to reconstruct the building stone procurement strategies adopted in the city of Hierapolis in Phrygia across a broad chronological time span from the Hellenistic age to the

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Kiilerich, Bente. "Creative combination and recombination in Roman and Pseudo-Roman portraits." Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia 37, no. 24 N.S. (2023): 69–83. https://doi.org/10.5617/acta.10474.

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The head was the essential part of a Roman portrait, but the portrait’s meaning was shaped by the body to which it was attached. After a presentation of portrait heads joined to ideal bodies, the article discusses the combination of different stones for different parts of a sculpted bust. To attract collectors, many antique works were later refashioned and updated, an ancient head being mounted on a new bust. Unfortunately, it is often difficult to tell whether a given work is ancient, partly ancient, or wholly modern. It is my contention that most extant portrait busts of coloured marbles are

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Calandra, Sara, Emma Cantisani, Silvia Vettori, Marilena Ricci, Beatrice Agostini, and Carlo Alberto Garzonio. "The San Giovanni Baptistery in Florence (Italy): Assessment of the State of Conservation of Surfaces and Characterization of Stone Materials." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (2022): 4050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12084050.

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During the last restoration campaign of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence (Italy), the assessment of the state of conservation of external surfaces was performed, with a multi-analytical approach, in order to support the conservation and restoration treatments. Black crusts, red staining, sulphation, and organic patinas were identified. Moreover, a complete characterization of marble cladding, bricks, and mortars was carried out. A geochemical and minero-petrographic approach was used in order to classify and assess the provenance of marbles, and define raw materials and technologies

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EL-MELIGI, Amin A. "ANCIENT EGYPTIAN METAL ARTIFACTS: LASTING FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGAINST CORROSION." European Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (2024): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ejmse.2024.09.01.041.

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Metals were used to make artifacts and medical tools in ancient times. This review article focuses on the gold and silver metal artifacts of the ancient Egyptian and their protection against corrosion. There is no doubt that Egypt is an open museum because the ancient Egyptians planted the monuments everywhere in the deserts. There are many types of artifacts, such as statues, jewelries, furniture, weapons, paints, etc. They have used different types of materials to make all these monuments, such as marbles, wood, stones, metals. They have used different types of metals, such as gold, silver,

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Penn, Tim, Summer Courts, and Ulrich Schädler. "Reassessing Roman and Late Antique ‘Marbles Lanes’: One Game or Many?" Board Game Studies Journal 17, no. 1 (2023): 105–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgs-2023-0004.

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Abstract Characterised by the presence of multiple depressions or pockets in a variety of arrangements, and, in some cases, the presence of a single, double, or triple ‘start line’ carved into horizontal stone surfaces, marble lanes in their variety of forms open a window onto ancient play that few have looked through. Thought to be a playing surface for some kind of throwing or rolling game which involved the use of glass or ceramic spheres, Roman marble lanes have received comparatively little attention in the recent upswing of scholarship on ancient play, partially as a result of the relati

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Alzubaidi, Aqeel Abbass, and Munther Ali Abdel malik. "The stony Nature of the stone tools and new archaeological discovery in the suthern desert nearby Nugrat Al- Salman , Samwa, South west Iraq." Al-Adab Journal 1, no. 126 (2018): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i126.59.

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Ancient human in early stages of his life depended on stone (Kottak, 2006). He used some stone made tools to overcome the natural environment and prevention from any possible danger. In addition to provide his daily needs (Mohammed 2005). This use developed and passed many stages of stony ages like the old stony age and the Middle stony age and the modern stony age. He began to use stone in building and in preparing his stony tools like, hummer, grinder, mill and others. Among the most important stones used are the Granite, Basalt, Nice, limestone, sand stone, and Sawan stone. Some stony tools

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Tesi, V., G. Tucci, V. Bonora, L. Fiorini, and A. Conti. "LASER SCANNING AND MODELLING OF BARELY VISIBLE FEATURES: THE SURVEY OF THE GROTTO OF THE ANIMALS AT THE VILLA OF CASTELLO (FLORENCE)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W1 (May 16, 2017): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w1-343-2017.

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The deep fusion of natural and artificial elements typical of Italian Renaissance gardens is particularly evident in the park of Villa di Castello and in the Grotto of the Animals, also called Grotto of the Flood. <br><br> The soil slope is the essential element of a huge underlying hydraulic machine and it is the result of extensive earthworks which led to the construction of the big retaining wall limiting the grotto and the adjacent fountains. Hence, this grotto represents only the visible part of a mechanism running all around it. It is formed by a single chamber vaulted and co

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de Vals, Marilou, Renaldo Gastineau, Amélie Perrier, Romain Rubi, and Isabelle Moretti. "The stones of the Sanctuary of Delphi – Northern shore of the Corinth Gulf – Greece." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 191 (2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020011.

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The choice of stones by the ancient Greeks to build edifices remains an open question. If the use of local materials seems generalized, allochthonous stones are usually also present but lead to obvious extra costs. The current work aims to have an exhaustive view of the origins of the stones used in the Sanctuary of Delphi. Located on the Parnassus zone, on the hanging wall of a large normal fault related to the Corinth Rift, this Apollo Sanctuary is mainly built of limestones, breccia, marbles, as well as more recent poorly consolidated sediments generally called pôros in the literature. To o

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Aquino, Andrea, Stefano Pagnotta, and Marco Lezzerini. "Artificial Thermal Decay: Influence of Mineralogy and Microstructure of Sandstone, Calcarenite and Marble." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (2021): 012123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012123.

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Abstract Within a major framework of studies around artificial weathering and its effects on different lithotypes, in this work we study the effects of thermal stresses after artificial thermal decay on different types of stones used in historical buildings: a sandstone, a calcarenite and a marble. The sandstone belongs to the so called “Macigno” Formation and mainly outcrops along the northern Apennine (North Western Tuscany) and it has been widely used around Tuscany for building purposes (e.g., in Florence, Lucca, Pisa, Pistoia, etc.); the analysed calcarenite (Gravina) comes from the surro

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Lopes, Luís, Ruben Martins, Patrícia Falé, et al. "Development of a Tourist Route around the Mining Heritage of the Estremoz Anticline." Key Engineering Materials 548 (April 2013): 348–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.548.348.

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The areas of the counties of Estremoz, Borba and Vila Viçosa, traditionally and since ancient times, have been a major region for extraction of marbles for use as a dimension stone in Portugal. The geological evolution of the Iberian Peninsula allowed the formation, in Alto Alentejo, of one of the World’s most important and famous marble deposits. The Estremoz Anticline, about 42 km long and 8 km in maximum width, is an impressive place where the strength and ingenuity of Man has been used for decades to turn the “land upside down”. The 27 km2 where the marble is concentrated is a place with a

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Yan, Yu, and Yansong Wang. "A Review of Atmospheric Deterioration and Sustainable Conservation of Calcareous Stone in Historical Buildings and Monuments." Sustainability 16, no. 23 (2024): 10751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310751.

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Calcareous stones, such as marble and limestone, have been widely used in ancient architecture due to their durability, abundance, and ease of extraction and workability. However, their chemical nature renders them vulnerable to atmospheric pollutants. With industrialization and socio-economic growth, air pollution has severely impacted built heritage, including numerous historical buildings and monuments, particularly under changing climate and environmental conditions. Various forms of degradation, such as acid corrosion, mineral crystallization, and black crusts, are widespread and typicall

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Warren, Peter. "THE REDISCOVERY OF GREEK ROSSO ANTICO MARBLE AND ITS USE IN BRITAIN IN THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES." Annual of the British School at Athens 107 (May 1, 2012): 341–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245412000020.

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The metamorphic geology of Greece and the Aegean produced a wide range of coloured stones which were used in antiquity. In the second half of the nineteenth century several of the ancient quarries were rediscovered and reopened by Greek and British companies within the developing economy of the young Greek state. One such stone is the fine maroon marble rosso antico, emplaced at several locations in the Mani. It had first been exploited in the Late Bronze Age and exploitation continued extensively during the Roman Empire. The new quarryings of the nineteenth century resulted in much export to

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Maiti, Surajit. "Principle and Methodology of Scientific Conservation and Preservation for Built Cultural Heritage." Journal of Heritage, Archaeology & Management (JHAM) 1, no. 1 (2021): 152–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5035211.

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Abstract India is one of the most ancient civilizations of the world and is famous for its rich cultural heritage ranging over several millennia. The ravages of time and various weathering agencies through physico-chemical processes have been responsible for deterioration of this built cultural heritage. Moreover, human vandalism and constant changes in environmental scenarios in and around monuments added new challenges in the field of conservation. This, paper reports the principles and brief methodology of scientific conservation and preservation of different types of stone monuments in gen

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Gorelick, Leonard, and A. John Gwinnett. "Minoan versus Mesopotamian Seals: Comparative methods of Manufacture." Iraq 54 (1992): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002485.

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In a previous article we reported a study of Ancient Mesopotamian cylinder seals. The purpose was to provide insights, based on experimental evidence for the change from stone to metal drills in seal manufacture. These findings were correlated to earlier research in which the proportion of medium and hard stone seals (Mohs 5–7) e.g. hematite, quartz, etc. to those of soft stones (Mohs 1–3) e.g. steatite, marble, etc. was documented. The time span encompassed the beginning of cylinder seal history at Uruk (4% medium and hard stone seals) at the end of the 4th millennium B.C. through the Sasania

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Gavrilović, Anđela. "Grigorije Camblak's description of the construction of the Dečani church: Its features and models." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 53, no. 3 (2023): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp53-44977.

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In describing the life and deeds of Serbian Holy King Stefan of Dečani (1322-1331), the author of the second biography of the Serbian king and abbot of the Dečani Monastery, Grigorije Camblak (c.1364-1419/1420) gives an account of the construction of the Holy King's endowment dedicated to Christ Pantokrator (Figs. 1-2). He describes in detail the way in which the marble blocks of the church were carved with great skill, prepared and perfectly inserted into the overall structure of the building. He states, "...and the stones are wonderfully and most artfully joined together, so that it seems as

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Ito, William Hideki, Talita Scussiato, Federico Vagnon, et al. "On the Thermal Stresses Due to Weathering in Natural Stones." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (2021): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031188.

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Natural weathering is known as one of the key mechanisms causing degradation in building materials. Great efforts have been made to develop new materials and new processes for protecting those that already exist. Natural stones are an example of a natural material that has been extensively used for building construction since ancient times. In addition, they fit durability, aesthetic, and mechanical requirements. Thus, they still have great importance in the construction business nowadays. Though chemical interactions in natural stones, such as oxidation or hydrolyses, have been widely studied

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Makhota, Olena Olehivna. "Main characteristics of 11th -15th centuries bricks from monumental buildings of the Pechersk monastery in Kyiv." Slavia Antiqua. Rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim, no. 64 (December 13, 2023): 305–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sa.2023.64.11.

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The relevance of the proposed work lies in the fact that the powerful collection of building materials has been assembled in the scientific funds of the National Preserve „Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra” over a 100-year history of archaeological research into architectural monuments from the 11th-15thcenturies (the Dormition Cathedral, chapel of St. John the Baptist, Trinity Gatech church, a brick refectory, and a stonewall from the 12thcentury). It consists of bricks (plinthois), ceramic tiles and stone floor slabs, roof tiles, glass hutters, frescoes, mosaics, samples of stones and solutions, marble de

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Russell, Ben. "Stone quarrying in Greece: ten years of research." Archaeological Reports 63 (November 2017): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0570608418000078.

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It has been ten years since the publication of Lorenzo Lazzarini's monumental volume on the quarrying, use and properties of the coloured marbles of Greece: Poikiloi Lithoi, Versiculores Maculae: I Marmi Colorati della Grecia Antica (Lazzarini 2007). The first study since Angelina Dworakowska's Quarries in Ancient Greece (Dworakowska 1975) to attempt a large-scale examination of quarrying across Greece, Lazzarini's approach is fundamentally an archaeometric one. Analysis of the evidence for quarrying in different regions is set alongside minero-petrographic and geochemical analyses of the mate

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Lorenc, Marek W., and H. Lorenc. "Stone in architecture and sculpture – source material for reconstruction." Acta Geoturistica 9, no. 1 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agta-2018-0001.

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Abstract Stone is the oldest, natural material, which was (and still is) used as both building and sculptural material. The most commonly used for these purposes are: granites, marbles, limestones and sandstones, representing the three main genetic groups of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. All of them are permanently being destroyed in result as well of natural weathering as microbiological activity and anthropogenic pollution of atmosphere, known as deterioration. The speed of such decay depends on both environmental conditions and mineral composition of the stone and it can lead

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Korchak, Andriy. "Egyptian cults in the Northern Black Sea Coast and the Ukrainian Steppe according to epigraphic and archeological monuments (6th century BCE – 4th century CE)." Scientific Yearbook "History of Religions in Ukraine", no. 33 (2023): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33294/2523-4234-2023-33-1-3-31.

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A number of source‑scientific and historiographical studies have been analyzed. They provide information on finds of objects related to the cults of deities of Egyptian origin in the territory of the Northern Black Sea Coast and the Ukrainian Steppe. A description of the relevant epigraphic inscriptions, sgraffito, bronze, marble, terracotta and bone statuettes, reliefs on clay candelabrums and dishes, gems carved from precious stones, golden, silver, bronze and iron rings, bone tessarae, amulet-beads, made of Egyptian faiense and bronze coins is given. It is established that faience beads fir

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Runnels, Curtis, and Stephen L. Dyson. "Ancient Marbles to American Shores." Journal of Field Archaeology 26, no. 3 (1999): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/530526.

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Walkden, Gordon M. "Devonshire marbles-the greatest British decorative stones?" Geology Today 32, no. 4 (2016): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gto.12143.

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Wagner, Monika. "Impure stone and the threat to decency: marble tints and veins." Sculpture Journal 30, no. 2 (2021): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/sj.2021.30.2.3.

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According to the classical tradition, marble sculptures were to be made of ‘pure’ white material. This remained an aesthetic ideal even after archaeological findings had revealed evidence of ancient polychromy. This article argues that tinting as well as natural staining on marble figures in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were not only aesthetically but also morally reprehensible, because they violated the ideal of homo clausus. This term, coined by the sociologist Norbert Elias, conceptualizes a subject that imposes ‘self-restraint’ to control its physical body and its emotions.

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Tazzini, Antonio, Francesca Gambino, Marco Casale, and Giovanna Antonella Dino. "Managing Marble Quarry Waste: Opportunities and Challenges for Circular Economy Implementation." Sustainability 16, no. 7 (2024): 3056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16073056.

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Marble has been a prominent natural stone exploited since ancient times, commonly employed as a building material and ornamental stone. However, the disposal of waste generated from marble extraction, particularly fine sludge, poses significant environmental challenges for the dimensional stone industry. The difficulty in managing and recovering these materials, exacerbated by local regulations and the absence of suitable recovery protocols, often leads to landfilling. This issue is exemplified by the Carrara Marble Basin in the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy), where more than half of the extracte

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Tourneur, Francis. "Global Heritage Stone: Belgian black ‘marbles’." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 486, no. 1 (2018): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp486.5.

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AbstractThe appellation ‘Belgian black “marbles”’ usually designates dark fine-grained limestones present in the Paleozoic substrate of south Belgium. They have been extracted mostly in Frasnian (Upper Devonian) and Viséan (Lower Carboniferous) strata, in various different localities (Namur, Dinant, Theux, Basècles, Mazy-Golzinne among others). Nearly devoid of fossils and veins, they take a mirror-like polished finish, with a pure black colour. These limestones were already known during Antiquity but were only intensively exploited from the Middle Ages. Many different uses were made of these

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Peirano, Diego. "Use and aesthetics of Iasian marble in presbyteries of the 6th century." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 32, no. 1 (2023): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37343/uw.2083-537x.pam32.1.05.

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This paper offers a survey of the uses of Iasian marbles and their relationships with other stones. In the 6th century, these marbles were used for wall cladding and flooring, with an aim to alternate with or frame lighter marbles, as was the case in Iasos, in the Agora Basilica. Similar combinations were attested in the cladding of synthronoi of the basilicas A and C of Nea Anchialos. In the latter, the sides of the presbytery were framed with red cipollino slabs of different lengths and widths. In the prostoon, verde antico was added to red and white veined marbles. Other examples seem to de

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R., H. Mohankar, D. Pidurkar M., and S. Bute R. "Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate and Cement by Waste Marble Powder – A Review." Journal of Construction and Building Materials Engineering 5, no. 1 (2019): 8–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2565993.

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Marble is widely used in the world as a building material since the ancient times. The last byproduct of marble mine is marble waste (Powder & Granules) and it is very important material for its properties like powder can be used as replacement of cement and granules as sand in construction without any effect on strength of concrete. In addition, recycling waste without proper management can result in environmental problems greater than the waste itself. Marble powder and granules is formed during the production of marble pieces from marble stone. The marble waste is that about 25% to 30%

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Poupaki, Eirene. "Early Byzantine vases carved in Prokonnesian marble from ancient Halasarna (Kos Island, Dodecanese, Greece)." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 32, no. 1 (2023): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37343/uw.2083-537x.pam32.1.01.

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The paper stems from archaeometric provenance studies, which proved that some vases from excavations at Kardamaina, ancient Halasarna, of Kos had been carved in Prokonnesian marble. The items under consideration are four-handled bowls whose grips are decorated with incised motifs. The proven use of Prokonnesian marble not only for architectural members, but also for smaller artifacts indicates that vases were among the Prokonnesian marble products imported to Kos from Constantinopolitan workshops. These imports are dated to the 5th and 6th centuries AD, a time of intense building activity not

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Brilli, Mauro, Francesca Giustini, and Marco Gozzi. "The Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Composition of the Marble Inscriptions of Aléria, Corsica." Minerals 13, no. 4 (2023): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13040580.

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Aléria was the main city of the island of Corsica in ancient times. Archaeological excavations in the area where ancient Aléria once stood began between the 1950s and 1960s and brought to light numerous inscriptions mainly carved on slabs of white marble; they constitute an important source of knowledge of the city’s institutions, urban topography, society, and economy. The provenance of the marbles, on which the inscriptions were carved, can add important information about the history of the city. A first visual examination of the slabs or slab fragments allows us to state that Carrara is pro

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GÜNEŞ, Nurdan, and R. Mete GÖKTAN. "KİMYASAL BİLEŞİMLERİ YARDIMIYLA GERÇEK MERMERLERİN AŞINMA DİRENCİ KESTİRİMİ: YENİ BİR YAKLAŞIM." Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi 11, no. 4 (2023): 1245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1254850.

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Natural stones are the widely used building materials in civil engineering and architectural projects. Surface abrasion resistance determination of natural stones is one of the important issues considered in flooring projects. This mechanical property is determined by performing standardized laboratory tests. In recent years, however, there has been considerable interest in its determination by means of indirect methods using the physical, mechanical, and mineralogical properties of stone materials. As a new approach, the present work was undertaken to investigate the potential usability of ch

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M. C. Gupta and Shiv Prakash Gupta. "Measuring Environmental Accounting Reporting Practices By Marble Minces Of Rajasthan." GIS Business 15, no. 1 (2020): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v15i1.17890.

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Rajasthan is known as mineral majestic State as it produces more than 50 types of mineral and rocks. The State is endowed with vast deposits of natural rocks known as “stones” in local parlance and a few important ones amongst them are Granite, Marble, Sandstone, Limestone, Slate and Quartzite. Perhaps, nowhere in the world social, economic and cultural fabric of the society is found to be so intimately ingrained with stone and stone based products as it is in Rajasthan State of India. The current research uses the data of RK Marbles, Evershine Marble, Mumal Marbles, Chandna Marble and Bapu Ma

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Carvalho, Jorge M. F., José V. Lisboa, António Casal Moura, Cristina Carvalho, Luís M. O. Sousa, and Mário M. Leite. "Evaluation of the Portuguese Ornamental Stone Resources." Key Engineering Materials 548 (April 2013): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.548.3.

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Portugal produces a great diversity of ornamental stones. Besides the internationally known white and pink marbles, also light cream limestones are produced, as well as grey, yellow and pink granites, and dark grey slates. A first exercise is presented on the evaluation of the available resources of ornamental stones in the whole Portuguese territory. The results show a total availability of 410 million cubic meters, of which 274 million refer to granite, 76 million to limestone, 51 million to marble, and 9 million to slate.

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Adamopoulos, E., F. Rinaudo, and D. Adamopoulou. "AUTOMATIZING DEGRADATION MAPPING OF ANCIENT STELAE BY DUAL-BAND IMAGING AND MACHINE LEARNING-BASED CLASSIFICATION." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences VIII-M-1-2021 (August 27, 2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-viii-m-1-2021-9-2021.

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Abstract. Degradation patterns are the visible consequence of the impacts of environmental factors and biological agents on stone heritage. Accurately documenting them is a key requisite when studying exposed stone antiquities to interpret weathering causes, identify conservation needs, and plan cleaning interventions. However, a significant gap can be identified in practical automatized procedures for mapping patterns on stone antiquities, such as ancient stelae. This work evaluates a workflow that uses visible and near-infrared imaging, combined with machine learning-based digital image segm

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Kahwagi-Janho, Hany. "Byzantine marble fragments rediscovered in a Tyre cistern." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 32, no. 1 (2023): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.37343/uw.2083-537x.pam32.1.08.

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The Franco-Lebanese mission in Tyre identified a stone dump comprising more than a thousand fragments of architectural members and liturgical furnishings, located in an ancient cistern. These fragments, mainly of marble, but also of limestone, basalt and marine sandstone, had been collected during excavation works carried out on the site in the 1960s and 1970s. After their discovery, all the blocks were removed from the cistern, inventoried, documented and studied in order to identify their various functions and origins. A large part of these fragments seem to have belonged to various Byzantin

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Sari, Puspa, Risma Illa Maulany, and Ngakan Putu Oka. "Analisis Mikrohabitat Eboni (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) pada Kawasan Hutan Tombolo Resort Balocci Taman Nasional Bantimurung Bulusaraung Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan." MAKILA 15, no. 2 (2021): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/makila.v15i2.3915.

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The study aimed to analyze the pattern of ebony distribution (Diospyros celebica Bakh) and the relationship of microhabitat factors with variable density and dominance. This research was conducted in the Tombolo Resort Balocci Forest Area of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park in South Sulawesi Province. Data collection is carried out in a plot measuring 100 m x 100 m divided into 100 subplots measuring 10m x 10m, covering the individual number of trees and the area of the base field on each research sub-plot. Microhabitat factors include pH, marbles, soil depth, header closure, and the prop

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Lezzerini, Marco, Alessio Tomei, Gianni Gallello, Andrea Aquino, and Stefano Pagnotta. "The Crystallization Effect of Sodium Sulfate on Some Italian Marbles, Calcarenites and Sandstones." Heritage 5, no. 3 (2022): 1449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030076.

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Soluble salts are compounds found inside ornamental rocks and building stones exposed to atmospheric agents in environments rich in alkaline metal ions, such as sodium and potassium. The damage induced by their crystallization in those materials, used to build monuments and architectural structures of great importance, is an unsolved problem. Sodium sulfate is one of the most common and harmful salt found in these constructions. In this work, we studied the resistance through time to the wet-drying cycles of some natural stones (calcarenites, marbles, and sandstones) that have been utilized in

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Melville, Duncan J. "Weighing Stones in Ancient Mesopotamia." Historia Mathematica 29, no. 1 (2002): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/hmat.2001.2328.

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Le Page, Michael. "Ancient stones were deliberately rounded." New Scientist 259, no. 3456 (2023): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(23)01730-x.

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Sartkozhauly, Karzhaubay. "Distribution of deer stones and migration of the Scythians." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 147, no. 2 (2024): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2024-147-2-137-157.

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In the article, in addition to the classification and chronology of deer stones created by the ancient nomadic Scythians (Oghuz) in their ancestral home of Central Asia, the author made an attempt to present the history of the ancient nomads in a new way through the prism of their cultural values. Today, archeology has grown stronger, discovered many heritage sites and is now studying their secrets from new angles. One of these secrets are deer stones, which are already familiar to people, but the author showed that these deer stones are the real roots and material value of the ancient history

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Kanwar, Ratan. "Traditional and Modern Marble Stone Sculptures of Rajasthan: A Comparative Study." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 9, no. 8 (2024): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2024.v09.n08.018.

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Introduction: The evolution of marble sculpture in Rajasthan reflects the rich cultural, religious, and artistic heritage of the region. Traditional sculptures, primarily created for temples, focused on religious symbolism, depicting deities, mythological figures, and animals. These sculptures were crafted using ancient tools and techniques, emphasizing uniformity and spiritual significance. In contrast, modern sculptures explore abstract themes, reflecting contemporary issues, emotions, and social life. Research Methods: The study involved site visits to various sculptural locations across Ra

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YAVUZ, Murat, and İbrahim TÜRKOĞLU. "Classification of Marble Types Using Machine Learning Techniques." Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Uluslararası Mühendislik Teknolojileri ve Uygulamalı Bilimler Dergisi 6, no. 1 (2023): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53448/akuumubd.1268931.

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Natural stones are one of the indispensable elements of people from shelter to weapons. Among these stone types, marbles and marble-derived products are among the objects that people always prefer, from bathroom to kitchen, from garden design to small decorative home decorations. While the marbles are named according to the regions where they are extracted, their types and qualities are classified based on observation by people who are qualified as experts in this field. This classification, which is made by experts based on observation, carries risks in economic terms, increases the workload

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Prochaska, Walter. "The challenge of a successful discrimination of ancient marbles (part II): A databank for the Alpine marbles." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 38 (August 2021): 102958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102958.

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WALKDEN, GORDON. "PROMOTING ART, MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE IN ONE—THE SOCIETY'S ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BRITISH MARBLE INDUSTRY." Earth Sciences History 37, no. 2 (2018): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-37.2.363.

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Amongst its promotions at the start of the nineteenth century, the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce included calls for British marbles. The calls were repeated annually for two decades but what initiated them was more than just an altruistic desire to promote indigenous sources of statuary and decorative stone. Supplies of both, especially statuary marble, greatly relied upon imports from France and Italy. At the time of the first calls these were jeopardised by the revolutionary and Napoleonic upheavals and other sources of stone became necessary, but the Socie

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Abd El Aal, Ahmed, and Sair Kahraman. "Indirect Methods to Predict the Abrasion Resistance and Slake Durability of Marbles." Journal of Molecular and Engineering Materials 05, no. 02 (2017): 1750007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251237317500071.

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Marble has been widely used as building materials since ancient times. Abrasion resistance and slake durability are the important characteristics of marbles. The prediction of these marbles properties will be useful from indirect methods especially for preliminary studies. In this study, the predictability of the Böhme abrasion resistance (BA) and the slake durability (SDI) of marbles were investigated from the indirect methods such as point load index ([Formula: see text], Shore hardness index (SHI), impact strength index (ISI), and ultrasonic velocity ([Formula: see text]). The evaluation of

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Careddu, Nicola, Massimo Scanu, and Paolo Desogus. "Notes on the Poster “Map of Natural Stones from Sardinia (Italy)”." Key Engineering Materials 848 (June 2020): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.848.127.

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Sardinia (Italy) produces a vast array of natural stones for ornamental use. Besides the internationally known pink and gray granites and the famous limestone known as Orosei marble, a wide range of vulcanites (basalts and “trachytes”) and phyllites - including yellow and ghiandone granites - are also produced. Orosei marbles are some of the most requested types today, which are marketed especially to China. However, there are a number of Sardinian natural stones, which have been quarried and marketed for fifty years, although no image or footage has been published yet: a mention of this natur

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Duan, Zhuoqi, Zaixin Xie, Bao Zhou, Xiaobo Yang, Heng-Yong Nie, and Yongmao Hu. "Natural Stones with a Self-Cleaning Surface via Self-Assembled Monolayers." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (2022): 4771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094771.

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Heritage buildings and monuments are mostly made from natural stone, which undergoes irreversible decay under outdoor conditions. The main reason for the contamination, degradation, and cracking of natural stones is water and oil permeation. Hence, modifications on stones rendering their surface self-cleaning are effective for stone protection. Reported in this paper is the development of a bionic approach to enabling self-cleaning stone surface via growing self-assembled polydopamine (PDA) as the adhesive layer on the stone surface, followed by depositing Al2O3 nanoparticles derivatized by se

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Moropoulou, A., K. Bisbikou, R. Van Grieken, K. Torfs, and K. Polikreti. "Correlation Between Aerosols, Deposits and Weathering Crusts on Ancient Marbles." Environmental Technology 22, no. 6 (2001): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593332208618236.

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