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1
Chekhovych, O. H. "ANCIENT SCALE WEIGHTS MADE OF COINS." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 34, no. 1 (2020): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.01.08.
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The study of scale weights of the ancient centers of the Northern Pontic region is of greater importance both for the study of metrology, monetary and weight systems of this region, and for understanding the general picture of trade and economic processes in ancient times. This paper presents small-sized weights made of bronze coins that are kept in the Scientific Repository of the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine. All of them are the chance finds from the territory of ancient sites of the Northern Pontic region. These findings were donated by V. A. Anokhin along with other finds of lead weights and bronze ingots. The collection contains weights in the shape of sub-square and sub-rectangular tiles of lead and bronze, round lead weights, weights made of bronze coins which are the chance finds from the territory of Olbia and its settlements, and other sites. During the processing this collection a small group of weights made of coins was distinguished. Among seven published weights six ones are made of Olbia coins and one of Panticapaeum. Each scale weight was studied in detail, basing of which the weight of each item was correlated with the existing monetary systems. Thus, it was possible to determine the metrological standards to which each particular instance belongs. The study of these findings showed that weights made of Olbian bronze coins belong to the Olbian metrological system as well as, in particular, the control scale weight which corresponds to 30 Olbian tetartemories, and the item made of bronze Panticapaeum coin refers to the Panticapaeum monetary system.
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Epstein, Stephen M. "Standard weights in ancient Andes." Nature 372, no. 6501 (1994): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/372049a0.
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Kletter, Raz. "Pyramidal Lead Objects: Scale Weights, Loom Weights, or Sinkers?" Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56, no. 1 (2013): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341279.
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Abstract Ancient scale weights are a key to understanding weight systems and types of economy, but their definition is notoriously difficult, and scholars tend to classify as weights a wide variety of objects. The present paper reassesses a series of pyramidal lead objects from Phoenicia, dated mostly to the Hellenistic period. In the last twenty years these objects have been regarded as scale weights—in fact, forming the largest category of assumed Phoenician scale weights. In this paper it is suggested that these are not scale weights but sinkers (weights for fishing lines or nets).
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Liu, Wenqing, Junchi Zhou, Xiaobing Wang, and Chen Chen. "Risk Identification and Weight Analysis of Meteorological Disasters on Ancient Buildings." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 15 (March 13, 2022): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v15i.420.
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Meteorological disasters impose significant challenges on protection of ancient buildings. By use of Delphi method and Multi-subject research including architecture, meteorology and archaeology, this work identifies major meteorological disasters on ancient buildings. The hierarchical model of risk influential factors is established. It contains four first-grade factors such as wind, flood, lightning and snow disaster, ten second-grade factors and twenty third-grade factors. Then, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was utilized to calculate weight of those factors. The result showed that lightning disasters had largest threat on ancient buildings among the four major kinds of meteorological disasters. Its weight was the highest of 0.383, followed by that of flood and wind disasters with weight of 0.31 and 0.22 respectively. Snow disasters had the smallest weight of 0.09. Lightning protection measures have significant influence on vulnerability of ancient buildings and on lightning disaster risks. So, to protect ancient buildings against meteorological disasters, besides characteristics of the disasters themselves, all the mentioned factors such as architectural structure, building types and environment should be taken into consideration. Specific protection strategies are then implemented according to weights of different factors.
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Nosch, Marie-Louise, and Caroline Sauvage. "Ancient Loom Weights at the J. Paul Getty Museum." Getty Research Journal 18 (August 1, 2023): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/726883.
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Long, Xiaolu, Lizhi Liu, and Qi Liu. "A Selection Model of Compositions and Proportions of Additive Lime Mortars for Restoration of Ancient Chinese Buildings Based on TOPSIS." Sustainability 16, no. 22 (2024): 9977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16229977.
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To improve the accuracy of choosing restoration materials for repairing ancient Chinese buildings and to mitigate the risk of decision-making, this paper establishes a novel selection model of compositions and proportions of additive lime mortars for the restoration of ancient Chinese buildings. The selection process is influenced by multi-criteria and determined by a group of experts through comprehensive judgment. Thus, it is a multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problem. Firstly, considering subjective and objective criteria simultaneously, establish a selection index system for compositions and proportions of additive lime mortars in the restoration of ancient Chinese buildings. Secondly, applying a neutrosophic set to characterize experts’ evaluation information and quantify the evaluation information. Thirdly, the best–worst method (BWM) is implemented to obtain criteria weights, and the entropy weight method is utilized to obtain index weights. Finally, obtaining the priority of each alternative solution by using the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) ranking technique. The practicality of the proposed model was demonstrated through a specific case of the selection of repair materials for a decorative window in one ancient Chinese building. The comparative analysis was carried out to verify the reliability and validity of the model.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "the effect of temperatures and humidity rates on the mean weight loss from developement." Baghdad Science Journal 2, no. 3 (2021): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2005.2.3.417-421.
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The effect of some environmental factors in the loss rate for high weights virgins are full to the screwworm fly of the ancient world and included temperatures 15,20,25,30,35,40 study showed that the rate of loss in weight virgins advanced to full participants at a temperature of 15 C while notgets evolution
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "the effect of temperatures and humidity rates on the mean weight loss from developement." Baghdad Science Journal 2, no. 3 (2005): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2.3.417-421.
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The effect of some environmental factors in the loss rate for high weights virgins are full to the screwworm fly of the ancient world and included temperatures 15,20,25,30,35,40 study showed that the rate of loss in weight virgins advanced to full participants at a temperature of 15 C while notgets evolution
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Sidorenko, Aleksandr S. "The use of the ancient Greek long jump technique with halteres in the educational process of university students." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 504 (2024): 183–89. https://doi.org/10.17223/15617793/504/20.
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Ancient Greece was a highly developed civilization that gave the world many useful discoveries and inventions. According to ancient Greek historians and artifacts that have survived to this day, Greeks were able to achieve a lot in the field of sports. Ancient athletes performed the long jump with special stone or metal dumbbells in their hands, called halteres, weighing from 1.5 to 4.6 kg each. Accurate information about the jumping technique and the effectiveness of halteres has not been preserved; however, a number of experts, based on research, believe that the use of weights can increase the range of a standing long jump to 15–20 cm. In order to test the effectiveness of using different weights when performing a standing long jump, the authors conducted a small pedagogical experiment, the participants of which were 27 male and 12 female first-year students of Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation. The participants in the experiment performed three standing jumps without dumbbells, then after a little preliminary technical training they made alternate jumps with dumbbells weighing 0.5 kg, 1 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2 kg in each hand, three jumps with each weight. Among young men, the average result of a jump with dumbbells weighing 0.5 kg practically did not change compared to a regular jump; when using dumbbells of 1 kg and 1.5 kg, an average improvement in the result was observed, respectively, by 1.63 cm and 3.04 cm; heavier dumbbells of 2 kg reduced the result by 5.11 cm relative to 1.5 kg dumbbells and by 2.07 cm relative to a no-load jump. Among girls, an improvement in the average result relative to a jump without weights was noted only when using dumbbells weighing 0.5 kg by 1.83 cm. However, further, with an increase in the weight of dumbbells, a slight decrease in results was found below the level of a regular jump without weights, with a weight of 1 kg by 0.28 cm, with a weight of 1.5 kg by 1.92 cm. But then, when performing a jump with dumbbells of 2 kg, the result slightly increased compared to a jump with a weight of 1.5 kg by 1.04 cm. At the same time, some male students were able to improve the result of the jump by 17 cm with dumbbells of 1.5 kg, and girls 10 cm with dumbbells of 1 kg. The halteres used by ancient athletes during a jump, according to the laws of biomechanics, contribute to increasing the distance of the jump only if an accurate and competent technique is observed in combination with a sufficient basic level of general physical fitness. The use of lightweight dumbbells during training sessions for university students will help students more effectively master the correct standing long jump technique because weights will allow the jumper to make more competent directed movements of the upper shoulder girdle to move the center of the body mass in all phases of the jump.
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Wang, Ziyi, Donghui Ma, Wei Wang, et al. "A case-based reasoning method for discriminating damage levels in ancient wood components based on fuzzy similarity priority." BioResources 16, no. 3 (2021): 4814–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.4814-4830.
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In order to rapidly identify internal damage levels accurately in ancient wood components, stress wave detection technology was used to perform simulated damage tests on pine specimens. Based on the detected wave velocity data, the diameter of the specimen, the attenuation coefficient, and the ratio of the wave velocities on the four paths were selected as the discriminant factors for identifying the level of internal damage in the specimens. A case-based reasoning method for discriminating internal damage levels in ancient wood components based on fuzzy similarity priority was proposed. A fuzzy similarity priority relationship between the target case and the source case was established. By introducing the idea of variable weights, the weight of each discriminant factor was determined via the “penalize-excitation” variable weight function. The comprehensive similarity sequences between the target case and the source case were obtained. The source case that was most similar to the target case was used to determine the damage level of the target case. The results showed that this method can quickly and accurately identify the damage levels in ancient wood components, which provides a new method for the safe evaluation of ancient wood buildings.
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Gersht, Rivka, and Peter Gendelman. "Marble Cubid Weight Carved with Eros from Khirbet Ibtin." Scripta Classica Israelica 40 (September 11, 2021): 151–68. https://doi.org/10.71043/sci.v40i.5863.
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The Khirbet Ibtin cuboid weight, sculpted with an image of a sleeping Eros, was found in a house of a Roman village—possibly ancient Gamada/Gamda—situated in Western Galilee. The article places the weight within the frame of cuboid weights from other sites outside the Land of Israel; explores the issue of marked and unmarked weight values; the iconography, provenance and craftsmanship of the weight; and the significance the Khirbet Ibtin weight, ornamented with a sleeping Eros, could have had where agriculture was the essence of the settlement.
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Oleson, John Peter. "Ancient sounding-weights: a contribution to the history of Mediterranean navigation." Journal of Roman Archaeology 13 (2000): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400018948.
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Galili, Ehud, Baruch Rosen, and Dov Zviely. "Ancient Sounding-Weights and Navigation along the Mediterranean Coast of Israel." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 38, no. 2 (2009): 343–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00218.x.
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Zubko, Andrii. "Monetary and Weight Measures of Eastern European Countries from Antiquity to the XIXth Century." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 74 (2024): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2024.74.01.
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The first European civilisations emerged in the third and second millennia BC on the island of Crete and other Aegean islands, as well as in the southern territories of the Balkan Peninsula. The first European systems of measures, including weights, were created here. The first European writing system, the linear syllabic A and B script emerged on this land. The syllabic writing of the Minoan civilisation on Crete and the Mycenaean civilisation in the territory of modern mainland Greece was completely original. It had a great influence on the first alphabet on Earth, which was created in Phoenicia in the middle of the second millennium BC. In turn, the weights and measures of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilisations were formed under the influence of the system of weight measures of Ancient Sumer of the third millennium BC. The use of the written language and its integral component, the number system, contributed to the spread of unified weight measures over large areas. Numerous weighing systems were created in ancient Greece in the first millennium BC. Thanks to trade, they began to be used in the Balkan Peninsula – in Macedonia, Thrace, Illyria, as well as in the Northern Black Sea region, where there were ancient Greek colonies. The incorporation of the Balkan Peninsula and the territory of the ancient Greek colonies of the Northern Black Sea in the second and first centuries BC into the Roman Empire led to the use of the Roman system of weight measures in these lands. In the IV–XV centuries, the Byzantine measures derived from the Roman ones influenced the formation of the systems of measures of the Eastern European states through political and economic relations. In the second half of the first millennium, the first states were created in Eastern Europe – Bulgaria, Great Moravia, Hungary, Poland, and Ancient Rus. In the first half of the second millennium, the states of Serbia, Lithuania, Wallachia, Moldova, and others were formed. The weight systems of these countries were formed on the basis of natural measures of the primitive era, as well as the weight units borrowed from international trade. In the Middle Ages, Eastern European measures of weight were significantly influenced by those of the Carolingian Empire, the Germanic Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The conquest of the Balkan Peninsula by the Ottoman Empire in the XV–XVI centuries led to the spread of Turkish measures in this area. This article analysis the origins of the ancient weight measures of Eastern Europe. The degree which peculiarities of political and economic development of particular countries and territories influenced the formation of weight systems was determined. Special attention was devoted to the relation between weight measures and aspects of the emergence and development of money in circulation, and the interaction between historical metrology and numismatics in studying processes. The mutual influence between weight system of various countries and the borrowing of certain foreign weight units in the course of international trade was considered.
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Huan, Junhong, Donghui Ma, Wei Wang, Xiaodong Guo, Ziyi Wang, and Linchao Wu. "Safety-state evaluation model based on structural entropy weight–matter element extension method for ancient timber architecture." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 6 (2019): 1087–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219886085.
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This article investigates various factors that may influence the safety state of ancient timber architecture, to improve the accuracy of safety-state evaluation results for ancient timber architecture. During the process, a safety-state evaluation system for ancient timber architecture is developed. This safety-state evaluation system includes five parts: foundation, plinth, timber frame, enclosing wall, and roof. Based on the system, a safety-assessment model for ancient timber architecture based on structural entropy weight–matter element extension model is also introduced. In this model, the structural entropy weight method is applied to calculating the weight of each index and takes the influence of subjective and objective weights into consideration comprehensively. This model has the following three detailed steps. First, correlation function and correlation degree of extension set are used to quantify the relationship between the evaluation indexes of the components, joints, and evaluation interval of each safety state. Second, the safety states of units are determined according to the distribution of safety state of the components. Third, the safety degree of the entire structure is determined via the minimum safety state of units. This study also uses the Niaoqiangsanchu in Forbidden City as a study case and found that the evaluation results are consistent with the results of the practical damage survey and the actual situation of the architecture. The model thus minimizes the uncertainty of qualitative and quantitative factors in the process of evaluating the safety degree of ancient timber architecture, to finally obtain the objective evaluation results.
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Gaston, Anthony J., Harry R. Carter, and Spencer G. Sealy. "Winter ecology and diet of Ancient Murrelets off Victoria, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 1 (1993): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-010.
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We studied Ancient Murrelets (Synthliboramphus antiquus) in coastal areas near Victoria, British Columbia, by means of small-boat transects and collected birds to examine stomach contents and body weights during the winters of 1977–1979. The diet was composed almost entirely of adult Euphausia pacifica, except in November 1978, when herring were also common. Numbers of murrelets recorded on the water per kilometre travelled correlated with tidal amplitude, suggesting that tidal mixing affected prey availability. Body weights were high compared with those of breeding birds, peaking in January, when stomachs contained the maximum number of prey organisms. Dives were brief. Feeding intensity, or food availability, may reach a maximum in midwinter.
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Borges Vilela, Breno, Luiz Gustavo Ferreira Silva, Diego Moreira da Cunha Mata, and Maurício Lourenco Jorge. "Ergonomic Design and Development of GuidedPulling Apparatus for outdoor Gyms." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 09, no. 12 (2023): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2023.9.12.1.
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Records of weightlifting date back to Ancient Greece, with stone weights named after Milo of Croton, a six-time Olympic champion athlete. This article proposes the development of an innovative guided pulling apparatus, focusing on the effectiveness and safety of upper-body training. The central goal is to replace the use of external masses with the user's body mass, triggering muscle hypertrophy.The device, suitable for outdoor gyms due to the chosen materials and ease of handling, offers personalized options. Users can choose to lift their entire body weight or reduce the load using movable pulleys on a second apparatus, both under guidance. These processes follow Isaac Newton's fundamental laws, along with the principles of Archimedean pulleys and rollers.The article addresses not only the mechanics of the apparatus but also crucial ergonomic concepts. Emphasis is placed on the importance of rules and procedures to promote health and avoid improper postures during exercise. The development includes an analysis of materials, weights, and prices, ensuring a solid foundation for the project.The comprehensive structure of the article covers everything from building a robust metal frame to implementing a traction systemwith pulleys and steel cables, evenly distributing resistance. Notably, it includes a damping mechanism, prioritizing the safety of practitioners.By offering guided movements, the apparatus not only reduces the rate of injuries and future complications but also ensures desired results efficiently. This project represents a significant advancement in strength training, combining the tradition of ancient weights with modern principles of physics and ergonomics
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Mao, Wangxiao. "Composition Analysis and Identification of Ancient Glass Objects Using Regression and Clustering Algorithms." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 35 (April 11, 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v35i.7016.
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Among the artifacts excavated today, many are glass-products. Archaeologists have classified archaeological artifacts into two main types, high potassium glass and lead-barium glass, based on the chemical composition of the glass artifacts and other testing methods. For the protection of cultural relics, the chemical composition of the artifacts needs to be further analyzed and sub-categorized in order to achieve different protection measures for different categories. In this paper, firstly, based on the data, we analyze the classification pattern of high potassium glass and lead-barium glass, use logistic regression, test the significance of the results, and evaluate and analyze the regression results with the statistical distribution of the data. Then for different categories select suitable chemical indicators for subclass classification, suitable chemical indicators imply their relatively large amount of information, so use the entropy weight method to process chemical composition indicators to derive their information entropy weights, select chemical indicators according to the weights, and finally perform clustering classification according to the selected indicators. Finally, for the analysis of the rationality and sensitivity of the classification results, different classification algorithms may lead to different classification results, so the rationality and sensitivity can only be analyzed by comparing and analyzing the classification results based on different clustering algorithms for the selected chemical composition indicators.
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Long, Xiaolu, Lizhi Liu, Can Xiao, Pengfei Cheng, and Chengxun Fu. "Restoration Methods Selection for Wood Components of Chinese Ancient Architectures Based on TODIM with Single-Valued Neutrosophic Sets." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (May 13, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5049360.
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The selection of restoration methods for ancient architectures is of great significance for the protection of human cultural heritage. This paper proposes a novel restoration methods selection approach for wood components of Chinese ancient architectures, in which a multicriteria group decision-making (MCGDM) method with decision-making information is in the form of single-valued neutrosophic sets (SNNSs). Firstly, it establishes an index system by comprehensively considering subjective and objective criteria. In addition, the best-worst method (BWM) and the entropy weight method are combined to produce index weights. Furthermore, the TODIM method is utilized by the single-valued neutrosophic sets to prioritize restoration methods. Finally, a specific case of wood component restoration is conducted to demonstrate the practicability of the proposed model. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by sensitivity analysis and comparison analysis.
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Sun, Ming, Wen Xiang Zheng, and Kai Ma. "Research on Deep Seam Floor Water-Bursting Assess System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 329 (June 2013): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.329.199.
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Deep seam floor water-bursting is a complicate nolinear geomechanics system, whose factors are coupling and influencing each other. By building the asses index system, it gets each factors function of water-bursting. According to the four different grey controlling indexes, the main controlling factors are put forward by the grey correlation calculation and nine factors theory is out. Based on the different weighting methods, the entropy adjusting the ancient is used to ascertain the main factors contribution weights, combined static weight with dynamic weight well, so it can provide the comparably correct result for the mathematics model building and discrimination system development.
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Gao, Zhongwei, Donghui Ma, Wei Wang, Xiaodong Guo, and Qingzi Ge. "Development and Application of Ancient Timber Buildings Structural Condition Assessment Model Based on a Fuzzy Matter-Element Model that Includes Asymmetric Proximity." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (September 24, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7426915.
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To properly protect ancient buildings, it is vitally important to determine the health status of these structures in a timely manner. To easily, quickly, reliably, and quantitatively assess the structure health of ancient timber buildings, this paper proposes a structure health assessment method based on fuzzy matter-element theory improved by asymmetric proximity, and the specific assessment steps are given. First, a fuzzy matter-element model is constructed; then, to effectively solve the failure problem of the maximum membership principle, the fuzzy matter-element assessment model is improved by using the theory of asymmetric proximity. The weights determined by the entropy weight and clustering methods are then combined through the game theory combination weighting concept and, finally, the structural condition of the ancient timber buildings is classified into five grades: I favorable, II ordinary, III poor, IV inferior, and V dangerous. Ten evaluation factors were chosen: bearing capacity of the foundation soil, subbase deformation, foundation damage, column and foundation connection, bearing capacity of members, connection construction, member deformation, crack slope, crack depth, and decayed/insect attacked. Taking a building built in the Republican Period in Sino-Ocean Taikoo Li, Chengdu, as an example, this model was used to assess the building’s structural condition. The results show that this method is feasible to quantitatively assess the structural condition of ancient timber buildings. It is a simple and practical assessment method that can provide a decision-making basis for maintenance, protection, and reinforcement of ancient timber buildings.
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Jamal Mostafa Sheta, Jamal Mostafa Sheta. "Morphological annexation and its role in the Arabization: الإلحاق الصرفي ودوره في التعريب". مجلة علوم اللغة العربية وآدابها 1, № 2 (2022): 29–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.k121221.
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This research shows the annexation of the Arabic morphology: definition, and its importance, and the conditions, and forms, also shows his role in the arabization of foreign words, as adopted by the ancient tributary streams of verbal expansion and absorb the word piety. The research came in four sections, the first section dealt with: the definition of placement and its purpose and significance, types and origins. The second topic dealt with weights attached to the names, weights attached to deeds. And the third on: the role of annexation in the localization when eloquent Arabs, and linguists veterans. And the fourth theme dealt: the role of placement in the localization of the modern era. The research has come to the importance of placement as a way of how to cope with the influx of foreign terms, and that the ancients were more use in the localization and integration of Arab words foreign a dictionary. In the modern era, the forms of annexation were virtually non-existent in Arabization and were limited to only a few forms.
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Li, Zeyan, Yanting Wang, and Shuyue Zhao. "Research on the Prediction of Ancient Glass Artifact Types based on XGBoost and Random Forest Algorithm." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2425, no. 1 (2023): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2425/1/012024.
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Abstract Ancient Chinese glass is susceptible to weathering by environmental influences, and its chemical composition has changed considerably thus affecting the category judgment. The classification of ancient glass is mainly divided into two types: high potassium and lead-barium. In this paper, in order to determine the type of ancient glass according to its chemical composition, the multicollinearity phenomenon of many chemical compositions is reduced by using LDA model and then the parameters of XGBoost and RF models are optimized by using GA algorithm and the five-fold cross-validation of existing data sets, and then the weights of XGBoost and RF are optimized by GA algorithm, and finally the GA - XGBoost - RF dual optimization model. The predicted categories can be derived by bringing the chemical composition content of unknown categories of artifacts into the well-trained model, which provides more accurate and faster categorization guidance for ancient glass artifact types to a certain extent.
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Wang, Ziyi, Wei Wang, Donghui Ma, Xiaodong Guo, Junhong Huan, and Liting Cheng. "Coupling model of fuzzy soft set and Bayesian method to forecast internal defects of ancient wooden structures based on nondestructive test." BioResources 15, no. 1 (2019): 1134–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.1.1134-1153.
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In order to improve the detection precision of internal defect in the ancient wooden structures, defect simulation tests on pine and elm commonly used in ancient buildings were performed by using stress wave detection and drilling resistance detection. Based on detection data, three typical evaluation criteria, which are the information entropy, the correlation coefficient, and residual sum of squares, were selected as a priori information. Combining with the expert’s fuzzy evaluation value, Bayesian formula was used to modify the prior information to determine the weight coefficients of the two detection methods, and a combined prediction model was established. The results show that the combination of subjectivity and objectivity enables the revised weights to more reasonably and accurately reflect the relative importance of each detection method in prediction evaluation, which reduces the forecasting error. Specifically speaking, the mean error of the combined model was reduced by 49.8% and 59.8%, respectively, compared with stress wave detection and drilling resistance detection. Moreover, the five error indicators of this combined forecasting model are the smallest in all methods, indicating the proposed method has a better forecasting effect. It provides an effective application tool for the practice of forecasting the internal defects of wooden components in ancient buildings.
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Shen, Xuhao, Guangrui Luo, and Chuanxia Hu. "Measurement of Conservation Value of Ancient Buildings from the Perspective of Climate Risk Based on the Entropy Weighting Method." Transactions on Computer Science and Intelligent Systems Research 5 (August 12, 2024): 1086–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/xz3at707.
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Modern society is characterized by high levels of human activity and pollution, triggering numerous extreme weather events. This has resulted in numerous disaster losses, and ancient buildings of conservation value are often damaged by extreme weather. To mitigate the crisis caused by the increasingly severe climate risk to the protection of ancient buildings, this paper will measure the level of exposure of ancient buildings to climate risk this paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system that includes eight factors affecting the level of architectural protection from the aspects of history and culture, economic and social, and natural environment. On this basis, the Entropy Weighting Method and Delphi Method are used to establish a Building Conservation Model, and the weights of the subjective and objective factors are combined to prioritize the indicators, and the model is used to help regional leaders determine to what extent measures should be taken to protect buildings. In our model, the USA ranked first with a score of 0.116, followed by China with 0.005. This paper will provide a decision-making basis for the units responsible for the conservation of ancient buildings, and help them to identify and prevent climate risks to ancient buildings.
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Rim, Kwang-cheol, Pankoo Kim, Hoon Ko, Kitae Bae, and Tae-gyun Kwon. "Restoration of Dimensions for Ancient Drawing Recognition." Electronics 10, no. 18 (2021): 2269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182269.
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This study aims to investigate and determine the actual size of the “cheok” scale—the traditional weights and measures of Korea—to aid in data construction on the recognition of ancient drawings in the field of artificial intelligence. The cheok scale can be divided into Yeongjocheok, Jucheok, Pobaekcheok, and Joryegicheok. This study calculated the actual dimensions used in the drawings of Tonga and Eonjo contained in Jaseungcha Dohae by Gyunam Ha BaeckWon, which helped us analyze the scale used in the southern region of Korea in the 1800s. The scales of 1/15 cheok and 1/10 cheok were used in the Tonga and Eonjo sections in Jaseungcha Dohae, and the actual dimensions in the drawing were converted to the scale used at the time. Owing to the conversion, the dimensions in the drawings of Tonga were converted to 30.658 cm per cheok, and ~31.84 cm per cheok for Eonjo. In this manner, the actual dimensions used in the southern region of Korea around the year 1800 were restored. Through this study, the reference values for drawing recognition of machinery drawings in Korea around 1800 were derived.
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Zhou, Xinyue, Jing Wang, and Song Zhang. "Evaluation of Community Tourism Empowerment of Ancient Town Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process: A Case Study of Zhujiajiao, Shanghai." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (2021): 2882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052882.
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The research on community empowerment in the protection and utilization of ancient towns has practical significance for the sustainable development of ancient towns. Combined with empirical research, questionnaire survey, this paper analyzes the residents’ awareness of empowerment in the community participation of tourism, taking Zhujiajiao ancient town as a case study. Firstly, the evaluation system of community empowerment is established from four dimensions, including economy, society, politics, and psychology. Secondly, the weights of various factors are calculated by using the analytic hierarchy process, and the status quo of community tourism empowerment is comprehensively evaluated by the fuzzy analysis method. The results show that the degree of community empowerment in Zhujiajiao ancient town is between “average” and “good”. Psychological empowerment has the best score, while political empowerment is relatively weak. So, the dilemma of the top-down participation system needs to be changed. Self-government tourism organizations and the rules of income distribution should be established along with the ability training of tourism management to optimize the community participation mechanism. Application of the analytic hierarchy process to ancient town tourism empowerment is a new attempt and the evaluation scale can be used to other similar sites. Strategies in this paper have referential value for tourism sustainability in practice.
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Zou, Qunsheng, Yinyan Wang, Zixin Shu, et al. "Topological Analysis of the Language Networks of Ancient Traditional Chinese Medicine Books." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (December 10, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8810016.
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This study aims to explore the topological regularities of the character network of ancient traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) book. We applied the 2-gram model to construct language networks from ancient TCM books. Each text of the book was separated into sentences and a TCM book was generated as a directed network, in which nodes represent Chinese characters and links represent the sequential associations between Chinese characters in the sentences (the occurrence of identical sequential associations is considered as the weight of this link). We first calculated node degrees, average path lengths, and clustering coefficients of the book networks and explored the basic topological correlations between them. Then, we compared the similarity of network nodes to assess the specificity of TCM concepts in the network. In order to explore the relationship between TCM concepts, we screened TCM concepts and clustered them. Finally, we selected the binary groups whose weights are greater than 10 in Inner Canon of Huangdi (ICH, 黄帝内经) and Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Disease (TCPD, 伤寒论), hoping to find the core differences of these two ancient TCM books through them. We found that the degree distributions of ancient TCM book networks are consistent with power law distribution. Moreover, the average path lengths of book networks are much smaller than random networks of the same scale; clustering coefficients are higher, which means that ancient book networks have small-world patterns. In addition, the similar TCM concepts are displayed and linked closely, according to the results of cosine similarity comparison and clustering. Furthermore, the core words of Inner Canon of Huangdi and Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases have essential differences, which might indicate the significant differences of language and conceptual patterns between theoretical and clinical books. This study adopts language network approach to investigate the basic conceptual characteristics of ancient TCM book networks, which proposes a useful method to identify the underlying conceptual meanings of particular concepts conceived in TCM theories and clinical operations.
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Nair, B. J. Bipin, Gopikrishna Ashok, and N. R. Sreekumar. "Binarization of Ancient Malayalam Documents - A Novel Weight-based Denoising Approach." Webology 18, Special Issue 04 (2021): 813–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v18si04/web18167.
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Even though several studies exist on denoising degraded documents, now a days it is a tedious task in the field of document image processing because ancient document may contain several degradations which will be a barrier for reader. Here we use old Malayalam Grantha scripts that contain useful information like the poem titled ‘Njana Stuthi’ and ancient literature. These historical documents are losing content due to heavy degradations such as, ink bleed, fungi-found to be brittleness & show through. In order to remove these kind of degradations, the study is proposing a novel binarization algorithm which remove noises from Grantha scripts as well as notebook images and make the document readable. Here we use 500 datasets of Grantha scripts for experimentation. In our proposed method, binarization is done through a channel based method in which we are converting image in to RGB, further adding weights to make the image darker or brighter followed by morphological operation open and finally passing it RGB and HSV channel for more clarity and clear separation of black text and white background, remaining noise will be removed using adaptive thresholding technique. The proposed method is outperformed with good accuracy.
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Huan, Junhong, Donghui Ma, Wei Wang, and Ziyi Wang. "Safety State Evaluation Method Based on Attribute Recognition Model for Ancient Timber Buildings." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (March 4, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3612535.
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To improve accuracy of safety state evaluation results for ancient timber buildings and to know the real state of the building, a safety grade evaluation model of ancient timber buildings is established based on attribute mathematic theory. From the perspective of macro, micro, qualitative, and quantitative, 22 factors may adversely affect the safety state of ancient timber building are considered in this model. First, evaluation system is established, and evaluation indexes are selected based on former study, seismic damage data, and Chinese current code about ancient timber buildings. In the evaluation system, whole building is divided into four parts, which are wood frame, enclosing wall, foundation, and plinth. Different parts contain different components. Every component has its own evaluation indexes. Second, based on the AHP and entropy method, the comprehensive empowering method is used to determine the weights of the indexes. Third, the attribute recognition model is established to identify the safety grade of components or units. Fourth, based on the evaluation results of components, safety grade of units is identified. Then, safety degree of the entire building is determined by the minimum safety grade of units. At last, the model is applied to the “Liben hall” in village Siping, Zhejiang province, China, and the assessment results are consistent with the results of damage identification.
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Ialongo, Nicola. "The Earliest Balance Weights in the West: Towards an Independent Metrology for Bronze Age Europe." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, no. 1 (2018): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774318000392.
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Weighing devices are the earliest material correlates of the rational quantification of economic value, and they yield great potential in the study of trade in pre-literate societies. However, the knowledge of European Bronze Age metrology is still underdeveloped in comparison to Eastern Mediterranean regions, mostly due to the lack of a proper scientific debate. This paper introduces a theoretical and methodological framework for the study of standard weight-systems in pre-literate societies, and tests it on a large sample of potential balance weights distributed between Southern Italy and Central Europe during the Bronze Age (second–early first millenniumbc). A set of experimental expectations is defined on the basis of comparisons with ancient texts, archaeological cases and modern behaviour. Concurrent typological, use-wear, statistical and contextual analyses allow to cross-check the evidence against the expectations, and to validate the balance-weight hypothesis for the sample under analysis. The paper urges a reappraisal of an independent weight metrology for Bronze Age Europe, based on adequate methodologies and a critical perspective.
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Meneses J, César. "Lithic net weights: subsistence and strategic uses of space at the El Porvenir site, in Colombia." Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences 7, no. 3 (2022): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jhaas.2022.07.00261.
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The following article presents some of the findings associated with the site of El Porvenir, in the department of Cesar, in the northern region of Colombia. It presents some of the subsistence strategies and possible uses of space of the ancient inhabitants of the site, based on the evidence of fishing activities, which reveal the establishment of social relations associated with aquatory, symbolic constructions in aquatic spaces, and the establishment of a social network associated with the use of the site.
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Huang, Ke, Zhiyi Shen, and Shu Chen. "Compositional Analysis of Ancient Glassware Based on CRITIC Weighting Method and Superior Order Approximation Model." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (2024): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/r9732y78.
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Glass is a witness of early trade exchanges on the Silk Road. In this paper, based on the classification information of glass artefacts and their corresponding proportions of major components, the chi-square test, the CRITIC weighting method and the superior order approximation model are used. The data were first pre-processed to exclude the sample data whose sum of the proportions of chemical components did not belong to 85%~105%. After classifying the other glass artifacts according to their attributes, the chi-square test was carried out by SPSS, and according to the significance p-value <0.05, it was concluded that only the glass type within the three had a significant effect on the degree of weathering, while the decoration and colour had little effect on the degree of weathering. All the sample data were classified according to the combination of type-degree of differentiation, and then the CRITIC weight method was applied to find out the objective weight of each chemical indicator in the combination respectively, and finally the distribution of the weights of each chemical element in all the combinations was compared to establish a superior order approximation model, and the individuals whose predictive attributes were known according to the prediction attributes were taken as the prediction reference objects to obtain the final results.
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Yahi, D., C. ,. Saleh, Y. P. Mbaya, K. D. Malgwi, B. Umaru, and M. B. Mahre. "Effects of Dexamethasone on Body Weights and Some Physiological Parameters in different Sexes of Chinchilla Rabbits (Oryctalagus Lanigere)." Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences 5, no. 1 (2023): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/jvbs/3202.50.0120.
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Rabbits are fast producing and fast-growing animals. In ancient times, they were mainly bred for household meat consumption. Nowadays, they are rare not only for household meat consumption, but also for commercial and research purposes. One of the commonly used and cost-effective drugs that are employed to effectively treat inflammatory disease conditions in rabbits is dexamethasone. There are conflicting reports on the effects of dexamethasone on bodyweight and vital parameters in different species of animals. However, influence of dexamethasone on rabbits with regard to these parameters have not been investigated. Twenty adult chinchilla rabbits comprising 10 does and 10 buck were used for this study. After acclimatization, the animals were randomly separated into 4 groups of 5 each. Accordingly, the groups were as follows: Dexamethasone treated males, non-dexamethasone treated male, Dexamethasone treated females, and non-dexamethasone treated females. Dexamethasone injection was given at 0.25 mg/kg body weight. Body weights, rectal temperatures, respiratory and pulse rates were measured daily in each animal at resting state using standard methods. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in rectal temperatures between the untreated and dexamethasone treated groups in either of the sexes during the study. Body weights, respiratory and pulse rates increased significantly (p<0.05) in dexamethasone treated groups in both sexes compared to their respective controlled groups. It was concluded that dexamethasone increased body weights, respiratory and pulse rates in Chinchilla rabbits. Effects of dexamethasone on these parameters were not sex dependent
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Zubko, Andrii. "YSTEM OF WEIGHT MEASURES IN GREAT BRITAIN, THE COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA AND OCEANIA." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 72 (2024): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2024.72.04.
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The territory of the islands of Britain and Ireland was inhabited by people in prehistoric times. Numerous megalithic monuments remain from this culture. In the first millennium BC, Celtic tribes moved there from continental Europe, who later mixed with the local population. The maritime trade of the ancient civilisations of the Mediterranean with the population of the British Isles is reported by some historical sources of the antiquity. This trade was conducted by exchanging goods for goods. There is no information in historical sources about the measures, in particular weights, used by the ancient population of the British Isles in production and trade. In the first century BC, the Romans conquered the territory of Britain. They established their own system of measures, including weights, and their own monetary system. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the V century, Germanic tribes such as the Angles, Saxons, and Utes invaded Britain. At first, they created several kingdoms here, and in the IX century, they united into a single Anglo-Saxon state. It was during the Anglo-Saxon period from the V to the XI centuries that the foundations of the modern British System of Measures and Monetary System were laid. In the formation of the British weight system, units of weight measures of the Celts, Romans and Germans were used. Norms of weight measures were approved in the laws of the Anglo-Saxon kings of the X–XI centuries, which have survived to this day. The conquest of Britain in 1066 by the Norman Duke William did not make changes to the system of weight measures used here. Over the centuries, from time to time, for the purpose of improvement, royal decrees and laws amended these measures. The transformation of the weight measurement system for a thousand years can be studied precisely by analysing the materials of English legislation. In the XVI–XX centuries, Great Britain became a colonial power, whose possessions covered vast territories in the North America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. Here, the colonial administration introduced the British system of weight measures, but the local population used their own measures along with the British ones. After the gradual disintegration of the British colonial empire, some new states that were formed on the site of its former possessions – the USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand – continued to use British standards of weight measures. The British system of weight measurements is made public in the USA. Nowadays, the British system of weight measures, along with the metric, is officially considered the state in the United Kingdom.
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Messer-Kruse, Timothy. "The Crusade for Honest Weight: The Origins of an Overlooked Progressive Movement." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 5, no. 3 (2006): 241–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153778140000311x.
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For all its typically Progressive Era characteristics and national scope, the “honest weight movement” has long been hidden in plain sight. Seemingly ubiquitous and mundane, the common grocery scale was the intersecting borderland of industry, government, marketplace, and consumer. On the one hand, the regulation of weights and measures, being one of the first forms of governmental regulation of the marketplace dating back to the ancient world, seems so unobjectionable and commonplace that the Progressive Era movement for its more rigorous and efficient administration does not seem like it could have been a very controversial proposal. Who, after all, could object to clear and consistent standards of measurement and their universal application? Thus, the appearance of a movement to reform the ubiquitous and the mundane has not elicited the same historical attention that novel forms of government regulation have.
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Ma, Fangyan, and Jingtong Huang. "Quantitative Study of Ancient Glass Weathering Based on Chemical Component Characteristics." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 132 (March 20, 2025): 41–47. https://doi.org/10.54097/acvvqt75.
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Ancient glass artifacts have deteriorated in composition due to long-term weathering, and studying their chemical characteristics and causes of weathering is of great significance to the conservation of cultural relics. Specifically, this study takes high-potassium glass and lead-barium glass along the Silk Road as the research object. It explores the weathering characteristics and compositional change rules of the glass through the methods of data cleaning, descriptive statistics, and regression analysis. It was found that the average value of silica content of high-potassium glass was 63.91% before weathering, and increased to 93.96% after weathering. In contrast, the average value of silica content of lead-barium glass was 53.19% before weathering and decreased to 34.63% after weathering. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed the significant weights of key components such as silica and alumina on the effect of glass weathering. Meanwhile, the mean square error between the chemical composition data before weathering predicted using the regression model and the actual measured values is less than 5%, which further verifies the stability and accuracy of the model.
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Nurul Azmir Amir Hashim, Chen Chuang,Mo Lingling, LI Xiangshen, Pan Li,. "The Actions of Leech Saliva Components and Their Mechanisms in Antitumor Activity." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 4 (2023): 3092–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.1401.
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Malignant tumor (hereinafter referred to as tumor) has become a major category of chronic diseases that curb human life and seriously threaten human health.For advanced tumors, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targetedtherapy and immunotherapy effects are still not satisfactory, and they are particularly urgent to find new therapeutic drugs.The medical leech therapy(MLT) can be traced back to the period of ancient Greece and ancient India for disease treatment.The discovery and appraisal of the leech saliva of hirudin aroused the research interest on the saliva of the lequale.Yet of the more than 100 compounds of different molecular weights detected in leech saliva, only a small fraction have been identified as having therapeutic potential.Studies have shown that the saliva activity ingredients have certain advantages in anti-tumor metastasis, which has attracted the attention of scholars.This article reviews the role of the active ingredients of the saliva and its anti-tumor mechanism in recent years, and provides a reference for the application of the leech saliva.
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Chang, Li-hong, Xiao-hong Chang, Hao Chang, Wei Qian, Li-ting Cheng, and Xiao-li Han. "Nondestructive Testing on Ancient Wooden Components Based on Shapley Value." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (February 6, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8039734.
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In this study, we propose nondestructive testing methods and combined forecasting models-based stress wave and impedance measurements to obtain accurate internal defects information for wooden building components. Internal defects data for major wooden components of an ancient building in China and reverse laboratory test data on matching tree species indicated various degrees of damage on the pavilion wood structure surface and internal defects in certain pillars. The stress wave method enabled rapid acquisition of two-dimensional plots of test sections; however, the results revealed that the area of stress wave detection was greater than the actual defect area. Moreover, the impedance meter was able to determine the defect position and type in a single path, and the actual defect area was proportional to the absolute error of the drilling resistance. By distributing the errors from the two nondestructive testing methods on the basis of a Shapley value algorithm, we determined the weights of stress wave and impedance meter data in the forecasting models and established combined forecasting models that showed greater accuracy with a mean relative error of less than 6%. This method can improve the prediction accuracy of internal defects in ancient buildings and provide effective data support for practical engineering repair and reinforcement schemes.
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Sumreddee, Pattarapol, Sajjad Toghiani, Andrew J. Roberts, El H. Hay, Samuel E. Aggrey, and Romdhane Rekaya. "205 Runs of homozygosity and analysis of inbreeding depression." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (2019): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.078.
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Abstract Pedigree information was traditionally used to assess inbreeding. Availability of high-density marker panels provides an alternative to assess inbreeding, particularly in the presence of incomplete and error-prone pedigrees. Assessment of autozygosity across chromosomal segments using runs of homozygosity (ROH) is emerging as a valuable tool to estimate inbreeding due to its general flexibility and ability to quantify chromosomal contribution to genome-wide inbreeding. Unfortunately, identifying ROH segments is sensitive to the parameters used during the search process. These parameters are heuristically set, leading to significant variation in the results. The minimum length required to identify a ROH segment has major effects on the estimation of inbreeding, yet it is arbitrarily set. Understanding the rise, purging, and the effects of deleterious mutations requires the ability to discriminate between ancient and recent inbreeding. However, thresholds to discriminate between short and long ROH segments are largely unknown. To address these questions, an inbred Hereford cattle population of 785 animals genotyped for 30,220 SNPs was used. A search algorithm to approximate mutation loads was used to determine the minimum length of ROH segments. It consisted of finding genome segments with significant differences in trait means between animals with high and low autozygosity intervals at certain threshold values. The minimum length was around 1 Mb for weaning and yearling weights and ADG, and 2.5 Mb for birth weight. Using a model-based clustering algorithm, a mixture of three Gaussian distributions was clearly separable, resulting in three classes of short (&lt; 6.16 Mb), medium (6.16–12.57 Mb), and long (&gt;12.27 Mb) ROH segments, representing ancient, intermediate, and recent inbreeding. Contribution of ancient, intermediate and recent to genome-wide inbreeding was 37.4%, 40.1% and 22.5%, respectively. Inbreeding depression analyses showed a greater damaging effect of recent inbreeding, likely due to purging of old highly deleterious haplotypes.
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Moreno, Pulido Elena, González Alicia Arévalo, and Verdulla José Francisco Moreno. "From traditional to computational archaeology. An interdisciplinary method and new approach to volume and weight quantification." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 37, no. 4 (2018): 411–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/ojoa.12149.
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The present study aims to show the effectiveness of a methodological procedure to estimate the volumetric capacity of archaeological ceramic vessels and the net and gross weights of their probable contents. This method can be easily applied, independently of cultural or chronological contexts, and, alongside other historical and economic conclusions, might serve to verify the possible existence of typological and metrological standardizations of domestic or commercial containers. This study gives a detailed description of a simple methodological protocol which uses profile drawings to calculate the approximate volume of any vessel, thus enabling assessment of its conformity to ancient weight systems. This article will illustrate the strength of the method using a sample of Ramon T-11213 amphorae made in the Bay of Cadiz during the fifth century BC, which, given its quantitative and qualitative strengths, proves to be an exemplary case study and a valid pilot.
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Reddin, Carl J., Ádám T. Kocsis, and Wolfgang Kiessling. "Climate change and the latitudinal selectivity of ancient marine extinctions." Paleobiology 45, no. 1 (2018): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2018.34.
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AbstractGeologically rapid climate change is anticipated to increase extinction risk nonuniformly across the Earth's surface. Tropical species may be more vulnerable than temperate species to current climate warming because of high tropical climate velocities and reduced seawater oxygen levels. To test whether rapid warming indeed preferentially increased the extinction risk of tropical fossil taxa, we combine a robust statistical assessment of latitudinal extinction selectivity (LES) with the dominant views on climate change occurring at ancient extinction crises. Using a global data set of marine fossil occurrences, we assess extinction rates for tropical and temperate genera, applying log ratios to assess effect size and Akaike weights for model support. Among the classical “big five” mass extinction episodes, the end-Permian mass extinction exhibits temperate preference of extinctions, whereas the Late Devonian and end-Triassic selectively hit tropical genera. Simple links between the inferred direction of climate change and LES are idiosyncratic, both during crisis and background intervals. More complex models, including sampling patterns and changes in the latitudinal distribution of continental shelf area, show tropical LES to be generally associated with raised tropical heat and temperate LES with global cold temperatures. With implications for the future, our paper demonstrates the consistency of high tropical temperatures, habitat loss, and the capacity of both to interact in generating geographic patterns in extinctions.
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Bobokhyan, A. "Trading implements in early Troy." Anatolian Studies 59 (December 2009): 19–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600000867.
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AbstractThe traditional view of Troy as a kind of central site presupposes balance weights and other artefacts that attest weighing procedures among the excavated material. Indeed, already in the works of Homer it is possible to find references to premonetary aspects (for example, the gold standard τάλαντον). The main purpose of this investigation is to provide an archaeological view on the issue of trading implements and their significance in early Troy. The principal group of objects defined as balance weights was unearthed during the excavations of Heinrich Schliemann. By contrast, very little data derive from Wilhelm Dörpfeld's activities at the site. Balance weights are known also from the recent excavations of Manfred Korfmann. In two previous reports I presented the state of balance weights found in the Schliemann and Korfmann excavations (Bobokhyan 2006; 2008a). The aim of this article is to consider the main stages of the investigation of balance weights, with special reference to the excavations of Carl Blegen in Troy. The main problem related to the study of the Trojan balance weights is the lack of knowledge about the archaeological contexts for many of the finds. A considerable number of these implements has been lost or is inaccessible. However, their compilation assists in understanding the abstract way-of-thinking and value perception of the population of ancient Troy. The actual number of balance weights from Troy can be estimated at ca 100. The main period of their appearance is during Troy II–V, less in Troy VI. The principal forms represented are ellipsoid (‘sphendonoid’) and domed, and the materials used most for the weights are haematite as well as granite, basalt, marble and limestone. New research has revealed the existence of multiple weighing systems in Bronze Age Troy, a situation that was typical for mercantile centres such as Tepe Sialk, Susa or Kanes. The investigation of the Trojan balance weights and their contexts hints at the existence of Aegean and eastern Mediterranean, more precisely northern Syrian, directions of contacts.
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Lee, Michael S. Y., and Adam M. Yates. "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil record." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1881 (2018): 20181071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1071.
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Simultaneously analysing morphological, molecular and stratigraphic data suggests a potential resolution to a major remaining inconsistency in crocodylian evolution. The ancient, long-snouted thoracosaurs have always been placed near the Indian gharial Gavialis , but their antiquity ( ca 72 Ma) is highly incongruous with genomic evidence for the young age of the Gavialis lineage ( ca 40 Ma). We reconcile this contradiction with an updated morphological dataset and novel analysis, and demonstrate that thoracosaurs are an ancient iteration of long-snouted stem crocodylians unrelated to modern gharials. The extensive similarities between thoracosaurs and Gavialis are shown to be an almost ‘perfect storm’ of homoplasy, combining convergent adaptions to fish-eating, as well resemblances between genuinely primitive traits (thoracosaurs) and atavisms ( Gavialis ). Phylogenetic methods that ignore stratigraphy (parsimony and undated Bayesian methods) are unable to tease apart these similarities and invariably unite thoracosaurs and Gavialis. However, tip-dated Bayesian approaches additionally consider the large temporal gap separating ancient (thoracosaurs) and modern ( Gavialis ) iterations of similar long-snouted crocodyliforms. These analyses robustly favour a phylogeny which places thoracosaurs basal to crocodylians, far removed from modern gharials, which accordingly are a very young radiation. This phylogenetic uncoupling of ancient and modern gharial-like crocs is more consistent with molecular clock divergence estimates, and also the bulk of the crocodylian fossil record (e.g. all unequivocal gharial fossils are very young). Provided that the priors and models attribute appropriate relative weights to the morphological and stratigraphic signals—an issue that requires investigation—tip-dating approaches are potentially better able to detect homoplasy and improve inferences about phylogenetic relationships, character evolution and divergence dates.
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Morkunaite, Bausys, and Zavadskas. "Contractor Selection for Sgraffito Decoration of Cultural Heritage Buildings Using the WASPAS-SVNS Method." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (2019): 6444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226444.
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Sgraffito is an ancient decorative technique applied in walls, produced by using layers of cement plaster tinted in contrasting colours to a moistened surface. This decoration originated in Italy and has been expanded in different European cities or villages. Nowadays, this decoration technique has almost disappeared because of decomposition, inexperience, or lack of knowledge. The preservation and restoration of the sgraffito technique is the most challenging and vital task of cultural heritage buildings’ preservation. Consequently, the conservation of sgraffito depends not only on the historical and architectural knowledge, studies, and conservation projects of the cultural heritage buildings, but also demands the experience, proper qualification, and knowledge of the contractor. This paper presents six principal criteria. Three possible variants for contractor selection for sgraffito decoration of cultural heritage buildings are proposed, and six principal criteria for their evaluation are suggested. The research employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), SWARA (Step-Wise Weights Assessment Ratio Analysis), and WASPAS-SVNS (Weight Aggregated Sum Product Assessment-Single- Valued Neutrosophic Set) methods.
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Simpson, Elizabeth, Mary W. Ballard, G. Asher Newsome, and Brendan Burke. "King Midas’s Textiles: Dyeing and Weaving Technology in Ancient Phrygia." Textile Museum Journal 50, no. 1 (2023): 4–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tmj.2023.a932848.
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Abstract: Many civilizations have left behind evidence of wonderful textiles exhibiting advanced weaving techniques and a variety of colors. It has been the task of textile historians, weavers, technologists, and chemists to investigate the extant finds. For ancient Phrygian textiles of the ninth–eighth centuries bce, this approach has been upended. The colorants in the largest royal burial at Gordion, Tumulus MM (for “Midas Mound”), were biologically disassociated from the textiles they once colored, which had degraded inside the tomb. Some years earlier, a fire had engulfed the City Mound at Gordion, carbonizing the textile remains, which survive only in shades of gray. Little was preserved of the beautiful textiles for which the Phrygians had been famous. New instrumental analyses have revealed a fuller picture of the Gordion textiles, answering many questions about their original colors and fabrics. While Tumulus MM produced inorganic yellow ochre (goethite) as the source for the “dye” used for the golden-hued cloth from the tomb, the remaining dye palette was largely organic: orange, reds, and purple achieved with madder and mordant/auxiliaries, and indigo with goethite for green. A structure on the City Mound yielded charred textile fragments featuring geometric patterns, recalling the inlaid designs on the fine wooden furniture from Tumulus MM. An adjacent group of workshops contained loom weights, spindle whorls, knives, and needles, indicating large-scale textile production at the site. Taken together, this new evidence provides unparalleled insight into the all-but-lost Phrygian textile industry and the sophisticated design sense and complex technical skills of the makers.
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Sumreddee, Pattarapol, Sajjad Toghiani, Elhamidi Hay, Samuel E. Aggrey, and Romdhane Rekaya. "PSXII-29 Partitioning of Inbreeding Depression using Pedigree and Genomic Approaches." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (2020): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.448.
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Abstract Understanding the accumulation of autozygosity over time in a genome could enhance the assessment of the effect of inbreeding and the mitigation of its harmful impact. To date, runs of homozygosity (ROH) have been commonly used to study inbreeding’s impact in livestock species, as an alternative to the pedigree-based approach. Although inbreeding caused by the mating of animals related through a recent common ancestor is reasonably expected to have more pronounced effects on traits, estimating these effects requires a clear definition of recent (new) and ancient (old) inbreeding. Several methods have been proposed to classify inbreeding using pedigree and genomic information. Unfortunately, these methods are largely based on heuristic criteria (e.g., number of generations from common ancestor and length of ROH segments). To mitigate these deficiencies, we developed a method to classify inbreeding into recent and ancient classes based on a grid search driven by the hypothesis that new inbreeding tends to have a more pronounced effect than old inbreeding. The proposed method was tested using data from Line-1 Hereford cattle population characterized by a deep complete pedigree. Genomic data consisted of 50K SNP genotypes. Effect of recent and ancient inbreeding was assessed on four growth traits (birth, weaning and yearling weights and average daily gain). Thresholds to classify inbreeding into recent and ancient classes varied across traits and sources of information. Using pedigree information, increased inbreeding in the last 10 to 11 generations was considered as recent. When genomic information was using, thresholds ranged between 4 to 7 indicating the ability of ROH segments to better characterize the harmful impact of inbreeding in shorter periods of time. Using several model comparison criteria (adjusted R-squared, AIC, and BIC), the proposed method was better than existing approaches. Furthermore, the method provided a more objective quantitative approach for the classification of inbreeding.
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Dash, Rajashree, Anuradha Routray, Rasmita Dash, and Rasmita Rautray. "Designing an efficient predictor model using PSNN and crow search based optimization technique for gold price prediction." Intelligent Decision Technologies 15, no. 2 (2021): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/idt-200093.
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Predicting future price of gold has always been an intriguing field of investigation for researchers as well as investors who desire to invest in present and gain profit in the future. Since ancient time, gold is being arbitrated as a leading asset in monetary business. As the worth of gold changes within confined boundaries, reducing the effect of inflation, so it is a beneficial property favoured by many stakeholders. Hence, there is always an urge of a more authenticate model for forecasting the gold price based upon the changes in it in a previous time frame. This study focuses on designing an efficient predictor model using a Pi-Sigma Neural Network (PSNN) for forecasting future gold. The underlying motivation of using PSNN is its quick learning and easy implementation compared to other neural networks. The fixed unit weights used in between hidden and output layer of PSNN helps it in achieving faster learning speed compared to other similar types of networks. But estimating the unknown weights used in between the input and hidden layer is still a major challenge in its design phase. As final outcome of the network is highly influenced by its weight, so a novel Crow Search based nature inspired optimization algorithm (CSA) is proposed to estimate these adjustable weights of the network. The proposed model is also compared with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Differential Evolution (DE) based learning of PSNN. The model is validated over two historical datasets such as Gold/INR and Gold/AED by considering three statistical errors such as Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Empirical observations clearly show that, the developed CSA-PSNN predictor model is providing better prediction results compared to PSO-PSNN and DE-PSNN model.
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Meo, Francesco. "Weaving techniques and social aspects in Iron Age settlements of southern Italy (9th-8th centuries BCE)." Ophiussa. Revista do Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa 8 (December 17, 2024): 209–19. https://doi.org/10.51679/ophiussa.2024.166.
Full textAbstract:
During the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in the knowledge of ancient textile production in the South of Italy. The study of textile tools and their uses in the different stages of textile manufacture, as well as of the fabrics themselves has led to a deeper understanding of the production processes involved. This paper will focus on three aspects of textile production in the Iron Age: the social meaning of decorations on loom weights; evidence of a change of technology in textile production due to the interaction among populations; the level of knowledge and skills of craftspeople through the analysis of fabrics.
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Koohpayma, Javad, Mohsen Makki, Jan Lentschke, and Seyed Kazem AlaviPanah. "Predicting potential locations of ancient settlements using GIS and Weights-Of-Evidence method (case study: North-East of Iran)." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 40 (December 2021): 103229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103229.
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