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Arun, Kumar Rao, and Pandey Himanshu. "ESTIMATION OF SCALE PARAMETER OF WEIBULL-LOMAX DISTRIBUTION VIA BAYESIAN APPROACH." International Journal of Mathematics And Computer Research 09, no. 05 (2021): 2293–302. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmcr/v9i5.03.
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In this paper, the Weibull-Lomax distribution is considered for Bayesian analysis. The expressions for Bayes estimators of the parameter have been derived under squared error, precautionary,entropy, K-loss, and Al-Bayyati’s loss functions by using quasi and gamma priors.
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Uma, Alexandra, Tommaso Fornaciari, Dirk Hovy, Silviu Paun, Barbara Plank, and Massimo Poesio. "A Case for Soft Loss Functions." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 8 (October 1, 2020): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v8i1.7478.
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Recently, Peterson et al. provided evidence of the benefits of using probabilistic soft labels generated from crowd annotations for training a computer vision model, showing that using such labels maximizes performance of the models over unseen data. In this paper, we generalize these results by showing that training with soft labels is an effective method for using crowd annotations in several other ai tasks besides the one studied by Peterson et al., and also when their performance is compared with that of state-of-the-art methods for learning from crowdsourced data.
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Kircher, Charles A., Aladdin A. Nassar, Onder Kustu, and William T. Holmes. "Development of Building Damage Functions for Earthquake Loss Estimation." Earthquake Spectra 13, no. 4 (1997): 663–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585974.
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This paper describes building damage functions that were developed for the FEMA/NIBS earthquake loss estimation methodology (Whitman et al., 1997). These functions estimate the probability of discrete states of structural and nonstructural building damage that are used as inputs to the estimation of building losses, including economic loss, casualties and loss of function (Kircher et al., 1997). These functions are of a new form and represent a significant step forward in the prediction of earthquake impacts. Unlike previous building damage models that are based on Modified Mercalli Intensity, the new functions use quantitative measures of ground shaking (and ground failure) and analyze model building types in a similar manner to the engineering analysis of a single structure.
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Prahl, B. F., D. Rybski, O. Burghoff, and J. P. Kropp. "Comparison of storm damage functions and their performance." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 4 (2015): 769–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-769-2015.
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Abstract. Winter storms are the most costly natural hazard for European residential property. We compare four distinct storm damage functions with respect to their forecast accuracy and variability, with particular regard to the most severe winter storms. The analysis focuses on daily loss estimates under differing spatial aggregation, ranging from district to country level. We discuss the broad and heavily skewed distribution of insured losses posing difficulties for both the calibration and the evaluation of damage functions. From theoretical considerations, we provide a synthesis between the frequently discussed cubic wind–damage relationship and recent studies that report much steeper damage functions for European winter storms. The performance of the storm loss models is evaluated for two sources of wind gust data, direct observations by the German Weather Service and ERA-Interim reanalysis data. While the choice of gust data has little impact on the evaluation of German storm loss, spatially resolved coefficients of variation reveal dependence between model and data choice. The comparison shows that the probabilistic models by Heneka et al. (2006) and Prahl et al. (2012) both provide accurate loss predictions for moderate to extreme losses, with generally small coefficients of variation. We favour the latter model in terms of model applicability. Application of the versatile deterministic model by Klawa and Ulbrich (2003) should be restricted to extreme loss, for which it shows the least bias and errors comparable to the probabilistic model by Prahl et al. (2012).
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KAMIL, MUH AHSAN, and YAHYA RIVA'I. "EMPOWERING SHARIA SECURITIES: IMPLEMENTING AN ISSUERS' MENTORING PROGRAM FOR LOSS MITIGATION IN CROWDFUNDING." Al-Masraf: Jurnal Lembaga Keuangan dan Perbankan 8, no. 2 (2023): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/al-masraf.v8i2.834.
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This study aims to implement a mentoring program for issuers (MSMEs) in sharia securities crowdfunding in Indonesia to mitigate the losses. A qualitative approach was used, using in-depth literature studies with relevant stakeholders and analyzing secondary data. The data was then analyzed by reducing data, displaying data and verifying. The research findings highlight that in the Sharia securities crowdfunding mechanism, the organizer only functions as a platform that brings together investors and issuers. Therefore, in this research, the author recommends a mentoring program for MSME issuers that organizers of Sharia crowdfunding securities can implement. This recommendation is based on the general weaknesses of MSMEs, which can cause the risk of losses and defaults. With this mentoring program, it is hoped that publishers' businesses can avoid the risk of loss and continue to grow to benefit all parties.
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Alvarez, Jose R., and Peter Rez. "Density of states calculations for Ni-Al Alloys." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100165082.
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Impurities at grain boundaries can have dramatic effects on the ductility or embrittlement of metals and metallic alloys. The mechanism for these effects is controversial, but it is believed that charge redistribution induced by the impurity atoms is responsible. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) can be used to measure changes in unoccupied densities of states (DOS) when a small nanometer sized probe is moved across a grain boundary. To interpret the energy loss fine structure band theory is needed to relate the observations, which represent an angular momentum resolved density of states at a particular atomic site, to the local electronic structure in the material.We compare the Linearized Augmented Plane Wave (LAPW) and layered Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (LKKR) methods for calculating densities of states relevant for energy loss in Ni-Al alloys. Both methods can give the angular momentum resolved densities of states at a particular site and both use the Local Density Approximation (LDA). The LAPW method allows ab initio electronic structure calculations of materials by introducing atomic spheres where the basis wave functions are approximated by solutions of a radial potential; for the interstitial region between the atoms the basis wave functions are approximated by plane waves.
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Rao, Arun Kumar, and Himanshu Pandey. "BAYESIAN ESTIMATION OF SHAPE PARAMETER OF POWER LOMAX DISTRIBUTION UNDER DIFFERENT LOSS FUNCTION." Journal of Mathematical Sciences & Computational Mathematics 2, no. 2 (2021): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/jmscm.2204.
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In this paper, the power Lomax distribution is considered for Bayesian analysis. The expressions for Bayes estimators of the parameter have been derived under squared error, precautionary, entropy, K-loss, and Al-Bayyati’s loss functions by using quasi and gamma priors.
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Rao, Arun Kumar, and Himanshu Pandey. "Bayes Estimation of Shape Parameter of Length Biased Weibull Distribution." JTAM (Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Matematika) 5, no. 1 (2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jtam.v5i1.3268.
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In this paper, length biased Weibull distribution is considered for Bayesian analysis. The expressions for Bayes estimators of the parameter have been derived under squared error, precautionary, entropy, K-loss, and Al-Bayyati’s loss functions by using quasi and gamma priors.
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Pandey, Himanshu. "Bayesian Estimation of the Shape Parameter of Exponentiated lomax Distribution." Research International Journal of Physics and Mathematical Sciences 01, no. 01 (2021): 001–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.37179/rijpms.000001.
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In this paper, the exponentiated Lomax distribution is considered for Bayesian analysis. The Bayes estimators of the shape parameter have been obtained under squared error, precautionary, entropy, K-loss, and Al-Bayyati’s loss functions by using quasi and gamma priors.
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Cebeci, Ismail. "Naẓarīyat al-Mukhāṭarah fī al-Iqtiṣād al-Islāmī". American Journal of Islam and Society 29, № 3 (2012): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v29i3.1196.
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“Risk” is one of the key concepts in understanding modern Islamic economics.Its importance does not only stem from its place in the classicalfiqh, but also from its close relation to discussions in modern Islamic financeabout permissible ḥalāl (gain) and ribā (usury). Risk has been seenas one of the key differences between ribā and non-ribā transactions andconventional finance and Islamic finance mechanisms. While modern economicsaims to eliminate the risk entirely, principles of Islamic economicsaim to establish a balance among parties through risk sharing. Becausegaining money from money is ḥarām, the risk issue is more critical in debt-based finance. In this context, it’s a controversial issue among Islamic finance scholars that Islamic banks take several precautions to completelyeliminate the risk from their transactions – although Islamic finance isknown as a profit-loss-sharing system.Adnan ‘Uwaidah’s book Risk Theory in Islamic Economics, which isbased on his doctoral dissertation, aims at theorizing risk in a legal andeconomic framework and explaining its functions. The book, which claimsto be the first academic book about risk from the Islamic legal point ofview, consists of an introduction and six main chapters. The author has a PhD from the Department of Islamic Economics and Islamic Banking atYarmouk University in Jordan, which is one of the leading institutions in this field. He shows his mastery of the topic through his academic approachto the issue, use of legal terminology, and a vast bibliography that includesclassical and modern resources ...
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Esposito, K., C. Di Palo, R. Marfella, and D. Giugliano. "The Effect of Weight Loss on Endothelial Functions in Obesity: Response to Sciacqua et al." Diabetes Care 26, no. 10 (2003): 2968–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.10.2968.
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Dong, Alice X. D., Jennifer S. K. Chan, and Gareth W. Peters. "RISK MARGIN QUANTILE FUNCTION VIA PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC BAYESIAN APPROACHES." ASTIN Bulletin 45, no. 3 (2015): 503–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2015.8.
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AbstractWe develop quantile functions from regression models in order to derive risk margin and to evaluate capital in non-life insurance applications. By utilizing the entire range of conditional quantile functions, especially higher quantile levels, we detail how quantile regression is capable of providing an accurate estimation of risk margin and an overview of implied capital based on the historical volatility of a general insurers loss portfolio. Two modeling frameworks are considered based around parametric and non-parametric regression models which we develop specifically in this insurance setting. In the parametric framework, quantile functions are derived using several distributions including the flexible generalized beta (GB2) distribution family, asymmetric Laplace (AL) distribution and power-Pareto (PP) distribution. In these parametric model based quantile regressions, we detail two basic formulations. The first involves embedding the quantile regression loss function from the nonparameteric setting into the argument of the kernel of a parametric data likelihood model, this is well known to naturally lead to the AL parametric model case. The second formulation we utilize in the parametric setting adopts an alternative quantile regression formulation in which we assume a structural expression for the regression trend and volatility functions which act to modify a base quantile function in order to produce the conditional data quantile function. This second approach allows a range of flexible parametric models to be considered with different tail behaviors. We demonstrate how to perform estimation of the resulting parametric models under a Bayesian regression framework. To achieve this, we design Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling strategies for the resulting Bayesian posterior quantile regression models. In the non-parametric framework, we construct quantile functions by minimizing an asymmetrically weighted loss function and estimate the parameters under the AL proxy distribution to resemble the minimization process. This quantile regression model is contrasted to the parametric AL mean regression model and both are expressed as a scale mixture of uniform distributions to facilitate efficient implementation. The models are extended to adopt dynamic mean, variance and skewness and applied to analyze two real loss reserve data sets to perform inference and discuss interesting features of quantile regression for risk margin calculations.
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Yoshikawa, Hideki, and Ryuichi Shimizu. "Energy-Loss functions of Au derived by Monte Carlo analysis of angle-resolved Reels spectra." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (1992): 1676–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100133011.
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It is very well understood for free electron like metals that photoelectrons undergo not only bulk excitation but also surface excitation. For transition metals the contribution of surface excitation has not yet fully been discussed, and optical loss function has been widely used for background analysis of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).In the previous work we proposed to derive the energy loss function which reproduced the XPS 4f spectrum very well by using the Monte Carlo simulation. This Monte Carlo simulation code describes elastic scattering process by Mott scattering cross-section and inelastic scattering process by differential inelastic mean free path (DIMFP) calculated from energy loss function. Optical loss function and this adjusted loss function obtained for Au are represented by dashed and solid lines in Fig.l, respectively. The intensity of the adjusted loss function is largely enhanced in the low-energy region comparing to the optical loss function. This sort of the enhancement in low energy region for noble metals have also been reported recently by Yubero et al.
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Bentley, J., P. Angelini, P. S. Sklad, and A. T. Fisher. "Radial distribution functions from diffracted electron intensities." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100154482.
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Many previous studies have shown the benefits of electronically recorded intensity profiles of electron diffraction patterns obtained with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The technique, which is based on the scanning diffraction method developed by Grigson et al., avoids the complex procedures involved in making densitometer traces from film, greatly expands the dynamic range, and allows energy filtering to remove inelastically scattered electrons that have lost more than a few eV. Early applications to amorphous materials employed TEMs fitted with scanning systems and electrostatic filters below the projector lens. The main emphasis of the work of Graczyk et al. was on structural models for amorphous semiconductors such as silicon and germanium. However, a treatment for binary materials was developed and measurements were made for SiO2 and Ge-Te alloys. Cockayne et al. have recently extended these early techniques to modern 100 and 300 kV analytical electron microscopes, which when equipped with energy loss spectrometers and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis systems, do not require further major modification. Applications for which radial distribution functions have been determined from online measurements of energy-filtered selected area electron diffraction pattern intensity profiles have included amorphous thin films of carbon (a-C), germanium (a-Ge), boron nitride (a-BN), hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H), silicon-carbon (a-Si1-xCx:H), and phosphorus- and boron-doped hydrogenated silicon.
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Murphy, William J., and Gregory Flamme. "Effect of hearing protection attenuation on impulse insertion loss and kurtosis." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (2023): A110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018336.
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Kurtosis (the fourth standardized moment of the sound pressure) has been used to assess the additional risk of hearing loss for complex or impulsive noise exposures. Murphy et al. [2012] reported the impulse peak insertion loss of five hearing protection devices (HPDs) for firearm impulse noise. Fackler et al. [2017] reported a spectral insertion loss for several HPDs assessed with firearm and shock tube impulse noise sources. Murphy [2019] previously reported the effect of five hearing protection devices on the kurtosis and insertion loss assessed with jackhammer noise. Unprotected Jackhammer noise exhibited kurtosis values between about 15 to 17, whereas protected exposures exhibited kurtosis between about 3 to 12. Anderson and Argo [2022] reported that insertion loss was unaffected by kurtosis level for seventeen HPDs measured on an acoustic test fixture under headphones. This paper will apply the complex transfer functions from Murphy et al. [2012] to the jackhammer noises measured by Murphy [2019]. The levels of the unoccluded noises transformed to the ear canal of the fixture will be compared to occluded jackhammer noises levels measured in the fixture.
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Mroz, Emily, and Susan Bluck. "Remembering the Dying Days: Older Adults’ Final Memories From the Loss of a Spouse." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2048.
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Abstract Memories from the very end of the life of a deceased spouse (i.e., their dying days) are frequently carried with the bereaved as major markers in their own life stories. The current study identifies functions of these memories. Older adults (age 70-96; N = 53) told two memories from their spouse’s dying days, then self-rated them for serving directive, social-bonding and self-continuity functions (TALE; Bluck & Alea, 2011). Those who found their loss more incomprehensible (ISLES; Holland, 2015) reported using these memories for directive (i.e., guidance of behaviors) and self-continuity (i.e., maintenance of a sense of self) functions more frequently (ps < 0.05). This relation was, however, mediated by older adults’ current grief (ICG; Prigerson et al., 1995). Incomprehensibility of the loss of a spouse appears to lead to intense grieving, prompting individuals to draw on memories from the loss to maintain a sense of self and direct their future.
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Nezames, Cynthia D., Vanessa Ochoa, and Paul B. Larsen. "Mutational loss of Arabidopsis SLOW WALKER2 results in reduced endogenous spermine concomitant with increased aluminum sensitivity." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 1 (2013): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12234.
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A previously-identified Arabidopsis mutant with hypersensitivity to aluminum, als7–1 was studied further to determine the nature of the mutation and subsequently establish the biochemical basis of the increase in Al sensitivity. Physiological analysis revealed that the Al hypersensitivity phenotype is correlated with increased Al uptake and Al-dependent gene expression, indicating that als7–1 has a defect in an Al-exclusion mechanism. Cloning of the als7–1 mutation showed that it negatively affects the gene encoding the putative nucleolar localised ribosomal biogenesis factor SLOW WALKER2, which is required for normal gametogenesis and mitotic progression. Molecular analysis indicated that Al hypersensitivity in als7–1 is correlated with loss of expression of a factor required for S-adenosylmethionine recycling and reduced levels of endogenous polyamines in the mutant. Further analysis shows that Al-dependent root growth inhibition is reversed by addition of exogenous spermine, which is correlated with a significant reduction in Al uptake by spermine treated roots. Endogenous spermine likely functions to compete with Al3+ for binding to extra- and intracellular anionic sites, which suggests that increased spermine levels may be an effective means to improve root growth in Al toxic acid soil environments.
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Davis, Hannah, Christopher Patton, Mike Rosulek, and Phillipp Schoppmann. "Verifiable Distributed Aggregation Functions." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, no. 4 (2023): 578–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0126.
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The modern Internet is built on systems that incentivize collection of information about users. In order to minimize privacy loss, it is desirable to prevent these systems from collecting more information than is required for the application. The promise of multi-party computation is that data can be aggregated without revealing individual measurements to the data collector. This work offers a provable security treatment for "Verifiable Distributed Aggregation Functions (VDAFs)", a class of multi-party computation protocols being considered for standardization by the IETF. We propose a formal framework for the analysis of VDAFs and apply it to two constructions. The first is Prio3, one of the candidates for standardization. This VDAF is based on the Prio system of Corrigan-Gibbs and Boneh (NSDI 2017). We prove that Prio3 achieves our security goals with only minor changes to the draft. The second construction, called Doplar, is introduced by this paper. Doplar is a round-reduced variant of the Poplar system of Boneh et al. (IEEE S&P 2021), itself a candidate for standardization. The cost of this improvement is a modest increase in overall bandwidth and computation.
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Martinez, Jonathan, Kobi Gal, Ece Kamar, and Levi H. S. Lelis. "Improving the Performance-Compatibility Tradeoff with Personalized Objective Functions." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 7 (2021): 5967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i7.16745.
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AI-systems that model and interact with their users can up-date their models over time to reflect new information and changes in the environment. Although these updates may improve the overall performance of the AI-system, they may actually hurt the performance with respect to individual users. Prior work has studied the tradeoff between improving the system’s performance following an update and the compatibility of the updated system with prior user experience. The more the model is forced to be compatible with a prior version, the higher loss in performance it will incur. This paper challenges this assumption by showing that by personalizing the loss function to specific users, it is possible to increase the prediction performance of the AI-system while sacrificing less compatibility for these users. Our approach updates the sample weights to reflect their contribution to the compatibility of the model for a particular user following the update. We construct a portfolio of different models that vary in how they personalize the loss function for a user. We select the best model to use for a target user based on a validation set. We apply this approach to three supervised learning tasks commonly used in the human-computer decision-making literature. We show that using our approach leads to significant improvements in the performance-compatibility tradeoff over the non-personalized approach of Bansal et al., achieving up to 300% improvement for certain users. We present several use cases that illustrate the difference between the personalized and non-personalized approach for two of our domains.
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Bani, Abdo Ibrahem, and Sajida B. Yaseen. "A Cultural Contrastive Translation Study of Omission in Gibran's the Broken Wings." Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS) 8, no. 4 (2019): 805.816. https://doi.org/10.25255/jss.2019.8.4.805.816.
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This study investigates how omission may affect the aesthetic features of the target text (TT) compared to the source text (ST) and does omission lead to a loss of meaning in translating the aesthetic entertaining features of <em>Gibran's</em> الأجنحة المتكسرة <em>AL ‘Ajniha AL-Mutakaserah</em> source text (ST) compared to its English equivalent novel target text (TT) <em>the Broken Wings</em>. It aims to discuss the effects of omission in the translation process between Arabic and English and whether this selected technique may affect the semantic level and the loss of meaning of the target text compared to the source text. Consequently, this article detects omission of metaphor, simile, and repetition and how it may affect the semantic levels of the source text (ST). It is a qualitative comparative analysis examines omission of 20 random samples extracted from <em>Gibran</em>’s <em>AL-‘Ajniha AL-Mutakaserah</em> (1912). The sample is grouped in five categories according to the type of omitted figurative expression as (i) Repetitions; (ii) Metaphors; (iii) Adverb of status; (iv) Personification; and (v) Similes. Each sample is assigned according to their functions. The semantic differences in terms of functions were identified to based on Newmark (1988); Petrulionė (2012); Nida & Taber (2003); Baker (2011); Farghal & Shunnaq (1999); Jayyusi (1977); Ryding (2011); Al-Batal (1990); Abdul-Raof (2006); Johnstone (1991); Obeidat (1997); Younis (2015) and Leppihalme (1997). The results show that omission in translating such poetic novel causes loss of the aesthetic semantic features. The sense of originality and the figurative language have been lost. The intentional or unintentional omission lessens the embellishment embedded in the source text (ST). Finally, omission produces a different effective version, other than the source text (ST).
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Jain, Nayan, Zeguo Zhao, Archana S. Iyer, et al. "Loss of TET2 Uncouples Proliferative and Effector Functions in CAR T Cells." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-142957.
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Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have opened a new paradigm for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. Their production, however, is laborious, requiring tens of millions of CAR T cells per infusion. This constraint could be significantly alleviated if safe and more efficacious T cells could be generated. In a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, treated with anti-CD19 CAR T cells, a recent report described the emergence of a single T cell clone that at its expansion peak accounted for 94% of circulating CAR T cells, coinciding with the development of cytokine release syndrome and tumor regression (Fraietta et. al. Nature 2018). Insertional mutagenesis in this T cell had disrupted an allele of TET2, an epigenetic regulator mediating the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine. The other allele appeared to bear an inherited hypomorphic variant, resulting in the near complete loss of TET2 function in this clone. To understand the mechanisms accounting for this chance clinical finding, we investigated the effect of TET2 loss in human T cells engineered to express different chimeric receptors. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we edited TET2 in T cells engineered to express a CD19-specific second-generation CAR encompassing the costimulatory domain of either CD28 or 4-1BB (Rv-1928z and Rv-19BBz). TET2 disruption enhanced the in vivo anti-tumor activity of Rv-19BBz but not Rv-1928z CAR T cells tested under stress test conditions using limiting CAR T cell doses (as previously described in a human B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) NALM6 model, Zhao et. al. Cancer Cell 2015). Since Rv-1928z induces potent effector differentiation but limited persistence compared to Rv-19BBz, we hypothesized that loss of TET2 could amplify the expansion and persistence of 4-1BB-costimulated T cells but not override the differentiation program imparted by Rv-1928z. To test this hypothesis, we utilized two orthogonal approaches known to limit exhaustion and increase persistence of CD28-costimulated CAR T cells, Rv-1928z co-expressed with 4-1BB ligand (Rv-1928z-41BBL) and 1928z driven by the TRAC promoter (TRAC-1928z). Disruption of TET2 enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of both these CAR T cells and promoted acquisition of a central memory phenotype. However, over time (50-200 days), TET2-edited TRAC-1928z and Rv-1928z-41BBL attained a hyper-proliferative phenotype ultimately requiring euthanasia due to splenomegaly and extensive CAR T cell accumulation in various organs. Post-mortem analysis found no evidence of NALM6 in these mice. This was in contrast to stress test studies with Rv-1928z and Rv-19BBz where most mice succumbed to NALM6 progression. These observations established an essential role for CAR signaling in determining the phenotypic outcome of TET2 loss in T cells. To examine the long-term effects of TET2 disruption in the context of all 4 receptors, we treated human B-ALL bearing mice with curative doses of all 4 CAR T cells and followed them for up to 200 days. We found that all 4 CAR expressing TET2-edited T cells could eventually attain a hyper-proliferative phenotype, but with varying frequency depending on the CAR design (Rv-1928z-41BBL and TRAC-1928z &gt; Rv-19BBz &gt; Rv-1928z). To assess their effector function, NALM6-bearing mice were infused with adoptively transferred hyper-proliferative TET2-edited CAR T cells. Strikingly, these T cells were unable to elicit any tumor control, despite their maintaining a central memory phenotype as assessed by flow cytometry. This loss of effector function was observed for all 4 CAR T cell types, suggesting a discrepancy between function and flow cytometric phenotype. Transcriptional, methylation and genome accessibility studies revealed a unique T cell state wherein the proliferative program is uncoupled from effector response. We identified a unique transcriptional and epigenetic signature that is manifested in a loss of effector function while maintaining robust proliferation. This state stands in contrast to the classically described T cell exhaustion state where loss of effector function is preceded by loss of proliferative ability. TET2 disruption thus promotes a CAR T cell proliferative program that depends on the CAR design but does not in itself enhance anti-tumor activity. Disclosures Sadelain: Atara: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Mnemo: Patents & Royalties; Minerva: Other: Biotechnologies , Patents & Royalties; Fate Therapeutics: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Takeda: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding.
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Newer, Haidy A., and Bader S. Alanazi. "Bayesian estimation and prediction for linear exponential models using ordered moving extremes ranked set sampling in medical data." AIMS Mathematics 10, no. 1 (2025): 1162–82. https://doi.org/10.3934/math.2025055.
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<p>Our study aimed to compare ordered ranked set sampling with moving extremes ranked set sampling in the context of type Ⅱ censoring. We focused on deriving Bayesian estimations and predictions using the linear exponential model. This analysis included various loss functions, such as squared error, Al-Bayyati, and general entropy. To evaluate the efficiency of the estimators we produced, we assessed their mean squared error and relative absolute bias. Additionally, we provide Bayesian point and interval predictions for the ordered future lifetime, considering both squared error and general entropy loss functions. To ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of these estimation and prediction methods, we conducted numerical tests using Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, we illustrated these theoretical concepts with a practical example that utilized real-world medical data.</p>
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Vanderhyden, Barbara C. "Oocyte-secreted factros regulate granulosa cell steroidogenesis." Zygote 4, no. 04 (1996): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400003324.
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Investigations of strains of mice defective in germ cell development have revealed the importance of oocytes for the initial stages of folliculogenesis (Pellaset al., 1991; Huanget al., 1993). Various aspects of follicular development are dependent upon and/or influenced by the presence of oocytes, including granulosa cell proliferation (Vanderhydenet al., 1990, 1992) and cumulus expansion (Buccioneet al., 1990; Salustriet al., 1990; Vanderhydenet al., 1990; Vanderhyden, 1993). We are investigating the possibility that oocytes influence one of the primary functions of granulosa cells: steroidogenesis. In many species, granulosa cells removed from preovulatory follicles luteinisein vitro(Channinget al., 1982), presumably due to loss of contact with follicular luteinisation inhibitory factor(s). Indeed, follicular fluid can prevent granulosa cell luteinisationin vitro(Ledwitz-Rigbyet al., 1977). Follicular fluid, however, may simply be the medium for transport of factors secreted by oocytes to regulate granulosa cell activities.
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Martinez, Jonathan. "Improving the Performance-Compatibility Tradeoff with Personalized Objective Functions (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 18 (2021): 15843–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i18.17918.
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AI-systems that model and interact with their users can update their models over time to reflect new information and changes in the environment. Although these updates may improve the overall performance of the AI-system, they may actually hurt the performance with respect to individual users. Prior work has studied the tradeoff between improving the system's performance following an update and the compatibility of the updated system with prior user experience. The more the model is forced to be compatible with a prior version, the higher loss in performance it will incur. This paper shows that that by personalizing the loss function to specific users, it is possible to increase the prediction performance of the AI-system while sacrificing less compatibility for these users following an update to improve the system's performance. Our approach updates the sample weights to reflect their contribution to the compatibility of the model for a particular user following the update. We construct a portfolio of different models that vary in how they personalize the loss function for a target user and then select the best model to use based on a validation set. We use a model selection algorithm to choose the best model from the portfolio for each user given a set of features that reflect the users' characteristics and performance of the different models on a training set. We apply this approach to three supervised learning tasks commonly used in the human-computer decision-making literature. We show that using our approach leads to significant improvements in the performance-compatibility tradeoff over the non-personalized approach of Bansal et al., achieving up to 300% improvement for certain users.
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Schene, Aart H., Bob van Wijngaarden, and Berthold P. R. Gersons. "Partial or full-time hospitalization: patients̍ preference." Epidemiologia e psichiatria sociale. Monograph Supplement 6, S1 (1997): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1827433100000915.
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Partial hospitalization (PH) fulfills four different functions in the mental health care system. First it can be a continuation of full-time hospitalization (FH). Secondly it functions as a rehabilitation oriented day care facility for the chronically ill. Thirdly it can be an extension of an outpatient treatment for patients without any indication for FH. And lastly it can be an alternative to (sub)acute FH (Schene & Gersons, 1986). Of course a particular PH service can fulfill different functions at the same time. However, based on data from a nationwide survey in The Netherlands we found clear differences between PH services that were specialized in one of the four functions mentioned (Schene et al., 1988).PH might be regarded as a real and useful alternative to FH, provided it adheres to the original inpatient treatment objectives and their related functions, without any loss of quality. It should accommodate the same, or at least a comparable, patient population. Only under those conditions can PH really replace FH.
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Istanbulli, Linda. "Re-membering Syria’s Traumatic Past: Gender, Poetics, and Loss in Manhal al-Sarrāj’s As a River Should." Journal of Arabic Literature 52, no. 1-2 (2021): 202–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570064x-12341424.
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Abstract In a system where the state maintains a monopoly over historical interpretation, aesthetic investigations of denied traumatic memory become a space where the past is confronted, articulated, and deemed usable both for understanding the present and imagining the future. This article focuses on Kamā yanbaghī li-nahr (As a river should) by Manhal al-Sarrāj, one of the first Syrian novels to openly break the silence on the “1982 Hama massacre.” Engaging the politics and poetics of trauma remembrance, al-Sarrāj places the traumatic history of the city of Hama within a longer tradition of loss and nostalgia, most notably the poetic genre of rithāʾ (elegy) and the subgenre of rithāʾ al-mudun (city elegy). In doing so, Kamā yanbaghī li-nahr functions as a literary counter-site to official histories of the events of 1982, where threatened memory can be preserved. By investigating the intricate relationship between armed conflict and gender, the novel mourns Hama’s loss while condemning the violence that engendered it. The novel also makes new historical interpretations possible by reproducing the intricate relationship between mourning, violence, and gender, dislocating the binary lines around which official narratives of armed conflicts are typically constructed.
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Patra, Madhurima, Adarsh Mukesh, and Michael G. Heinz. "Characterizing inner-hair-cell specific dysfunction from spike-train-derived transduction functions using a phenomenological auditory-nerve model." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (2024): A34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0026695.
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The impact of outer-hair-cell damage on sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) has been extensively studied compared with inner-hair-cell (IHC) damage (e.g., stereocilial). Pre-clinical SNHL animal models provide unique data to directly address IHC-specific deficits (e.g., carboplatin-exposed chinchillas). Spike-train data (period histograms) to low sound level tones can be used to derive IHC-transduction functions by mapping instantaneous spike rates to corresponding sinusoidal pressure values (Horst et al., 2018). However, this approach depends on sensation level and spontaneous rate, which are both affected by IHC dysfunction. To better understand the effect of these dependencies, we used a phenomenological auditory-nerve (AN) model (Bruce et al., 2018) that provides parametric control over IHC and OHC dysfunction allowing exploration of optimal experimental design. Here, we explore the utility of spike-train-derived IHC-transduction functions in capturing parametric changes in IHC dysfunction as currently implemented in the AN model. We used unsupervised methods and information-theoretic approaches to quantify the dependency of transduction functions on IHC dysfunction. We also compared model findings with AN-fiber data recorded from carboplatin-exposed chinchillas. Preliminary findings suggest that transduction functions obtained from the AN model can capture IHC-specific dysfunction within specific regimes of controllable model parameters, thus showing promise for characterizing IHC dysfunction.
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Dolskii, Aleksandr, and Edna Cukierman. "FABP4-tastic Pancreatic Stellate Cells Coddle KITL to Uphold Inherent Microenvironmental Tumor Suppression." Cancer Discovery 15, no. 5 (2025): 872–74. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.cd-25-0212.
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Summary: Oñate and colleagues demonstrate that KITL expression in pancreatic stellate cells is crucial for maintaining the inherent tumor-suppressive function of the pancreatic microenvironment, and its loss enables pancreatic cancer development. This pivotal discovery not only reinforces the century-old hypothesis of natural microenvironmental tumor suppression but also highlights a promising therapeutic avenue whereby restoring KITL expression could reestablish the tumor-suppressive functions of pancreas-resident fibroblastic cells. See related article by Oñate et al., p. 913
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Koukianaki, Evangelia, Maria Lilli, Dionissis Efstathiou, et al. "Using eLTER observational data to simulate forested ecosystem functions." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 8 (May 28, 2025): e149225. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.8.e149225.
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The world today faces many environmental challenges related to climate change, biodiversity loss, water and soil pollution. These multiple stressors act simultaneously over a range of temporal and spatial scales, resulting in significant losses of ecosystem services that eventually affect societal well-being and humanity. While immediate impacts sometimes receive considerable attention, little is known about their long-term and systemic effects and cross-scale interactions. Closing these knowledge gaps requires an improved, transdisciplinary understanding of the multifaceted environmental system, in order to develop appropriate mitigation measures (Mirtl et al. 2018).Forested ecosystems cover 31% of the Earth's terrestrial surface and 4.06 billion ha total area (UN FAO, 2023). Forests are the richest habitats in terms of biodiversity and they provide essential ecosystem functions (biomass production, water supply, climate regulation, pollination, fire and climate change mitigation, recreation) (Brockerhoff et al. 2017, Chapin et al. 2011, Ding et al. 2021). Shifts in ecosystem functions due to changes in climate, land use and above ground biodiversity cause soil to degrade. The assessment of the impacts of climate change can be achieved through modeling of soil functions in the earth's critical zone (Banwart et al. 2019) (Fig. 1). The sites belong to the temperate and boreal forests of Europe with long-term monitoring data (>25 years) that can be used to fully assess ecosystem services.The 1D-ICZ model links soil aggregate formation and soil structure development to nutrient dynamics, plant nutrition, water flow and mass transport. It simulates and quantifies four of the main ecosystem functions by accounting for interactions between water flow, solute transport, soil structure, carbon and nutrient dynamics and plant biomass production. It is comprised of four sub-modules (HYDRUS-1D, CAST, PROSUM and chemical weathering and bioturbation) linked together to simulate the interactions of biotic and abiotic processes above and below ground in order to simulate predominant soil functions as well as the dynamics of soil hydraulic conductivity and water holding capacity (Giannakis et al. 2017, Kotronakis et al. 2017).Complex biogeochemical models such as the 1D-ICZ require extensive time series and detailed biogeochemical data to calibrate and simulate the soil-plant-water-atmosphere interactions (Table 1). Such data are not widely available, though can be found in well-instrumented ecosystem monitoring sites such as the sites belonging to the LTER (Long-Term Ecosystem Research), eLTER (European Long-Term Ecosystem, critical zone and socio-ecological Research (eLTER), 2023), FLUXNET (FLUXNET 2023) and ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS), 2023) networks and research infrastructures. In this study, the model was initialized and calibrated during a 25-year period (1996−2020) using long term observations derived from the eLTER Repositories and from FLUXNET (only for Hyytiälä). Soil samples were collected from 3 different locations in each site and underwent Water Stable Aggregate (WSA) fractionation analysis in order to simulate the soil dynamics.The 1D-ICZ model simulated two mature forested ecosystems, Zöbelboden (temperate mountain forest in Central Europe) and Hyytiälä (boreal forest in Northern Europe) capturing the biomass production, soil structure and geochemistry. Temperature and light were found to be the primary limiting factors of plant growth in both sites, and precipitation a limiting factor only at Hyytiälä. The soils of the two sites are quite different with Zöbelboden having higher silt-clay content (74%) while Hyytiälä's soils are very sandy (69%). The difference in silt-clay content is reflected in the WSA distribution which in combination with below ground C content (which is mostly in the cPOM (coarse particulate organic matter) fraction) shows very strong aggregation processes which relate to soil fertility. Regarding the quantification of ecosystem functions; in Zöbelboden, the annual average gross primary production (GPP) is estimated at 15.6 tC/ha/yr, the C stock at 82.6 tC/ha and N stock at 3.8 tN/ha while in Hyytiälä, the annual average GPP estimated at 11.6 tC/ha/yr and, the C and N stocks at 38.6 tC/ha and 1.3 tN/ha respectively (Table 2).
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Phillips, Steven, and Jane Elith. "Logistic Methods for Resource Selection Functions and Presence-Only Species Distribution Models." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 25, no. 1 (2011): 1384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v25i1.7799.
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In order to better protect and conserve biodiversity, ecologists use machine learning and statistics to understand how species respond to their environment and to predict how they will respond to future climate change, habitat loss and other threats. A fundamental modeling task is to estimate the probability that a given species is present in (or uses) a site, conditional on environmental variables such as precipitation and temperature. For a limited number of species, survey data consisting of both presence and absence records are available, and can be used to fit a variety of conventional classification and regression models. For most species, however, the available data consist only of occurrence records --- locations where the species has been observed. In two closely-related but separate bodies of ecological literature, diverse special-purpose models have been developed that contrast occurrence data with a random sample of available environmental conditions. The most widespread statistical approaches involve either fitting an exponential model of species' conditional probability of presence, or fitting a naive logistic model in which the random sample of available conditions is treated as absence data; both approaches have well-known drawbacks, and do not necessarily produce valid probabilities. After summarizing existing methods, we overcome their drawbacks by introducing a new scaled binomial loss function for estimating an underlying logistic model of species presence/absence. Like the Expectation-Maximization approach of Ward et al. and the method of Steinberg and Cardell, our approach requires an estimate of population prevalence, $\Pr(y=1)$, since prevalence is not identifiable from occurrence data alone. In contrast to the latter two methods, our loss function is straightforward to integrate into a variety of existing modeling frameworks such as generalized linear and additive models and boosted regression trees. We also demonstrate that approaches by Lele and Keim and by Lancaster and Imbens that surmount the identifiability issue by making parametric data assumptions do not typically produce valid probability estimates.
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Tolg, Cornelia, James B. McCarthy, Arjang Yazdani, and Eva A. Turley. "Hyaluronan and RHAMM in Wound Repair and the “Cancerization” of Stromal Tissues." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/103923.
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Tumors and wounds share many similarities including loss of tissue architecture, cell polarity and cell differentiation, aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling (Ballard et al., 2006) increased inflammation, angiogenesis, and elevated cell migration and proliferation. Whereas these changes are transient in repairing wounds, tumors do not regain tissue architecture but rather their continued progression is fueled in part by loss of normal tissue structure. As a result tumors are often described as wounds that do not heal. The ECM component hyaluronan (HA) and its receptor RHAMM have both been implicated in wound repair and tumor progression. This review highlights the similarities and differences in their roles during these processes and proposes that RHAMM-regulated wound repair functions may contribute to “cancerization” of the tumor microenvironment.
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Dehghan, Khodayar, Zhan Shi, Teresa Holbrook Woodrum, Stephen Brewer, and Richard Sacks. "Surface Features of Conductors Eroded by Sputtering in a Magnetron Glow Discharge Plasma." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 5 (1994): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944924808.
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Surface characteristics of four different metals and alloys sputtered in Ar in a plasma generated by a previously described dc planar magnetron are examined. The study of Al alloy, Cu, brass, and Au samples indicates qualitatively that erosion increases with decreasing support gas pressure, increasing discharge currents, and increasing atomic number of the sputtered elements. These observations are supported by quantitative studies of mass loss rates as functions of support gas pressure, discharge current, and sample atomic number. Microscopic examination reveals hillocks formed on sputtered surfaces. With increased mass loss, hillocks tend to overlap. No correlation between inclusions and hillock locations is observed. Silver samples, though relatively (99.9%) pure, behave anomalously, acquiring a Cu coating at low discharge support gas pressures.
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Imariq, Saleem Mohmood, Ali A. Abdul-Sahib, Hiba D. Saleem, and Mohammed S. Shamkhi. "Quantify distribution of topsoil erodibility factor for watersheds that feed the Al-Shewicha trough – Iraq using GIS." Open Engineering 12, no. 1 (2022): 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0328.
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Abstract Soil functions such as water storage, soil filtration, and reducing reservoir life due to sediment load are directly affected by the process of “soil erosion.” The Universal Soil Loss Equation was adopted to predict the erodibility factor for watersheds feeding the Al-Shewicha trough. The K-average factor’s determined value was 0.156, indicating that the K-factor had substantial variability. The K-factor for erodibility values was linked to the high sand content in the topsoil of the study area because of the high sand content of the topsoil. The topsoil is coarse-textured and then permeable. ArcGIS (geographic information system) was used to obtain the distribution of soil types as well as the erodibility factor distribution.
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Nandraziova, L., K. Matasova, and R. Gumulak. "Phototherapy and its effect on some physiological functions in newborns." Acta Medica Martiniana 18, no. 1 (2018): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acm-2018-0001.
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Abstract Phototherapy represents the most common therapeutic intervention at neonatology departments in the first days of life. The beneficial effects of light on the decrease of the serum bilirubin level were first described by Cremer et al. in 1950’s (1). Since then phototherapy has been successfully used to treat severe hyperbilirubinaemia and has almost completely replaced exchange transfusion. Phototherapy is a relatively non-invasive method. However, along with decreasing bilirubin level, it can also influence some other functions: perfusion of organs, predominantly skin; peripheral vascular resistance; distribution of blood flow; heart activity and, thus, also systemic blood pressure along with breathing. A side component of applied light is a certain amount of heat which warms the body surface up and, therefore, the risk of exogenous overheating and increased water loss through the skin arise. Maternal-infant separation, modification of calcium homeostasis, disturbed circadian rhythm, or changes of the hemodynamics of various organ systems are only a few of the undesired effects which prove phototherapy not to be a treatment without any side effects. Careful indication of phototherapy is essential, particularly in premature infants.
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Zhang, Yichao, Haifeng Liu, Jie Huang та ін. "Suppression of non-axisymmetric field-induced α-particle loss channels in a quasi-axisymmetric stellarator". AIP Advances 12, № 5 (2022): 055214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0079827.
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In future fusion reactors, the confinement of α-particles is a crucial issue. The perfect omnigenity may be difficult to achieve in the quasi-isodynamic and quasi-symmetric stellarators when a multi-objective optimization is considered. Non-axisymmetric field can result in collisionless particles’ transport via localized trapping by ripples. Specific loss channels have been revealed to essentially exist in quasi-axisymmetric stellarators [Yang et al., Europhys. Lett. 129, 35001 (2020)] and W7-X [J. M. Faustin et al., Nucl. Fusion 56, 092006 (2016)]. It indicates a drastic loss of collisionless ions through these channels. This paper is devoted to investigate the effects of axisymmetry-breaking magnetic fields on collisionless α-particle transport in the CFQS (Chinese First Quasi-axisymmetric Stellarator) -like reactor configuration. A semi-analytic representation of radial and poloidal drifts in Boozer coordinates is given, by which we found an effective route to mitigate α-particle losses, i.e., adjusting the location of the quasi-axisymmetric radial position. Such a route enables the enhancement of the poloidal drift and decrease of radial drift in peripheral regions of the identified loss channels. The particles launched inside the quasi-axisymmetric radial surface can be well confined because localized particles that may fall in loss channels can transit into blocked particles near the quasi-axisymmetric surface, escaping from loss channels, which is beneficial for the improvement of the particle confinement. Moreover, this paper may provide a set of proxy functions for suppression of energetic particle losses to optimize stellarator configurations.
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Savira Ratu Kezia Devani Anjaliva. "Tradisi Unduh Patirtan di Desa Kembangbelor, Kecamatan Pacet, Kabupaten Mojokerto (Tintingan Folklor)." SOSIAL : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan IPS 2, no. 3 (2024): 41–51. https://doi.org/10.62383/sosial.v2i3.285.
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Tradition Unduh Patirtan is one of the traditions in Kembangbelor village, Pacet district, Mojokerto district. This tradition still exists and is still preserved. This tradition is interesting to follow. This research will be search of Tradisi Unduh Patirtan behavior. This research uses descriptive research qualitative methods. The data is obtained through direct observations, interviews, documentation, and transcripts. The series of events carried out in Tradisi Unduh Patirtan is Khataman al-Kuran, reboisation, arrangement of pambuka and arrangement papundhen, arrangements of the story of wayang beber, undhuh patirtan, umbul donga lan spell, napak tilas tirta, kirab matirta, bantengan, Kirab ancak, madhang sega pancawarna. Ubarampe Tradisi Unduh Patirtan This is siwur, gentong, kendi, leaves of kelor, sega pancawarna, snake of market, pala pendhem, dupa, kethuk, and gong. Tradisi Unduh Patirtan functions are the projection system, cultural validation, educational means, overseeing the rules of society, there are also other functions such as economic functions, gotong royong functions and religious functions. There's been a change in the behavior and ubarampe of this Tradisi Unduh Patirtan. In order not to suffer change or loss of culture must be carried out for conservation, conservation of this Tradisi Unduh Patirtan through government, society, education, and social media.
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Stenerud, Vegard R., Vegard Kippe, Knut-Andreas Lie, and Akhil Datta-Gupta. "Adaptive Multiscale Streamline Simulation and Inversion for High-Resolution Geomodels." SPE Journal 13, no. 01 (2008): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/106228-pa.
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Summary A particularly efficient reservoir simulator can be obtained by combining a recent multiscale mixed finite-element flow solver with a streamline method for computing fluid transport. This multiscale-streamline method has shown to be a promising approach for fast flow simulations on high-resolution geologic models with multimillion grid cells. The multiscale method solves the pressure equation on a coarse grid while preserving important fine-scale details in the velocity field. Fine-scale heterogeneity is accounted for through a set of generalized, heterogeneous basis functions that are computed numerically by solving local flow problems. When included in the coarse-grid equations, the basis functions ensure that the global equations are consistent with the local properties of the underlying differential operators. The multiscale method offers a substantial gain in computation speed, without significant loss of accuracy, when basis functions are updated infrequently throughout a dynamic simulation. In this paper, we propose to combine the multiscale-streamline method with a recent "generalized travel-time inversion" method to derive a fast and robust method for history matching high-resolution geocellular models. A key point in the new method is the use of sensitivities that are calculated analytically along streamlines with little computational overhead. The sensitivities are used in the travel-time inversion formulation to give a robust quasilinear method that typically converges in a few iterations and generally avoids much of the time-consuming trial-and-error seen in manual history matching. Moreover, the sensitivities are used to enforce basis functions to be adaptively updated only in areas with relatively large sensitivity to the production response. The sensitivity-based adaptive approach allows us to selectively update only a fraction of the total number of basis functions, which gives substantial savings in computation time for the forward flow simulations. We demonstrate the power and utility of our approach using a simple 2D model and a highly detailed 3D geomodel. The 3D simulation model consists of more than 1,000,000 cells with 69 producing wells. Using our proposed approach, history matching over a period of 7 years is accomplished in less than 20 minutes on an ordinary workstation PC. Introduction It is well known that geomodels derived from static data only—such as geological, seismic, well-log, and core data—often fail to reproduce the production history. Reconciling geomodels to the dynamic response of the reservoir is critical for building reliable reservoir models. In the past few years, there have been significant developments in the area of dynamic data integration through the use of inverse modeling. Streamline methods have shown great promise in this regard (Vasco et al. 1999; Wang and Kovscek 2000; Milliken et al. 2001; He et al. 2002; Al-Harbi et al. 2005; Cheng et al. 2006). Streamline-based methods have the advantages that they are highly efficient "forward" simulators and allow production-response sensitivities to be computed analytically using a single flow simulation (Vasco et al. 1999; He et al. 2002; Al-Harbi et al. 2005; Cheng et al. 2006). Sensitivities describe the change in production responses caused by small perturbations in reservoir properties such as porosity and permeability and are a vital part of many methods for integrating dynamic data. Even though streamline simulators provide fast forward simulation compared with a full finite-difference simulation in 3D, the forward simulation is still the most time-consuming part of the history-matching process. A streamline simulation consists of two steps that are repeated:solution of a 3D pressure equation to compute flow velocities; andsolution of 1D transport equations for evolving fluid compositions along representative sets of streamlines, followed by a mapping back to the underlying pressure grid. The first step is referred to as the "pressure step" and is often the most time-consuming. Consequently, history matching and flow simulation are usually performed on upscaled simulation models, which imposes the need for a subsequent downscaling if the dynamic data are to be integrated in the geomodel. Upscaling and downscaling may result in loss of important fine-scale information.
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Bao, Yanhao, Tatsukichi Shibuya, Ikuro Sato, Rei Kawakami, and Nakamasa Inoue. "Efficient Target Propagation by Deriving Analytical Solution." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 10 (2024): 11016–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i10.28977.
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Exploring biologically plausible algorithms as alternatives to error backpropagation (BP) is a challenging research topic in artificial intelligence. It also provides insights into the brain's learning methods. Recently, when combined with well-designed feedback loss functions such as Local Difference Reconstruction Loss (LDRL) and through hierarchical training of feedback pathway synaptic weights, Target Propagation (TP) has achieved performance comparable to BP in image classification tasks. However, with an increase in the number of network layers, the tuning and training cost of feedback weights escalates. Drawing inspiration from the work of Ernoult et al., we propose a training method that seeks the optimal solution for feedback weights. This method enhances the efficiency of feedback training by analytically minimizing feedback loss, allowing the feedback layer to skip certain local training iterations. More specifically, we introduce the Jacobian matching loss (JML) for feedback training. We also proactively implement layers designed to derive analytical solutions that minimize JML. Through experiments, we have validated the effectiveness of this approach. Using the CIFAR-10 dataset, our method showcases accuracy levels comparable to state-of-the-art TP methods. Furthermore, we have explored its effectiveness in more intricate network architectures.
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Montemayor-Aldrete, Jorge A., and Rafael F. Márquez-Caballé. "General thermodynamic efficiency loss, aging and Gompertz mortality law." Suplemento de la Revista Mexicana de Física 1, no. 4 (2020): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/suplrevmexfis.1.4.59.
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A simple and general thermodynamic theory is applied to describe the irreversible aspects of the continuous process of functional efficiency loss, which occurs in dissipative biological structures after they reach maturity [1]. This theory, among other things, follows Prigogine [2] by considering that these dissipative structures perform their functions and carry out cyclical processes per se since they are self-organizing away from equilibrium. By using the irreversible thermodynamic theory of aging by Montemayor-Aldrete et al [1], we have obtained results such as the following: The accumulated damage that occurs in dissipative biological structures after they reach maturity, which is the product of linear loss of functional efficiency with time, leads to the law of exponential mortality rate by Gompertz. The average solar power volumetric density of frequency ν dissipated by circular molecules of radius , which reside on the inner surface of some lipid vesicles that float in the Archean oceans and that contain water and other chemical components are obtained. Such expression resembles the Stefan–Boltzmann law which describes the power radiated from a black body in terms of its temperature. Also, an expression for the volumetric density of the average entropy production rate by molecules of radius is obtained. Finally, the coupling processes that occur between the matter and heat fluxes between the interior and the exterior of lentil-shaped lipid vesicles pumped by the solar radiation action are analyzed qualitatively as well as their possible consequences in relation to the prebiotic chemical evolution of dissipative systems that can give rise to life.
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Baxi, Kunal, Jiangfei Chen, Amanda Lipsitt, et al. "73565 Defining tp53 tumor suppressor functions in zebrafish embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 5, s1 (2021): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.454.
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ABSTRACT IMPACT: By assessing function of mutant (patient-specific) tp53 in zebrafish embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma will inform clinicians of the severity of mutant tp53 alleles. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study aims to define loss- and gain-of-function TP53 mutations by comparing effects in tp53-null and wild-type tumors. In addition, it aims to generate a rapid in vivo analysis platform to assign function to patient specific TP53 mutations in the clinic METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To define tp53 function in ERMS pathogenesis, we previously generated a new tp53-null mutant (tp53-/-) in zebrafish by deleting the entire tp53 genomic locus using TALEN mutagenesis. tp53-/- zebrafish spontaneously develop a spectrum of tumors including sarcomas, leukemia and germ cell tumors (Ignatius…Baxi et. al., eLife) reminiscent of tumors observed in Trp53-null mice. Using the tp53-/- mutants to generate kRASG12D-induced ERMS, we discovered that tp53 is a potent repressor of metastases but rather surprisingly had no effect on self-renewal (Ignatius…Baxi et. al., eLife). Here, using tp53-/- zebrafish, we assessed effects of wild-type and mutant (patient specific) tp53 on tumor initiation, proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: ERMS tumor initiation in the tp53-/- background is observed in > 97% of animals whereas only <40% of wild-type animals develop ERMS. Additionally, tp53 is a potent suppressor of ERMS proliferation and its effect on apoptosis is minor. Next, we expressed either WT zebrafish or human TP53 in tp53-/- animals along with kRASG12D and both genes suppressed tumor initiation and growth. We co-expressed TP53C176F (found in two ERMS patients) and TP53P153del (identified in a patient with osteosarcoma in our clinic) in zebrafish ERMS, and find that the TP53C176F allele significantly suppressed tumor initiation with effects predominantly on enhanced apoptosis. However, the TP53P153del allele initiated tumors at similar frequency compared to tp53-/- animals but increased the initiation of tumors in the head musculature. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Different TP53 alleles identified in patient tumors have very different effects on tumorigenesis in vivo and can respond differently to potentially therapeutic compounds. Thus, the type of precision modeling demonstrated here promises to help further define patient-specific TP53 biology and improve clinical strategies in the future.
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Kabil, Shaimaa E., Reda Behairy, Mohammad Sayed, et al. "Sensorineural hearing loss in post-COVID-19 patients." Electronic Journal of General Medicine 21, no. 5 (2024): em609. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/15474.
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<b>Background: </b>Hearing loss (HL) is one of the most common chronic conditions after hypertension and arthritis. Mounting indices suggest that sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) may be one of the adverse effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.<br /> <b>Objective: </b>This work aimed at studying SNHL in post-COVID-19 patients, alongside with exploring the relationship between severity of the disease and degree of hearing disability.<br /> <b>Materials and methods: </b>This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Azhar University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt. It included 100 post-COVID-19 patients selected according to the study inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pure tone audiometry was done to confirm the presence of HL and to determine its degree.<br /> <b>Results: </b>Hundred patients with recent oncent hearing symptoms after documented COVID-19 infection were included. Males (71%) were more affected than females (29%). The most of our cases had bilateral moderate HL (45%). Tinnitus was the most frequently associated otological symptom (96.96%). The time of HL onset varied from days to weeks (55% had time onset between 11-30 days post-confirmed infection). Higher thresholds were detected in all frequencies of affected ears with more deterioration of hearing as frequencies increase. All degrees of HL were detected; mild, moderate, severe and profound. There was no significant correlation between severity of COVID-19 infection and severity of HL.<br /> <b>Conclusions: </b>SNHL is one of the extrapulmonary complications of COVID-19. COVID-19 patients may develop hearing affection regardless the severity of the infection. It is recommended to assess hearing functions in patients after COVID-19 for early detection and proper management.
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Chalfoun, Anna. "Effects of a New Pedestrian Pathway in Grand Teton National Park on Breeding Sagebrush Songbirds." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 31 (January 1, 2008): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2008.3687.
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Human-induced changes to natural landscapes have become ubiquitous, resulting in exposure of wildlife populations to novel stressors (Munns 2006). While it is clear that changes such as habitat loss can directly impact wildlife species, less clear is the extent to which human presence itself functions as a disturbance that influences wildlife behaviors with important fitness consequences. Animals clearly respond to perceived risk of predation by natural predators via, for example, fleeing, or altering foraging and/or breeding habitat selection (Marzluff 1988, Hakkarainen et al. 2001, Frid and Dill2002, Blumstein 2006, Borkowski et al. 2006, Fontaine and Martin 2006). Such responses can alter access to important resources, energy budgets, and therefore attributes such as body condition (Bechet et al. 2004) with potential impacts to survival and reproductive output. Of critical importance to the management of wildlife populations is therefore to determine 1) whether wildlife species perceive human presence as predation risk, 2) how individuals respond to such risk, and 3) how such responses influence fitness consequences and therefore population dynamics and community structure.
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Annisaa Tusakdia, Lukman Nul Hakim, and Eko Zulfikar. "The Relevance Of <i>Hifdzun Nafs </i>With The Law of <i>Qishash:</i> An Analysis Of Ibnu 'Ashur's Interpretation In <i>Tafsir al-Tahrir Wa al-Tanwir </i>." Al-Shamela : Journal of Quranic and Hadith Studies 2, no. 1 (2024): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.61994/alshamela.v2i1.402.
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This article aims to determine the relevance of hifdzun nafs to the law of qishash from Ibn ‘Asyur’s perspective in the tafsir al-Tahrir wa al-Tanwir. Ibn ‘Asyur himself was famous as a mufasir who focused on Maqashid al-Syari’ah so that he also expressed the results of his thoughts about Maqashid in the form of interpretation. By using qualitative methods, pure literature research, this article concludes that according to Ibn ‘Asyur, qishash functions to protect human life, because with qishash people are afraid of committing murder. If a person knows that he will survive death, he will dare to commit murder in the hope that the punishment will be light. Therefore, the qishash law that was implemented has strong relevance to hifduzn nafs, namely avoiding bloodshed as in the case of the murders that occurred during the Jahiliyyah era, which resulted in the loss of many lives. The qishash law is one way to protect the soul (hifdzun nafs), by punishing people who commit murder and other criminal acts, with appropriate punishments for the benefit and survival of humans.
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Liang, Sen, Zhi-ze Zhou, Yu-dong Guo, Xuan Gao, Ju-yong Zhang, and Hu-jun Bao. "Facial landmark disentangled network with variational autoencoder." Applied Mathematics-A Journal of Chinese Universities 37, no. 2 (2022): 290–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11766-022-4589-0.
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AbstractLearning disentangled representation of data is a key problem in deep learning. Specifically, disentangling 2D facial landmarks into different factors (e.g., identity and expression) is widely used in the applications of face reconstruction, face reenactment and talking head et al.. However, due to the sparsity of landmarks and the lack of accurate labels for the factors, it is hard to learn the disentangled representation of landmarks. To address these problem, we propose a simple and effective model named FLD-VAE to disentangle arbitrary facial landmarks into identity and expression latent representations, which is based on a Variational Autoencoder framework. Besides, we propose three invariant loss functions in both latent and data levels to constrain the invariance of representations during training stage. Moreover, we implement an identity preservation loss to further enhance the representation ability of identity factor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to end-to-end disentangle identity and expression factors simultaneously from one single facial landmark.
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Jiang, Wenjun, Marcos Escobar-Anel, and Jiandong Ren. "OPTIMAL INSURANCE CONTRACTS UNDER DISTORTION RISK MEASURES WITH AMBIGUITY AVERSION." ASTIN Bulletin 50, no. 2 (2020): 619–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2020.12.
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AbstractThis paper presents analytical representations for an optimal insurance contract under distortion risk measure and in the presence of model uncertainty. We incorporate ambiguity aversion and distortion risk measure through the model of Robert and Therond [(2014) ASTIN Bulletin: The Journal of the IAA, 44(2), 277–302.] as per the framework of Klibanoff et al. [(2005) A smooth model of decision making under ambiguity. Econometrica, 73(6), 1849–1892.]. Explicit optimal insurance indemnity functions are derived when the decision maker (DM) applies Value-at-Risk as risk measure and is ambiguous about the loss distribution. Our results show that: (1) under model uncertainty, ambiguity aversion results in a distorted probability distribution over the set of possible models with a bias in favor of the model which yields a larger risk; (2) a more ambiguity-averse DM would demand more insurance coverage; (3) for a given budget, uncertainties about the loss distribution result in higher risk level for the DM.
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Nasir, M. T., M. A. Hadi, S. H. Naqib, et al. "Zirconium metal-based MAX phases Zr2AC (A = Al, Si, P and S): A first-principles study." International Journal of Modern Physics B 28, no. 32 (2014): 1550022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979215500228.
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We have investigated theoretical Vickers hardness, thermodynamic and optical properties of four zirconium metal-based MAX phases Zr 2 AC (A = Al , Si , P and S ) for the first time in addition to revisiting the structural, elastic and electronic properties. First-principles calculations are employed based on density functional theory (DFT) by means of the plane-wave pseudopotential method. The theoretical Vickers hardness has been estimated via the calculation of Mulliken bond populations and electronic density of states. The thermodynamic properties such as the temperature and pressure dependent bulk modulus, Debye temperature, specific heats and volume thermal expansion coefficient of all the compounds are derived from the quasi-harmonic Debye model. Further, the optical properties, e.g., dielectric functions, indices of refraction, absorption, energy loss function, reflectivity and optical conductivity of the nanolaminates have been calculated. The results are compared with available experiments and their various implications are discussed in detail. We have also shed light on the effect of different properties of Zr 2 AC as the A-group atom moves from Al to S across the periodic table.
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Gall, Thomas, and David Reinstein. "Losing face." Oxford Economic Papers 72, no. 1 (2019): 164–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpz018.
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Abstract When Al makes an offer to Betty that Betty observes and rejects, Al may suffer a painful and costly ‘loss of face’ (LoF). LoF can be avoided by letting the vulnerable side make the second move, or by setting up conditionally anonymous environments that only reveal when both parties say ‘yes’. This can impact bilateral matching problems; for example, marriage markets, research partnering, and international negotiations. We model this situation assuming asymmetric information, continuous signals of individuals’ binary types, linear marriage production functions, and a primitive LoF term component to utility. LoF makes rejecting one’s match strictly preferable to being rejected, making stable the ‘high-types always reject’ equilibrium. LoF may have non-monotonic effects on stable interior equilibria. A small LoF makes high-types more selective, making marriage less common and more assortative. A greater LoF (for males only) makes low-type males reverse snobs, which makes high-type females less choosy, with ambiguous effects on the marriage rate.
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Yang, Yang, Diana Arseni, Wenjuan Zhang та ін. "Cryo-EM structures of amyloid-β 42 filaments from human brains". Science 375, № 6577 (2022): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm7285.
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Hi-res view of human Aβ42 filaments Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by a loss of memory and other cognitive functions and the filamentous assembly of Aβ and tau in the brain. The assembly of Aβ peptides into filaments that end at residue 42 is a central event. Yang et al . used electron cryo–electron microscopy to determine the structures of Aβ42 filaments from human brain (see the Perspective by Willem and Fändrich). They identified two types of related S-shaped filaments, each consisting of two identical protofilaments. These structures will inform the development of better in vitro and animal models, inhibitors of Aβ42 assembly, and imaging agents with increased specificity and sensitivity. —SMH
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Patil, D. B., and A. R. Sharma. "Inhibition of Corrosion of Aluminium in Potassium Hydroxide Solution by Pyridine Derivatives." ISRN Materials Science 2014 (January 19, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/154285.
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The influence of 3-methylpyridine and 3-nitropyridine on the corrosion rate of aluminium in 1 mol L−1 potassium hydroxide solution was investigated using weight loss method. It was observed that both investigated derivatives behave as inhibitors. It was found that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration. The inhibition mechanism is discussed on the basis of adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the metal surface. The inhibitors were adsorbed on the surface according to the Frumkin adsorption isotherm. The effect of temperature on the corrosion inhibition of Al was studied and thermodynamic functions for the dissolution and adsorption processes in the absence and in the presence of the inhibitors were computed and discussed.
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Khafaga, Doaa Sami, Abdelhameed Ibrahim, El-Sayed M. El-Kenawy, et al. "An Al-Biruni Earth Radius Optimization-Based Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Classifying Monkeypox Disease." Diagnostics 12, no. 11 (2022): 2892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112892.
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Human skin diseases have become increasingly prevalent in recent decades, with millions of individuals in developed countries experiencing monkeypox. Such conditions often carry less obvious but no less devastating risks, including increased vulnerability to monkeypox, cancer, and low self-esteem. Due to the low visual resolution of monkeypox disease images, medical specialists with high-level tools are typically required for a proper diagnosis. The manual diagnosis of monkeypox disease is subjective, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. Therefore, it is necessary to create a computer-aided approach for the automated diagnosis of monkeypox disease. Most research articles on monkeypox disease relied on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and using classical loss functions, allowing them to pick up discriminative elements in monkeypox images. To enhance this, a novel framework using Al-Biruni Earth radius (BER) optimization-based stochastic fractal search (BERSFS) is proposed to fine-tune the deep CNN layers for classifying monkeypox disease from images. As a first step in the proposed approach, we use deep CNN-based models to learn the embedding of input images in Euclidean space. In the second step, we use an optimized classification model based on the triplet loss function to calculate the distance between pairs of images in Euclidean space and learn features that may be used to distinguish between different cases, including monkeypox cases. The proposed approach uses images of human skin diseases obtained from an African hospital. The experimental results of the study demonstrate the proposed framework’s efficacy, as it outperforms numerous examples of prior research on skin disease problems. On the other hand, statistical experiments with Wilcoxon and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests are conducted to evaluate the proposed approach in terms of effectiveness and stability. The recorded results confirm the superiority of the proposed method when compared with other optimization algorithms and machine learning models.