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Journal articles on the topic 'Ancones'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Pettitt, R. A., J. Tattersall, T. Gemmill, S. J. Butterworth, T. J. O’Neill, S. J. Langley-Hobbs, E. J. Comerford, and J. F. Innes. "Effect of surgical technique on radiographic fusion of the anconeus in the treatment of ununited anconeal process." Journal of Small Animal Practice 50, no. 10 (October 2009): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00821.x.

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2

MORREY, BERNARD F., and ALBERTO G. SCHNEEBERGER. "ANCONEUS ARTHROPLASTY." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 84, no. 11 (November 2002): 1960–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200211000-00009.

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3

Wilson, Thomas J., R. Shane Tubbs, and Lynda J. S. Yang. "The anconeus epitrochlearis muscle may protect against the development of cubital tunnel syndrome: a preliminary study." Journal of Neurosurgery 125, no. 6 (December 2016): 1533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.10.jns151668.

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OBJECTIVE The authors hypothesized that when the anatomical variant of an anconeus epitrochlearis is present, the risk of developing cubital tunnel syndrome would be reduced by replacing the normal roof of the cubital tunnel (Osborne's ligament) with a more forgiving muscular structure, the anconeus epitrochlearis. The authors further hypothesized that when the presence of an anconeus epitrochlearis contributes to ulnar neuropathy, it would be secondary to muscular hypertrophy, thereby making it more likely to occur in the dominant arm. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to evaluate these hypotheses. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was performed by reviewing the records of all adult patients who underwent operative intervention for cubital tunnel syndrome between 2005 and 2014 as the experimental group and all asymptomatic patients in the medical literature who were part of a series reporting the prevalence of an anconeus epitrochlearis as the control group. The primary outcome of interest was the presence of an anconeus epitrochlearis in asymptomatic individuals versus patients with cubital tunnel syndrome. RESULTS During the study period, 168 patients underwent decompression of the ulnar nerve for cubital tunnel syndrome, and an anconeus epitrochlearis was found at surgery in 9 (5.4%) patients. The control group consisted of 634 asymptomatic patients from the medical literature, and an anconeus epitrochlearis was present in 98 (15.5%) of these patients. An anconeus epitrochlearis was present significantly less frequently in the symptomatic patients than in asymptomatic individuals (p < 0.001). Among patients undergoing surgical decompression, an anconeus epitrochlearis was associated with symptoms in the dominant arm (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS The authors found that an anconeus epitrochlearis was present significantly less often in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome than in asymptomatic controls. The mechanism of protection may be that this muscle decreases the rigidity of the entrance into the cubital tunnel. When an anconeus epitrochlearis does contribute to cubital tunnel syndrome, it is significantly more likely to occur in the dominant arm, possibly due to repetitive use and hypertrophy of the anconeus epitrochlearis. The presence of an anconeus epitrochlearis may be protective against the development of cubital tunnel syndrome, although this is a preliminary finding.

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4

Uluc, Muhsin E., Atilla H. Cilengir, Cemal Kazimoglu, and Özgür Tosun. "Unusual Cause of Lateral Elbow Pain: A Case Report of Anconeus Muscle Contusion." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2019.2017.

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The anconeus muscle is a small and minor functioning muscle located at the posterolateral elbow region. It helps forearm extension and tightening of the joint capsule. Despite its limited functions, pathologies of the anconeus muscle can mimic other abnormalities of the elbow joint. Here, we report a rare case of a traumatic anconeus muscle contusion in a 15-year-old boy due to falling during dance. MRI showed contusion in the anconeus muscle, as well as strain in the ulnar collateral ligament and edema in the coronoid process of the ulna. To our knowledge, this is the first described case of traumatic anconeus muscle contusion in the literature. The presence of long-lasting lateral elbow pain in trauma cases without fracture should alert clinicians to consider anconeus muscle abnormalities. MRI is the best modality for diagnosis in these cases.

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5

Habib, M., Y. S. Tanwar, A. Jaiswal, S. P. Singh, S. Sinha, and H. lal. "Anconeus pedicle olecranon flip osteotomy." Bone & Joint Journal 96-B, no. 9 (September 2014): 1252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.96b9.33343.

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6

Kim, Nicholas, Ryan Stehr, Hani S. Matloub, and James R. Sanger. "Anconeus Epitrochlearis Muscle Associated With Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: A Case Series." HAND 14, no. 4 (March 27, 2018): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944718762566.

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Background: Cubital tunnel syndrome is a common compressive neuropathy of the upper extremity. The anconeus epitrochlearis muscle is an unusual but occasional contributor. We review our experience with this anomalous muscle in elbows with cubital tunnel syndrome. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed charts of 13 patients noted to have an anconeus epitrochlearis muscle associated with cubital tunnel syndrome. Results: Ten patients had unilateral ulnar neuropathy supported by nerve conduction studies. Three had bilateral cubital tunnel syndrome symptoms with 1 of those having normal nerve conduction studies for both elbows. Eight elbows were treated with myotomy of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle and submuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve. The other 8 elbows were treated with myotomy of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle and in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve only. All but 1 patient had either clinical resolution or improvement of symptoms at follow-up ranging from 2 weeks to 1 year after surgery. The 1 patient who had persistent symptoms had received myotomy and in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve only. Conclusions: An anomalous anconeus epitrochlearis occasionally results in compression of the ulnar nerve but is usually an incidental finding. Its contribution to compression neuropathy can be tested intraoperatively by passively ranging the elbow while observing the change in vector and tension of its muscle fibers over the ulnar nerve. Regardless of findings, we recommend myotomy of the muscle and in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve. Submuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve may be necessary if there is subluxation.

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7

Petit, A., O. Travetti, Y. Samoy, P. Verleyen, and B. Van Ryssen. "Ulnaire osteotomie als behandeling van een losse processus anconeus bij een jonge mastino napoletano." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 84, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v84i2.16611.

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Een losse processus anconeus, onderdeel van het elleboogdysplasiecomplex, is een frequent voorkomende orthopedische ontwikkelingsstoornis bij snelgroeiende jonge honden behorend tot grote en chondrodystrofe rassen. Proximale ulnaire osteotomie is een van de mogelijke behandelingsmethoden, op voorwaarde dat het dier nog niet volwassen is. Deze ingreep is gericht op het herstellen van de lengteverhouding tussen radius en ulna, waardoor de opwaartse kracht, die de losse processus anconeus veroorzaakt, opgeheven wordt. Door de osteotomie is tevens een kanteling van het olecranon mogelijk, waardoor de losse processus anconeus alsnog kan fusioneren en het manken verdwijnt. Wanneer een proximale ulnaire osteotomie succesvol uitgevoerd wordt, zonder bijkomende articulaire chirurgie, wordt er minder osteoartrose gevormd en is het resultaat op lange termijn gunstiger. In dit artikel wordt de behandeling door middel van ulnotomie bij een jonge mastino napoletano besproken en worden de resultaten van de behandeling toegelicht.

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8

MAGDEN, Orhan, Volkan TAYFUR, and Mete EDİZER. "Arterial Anatomy of Anconeus Muscle Flap." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 27, no. 1 (May 30, 2010): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5835/jecm.omu.27.01.006.

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9

Celli, Andrea. "The Anconeus-Triceps Lateral Flap Approach." Techniques in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery 16, no. 1 (March 2015): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bte.0000000000000043.

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10

Gleason, Thomas F., Wayne M. Goldstein, and Robert D. Ray. "The Function of the Anconeus Muscle." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, no. 192 (January 1985): 147???148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-198501000-00020.

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11

Nishida, Kinya, Norimasa Iwasaki, Tadanao Funakoshi, Makoto Motomiya, and Akio Minami. "PREVENTION OF INSTABILITY OF THE PROXIMAL END OF THE RADIUS AFTER RADIAL HEAD RESECTION USING AN ANCONEUS MUSCLE FLAP." Hand Surgery 17, no. 01 (January 2012): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810412500049.

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Resection of the radial head frequently causes instability of the proximal end of the radius. To prevent this instability, we performed a stabilization technique using an anconeus muscle flap. Since 2003, six patients with radiocapitellar joint dysfunction have been treated with radial head resection combined with stabilizing its proximal end using an anconeus muscle flap. At a mean follow-up of 51 months, all patients were free from elbow pain and the mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score significantly improved. Radiographic findings showed no apparent instability of the proximal radius. The anconeus is useful as a reliable muscle flap for preventing instability of the proximal radius after a radial head resection. This procedure does not require any microvascular techniques and makes it possible to apply a pedicled muscle flap using a relatively simple technique without any considerable risks of elbow dysfunction.

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12

Sato, Ryosuke, Yoshitaka Hamada, Naohito Hibino, Toshihiko Nishisho, Ichiro Tonogai, Kenji Endo, and Koichi Sairyo. "Restoration of the Active Forearm Rotation Using Vascularized Free Fibular Graft and Radial Head Arthroplasty for a Wide Defect of the Proximal Radius." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 22, no. 04 (November 9, 2017): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810417720406.

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In this report we present a case of re-stabilization of the proximal radius using vascularized free fibular graft combined with anconeus arthroplasty to stabilize the transplanted fibula in a patient with large loss of the proximal radius due to Ewing’s sarcoma. A 20-year-old woman had Ewing’s sarcoma in the proximal three-fourths of the radius. The resection of large part of the radius containing radial head were necessary for removal of the sarcoma. Reconstruction of the proximal radius was performed using vascularized free fibular graft and the transplanted fibula was stabilized by attaching the anconeus to the proximal edge of the fibula. 2 years after surgery, she had neither recurrence nor metastasis, and achieved functional recovery. The combination anconeus arthroplasty with vascularized free fibular graft can be a good technique for re-stabilization of the elbow and recovery of the forearm function.

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13

Marković, Savo. "Od Bara i Dubrovnika do Ancone." Povijesni prilozi 38, no. 57 (2019): 31–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/pp.v38i57.8664.

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Studijama genealoške prozopografije proširuju se spoznaje o osobama koje se njima tematiziraju i upotpunjuju životopisi njihovih najbližih rođaka i prijatelja, čime se rasvjetljava cijela društvena epoha. U spisima Državnoga arhiva u Dubrovniku na osam stranica nalazi se dokument registriran 23. ožujka 1590. godine, koji sadrži oporuku i kodicil Prokulijana Camillova Besalija, sastavljene u studenome 1589. godine u Anconi, kao i raspodjelu sprovedenu po tim izjavama volje u razdoblju od 1589. do 1595. godine. Izjava posljednje volje barskoga izgnanika preminuloga u pokrajini Marche, sina patricijke Paole iz roda Prokulijan i glasovitoga talijanskog renesansnog pjesnika Camilla, brata također poznatoga humanista, dubrovačkoga kancelara Viktora, znakovito je svjedočanstvo migracija, životnih staza i trgovačkih tokova toga vremena.

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14

Turner, B. M., R. H. Abercromby, J. Innes, W. M. McKee, and M. G. Ness. "Dynamic Proximal Ulnar Osteotomy for the Treatment of Ununited Anconeal Process in 17 Dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 11, no. 02 (1998): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632614.

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SummaryA prospective study was made of 17 dogs with ununited anconeal process treated by osteotomy of the proximal ulna. The effect of the surgery on lameness was evaluated subjectively and the elbows were assessed radiographically for evidence of anconeal fusion and healing of the osteotomy. Whilst clinical outcome was generally good and complications infrequent, relatively few cases achieved anconeal fusion. These results do not compare well with the results of a previous study but this disparity may be due in part to differences in patient population and radiographic evaluation.Further work is required to establish how best to achieve predictable anconeal fusion.Proximal ulnar osteotomy was used to treat 17 dogs with ununited anconeal process. Clinical results were good but anconeal fusion was not achieved consistently. Further work is needed to determine how best to achieve predictable anconeal fusion.

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15

O’HARA, J. J., and J. H. STONE. "Ulnar Nerve Compression at the Elbow Caused by a Prominent Medial Head of the Triceps and an Anconeus Epitrochlearis Muscle." Journal of Hand Surgery 21, no. 1 (February 1996): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(96)80029-5.

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A number of musculo-tendinous variations around the medial epicondyle have been alleged to cause ulnar nerve compression. Subluxation of the ulnar nerve, a “snapping” separate medial head of triceps, a prominent medial head of triceps covering the ulnar nerve, anconeus epitrochlearis, Osborne’s band, and the ligament of Struthers have been implicated. We present a case of clear-cut compression of the ulnar nerve at two levels just at and posterior to the epicondyle by a tightly applied prominent head of the triceps, and at a more distal level beneath an anconeus epitroch-learis muscle.

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16

Dorsey, Michelle L., and Catherine C. Roberts. "Tophaceous Gout Mimicking an Edematous Anconeus Epitrochlearis." Radiology Case Reports 1, no. 4 (2006): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2484/rcr.v1i4.57.

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17

Schaaf, Olaf R., Tyler Roennfeldt‐Philp, and Natalie S. Webster. "Anconeus muscle injury in a juvenile greyhound." Veterinary Surgery 49, no. 8 (September 15, 2020): 1648–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13508.

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18

Tiong, William H. C., and Jason Kelly. "ULNAR NERVE ENTRAPMENT BY ANCONEUS EPITROCHLEARIS LIGAMENT." Hand Surgery 17, no. 01 (January 2012): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021881041272001x.

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Ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow is the second most common upper limb entrapment neuropathy other than carpal tunnel syndrome. There have been many causes identified ranging from chronic aging joint changes to inflammatory conditions or systemic disorders. Among them, uncommon anatomical variants accounts for a small number of cases. Here, we report our experience in managing ulnar nerve entrapment caused by a rare vestigial structure, anconeus epitrochlearis ligament, and provide a brief review of the literature of its management.

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19

Cammarata, Michael J., J. Bradford Hill, and Sheel Sharma. "Ulnar Nerve Compression due to Anconeus Epitrochlearis." JBJS Case Connector 9, no. 2 (April 2019): e0189-e0189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.cc.18.00189.

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20

Steinmann, Scott P., and Allen T. Bishop. "Chronic anconeus compartment syndrome: A case report." Journal of Hand Surgery 25, no. 5 (September 2000): 959–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhsu.2000.9422.

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21

Kehnscherper, G., and T. Flegel. "Unusual Case of a Fractured Anconeal Process in a Boxer." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 10, no. 04 (1997): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632594.

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SummaryAn acute weight-bearing lameness in the left front limb following a slight trauma happened in a male, one-year-old Boxer. Clinical and radiographic findings suggested a fractured anconeal process.Such a fracture after mild trauma is uncommon and indicates the possibility of a disorder in the area of the growth plate between anconeal process and ulna. Therefore this case could be related to the complex of the ununited anconeal process, too.A one-year-old Boxer sustained a fracture of the anconeal process following a mild trauma. This case might be related to the complex of the ununited anconeal process.

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22

Harwood, B., and C. L. Rice. "Short interspike intervals and double discharges of anconeus motor unit action potentials for the production of dynamic elbow extensions." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 10 (May 15, 2014): 2039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00412.2013.

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Incidence of double discharges (DDs; >100 Hz) and short interspike intervals (ISIs; >50 to <100 Hz) is reported to vary widely among different muscles and tasks, with a higher incidence in motor unit (MU) trains of fast muscles and for the production of fast contractions in humans. However, it is unclear whether human muscles with a large composition of slower motor units exhibit DDs or short ISIs when activated with maximal synaptic drive, such as those required for maximal velocity dynamic contractions. Thus the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of increasing peak contraction velocity on the incidence of DDs and short ISIs in the anconeus muscle. Seventeen anconeus MUs in 10 young males were recorded across dynamic elbow extensions ranging from low submaximal velocities (16% of maximal velocity) up to maximal velocities. A low incidence of DDs (4%) and short ISIs (29%) was observed among the 583 MU trains recorded. Despite the low incidence in individual MU trains, a majority (71% and 94%, respectively) of MUs exhibited at least one DD or short ISI. The number of short ISIs shared no variance with MU recruitment threshold ( R2 = 0.02), but their distribution was skewed toward higher peak velocities ( G = −1.26) and a main effect of peak elbow extension velocity was observed ( P < 0.05). Although a greater number of short ISIs was observed with increasing velocity, the low incidence of DDs and short ISIs in the anconeus muscle is likely related to the function of the anconeus as a stabilizer rather than voluntary elbow extensor torque and velocity production.

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23

Cowling, Brianna L., Brad Harwood, David B. Copithorne, and Charles L. Rice. "Rate modulation of human anconeus motor units during high-intensity dynamic elbow extensions." Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00131.2016.

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Investigations of high-intensity isometric fatiguing protocols report decreases in motor unit firing rates (MUFRs), but little is known regarding changes in MUFRs following fatigue induced by high-intensity dynamic contractions. Our purpose was to evaluate MUFRs of the anconeus (an accessory elbow extensor) and elbow extension power production as a function of time to task failure (TTF) during high-velocity fatiguing concentric contractions against a moderately heavy resistance. Fine-wire intramuscular electrode pairs were inserted into the anconeus to record MUs in 12 male participants (25 ± 3 yr), over repeated sessions on separate days. MUs were tracked throughout a three-stage, varying load dynamic elbow extension protocol designed to extend the task duration for >1 min thereby inducing substantial fatigue. Mean MUFRs and peak power were calculated for three relative time ranges: 0–15% TTF (beginning), 45–60% TTF (middle) and 85–100% TTF (end). Mean duration of the overall fatigue protocol was ∼80 s. Following the protocol, isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), highest velocity at 35% MVC load, and peak power decreased 37, 60, and 64% compared with baseline, respectively. Data from 20 anconeus MUs tracked successfully throughout the protocol indicated a reduction in MUFRs in relation to power loss from 36 Hz/160 W (0–15% TTF) to 28 Hz/97 W (45–60% TTF) to 23 Hz/43 W (85–100% TTF). During these high-intensity maximal effort concentric contractions, anconeus MUFRs decreased substantially (>35%). Although the absolute MUFRs were higher in the present study than those reported previously for other muscles during sustained high-intensity isometric tasks, the relative decrease in MUFRs was similar between the two tasks.

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24

Labruyère, J. J., J. F. Bardet, and E. G. Gasch. "Computed tomography of ununited anconeal process in the dog." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 25, no. 06 (2012): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-11-10-0138.

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SummaryObjective: The purpose of this study was to describe computed tomography (CT) features of the ununited anconeal process and relate them with the following elbow dysplasia signs: medial coronoid disease, medial humeral condyle changes, osteoarthritis (OA), and radioulnar incongruence.Methods: Computed tomographic images of dogs older than six months with an ununited anconeal process were evaluated (n = 13). Ununited anconeal process features were described as being complete or incomplete, and the degree of displacement, volume, and presence of cysts and sclerosis were also evaluated. Medial coronoid disease was defined as an irregular medial coronoid process shape, presence of sclerosis and fragmentation. Medial humeral condyle changes were defined as subchondral bone flattening, lucencies, and sclerosis. Osteoarthritis was graded depending on the osteophytes size. Radioulnar incongruence was measured on a sagittal view at the base of the medial coronoid process.Results: Eleven elbows had a complete and two had an incomplete ununited anconeal process. All ununited anconeal processes had cystic and sclerotic lesions. Seven ununited anconeal processes were displaced and six were non-displaced. Mean ununited anconeal process volume was 1.35 cm3 (0.61 cm3 – 2.08 cm3). Twelve elbows had signs of medial coronoid disease (4 of them with a fragmented medial coronoid process), and one elbow did not show any evidence of medial coronoid disease. Ten elbows had medial humeral condyle changes. One elbow had grade 1 OA, seven elbows had grade 2, and five elbows grade 3. All elbows had radioulnar incongruence: three elbows had a negative and 10 elbows had a positive radioulnar incongruence. Mean radioulnar incongruence was 1.49 mm (0.63 mm – 2.61 mm). Computed tomographic findings were similar in the majority of the elbows studied: complete ununited anconeal processes with signs of medial coronoid disease, positive radioulnar incongruence, high grade of OA, sclerotic medial humeral condyle changes, and large ununited anconeal process volumes.Clinical significance: Incomplete small ununited anconeal process volumes could be associated with a lower incidence of medial coronoid disease or medial humeral condyle changes. We recommend performing preoperative CT of elbows with an ununited anconeal process to evaluate concurrent lesions.

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25

Kasström, H., M. Källberg, and L. Sjöström. "Ununited Anconeal Process in the Dog. Pathogenesis and Treatment by Osteotomy of the Ulna." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 08, no. 04 (1995): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632451.

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SummarySeveral hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of Ununited Anconeal Process (UAP) have been proposed. One theory argues that the condition is caused by an incongruous growth of the radius relative to the ulna, causing proximal displacement of the radial head and subsequent abnormal pressure on the anconeal process. By comparing the radiographic outline of elbow joints with unilateral UAP with the outline of contralateral elbows, evidence in support of this theory is reported.In accordance with the suggested pathogenesis of UAP, patients were treated surgically by osteotomy of the ulna to relieve pressure on the anconeal process and thus allow it to unite with the ulnar metaphysis. Results of surgery in 22 elbow joints in 20 dogs are reported; 21 UAPs united. In six cases a narrow radiolucent line remained between the anconeal process and the ulnar metaphysis, but judging from clinical performance and absence of secondary changes the anconeal process was firmly united. Short and long-term functional, clinical and radiographic results compare favourably with results reported previously after surgical resection of the UAP.Ununited Anconeal Process (UAP) may be caused by an incongruous growth between the radius and the ulna, with proximal displacement of the radial head and a subsequent pressure on the anconeal process. Evidence in support of this theory is reported. Results, after ulnar osteotomy to relieve the pressure, compare favourably with results reported after surgical resection of the UAP.

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26

Park, Il-Jung, Hyoung-Min Kim, Jae-Young Lee, Changhoon Jeong, Younghoon Kang, Sunwook Hwang, Byung-Yoon Sung, and Soo-Hwan Kang. "Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Caused by Anconeus Epitrochlearis Muscle." Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 61, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2018.0033.

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27

Daluiski, Aaron, Joseph J. Schreiber, Sophia Paul, and Robert N. Hotchkiss. "Outcomes of anconeus interposition for proximal radioulnar synostosis." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 23, no. 12 (December 2014): 1882–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2014.07.011.

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28

Nellans, Kate, Balazs Galdi, H. Mike Kim, and William N. Levine. "Ulnar Neuropathy as a Result of Anconeus Epitrochlearis." Orthopedics 37, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): e743-e745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20140728-92.

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29

Baghdadi, Yaser M. K., Bernard F. Morrey, and Joaquin Sanchez-Sotelo. "Anconeus Interposition Arthroplasty: Mid- to Long-term Results." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 472, no. 7 (May 29, 2014): 2151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-014-3629-3.

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30

Schreiber, Joseph J., Aaron Daluiski, Sophia Paul, and Robert N. Hotchkiss. "Outcomes of Anconeus Interposition for Proximal Radioulnar Synostosis." Journal of Hand Surgery 38, no. 10 (October 2013): e13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.08.022.

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31

Felir, M., I. Molte, and A. Meyer-Lindenberg. "Short- and long-term results after surgical treatment of an ununited anconeal process in the dog." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 14, no. 02 (2001): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632683.

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SummaryIn a prospective trial over seven years (1993-1999), 44 joints from 41 dogs with an ununited anconeal process are reported. The average age of the animals was 23 weeks. With regard to breed distribution, the German Shepherd was most frequently represented with 29 animals.In 35 joints, the anconeal process was stabilised with lag screw and pin, as there was no fibrous connection between the anconeal process and the ulna. Additionally, in all cases an ulna ostectomy was performed. In nine joints, the connection of the anconeal process to the olecranon was firm and only a proximal ulna ostectomy was performed. The patients were rechecked clinically and radiologically, at an average of 13 weeks post operation. With one exception, in all of the cases the apophysis was closed. The implants were removed in 25 patients. The surgical results were examined once more after an average of 20 months in 43 joints (40 dogs). 83.7% of the cases (n = 36) did not show any lameness after the combined therapy with fixation of the isolated anconeal process and osteotomy of the ulna (n = 28) or ulna ostectomy only (n = 8) and were assessed as ‘good’. Six dogs (five with fixation, one with ostectomy) showed some degree of lameness after heavy strain and were only evaluated as ‘satisfactory’. One dog still had a striking low to medium grade lameness, so that the result was regarded as ‘unsatisfactory’. With regard to the development of arthrosis, only nine of the 30 joints (30%) examined radiographically showed a mild increase of the arthroses during later examinations.In many cases excision of the ununited anconeal process leads to unsatisfactory long-term results. Frequently surgical treatment does not lead to fusion. This paper describes a concept for treatment of an ununited anconeal process and the short- and long-term results. Proximal ostectomy of the ulna was performed, as a single measure, when the anconeal process was tightly in place. In joints with a loose anconeal process, the piece of bone was stabilised with implants, in addition to an ostectomy of the ulna. After an average of three months, the anconeal process had fused with the ulna, in all hut one case. In long-term follow-ups, after an average of 20 months, most of the dogs did not show any lameness, even after exercise. In only a few joints was a minor increase of arthrosis noted. The technique described is considered to be useful to treat the ununited anconeal process in young dogs.

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32

Sikkema, Deborah, and J. K. Roush. "Unusual Presentation of an Ununited Anconeal Process in a Six-Year-Old Great Dane." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 07, no. 04 (1994): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633093.

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An acute weight-bearing, right forelimb lameness developed in a six-year-old Great Dane without any prior history of lameness. Clinical and radiographic findings were consistent with right ununited anconeal process and degenerative joint disease within the elbow, however, radiographically the anconeal process was separated from the ulna and attached to the humerus. Removal of the anconeal process resulted in satisfactory right front limb use for a further 40 months following the operation.

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33

Hulse, D. A., A. Bahr, R. M. Jerram, and U. Krotscheck. "Ununited anconeal process: lag-screw fixation with proximal ulnar osteotomy." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 13, no. 04 (2000): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632663.

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SummaryControversy exists as to the clinical outcome in dogs undergoing treatment of an ununited anconeal process. This is particularly true if the dog is seven months of age or more at the time of surgery. Long-term outcome of four cases having undergone lag screw fixation in combination with a proximal ulnar osteotomy as treatment for ununited anconeal process is presented. Age at the time of initial surgery ranged from six to 8.5 months. Time from surgery to final clinical and radiographic evaluation ranged from 23 months to 40 months. Clinical outcome was excellent in all cases with each dog showing an excellent return of limb function and no evidence of pain, crepitus, or joint effusion. Radiographic evaluation showed fusion of the anconeal process with minimal to no progression of osteoarthritis. Results in these cases support the use of lagscrew fixation in concert with an ulnar osteotomy as a treatment method for ununited anconeal process in dogs.Long-term outcome (23 to 40 months) of surgical treatment of ununited anconeal processes with a proximal ulnar osteotomy and lag screw fixation is evaluated in four cases. Clinical outcome was excellent in all cases; there was no evidence of pain, crepitus, or joint effusion. Final radiographic evaluation showed fusion of the anconeal process with minimal to no progression of osteoarthritis.

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34

Salvolini, U. "Neuroradiologia ad Ancona." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 7, no. 1 (February 1994): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140099400700103.

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35

Seyahi, Aksel. "Anconeus arthroplasty: a salvage procedure in recurrent heterotopic ossification." Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica 43, no. 1 (2009): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3944/aott.2009.062.

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36

Lee, Sang-Uk, Juyeob Lee, and Sun Young Joo. "Cubital Tunnel Syndrome by Anconeus Epitrochlearis in an Adolescent." Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association 49, no. 4 (2014): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.2014.49.4.312.

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37

Masear, Victoria R., James J. Hill, and Stephen M. Cohen. "Ulnar compression neuropathy secondary to the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle." Journal of Hand Surgery 13, no. 5 (September 1988): 720–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(88)80133-3.

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38

Smith, Dean O. "Ulnar compression neuropathy secondary to the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle." Journal of Hand Surgery 14, no. 5 (September 1989): 917–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(89)80107-8.

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39

Kojima, Tadao. "Ulnar compression neuropathy secondary to the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle." Journal of Hand Surgery 14, no. 5 (September 1989): 918–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(89)80109-1.

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40

Lee, Hyun-Joo, Jun-Young Kim, and In-Ho Jeon. "Cubital tunnel syndrome due to the anconeus epimedialis muscle." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 22, no. 12 (December 2013): e20-e22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2013.09.028.

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41

Law, Ying-Kan. "Acute Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Secondary to Anconeus Epitrochlearis Muscle." Journal of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rehabilitation 19, no. 2 (December 2015): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jotr.2014.11.006.

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42

Schmidt, Christopher C., G. N. Kohut, J. A. Greenberg, S. E. Kann, R. S. Idler, and T. R. Kiefhaber. "The anconeus muscle flap: Its anatomy and clinical application." Journal of Hand Surgery 24, no. 2 (March 1999): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhsu.1999.0359.

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43

Athwal, George S., Damian M. Rispoli, and Scott P. Steinmann. "The Anconeus Flap Transolecranon Approach to the Distal Humerus." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 20, no. 4 (April 2006): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005131-200604000-00009.

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44

Natarajan, V., and C. U. Velmuregendran. "PS-50-6 Repetitive nerve stimulation on anconeus muscle." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control 97, no. 4 (September 1995): S217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-980x(95)93244-n.

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45

Sun, Huan-jian, Ye Zhang, Chun-lin Xia, Wen-feng Zhu, and Jia-dong Wu. "Applied anatomical study of the modified anconeus flap approach." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 37, no. 9 (May 6, 2015): 1049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-015-1483-y.

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46

McCartney, W. T. "Another Manifestation of Ununited Anconeal Process in the German Shepherd Dog?" Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 06, no. 04 (1993): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633061.

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A one-year-old German Shepherd dog sustained a proximal fracture of the ulna involving the anconeal process following a mild traumatic event. Two types of ununited anconeal processes are documented in the German Shepherd dog and this case may represent a further type.

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47

Wallace, L. J., G. R. Johnston, and R. G. Roy. "A Retrospective Long-Term Evaluation of Ununited Anconeal Process Excision on the Canine Elbow." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 07, no. 03 (1994): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633127.

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SummaryA retrospective study was done to evaluate the long-term clinical radio-graphic effects of ununited anconeal process excision performed in dogs 5 to 12 months of age. Six dogs (seven surgically treated elbows) were evaluated at a mean of 65 months postoperatively for front limb lameness, elbow range of motion, and radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis. Limb use was considered good to excellent in 6 of 7 dogs. Osteo-arthritis, which progressed in all surgically treated elbows, was considered severe in three, moderate in one and mild to moderate in three. Early excision of an ununited anconeal process results in progressive osteoarthritis and a mild decrease in range of motion but good long-term function of the canine elbow joint.Long-term evaluation of dogs with excision of an ununited anconeal process was performed. Long-term limb use was considered good to excellent in six of seven dogs. Early excision of an ununited anconeal process results in progressive osteoarthritis and a mild decrease in range of motion but good long-term function of the canine elbow joint.

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48

Almquist, Edward E., Lars Necking, and Allan W. Bach. "Epicondylar resection with anconeus muscle transfer for chronic lateral epicondylitis." Journal of Hand Surgery 23, no. 4 (July 1998): 723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(98)80061-0.

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49

Boero, Silvio, Filippo M. Sénès, and Nunzio Catena. "Pediatric cubital tunnel syndrome by anconeus epitrochlearis: A case report." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 18, no. 2 (March 2009): e21-e23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2008.06.001.

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50

O'DRISCOLL, SHAWN W. "Triceps-Anconeus Pedicle Approach for Distal Humerus Fractures and Nonunions." Techniques in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery 3, no. 1 (March 2002): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132589-200203000-00008.

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