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1

Korobeinikov, I. I., D. Chebykin, X. Yu, S. Seetharaman, and O. Volkova. "Density of tin, silver and copper." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 92 (2018): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5509.

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Purpose: Purpose of this paper is to report on the development of a new density measure- ment cell. Design/methodology/approach: Measurement cell based on Archimedean principle and consisting of induction furnace and a high/precision balance was applied for measurement of tin, silver and copper density. Findings: It was found that new cell is suitable for high temperature measurement of liquid metals density at temperatures from 700 to 1520°C. Measurement results are in a good agreement with the literature values. Density deviates by 0.5-1% depending on the metal. Research limitations/implicat
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2

Cousins, T. "Fluid Density Measurement." Measurement and Control 25, no. 10 (1992): 292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029409202501001.

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3

Sheldon, Trevor, Andrew Long, Nick Freemantle, and Colin Pollock. "Bone-density measurement." Lancet 339, no. 8790 (1992): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)90107-e.

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4

Reid, DavidM, DavidW Purdie, JohnC Stevenson, JohnA Kanis, Claus Christiansen, and R. J. E. Kirkman. "Bone-density measurement." Lancet 339, no. 8789 (1992): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)91692-2.

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5

Holt, Linda H., Lois B. Taft, and Jeanette M. Moulthrop. "Bone Density Measurement." Menopause 4, no. 4 (1997): 219???224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042192-199704040-00008.

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6

Melton, L. Joseph, Heinz W. Wahner, and B. Lawrence Riggs. "Bone Density Measurement." Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 3, no. 1 (2009): ix—x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650030102.

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7

Peel, Nicola. "Measurement of Bone Mineral Density." British Menopause Society Journal 4, no. 2 (1998): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136218079800400210.

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The development of techniques to measure BMD enables individuals at high risk of osteoporotic fracture to be identified, and their response to treatment to be ascertained. Measurement of the spine and proximal femur by DXA is currently the gold standard technique, but peripheral skeletal measurements using QUS and x-ray based techniques are under evaluation. At the present time measurements should be targeted to individuals within high risk categories in whom knowledge of BMD may influence management. Further development of both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies will require modification o
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8

Park, Seung Hyo, Sa Yong Chong, Hyung June Kim, and Taek Lyul Song. "Adaptive Estimation of Spatial Clutter Measurement Density Using Clutter Measurement Probability for Enhanced Multi-Target Tracking." Sensors 20, no. 1 (2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010114.

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The point detections obtained from radars or sonars in surveillance environments include clutter measurements, as well as target measurements. Target tracking with these data requires data association, which distinguishes the detections from targets and clutter. Various algorithms have been proposed for clutter measurement density estimation to achieve accurate and robust target tracking with the point detections. Among them, the spatial clutter measurement density estimator (SCMDE) computes the sparsity of clutter measurement, which is the reciprocal of the clutter measurement density. The SC
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9

Ellis, D., C. Flaum, E. Marienbach, C. Roulet, and B. Seeman. "Litho-Density Tool Calibration." Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 25, no. 04 (1985): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/12048-pa.

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Abstract A second-generation density logging tool has beendeveloped that uses a gamma-ray source and two NaIscintillator detectors for borehole measurement of electrondensity, pe, and a quantity Fpe that is related to thelithology of the formation. An active stabilization system controls the gains of the two detectors, which permits selective gamma-ray detection. Spectral analysis isperformed in the near detector (two energy windows) and performed in the near detector (two energy windows) and in the detector farther away from the source (three energy windows). This paper describes the results
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10

Perry, Wayne. "Bone Mineral Density Measurement." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89, no. 10 (1996): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689608901030.

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11

Hurley, MD, Daniel L. "BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASUREMENT." Endocrine Practice 4, no. 2 (1998): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/ep.4.2.120b.

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12

Kleerekoper, Michael, and Dorothy A. Nelson. "Which Bone Density Measurement?" Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 12, no. 5 (1997): 712–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.5.712.

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13

Wang, Hu, Wensheng Wu, Tianzhi Tang, et al. "A new method for calculating bulk density in pulsed neutron-gamma density logging." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 6 (2020): D219—D232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0821.1.

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Formation density is one of the most important parameters in formation evaluation. Radioisotope chemical sources are used widely in conventional gamma-gamma density (GGD) logging. Considering security and environmental risks, there has been growing interest in pulsed neutron generators in place of the radioactive-chemical source in using bulk-density measurements. However, there still is the requirement of high accuracy of the neutron-gamma density (NGD) calculation. Pair production is one of the factors influencing the accuracy of the results, which should be considered. We have adopted a met
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14

MAN, JOHN. "DENSITY MEASUREMENT OF ETHANOL BLENDED FUELS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 24 (January 2013): 1360009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513600094.

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Density measurements for petro-ethanol blended fuels of various mixture ratios were conducted at temperatures from 5°C to 40°C using an oscillatory densitometer at the National Measurement Institute, Australia (NMIA). The petrol and ethanol fuels used for the preparation of samples of ethanol blends were supplied directly from a local petroleum refinery. Results were within the lower end of 0.06% repeatability and 0.3% reproducibility of the ASTM D4052-2011 method. The volume correction factors (VCF) for petrol and ethanol obtained from the measurement results agreed to within 0.1% and 0.01% o
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15

Ivanov, A. V., S. N. Marchenko, A. V. Koldashov, and D. N. Zyablikov. "Measurement of optical density in a narrow wavelength band: a method for correcting the results of indirect measurements." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika 73, no. 6 (2024): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-6-26-31.

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The issues of correspondence of the results of direct and indirect measurements of optical density in a narrow wavelength band are considered. The optical density in a narrow wavelength band was measured by filtering the luminous flux according to the international standard ISO 5-3:2009 “Photography and graphic technology – Density measurements. Part 3: Spectral conditions” (direct measurement) and spectral method (indirect measurement). In order to ensure the uniformity of optical density measurements in a narrow wavelength band and establish the traceability of measurement results to the Sta
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16

Schmidt, Hannes, Steffen Seitz, Egon Hassel, and Henning Wolf. "The density–salinity relation of standard seawater." Ocean Science 14, no. 1 (2018): 15–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-15-2018.

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Abstract. The determination of salinity by means of electrical conductivity relies on stable salt proportions in the North Atlantic Ocean, because standard seawater, which is required for salinometer calibration, is produced from water of the North Atlantic. To verify the long-term stability of the standard seawater composition, it was proposed to perform measurements of the standard seawater density. Since the density is sensitive to all salt components, a density measurement can detect any change in the composition. A conversion of the density values to salinity can be performed by means of
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17

Thouin, Julien, Malyk Benmouffok, Pierre Freton, and Jean-Jacques Gonzalez. "Interpretation of Stark broadening measurements on a spatially integrated plasma spectral line." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 97 (2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2022220263.

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In thermal plasma spectroscopy, Stark broadening measurement of hydrogen spectral lines is considered to be a good and reliable measurement for electron density. Unlike intensity based measurements, Stark broadening measurements can pose a problem of interpretation when the light collected is the result of a spatial integration. Indeed, when assuming no self-absorption of the emission lines, intensities simply add up but broadenings do not. In order to better understand the results of Stark broadening measurements on our thermal plasma which has an unneglectable thickness, a Python code has be
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18

Kosarevsky, S., and V. Latypov. "Detection of Screw Threads in Computed Tomography 3D Density Fields." Measurement Science Review 13, no. 6 (2013): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2013-0043.

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Abstract Measurements and inspection in production must be rapid, robust and automated. In this paper a new method is proposed to automatically detect screw threads in 3D density fields obtained from computed tomography measurement devices. The described method can be used to automate many operations during screw thread inspection process and drastically reduce operator’s influence on the measurement process resulting in lower measurement times and increased repeatability.
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19

Kalef-Ezra, J., A. Karantanas, and P. Tsekeris. "CT Measurement of Lung Density." Acta Radiologica 40, no. 3 (1999): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841859909175564.

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20

Biletskiy, M. T., B. T. Ratov, and D. Delikesheva. "Automatic mud density measurement device." Mining Informational and analytical bulletin 7 (2019): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2019-07-0-140-148.

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21

Matal, Oldřich, Josef Žaloudek, Frantisek Cigánek, Pavel Slavíček, Bronislav Žmij, and Milan Nejedlý. "Density Measurement of Molten KHF2." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 56, no. 9-10 (2001): 707–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2001-0918.

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22

Gupta, S. V. "Practical Density Measurement and Hydrometry." Measurement Science and Technology 14, no. 1 (2002): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/14/1/701.

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23

Faulkner, Kenneth G. "Update on Bone Density Measurement." Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 27, no. 1 (2001): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70188-5.

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24

Fox, Danny, and Martin Hackl. "The universal density of measurement." Linguistics and Philosophy 29, no. 5 (2007): 537–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10988-006-9004-4.

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25

Aroca, C., M. Rodriguez, and P. Sanchez. "Magnetic device for density measurement." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 26, no. 5 (1990): 2032–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.104609.

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26

Akhtar, S., A. Ali, A. Haider, and M. Farooque. "Measurement of Loose Powder Density." Key Engineering Materials 510-511 (May 2012): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.510-511.597.

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Powder metallurgy is a conventional technique for making engineering articles from powders. Main objective is to produce final products with the highest possible uniform density, which depends on the initial loose powder characteristics. Producing, handling, characterizing and compacting materials in loose powder form are part of the manufacturing processes. Density of loose metallic or ceramic powder is an important parameter for die design. Loose powder density is required for calculating the exact mass of powder to fill the die cavity for producing intended green density of the powder compa
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27

PHILLIPOV, G., and P. PHILLIPS. "Precision of bone density measurement." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 28, no. 2 (1998): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.1998.tb02979.x.

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28

Hassager, C., and C. Christiansen. "Measurement of bone mineral density." Calcified Tissue International 57, no. 1 (1995): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00298987.

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29

Dymond, J. H., J. D. Isdale, and N. F. Glen. "Density measurement at high pressure." Fluid Phase Equilibria 20 (January 1985): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(85)90049-4.

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30

Intwala, Sunny, Neal J. Stone, and Gary J. Balady. "Low-Density Lipoprotein Measurement Discordance." JAMA Cardiology 2, no. 6 (2017): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0256.

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31

Shimada, Keitaro, Yuki Inada, Ayumu Ishijima, and Keiichi Nakagawa. "Optical design of a laser wavefront sensor applicable under strong diffraction effects by irreproducible microscale high-density plasma." Measurement Science and Technology 33, no. 5 (2022): 055403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac5281.

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Abstract Accurate measurements of electron density in irreproducible microscale high-density plasmas are indispensable for improving laser processing and plasma processing technology because the dynamics of these plasmas are strongly influenced by their electron density. Because single-path laser wavefront sensors are capable of acquiring the two-dimensional electron density distribution with a single shot, the electron density of irreproducible millimeter-scale low-density plasmas has been measured by using such sensors. However, the strong diffraction effects caused by the irreproducible mic
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32

Mauborgne, Marie-Laure, Rubi Rodriguez, Françoise Allioli, et al. "Enhancing Accuracy and Range of Sourceless Density." (Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 65, no. 6 (2024): 929–43. https://doi.org/10.30632/pjv65n6-2024a7.

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Formation density is a fundamental rock property and is a critical input in reservoir evaluations. Determining this critical measurement accurately requires utilizing a high-activity radioactive source in the drilling bottomhole assembly (BHA). The sourceless neutron-gamma density (sNGD) measurement based on a pulsed-neutron generator was introduced in logging-while-drilling (LWD) operations more than a decade ago, eliminating the need for radioactive source and the challenges associated with its handling, transportation, storage, and abandonment. The current sNGD algorithm has limitations in
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33

M, Geiger. "Evaluation of ImageJ for Relative Bone Density Measurement and Clinical Application." Journal of Oral Health and Craniofacial Science 1, no. 1 (2016): 012–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.johcs.1001002.

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34

Ko, Su Yeon, Eun-Kyung Kim, Min Jung Kim, and Hee Jung Moon. "Mammographic Density Estimation with Automated Volumetric Breast Density Measurement." Korean Journal of Radiology 15, no. 3 (2014): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2014.15.3.313.

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35

Torgerson, D. J., C. Donaldson, and D. M. Reid. "Bone Mineral Density Measurements: Are they Worth While?" Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89, no. 8 (1996): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689608900810.

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Bone mineral density measurements have been criticized on the grounds that they are not a worth-while screening tool. In this paper we argue that bone mineral measurements can be an efficient diagnostic tool even if they are not of proven value for screening. There is complex relationship between the costs of a measurement, the intervention and the predictive value of the test all of which must be accounted for when assessing the value of a bone density measurement. For bone density measurements to be used for screening, a wider evaluation needs to be undertaken compared with that for their us
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36

Hao, Jiansheng, Richard Mind'je, Ting Feng, and Lanhai Li. "Performance of snow density measurement systems in snow stratigraphies." Hydrology Research 52, no. 4 (2021): 834–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2021.133.

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Abstract Gravimetric and dielectric permittivity measurement systems (DMS) are applied to measure snow density, but few studies have addressed differences between the two measurement systems under complex snowpack conditions. A field experiment was conducted to measure the snow density using the two measurement systems in stratigraphical layers of different densities, liquid water content (LWC), hardness, and shear strength, and the performance of the two measurement systems was analyzed and compared. The results showed that the snow density from the DMS tended to underestimate by 9% in the dr
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37

Huang, Yuan, Yifang Shi, and Taek Song. "An Efficient Multi-Path Multitarget Tracking Algorithm for Over-The-Horizon Radar." Sensors 19, no. 6 (2019): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061384.

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In target tracking environments using over-the-horizon radar (OTHR), one target may generate multiple detections through different signal propagation paths. Trackers need to jointly handle the uncertainties stemming from both measurement origin and measurement path. Traditional multitarget tracking algorithms suffer from high computational loads in such environments since they need to enumerate all possible joint measurement-to-track assignments considering the measurements paths unless they employ some approximations regarding the measurements and their corresponding paths. In this paper, we
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38

Min Ryu, Soo, Hye Jin Kim, Jin Ho Lee, and Kentaro Yamagishi. "Real-Time Air Density Measurement with IoT Integration." Journal of Engineering, Technology, and Applied Science (JETAS) 5, no. 3 (2023): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.jetas-0503.143.

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This paper presents the design and implementation of an IoT-based air density measurement system that integrates BMP180 and DHT22 sensors with an Arduino Uno microcontroller and ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. The system measures temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure to calculate air density in real-time, displaying the results on an LCD screen and transmitting the data to a smartphone app (Blynk) for remote monitoring. The goal of this research is to create a reliable, automated system capable of providing continuous air density measurements without the need for manual intervention. To evalua
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39

Kocierz, Rafał, Michał Rębisz, and Łukasz Ortyl. "Measurement point density and measurement methods in determining the geometric imperfections of shell surfaces." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 105, no. 1 (2018): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2018-0003.

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Abstract In geodetic measurements of deformations in shell cooling towers, an important factor is to optimize the number of points representing the exterior surface of the shell. The conducted analyses of damage to such structures proved that cooling towers exhibited shell deformation consisting of irregular vertical waves (three concavities and two convexities), as well as seven horizontal waves. On this basis, it is claimed that, in accordance with the Shannon theorem, the correct representation of the generated waves requires the measurement of the cooling tower shell in a minimum of 12 ver
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40

Han, Yulan, and Chongzhao Han. "Two Measurement Set Partitioning Algorithms for the Extended Target Probability Hypothesis Density Filter." Sensors 19, no. 12 (2019): 2665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122665.

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The extended target probability hypothesis density (ET-PHD) filter cannot work well if the density of measurements varies from target to target, which is based on the measurement set partitioning algorithms employing the Mahalanobis distance between measurements. To tackle the problem, two measurement set partitioning approaches, the shared nearest neighbors similarity partitioning (SNNSP) and SNN density partitioning (SNNDP), are proposed in this paper. In SNNSP, the shared nearest neighbors (SNN) similarity, which incorporates the neighboring measurement information, is introduced to DP inst
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41

Jiang, Nuan, Dailin Li, and Dayuan Gao. "Seawater Density Measurement Technology Based on Oblique Incidence Reflectivity Difference." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3007, no. 1 (2025): 012031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3007/1/012031.

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Abstract Seawater density has an important influence on marine physical environment. The Oblique Incidence Reflectivity Difference (OIRD) method detects seawater’s dielectric constant and other properties by measuring the difference in the two polarization components of reflected light, enabling high-precision real-time measurement of seawater density. Numerical simulations were conducted to study the effects of seawater temperature and depth on dielectric constant and density. Measurements of the dielectric constant of seawater at different temperatures allowed the determination of seawater d
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42

Akiyama, T., R. L. Boivin, M. W. Brookman, et al. "Fast wave interferometer for ion density measurement on DIII-D." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (2022): C01052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/c01052.

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Abstract A fast wave interferometer (FWI), which can measure ion mass density, has been developed on DIII-D for its use on future fusion reactors, as well as for the study of ion behavior in current plasma devices. The frequency of the fast waves used for the FWI is around 60 MHz, and require antennas and coaxial cables or waveguides, which, unlike traditional mirror-based optical interferometers, are less susceptible to neutron/gamma-ray radiation and are relatively immune to impurity deposition and erosion as well as alignment issues. The bulk ion density evaluated using FWI show good agreem
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43

Guha, Siddharth, Abdalla Ibrahim, Pengfei Geng, et al. "Variability of HCC Tumor Diameter and Density Measurements on Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography." Tomography 11, no. 3 (2025): 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography11030036.

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Purpose: In cancers imaged using contrast-enhanced protocols, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), formal guidelines rely on measurements of lesion size (in mm) and radiographic density (in Hounsfield units [HU]) to evaluate response to treatment. However, the variability of these measurements across different contrast enhancement phases remains poorly understood. This limits the ability of clinicians to discern whether measurement changes are accurate. Methods: In this study, we investigated the variability of maximal lesion diameter and mean lesion density of HCC lesions on CT scans acros
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44

Koca, Tarkan. "A density measurement device for solid objects with uneven geometry." Materials Testing 63, no. 7 (2021): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0110.

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Abstract Hydrostatic measurement, a method traditionally used to measure the density of solid bodies, is not suitable for all solid bodies. This method is undesirable for solid materials that interact with water and lose their properties. In addition, this method is not suitable for porous objects because measurements in water are erroneous and can damage material samples due to the ability of some solid materials to absorb water. In this study, a new density measurement technique has been developed and evaluated to measure the density of rigid objects by means of nonstandard geometry. The den
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45

Träbert, Elmar. "On Atomic Lifetimes and Environmental Density." Atoms 10, no. 4 (2022): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms10040114.

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Atomic lifetime measurements span a wide range, from attoseconds to years. The frontier of exploratory lifetime measurements, presently, is in the long part of the above time range, with an eye on astrophysical problems. In a combination of review paper, tutorial, and Editorial, the physical environments and experiments are discussed, in which the results of such lifetime measurements matter. Although accurate lifetime measurement results are important for our understanding of atomic structure and dynamics, and for the diagnostics of various plasma environments, the order of magnitude is often
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46

Li, Chenggang, Lun Wang, Lihong Sun, Zhaojie Chu, Wei Liu, and Jiagui Tao. "High Precision Ultrasonic Testing Method for Density of Engineering Plastics." Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 60, no. 3 (2024): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061830924600011.

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Abstract The density of engineering plastics is a key parameter for ensuring their safety and reliability. In order to achieve rapid and high-precision on-site detection, a method based on the acoustic pressure reflection coefficient is proposed. First, finite element simulation analysis was conducted to obtain the acoustic field distribution during ultrasound propagation under water immersion conditions. The correlation between interface echo intensity and material density was determined. Optimal detection parameters were designed to reduce measurement errors caused by beam overlap and diffus
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47

Ito, Haruhiko, Masanobu Ikeda, Masafumi Ito, et al. "Measurement of Carbon Atom Density in High Density Plasma Process." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 36, Part 2, No. 7A (1997): L880—L882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.36.l880.

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48

Shewale, Pranita, Varnita Aglawe, Rupa Patta, Shervin Ambrose, and Pranali Choudhari. "Techniques used for Bone Density Measurement." International Journal of Computer Applications 178, no. 3 (2017): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2017915778.

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49

Gröger, V., T. Geringer, W. Pichl, Gerhard Krexner, I. Novotný, and Ivan Procházka. "Dislocation Density Measurement and Positron Annihilation." Materials Science Forum 210-213 (May 1996): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.210-213.743.

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50

Briney, Walter G. "IS MEASUREMENT OF BONE DENSITY USEFUL?" Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 19, no. 1 (1993): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-857x(21)00169-1.

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