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1
Makaravičiūtė, Lygita, and Eglė Marčiulaitienė. "CONDUCTIVITY TESTING AND EVALUATION / PAVIRŠINIŲ NUOTEKŲ FILTRO HIDRAULINIO LAIDUMO TYRIMAI IR VERTINIMAS." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 7, no. 4 (2015): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2015.810.
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Surface wastewater is consideredas effluents, which are formed on the surface of urbanized areas. Stormwater treatment is performed out using a variety of filters: sand, grass. Wastewater penetration into the deeper layers is called hydraulic conductivity. After evaluation of the hydraulic conductivity, it is possible to determine the ability of the investigated fillers to entrap the stormwater flow. The hydraulic conductivity tests can indicate which fillers of stormwater filters may influence the more effective stormwater cleaning. Four stormwater filters were tested: crushed autoclaved aerated concrete filter; crushed autoclaved aerated concrete with Meadow grass (Poa pratensis) layer; silica sand filter with Meadow grass (Poa pratensis) layer; silica sand filter. Under in-situ conditions hydraulic conductivity in filters is investigated using Constant-head method. Mathematical modeling program Hydrus-1D presentsthe changes of hydraulic conductivity in each filler layer of the filter. Assessed hydraulic conductivity in filters under in-situ conditions hasn‘t changed only in crushed autoclaved aerated concrete filter (30 000 mm/d). The smallest hydraulic conductivity in filters under in-situ conditions was estimated in silica sand filter with Meadow grass (Poa pratensis) layer, here it was equal to 209.3 mm/d.With mathematical modeling program Hydrus-1D it was found that the hydraulic conductivity in each filter decreases, depending on the depth of filler in the filter. Paviršinėmis nuotekomis laikomos tokios, kurios susidaro ant urbanizuotos teritorijos paviršiaus. Paviršinių nuotekų valymas atliekamas taikant įvairius filtrus – smėlio, augalinius. Nuotekų skverbimasis į gilesnius sluoksnius vadinamas hidrauliniu laidumu. Įvertinus hidraulinį laidumą galima nustatyti tiriamų filtro užpildų gebėjimą sulaikyti atitekėjusių paviršinių nuotekų srautą filtro užpilduose. Atlikus hidraulinio laidumo tyrimus, galima nustatyti, kurie paviršinių nuotekų filtro užpildai gali lemti efektyvesnį paviršinių nuotekų išvalymą. Tiriami keturi paviršinių nuotekų filtrai: smulkinto autoklavinio akytojo betono filtras; smulkinto autoklavinio akytojo betono ir pievinės miglės dangos filtras; kvarcinio smėlio filtras su pievinės miglės danga; kvarcinio smėlio filtras. Natūrinėmis sąlygomis hidraulinio laidumo tyrimas atliekamas, taikant Constant-Head metodą. Matematinio modeliavimo programa Hydrus-1D pateikiama, kaip kinta hidraulinis laidumas kiekviename filtro užpildo sluoksnyje. Nustatytas hidraulinis laidumas filtruose natūrinėmis sąlygomis nekito smulkinto autoklavinio akytojo betono filtre (30 000 mm/d). Mažiausias hidraulinis laidumas natūrinėmis sąlygomis nustatytas kvarcinio smėlio filtre su pievinės miglės (Poa pratensis) augalinės dangos sluoksniu, čia jis nustatytas 209,3 mm/d. Matematinio modeliavimo programa Hydrus-1D nustatyta, kad hidraulinis laidumas filtruose mažėja priklausomai nuo filtro užpildo gylio.
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Tamura, Yoshiro, Ryo Sekiyama, Shu Sasaki, Koji Asami, and Haruo Kobayashi. "RC Polyphase Filter as Complex Analog Hilbert Filter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 888 (February 2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.888.29.
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This paper presents that the RC polyphase filer has characteristics as a complex analog Hilbert filter. Phase characteristics of the RC polyphase filter have the same as the Hilbert filter. Also its gain characteristics can be approximated as the Hilbert filter; as its order becomes higher, its gain characteristics become closer to the Hilbert filter. We have proved these for 1st to 4th RC polyphase filters, as well as in general n-th order case, and also confirmed with numerical simulations.
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Boyarskaya, N. P., V. P. Dovgun, D. E. Egorov, V. V. Novikov, and D. A. Shandrigin. "Minimization of power losses in passive power filters." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 6 (2022): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-6-42-52.
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THE PURPOSE. Broadband passive filters (BBF) are an effective measure to mitigate harmonic resonance in power systems with nonlinear harmonic producing loads. The disadvantage of simple second-order broadband filters are pure selectivity and excessive fundamental frequency losses. This is especially evident in devices designed for low-order harmonics mitigation. This paper presents new broadband filter configurations with superior performances and low fundamental frequency losses.METHODS. A general method of broadband passive filter design is considered. The filter has the form of single-loaded ladder LC-two-port. Conditions of minimal fundamental frequency loss of the filer are determined.RESULTS. This paper presents new broadband filter configurations with superior damping performances and low fundamental frequency losses. Different broadband filter configurations are compared. The results show that 3-5 order broadband ladder filters have better filtering performance and lower power loss than traditional C-type filters.CONCLUSION. The proposed broadband filters can be used for industrial power systems with powerful nonlinear loads. This will normalize the power quality and at the same time improve the energy efficiency of compensating devices.
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Li, Hai Xia, Zhi Jun Sun, Li Jun Zhao, and Zhan Xu Tie. "Filtration and Pulse Cleaning System for Particle Removal from Gas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 42 (November 2010): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.42.188.
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The application of rigid ceramic filter for gas filtration on an industrial scale has shown unstable operation over periods of days. The behavior of the ceramic filtration in further application can be predict by measuring properties of a variety of dust and filtration operation condition. The aim of the experimental investigation is to analysis the pressure distribution inside and outside the ceramic filter along the filter length, and to analyze the pressure drop across the filter along the filter length. Ceramic filter filtration system composes multi-pipe filters for gas clean up is introduced. The operation parameters can be measured by this test system, such as the pressure in the filter cavity and outside the filter surface, velocity outside the filter, gas temperature and humidity, flow rate, dust particle size concentration before gad entering the filter tank and after the gas leaving the filer tank, the pulse cleaning pressure.
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Sytnikov, T. V. "INCREASING Q-FACTOR OF THE DIGITAL SENSOR SIGNALS PROCESSING PATH IN AUTONOMOUS MOBILE ROBOTIC PLATFORMS WITH LIMITED COMPUTING RESOURCES." ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS, no. 39(115) (2024): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/eltecs.39.115.2024.3.
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Abstract. The paper is considered the problem of constructing autonomous mobile robotic platform with the possibility of rearranging their characteristics depending on the operating conditions. A new approach is proposed for calculating the parameters of a new connection with a series connection of low-order components of the same type. The resulting ratio allows you to accurately calculate the frequencies of the n-th connection of the same type components. Such a connection allows increasing the quality factor characteristic of the amplitude frequency characteristic and reducing the bandwidth by 3 times with eight connected filters of the same type. Bandpass filters and notch Butterworth filters are considered. Behavior of the AFC for serial connection is described. Key words: amplitude frequency characteristic, phase frequency characteristic, Industry 4.0-6.0, digital filter, bandpass filter, notch filter, quality factor characteristics, frequency dependent component, notch filter based on bandpass filer, serial connection.
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Oner, Tahsin, Young Jun, and Firat Ates. "Ultra filters and quasi-subalgebras of Sheffer stroke BL-algebras based on the bipolar-valued fuzzy environment." Filomat 38, no. 16 (2024): 5727–38. https://doi.org/10.2298/fil2416727o.
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The notion of bipolar-valued filters and quasi-subalgebras of Sheffer stroke BL-algebras are introduced, and several properties are investigated. The relations among between a bipolar-valued fuzzy set, a bipolar-valued fuzzy filter, a bipolar-valued fuzzy quasi-subalgebra and a bipolar-valued fuzzy ultra filer-valued fuzzy ultra filer are studied and necassasy and sufficiendt conditions are given. We prove that every bipolar-valued fuzzy filter is a bipolar-valued fuzzy quasi-subalgebra.
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Zhang, Xiaohong. "On Some Fuzzy Filters in Pseudo-BCIAlgebras." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/718972.
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Some new properties of fuzzy associative filters (also known as fuzzy associative pseudo-filters), fuzzyp-filter (also known as fuzzy pseudo-p-filters), and fuzzya-filter (also known as fuzzy pseudo-a-filters) in pseudo-BCIalgebras are investigated. By these properties, the following important results are proved: (1) a fuzzy filter (also known as fuzzy pseudo-filters) of a pseudo-BCIalgebra is a fuzzy associative filter if and only if it is a fuzzya-filter; (2) a filter (also known as pseudo-filter) of a pseudo-BCIalgebra is associative if and only if it is ana-filter (also call it pseudo-afilter); (3) a fuzzy filter of a pseudo-BCIalgebra is fuzzya-filter if and only if it is both a fuzzyp-filter and a fuzzyq-filter.
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Even, Tomer, Guy Even, and Adam Morrison. "Prefix filter." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 15, no. 7 (2022): 1311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3523210.3523211.
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Many applications of approximate membership query data structures, or filters , require only an incremental filter that supports insertions but not deletions. However, the design space of incremental filters is missing a "sweet spot" filter that combines space efficiency, fast queries, and fast insertions. Incremental filters, such as the Bloom and blocked Bloom filter, are not space efficient. Dynamic filters (i.e., supporting deletions), such as the cuckoo or vector quotient filter, are space efficient but do not exhibit consistently fast insertions and queries. In this paper, we propose the prefix filter , an incremental filter that addresses the above challenge: (1) its space (in bits) is similar to state-of-the-art dynamic filters; (2) query throughput is high and is comparable to that of the cuckoo filter; and (3) insert throughput is high with overall build times faster than those of the vector quotient filter and cuckoo filter by 1.39X--1.46X and 3.2X--3.5X, respectively. We present a rigorous analysis of the prefix filter that holds also for practical set sizes (i.e., n = 2 25 ). The analysis deals with the probability of failure, false positive rate, and probability that an operation requires accessing more than a single cache line.
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Aviva, Darma, Abdul Halim, Baso Cante, and Abdul Muis. "Pengaruh Penggunaan Filter Non Original Terhadap Kerusakan Bucket Control Valve Excavator 320D." MEDIA PERSPEKTIF : Journal of Technology 13, no. 1 (2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46964/jtmp.v13i1.1349.
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The hydraulic oil filter is one of the components contained in the hydraulic system which functions to filter the impurities contained in the oil so that it does not circulate into the system. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of the original and non-original filters in relation to the damage that occurred to the control valve. The results indicated that the damage to the spool valve was caused by hydraulic oil contaminated with water, resulting in corrosion on its surface. Visual inspection of the hydraulic oil filter reveals particles found in the filer element.
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Jun, Young Bae, Sun Shin Ahn, and Kyoung Ja Lee. "Classes of Int-Soft Filters in Residuated Lattices." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/595160.
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The notions of int-soft filters, int-softG-filters, regular int-soft filters, andMV-int-soft filters in residuated lattices are introduced, and their relations, properties, and characterizations are investigated. Conditions for an int-soft filter to be an int-softG-filter, a regular int-soft filter, or anMV-int-soft filter are provided. The extension property for an int-softG-filter is discussed. Finally, it is shown that the notion of anMV-int-soft filter coincides with the notion of a regular int-soft filter inBL-algebras.
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Polyzos, Athanasios, Christos Tsinos, Maria Adam, and Nicholas Assimakis. "Complex Information Filter and Complex Kalman Filter Comparison: Selection of the Faster Filter." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 19 (November 13, 2024): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2024.19.34.
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Complex Kalman filters are used in complex signal processing. A comparison between the complex Kalman filter and the complex Information filter is presented in the general case of discrete-time widely linear models. The complex Kalman filter and the complex Information filter compute iteratively the same estimations. The computational burdens of these complex filters are determined and a method is derived to decide which filter is the faster one, taking into account only the model dimensions.
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HAAVISTO, P., M. GABBOUJ, and Y. NEUVO. "MEDIAN BASED IDEMPOTENT FILTERS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 01, no. 02 (1991): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126691000021.
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Idempotent filters produce a root signal in a single filter pass, i.e. the filter output is invariant to further filterings with the same filter. In this paper median based idempotent filter structures are introduced. Two approaches to generate these filters are studied: weighted median filters and median filter cascades. Two subclasses of n-dimensional idempotent weighted median filters, called Class 1 and Class 2 filters in the paper, are introduced. It is shown that both Class 1 and Class 2 filters suppress impulsive noise from n-dimensional input signals and yet have almost no effect on the non-corrupted parts of the signal. These filters are therefore well-suited for example for preprocessing purposes. An application to speech processing is described. Other likely applications of these filters are in image processing and, also, in image sequence processing, where the filter mask is typically 3-dimensional. Sufficient conditions for a filter cascade to be idempotent are given. Two idempotent median filter cascades and their advantages are discussed.
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Chen, Yi Qing, Jian Wei Wu, Wang Feng Cai, and Ying Zhong. "Study on Treatment of Odor Containing H2S and NH3 by Industrial Scale Bio-Trickling Filters." Advanced Materials Research 777 (September 2013): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.777.330.
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The treatment of H2S and NH3 odor produced in sewage disposal process was carried out in industrial scale bio-trickling filters filled with different kinds of filler. The processing capacity per unit volume and the processing capacity per unit volume filler on odor removal performance for different bio-trickling filter were investigated. The results demonstrate that there are remarkable differences in deodorization performance between different kinds of bio-trickling filters.
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Sakata, Soichiro, Hideto Takahashi, Katsumi Sato, and Atsushi Takahashi. "Ceramic Chemical Filter for Removal of Organic Contaminants." Journal of the IEST 46, no. 1 (2003): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.46.1.p166m0528hhj0533.
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A recently developed nonflammable ceramic chemical filter1 provides an alternative to conventional charcoal filters for removing organic airborne molecular contamination2 in cleanroom applications. The ceramic chemical filter is applicable in mini-environments and clean enclosures to handle manufacturing processes of less than 0.1 μm design and 300 mm wafer.
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Gülünay, Necati. "Noncausal spatial prediction filtering for random noise reduction on 3-D poststack data." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 5 (2000): 1641–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444852.
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A common practice in random noise reduction for 2-D data is to use pseudononcausal (PNC) 1-D prediction filters at each temporal frequency. A 1-D PNC filter is a filter that is forced to be two sided by placing a conjugate‐reversed version of a 1-D causal filter in front of itself with a zero between the two. For 3-D data, a similar practice is to solve for two 2-D (causal) one‐quadrant filters at each frequency slice. A 2-D PNC filter is formed by putting a conjugate flipped version of each quadrant filter in a quadrant opposite itself. The center sample of a 2-D PNC filter is zero. This paper suggests the use of 1-D and 2-D noncausal (NC) prediction filters instead of PNC filters for random noise attenuation, where an NC filter is a two‐sided filter solved from one set of normal equations. The number of negative and positive lags in the NC filter is the same. The center sample of the filter is zero. The NC prediction filters are more center loaded than PNC filters. They are conjugate symmetric as PNC filters. Also, NC filters are less sensitive than PNC filters to the size of the gate used in their derivation. They can handle amplitude variations along dip directions better than PNC filters. While a PNC prediction filter suppresses more random noise, it damages more signal. On the other hand, NC prediction filters preserve more of the signal and reject less noise for the same total filter length. For high S/N ratio data, a 2-D NC prediction filter preserves geologic features that do not vary in one of the spatial dimensions. In‐line and cross‐line vertical faults are also well preserved with such filters. When faults are obliquely oriented, the filter coefficients adapt to the fault. Spectral properties of PNC and NC filters are very similar.
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Parameshappa, G., and D. Jayadevapp. "Efficient uniform digital filter bank with linear phase and FRM technique for hearing aids." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.9 (2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.9.9738.
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This paper attempts to present an uniform digital filter bank based on linear phase FIR and IIR filters applied for Frequency Response Masking (FRM) technique in hearing aid applications.In the proposed filter bank, nine uniformly spaced sub-bands are formed with the help of half band filters and masking filters. These nine channel FIR filter bank is realized using an interpolated half band linear phase FIR filter and an appropriate number of masking FIR filters. The nine channel IIR filter bank is realized using an interpolated half band approximately linear phase IIR filter and an appropriate number of masking filters. The proposed approximately linear phase IIR half band filter bank is compared with filter bank based on linear phase FIR half band filters in terms of area, power, memory and number of gates needed for implementation. The experiment was carried on various hearing loss cases and the results obtained from these tests proves that, the proposed filter bank achieved the required matching between audiograms and magnitude response of the filter bank at very reasonable range with less computational complexity.
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Jun, Young Bae, and Kyung Ho Kim. "Positive implicative ordered filters of implicative semigroups." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 23, no. 12 (2000): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171200003781.
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We introduce the notion of positive implicative ordered filters in implicative semigroups. We show that every positive implicative ordered filter is both an ordered filter and an implicative ordered filter. We give examples that an ordered filter (an implicative ordered filter) may not be a positive implicative ordered filter. We also give equivalent conditions of positive implicative ordered filters. Finally we establish the extension property for positive implicative ordered filters.
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A. Ibrahim. "On Neutrosophic Transitivity and Absorbent Filters of Basic Logic Algebras." Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis 31, no. 5s (2024): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/cana.v31.1091.
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The vital objective of this article is to explore the neutrosophic nature of transitive and absorbent filters in Basic Logic (BL) algebras. We establish the notion of neutrosophic transitive and absorbent filters in BL-algebras with suitable illustrations and examine a few of their properties. Also, we prove that every neutrosophic transitive filter in BL-algebras is a neutrosophic filter. In addition, we confer some necessary and sufficient conditions for a neutrosophic filter to be a transitive filter and an extension property. Further, we obtain (i) Every neutrosophic associative filter is an absorbent filter. (ii) is a neutrosophic positive implicative filter if and only if it is a neutrosophic absorbent filter. (iii) If is a neutrosophic absorbent filter, then it is a neutrosophic fantastic filter. In the future, the above research can be extended to deductive filters. Moreover, these filters can be applied in fields such as information technology and systems.
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Awouafack, Daquin Cédric, and Emmanuel Fouotsa. "The Properties of Maximal Filters in Multilattices." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (July 6, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9714656.
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Jacobson’s radical of a filter F is the intersection of all maximal filters containing F. We present several properties of maximal filters in multilattices. As a consequence of Zorn’s lemma, we prove that each proper filter is contained in a maximal filter. When the filter lattice is distributive, we prove that each maximal filter is prime. Finally, we determine Jacobson’s radical of filters in multilattices.
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Malleswari, V. S. Naga, G. Luka, Bhagyalakshmi Kothuru, T. Srinivasa Rao, and V. Amarendra Babu. "Application of Neutrosophic implicative filters and Neutrosophic positive implicative filters in Lattice implication algebra." International Journal of Neutrosophic Science 21, no. 1 (2023): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/ijns.210106.
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We introduced Neutrosophic implicative filters and Neutrosophic positive implicative filters in Lattice implication algebra. We proved some properties and equivalent conditions of both the filters. Finally we proved that “Every Neutrosophic positive implicative filter is a Neutrosophic implicative filter” and “Every Neutrosophic positive implicative filter is a Neutrosophic filter”.
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Satyanarayana, Dr S. V. V., K. Teja Sri, K. Madhavi, G. Jhansi, and B. Jaya Sri. "Design and Implementation of High Speed Low Power Decimation Filter for Hearing AID Applications." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 12, no. 1 (2023): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.a7564.0512123.
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This work is focused on designing and implementing a decimation filter specifically intended for use in hearing aid applications. The filter utilizes distributed arithmetic (DA) and is described in this brief. Our proposal involves the development of a reconfigurable finite impulse response (FIR) filter, which utilizes both offset binary code (OBC) and binary distributed arithmetic (DA) techniques. Additionally, we utilize canonic signed digit (CSD) representation to develop decimation filters, which include the CIC filter, half band filter, and corrector filter. In this work, we have implemented a decimation filter using Matlab Simulink. We have utilized Xilinx Vivado 19.2 to execute the FIR filters, binary DA filters, and OBC DA-based filters. Our focus is on implementing these filters using VLSI architecture, in order to achieve low power consumption, reduced latency, less area, and fast speed.
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Namdar, A. "Fuzzy n-fold fantastic filters on hoop algebras." Journal of Algebraic Hyperstructures and Logical Algebras 4, no. 2 (2023): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.jahla.4.2.12.
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In this paper, first we introduce the concept of fuzzy n-fold positive implicative filters on hoop algebras and study some of properties. Next we define and study fuzzy n-fold fantastic filters on hoop algebras. Also, the relationship between fuzzy n-fold positive implicative filter and some other fuzzy filters likeness fuzzy n-fold implicative filter and fuzzy n-fold fantastic filters are investigated for example every fuzzy n-fold implicative filter is a fuzzy n-fold positive implicative filter on hoop algebras. Then we obtain some condition equivalent with fuzzy n-fold fantastic filters and every fuzzy filter on chain hoop algebra is a fuzzy n-fold fantastic filter. Finally we show that the quotient of fuzzy n-fold fantastic filters is a Boolean algebra.
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Rietjens, Judith AC, Wichor M. Bramer, Eric CT Geijteman, Agnes van der Heide, and Wendy H. Oldenmenger. "Development and validation of search filters to find articles on palliative care in bibliographic databases." Palliative Medicine 33, no. 4 (2019): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216318824275.
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Background: Healthcare professionals and researchers in the field of palliative care often have difficulties finding relevant articles in online databases. Standardized search filters may help improve the efficiency and quality of such searches, but prior developed filters showed only moderate performance. Aim: To develop and validate a specific search filter and a sensitive search filter for the field of palliative care. Design: We used a novel, objective method for search filter development. First, we created a gold standard set. This set was split into three groups: term identification, filter development, and filter validation set. After creating the filters in PubMed, we translated the filters into search filters for Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and Cochrane Library. We calculated specificity, sensitivity and precision of both filters. Results: The specific filter had a specificity of 97.4%, a sensitivity of 93.7%, and a precision of 45%. The sensitive filter had a sensitivity of 99.6%, a specificity of 92.5%, and a precision of 5%. Conclusion: Our search filters can support literature searches in the field of palliative care. Our specific filter retrieves 93.7% of relevant articles, while 45% of the retrieved articles are relevant. This filter can be used to find answers to questions when time is limited. Our sensitive filter finds 99.6% of all relevant articles and may, for instance, help conducting systematic reviews. Both filters perform better than prior developed search filters in the field of palliative care.
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Nerger, Lars, Tijana Janjić, Jens Schröter, and Wolfgang Hiller. "A Unification of Ensemble Square Root Kalman Filters." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 7 (2012): 2335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00102.1.
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Abstract In recent years, several ensemble-based Kalman filter algorithms have been developed that have been classified as ensemble square root Kalman filters. Parallel to this development, the singular “evolutive” interpolated Kalman (SEIK) filter has been introduced and applied in several studies. Some publications note that the SEIK filter is an ensemble Kalman filter or even an ensemble square root Kalman filter. This study examines the relation of the SEIK filter to ensemble square root filters in detail. It shows that the SEIK filter is indeed an ensemble square root Kalman filter. Furthermore, a variant of the SEIK filter, the error subspace transform Kalman filter (ESTKF), is presented that results in identical ensemble transformations to those of the ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF), while having a slightly lower computational cost. Numerical experiments are conducted to compare the performance of three filters (SEIK, ETKF, and ESTKF) using deterministic and random ensemble transformations. The results show better performance for the ETKF and ESTKF methods over the SEIK filter as long as this filter is not applied with a symmetric square root. The findings unify the separate developments that have been performed for the SEIK filter and the other ensemble square root Kalman filters.
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Yuniva, Ika. "PERANCANGAN WEBSITE PENJUALAN PADA TOKO AUTOMOTIVE FILTER MOBIL." Journal CERITA 5, no. 2 (2019): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/cerita.v5i2.408.
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The Car Automotive Filter Store is a business venture in the sale of car filters including oil filters, air filters and fuel filters. Automotive Filter Car Stores currently do not have a website to market car filter sales. The car filter sales transaction system as well as making orders and sales reports are still conventional so as to allow data loss, so that a good storage media is needed and properly managed using a website application. The purpose of this study the author wants to make a design website for car filter sales to facilitate Automotive Filter Car Stores in managing sales transactions. The form of data collection in this study uses the method of observation and literature. The author's software development method uses the waterfall method. Programming language in designing car sales website filters using PHP and HTML. As for the database, I use MySQL. The results of this study are expected to produce a car filter sales website that will help Automotive Car Filter Stores in managing sales transactions and car filter order reports.
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Dr., S. V. V. Satyanarayana, Teja Sri K, Madhavi K, Jhansi G, and Jaya Sri B. "Design and Implementation of High Speed Low Power Decimation Filter for Hearing AID Applications." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 12, no. 1 (2023): 27–32. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.A7564.0512123.
Full textAbstract:
<strong>Abstract: </strong>This work is focused on designing and implementing a decimation filter specifically intended for use in hearing aid applications. The filter utilizes distributed arithmetic (DA) and is described in this brief. Our proposal involves the development of a reconfigurable finite impulse response (FIR) filter, which utilizes both offset binary code (OBC) and binary distributed arithmetic (DA) techniques. Additionally, we utilize canonic signed digit (CSD) representation to develop decimation filters, which include the CIC filter, half band filter, and corrector filter. In this work, we have implemented a decimation filter using Matlab Simulink. We have utilized Xilinx Vivado 19.2 to execute the FIR filters, binary DA filters, and OBC DA-based filters. Our focus is on implementing these filters using VLSI architecture, in order to achieve low power consumption, reduced latency, less area, and fast speed.
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Shaikh, Saba S., Suneel D. Kamath, Debashis Ghosh, Robert J. Lewandowski, and Brandon J. McMahon. "Safety and Outcomes of Permanent and Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filters in the Oncology Population." International Journal of Vascular Medicine 2020 (February 5, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6582742.
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Background. The role for inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in the oncology population is poorly defined. Objectives. Our primary endpoint was to determine the rate of filter placement in cancer patients without an absolute contraindication to anticoagulation and the rate of recurrent VTE after filter placement in both retrievable and permanent filter groups. Patients/Methods. A single-institution, retrospective study of patients with active malignancies and acute VTE who received a retrievable or permanent IVC filter between 2009-2013. Demographics and outcomes were confirmed on independent chart review. Cost data were obtained using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Results. 179 patients with retrievable filters and 207 patients with permanent filters were included. Contraindication to anticoagulation was the most cited reason for filter placement; however, only 76% of patients with retrievable filters and 69% of patients with permanent filters had an absolute contraindication to anticoagulation. 20% of patients with retrievable filters and 24% of patients with permanent filters had recurrent VTE. The median time from filter placement to death was 8.9 and 3.2 months in the retrievable and permanent filter groups, respectively. The total cost of retrievable filters and permanent filters was $2,883,389 and $3,722,688, respectively. Conclusions. The role for IVC filters in cancer patients remains unclear as recurrent VTE is common and time from filter placement to death is short. Filter placement is costly and has a clinically significant complication rate, especially for retrievable filters. More data from prospective, randomized trials are needed to determine the utility of IVC filters in cancer patients.
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Saleem, MOHAMED Muftah. "Comparative Study between Shunt Active Filter and Hybrid Filter." مجلة الجامعة الأسمرية: العلوم التطبيقية 2, no. 2 (2017): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.59743/aujas.v2i2.1111.
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This paper presents an comparative study between shunt active filter and shunt hybrid filter based on configuration system and harmonic isolation. The harmonic isolator isbased on Self Tuning Filters (STF) (it can be tuned at any frequency). The study of the active filter control is divided in two parts. The first part deals with the harmonic isolator which generates the harmonic reference currents. The second part focuses on the generation of the switching pattern of the IGBTs of the inverter by the modulated hysteresis current controller. The studied hybrid active filter consists of an active filter and three phase tuned LC filters for 7th harmonic frequency. The nonlinear load is a diode rectifier feeding a (R, C) parallel load. The use of STF's simplifies the control scheme by reducing the number of extraction filters. The use of STFs instead of classical extraction filters allows extracting directly the voltage and current fundamental components. The effectiveness of this study has been verified by computer simulation and comparing the results.
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Mariappan Kadarkarainadar, Marichelvam, and Geetha Mariappan. "Investigation of Fiber-Based Bag Filter Coated with Metal Oxides for Dust Adsorption." Fibers 11, no. 1 (2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib11010010.
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The production of cement increases every year, which leads to the emission of dust/gas/ particulate matter. The emission of unfiltered dust would create a significant environmental impact. Hence, it is the responsibility of industries to control the emission of dust. Air filters and electrostatic precipitators (ESP) play a significant role in controlling pollutants. Synthetic filter media which are dangerous to our environment are widely used in most industries. The disposal of synthetic filters is an arduous task as the biodegradability of synthetic materials is poor. Hence, it is essential to develop an eco-friendly air filter material. In this paper, a new type of bag filter was designed by using natural sisal fiber as filtering media. The biodegradability of sisal fiber is better than the synthetic polyester media and also sisal fiber is less expensive. The natural fibers were coated with zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles to improve the dust adsorption rate. Various tests were conducted as per standards to validate the performance of the filler media. The results were impressive. Hence, the proposed sisal fiber-based filter media can be used in cement industries for dust adsorption to minimize the environmental impact.
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Havis, Azhar Al, and Liza Fitria. "Filtering Sinyal Menggunakan Band Pass Filter." Jurnal SIFO Mikroskil 19, no. 2 (2018): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.55601/jsm.v19i2.594.
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In our daily lives we find many filters, filters from the word itself are filters. Filters vary, there are air filters to filter dirty air to be clean, filters / filters for coffee and tea to filter coffee or tea pulp, and so on. All of them try to filter something to get what we want. The filter here is a frequency filter, from which the filter will filter the frequency. The existing frequency we filter so get the frequency as we want. In this research, signal filtering will be carried out using Band Pass. The band-pass filter will pass signals with frequencies in a certain range and reduce the signal with other frequencies. The sound sample used is the sound of a cat with just one sample. In this sample signal screening is carried out with 5 different frequencies, namely at frequencies of 8000, 16000, 32000, 48000 and 96000. Data retrieval and processing of voice signals are carried out with the help of audacity and Matlab R2010b software. Sound data in the .wav format is filtered to remove noise and filter using a band pass filter. Sounds issued that are received are destructive which eliminate the sound information that is carried. This of course requires that the sound quality received is not good, so it requires sound signal processing to eliminate noise. Then the voice data is processed by voice signal using the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) method. The results of this study are the output of sound signals that are clean from noise.
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Khriji, L. "Vector Directional Distance Rational Hybrid Filters for Color Image Restoration." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 2, no. 1 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol2iss1pp1-12.
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A new class of nonlinear filters, called vector-directional distance rational hybrid filters (VDDRHF) for multispectral image processing, is introduced and applied to color image-filtering problems. These filters are based on rational functions (RF). The VDDRHF filter is a two-stage filter, which exploits the features of the vector directional distance filter (VDDF), the center weighted vector directional distance filter (CWVDDF) and those of the rational operator. The filter output is a result of vector rational function (VRF) operating on the output of three sub-functions. Two vector directional distance (VDDF) filters and one center weighted vector directional distance filter (CWVDDF) are proposed to be used in the first stage due to their desirable properties, such as, noise attenuation, chromaticity retention, and edges and details preservation. Experimental results show that the new VDDRHF outperforms a number of widely known nonlinear filters for multi-spectral image processing such as the vector median filter (VMF), the generalized vector directional filters (GVDF) and distance directional filters (DDF) with respect to all criteria used.
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SHUI, PENG-LANG, and XIAO-LONG WANG. "2M-BAND INTERLEAVED DFT MODULATED FILTER BANKS WITH PERFECT RECONSTRUCTION." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 06, no. 04 (2008): 499–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021969130800246x.
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In this paper, we propose a new family of perfect reconstruction (PR) complex filter banks, named interleaved discrete Fourier transform modulated filter banks (Interleaved DFT-FBs). In the filter banks, the analysis filters are generated by interlaced exponential modulating two different analysis prototype filters, and the synthesis filters are generated by two different synthesis prototype filters via the same manner. The filter banks have a simple polyphase structure similar to DFT modulated filter banks (DFT-FBs). More importantly, the proposed Interleaved DFT-FBs can achieve critically sampled PR complex filter bank with FIR analysis and synthesis filters, which is impossible for DFT-FBs. We give and prove the PR condition for 2M-band Interleaved DFT-FBs. Utilizing the result, the design procedure of the prototype filters is presented. In addition, by the theoretic analysis and numerical examples, it is shown that the analysis and synthesis filters cannot simultaneously provide good stopband attenuation for the critically sampled PR Interleaved DFT-FBs. Although the limitation always exits, the filter banks can find applications in some subband coding systems of high bit rate.
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Lu, Feng, Yafan Wang, Jinquan Huang, Yihuan Huang, and Xiaojie Qiu. "Fusing unscented Kalman filter for performance monitoring and fault accommodation in gas turbine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 232, no. 3 (2016): 556–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016682269.
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The Kalman filter is widely utilized for gas turbine health monitoring due to its simplicity, robustness, and suitability for real-time implementations. The most common Kalman filter for linear systems is linearized Kalman filter, and for nonlinear systems are extended Kalman filter and unscented Kalman filter. These algorithms have proven their capabilities to estimate gas turbine performance variations with a good accuracy, and the studies are done provided that all sensor measurements are available. In this paper, a nonlinear fusion approach with consistent diagnostic mechanism based on unscented Kalman filter is proposed, especially for gas turbine performance monitoring in the case of sensor failure. The architecture of fusion method comprises a set of local unscented Kalman filters and an information mixer. The local unscented Kalman filters are utilized to estimate health parameters of various component combinations, and the results are then transferred to the mixer for the integrated estimation of global health state in fusion structure. The consistent fault diagnosis and isolation logic is designed based on the fusion architecture and combined with the fusing unscented Kalman filter, called an improved fusing unscented Kalman filter. A systematic comparison of the generic linearized Kalman filter, extended Kalman filter, and unscented Kalman filter to their fusion filter kinds is presented for engine health estimation of gradual deterioration and abrupt fault. The studies show that the fusing unscented Kalman filter evidently outperforms the fusing linearized Kalman filter and fusing extended Kalman filter, while the fusing Kalman filters have slightly better estimation accuracy than the basic Kalman filters. In addition, the proposed methodology can reach the reliable performance monitoring with measurement uncertainty while the conventional Kalman filters collapse.
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Han, Jeong Soon, Young Bae Jun, and Hee Sik Kim. "Fuzzy-Fated Filters of -Algebras." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2011 (2011): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/980315.
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Fuzzy set theory of fated filters in -algebras is considered. A characterization of a fuzzy-fated filter is established, and conditions for a fuzzy filter to be a fuzzy-fated filter are provided. The notion of an -fuzzy-fated filter is introduced. Characterizations of an -fuzzy-fated filter are provided. Implication-based fuzzy-fated filters are discussed.
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Piciu, Dana, Christina Theresia Dan, and Anca Dina. "Gődel filters in residuated lattices." Analele Universitatii "Ovidius" Constanta - Seria Matematica 29, no. 1 (2021): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auom-2021-0012.
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Abstract In this paper, in the spirit of [4], we study a new type of filters in residuated lattices : Gődel filters. So, we characterize the filters for which the quotient algebra that is constructed via these filters is a Gődel algebra and we establish the connections between these filters and other types of filters. Using Gődel filters we characterize the residuated lattices which are Gődel algebras. Also, we prove that a residuated lattice is a Gődel algebra (divisible residuated lattice, MTL algebra, BL algebra) if and only if every filter is a Gődel filter (divisible filter, MTL filter, BL filter). Finally, we present some results about injective Gődel algebras showing that complete Boolean algebras are injective objects in the category of Gődel algebras.
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Mann, Lewis, Patrick Ten Eyck, Chaorong Wu, et al. "CVVHD results in longer filter life than pre-filter CVVH: Results of a quasi-randomized clinical trial." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (2023): e0278550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278550.
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Background Filter clotting is a major issue in continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) that interrupts treatment, reduces delivered effluent dose, and increases cost of care. While a number of variables are involved in filter life, treatment modality is an understudied factor. We hypothesized that filters in pre-filter continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) would have shorter lifespans than in continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD). Methods This was a single center, pragmatic, unblinded, quasi-randomized cluster trial conducted in critically ill adult patients with severe acute kidney injury (AKI) at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (UIHC) between March 2020 and December 2020. Patients were quasi-randomized by time block to receive pre-filter CVVH (convection) or CVVHD (diffusion). The primary outcome was filter life, and secondary outcomes were number of filters used, number of filters reaching 72 hours, and in-hospital mortality. Results In the intention-to-treat analysis, filter life in pre-filter CVVH was 79% of that observed in CVVHD (mean ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.65–0.97, p = 0.02). Median filter life (with interquartile range) in pre-filter CVVH was 21.8 (11.4–45.3) and was 26.6 (13.0–63.5) for CVVHD. In addition, 11.8% of filters in pre-filter CVVH were active for >72 hours, versus 21.2% in the CVVHD group. Finally, filter clotting accounted for the loss of 26.7% of filters in the CVVH group compared to 17.5% in the CVVHD group. There were no differences in overall numbers of filters used or mortality between groups. Conclusions Among critically patients with severe AKI requiring CKRT, use of pre-filter CVVH resulted in significantly shorter filter life compared to CVVHD. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04762524. Registered 02/21/21—Retroactively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04762524?cond=The+Impact+of+CRRT+Modality+on+Filter+Life&draw=2&rank=1.
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Ali, Sabah. "Evaluation the efficiency of paper and clay filters loaded with nano-silver in removing water pollutants." University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 12, no. 1 (2025): 68–72. https://doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v12i1.1307.
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To obtain pure water free from pollutants that are harmful to humans, Nano silver was placed on circular paper filters and clay filters to filter polluted water through these filters. Clay filters are manufactured by drying the clay filter at a temperature of 200 0C and then burning it at a temperature of 1000 0C. Also, another clay filter was taken and burned at a temperature of 1000 0C. This filter was broken breaks after filtration due to the sudden rise in temperature. If the drying and thermal gradation of the clay filter is completed, the filter becomes better and stronger than the plasticized filter. Also, a circular membrane paper was taken and a layer was removed from it, and we also took filter paper, all in a circular shape. Filtration is done by a filtration device. We noticed that the removal rate of paper filters ranges between (45% to 87%) due to the speed of emptying the polluted water and allowing some pollutants to pass through them. As for clay filters, the removal efficiency are not less than 95% and the water passage is slow and did not allow pollutants to pass through them.
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Рубель, Андрей Сергеевич, та Владимир Васильевич Лукин. "ЛОКАЛЬНО-АДАПТИВНА ФІЛЬТРАЦІЯ ЗОБРАЖЕНЬ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ТЕТРОЛЕТ ПЕРЕТВОРЕННЯ". Aerospace Technic and Technology, № 5 (7 грудня 2017): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2017.5.13.
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Image filtering is one of the main tasks in image processing. Images are inevitably subject to noise during image formation and subsequent transmission. Thus, it is desirable to remove noise. Image denoising (filtering) improves visual appearance and facilitates subsequent automatic processing (segmentation, classification, detection of edges). A large number of filters has been developed so far. Among them, filters based on orthogonal transforms as well as non-local filters are the most effective. One of the representatives of filters based on orthogonal transforms is the standard sliding window DCT filter. Its effectiveness differs only slightly from the best non-local filters. Non-local filters use search of similar blocks in order to perform collaborative filtering for collected blocks. Due to this, non-local filters require significant computational costs. However, practically all filters run into difficulties in edge/detail preserving. Very often heterogeneous image regions (such as edges, fine details and textures) after denoising seem smeared despite the high noise suppression efficiency. Such a problem is of great importance for segmentation and classification tasks. Because of this, it is expedient to detect such regions and process them without losing useful information. One of techniques able to efficiently preserve edges is the tetrolet transform based filter, nevertheless its noise suppression efficiency is significantly inferior to the DCT filter. In this paper, we propose a locally adaptive filter able to efficiently suppress additive white Gaussian noise and, at the same time, to preserve edges and fine details. The proposed filter is a combination of the DCT filter and tetrolet-based filter, where edge-detail blocks are processed using tetrolet-based filter. In particular, this approach consists of heterogeneity detection and weighting of DCT based and tetrolet transform based filter outputs for the detected areas. Optimization of the locally adaptive filter parameters is carried out. Performance analysis of proposed filter and the DCT filter is done using visual quality metrics. It is demonstrated that the proposed filter provides good edge and fine details preservation capability.
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Zinovyev, A. G., and I. A. Shestakov. "CONFIGURABLE HARMONIC FILTERS FOR SHORT-WAVE TRANSMITTERS." RADIO COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, no. 47 (November 23, 2020): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33286/2075-8693-2020-47-87-97.
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Harmonic filters of short-wave transmitters, tunable in the frequency range using discrete variable capacitors, are presented. A comparison of a harmonic filter based on tunable LC low-pass filters with inductive coupling between the filter inductors is carried out with a similar harmonic filter, each LC low-pass filter of which con-tains an additional capacitive coupling capacitor connected between the two filter links and significantly changed the parameters of the harmonic filter.
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Hruschka, Crassen, Udo Barabas, and Lutz Gohler. "Optical narrow band filter without resonance's." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 17, no. 2 (2004): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0402209h.
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This paper introduces an optical wave filter, which uses gratings at 45? or 135? inclined grating lines that avoid any resonance's. Therefore, many more options to form the filter shape exist. In general, the filter design can be traced to that of transversal filters (finite impulse response filter, FIR filter). Such an integrated optical wave filter is characterized by steep filter slopes and a narrow pass band (less then 01nm) combined with a high stop band attenuation (more than 40dB) and a linear phase response in the pass band. Compared to conventional Bragg grating filters, the inclined grating line filters can have a flatter pass band and steeper filter skirts related to the width of the pass band. In general, the filter's realization is possible using any optical material. In view of the excellent optical properties the semiconductor material system InP/InGaAsP is used for manufacturing the filter.
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Jun, Young Bae, Young Hee Kim, and Hee Sik Kim. "Fuzzy positive implicative ordered filters of implicative semigroups." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 32, no. 5 (2002): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171202109045.
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We consider the fuzzification of the notion of a positive implicative ordered filter in implicative semigroups. We show that every fuzzy positive implicative ordered filter is both a fuzzy ordered filter and a fuzzy implicative ordered filter. We give examples that a fuzzy (implicative) ordered filter may not be a fuzzy positive implicative ordered filter. We also state equivalent conditions of fuzzy positive implicative ordered filters. Finally, we establish an extension property for fuzzy positive implicative ordered filters.
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Nalli, Praveen Kumar, Kalyan Sagar Kadali, Ramu Bhukya, Y. T. R. Palleswari, Asapu Siva, and S. Pragaspathy. "Design of Exponentially Weighted Median Filter Cascaded With Adaptive Median Filter." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2089, no. 1 (2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2089/1/012020.
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Abstract The objective of this paper is to design an II phase algorithm employing median filters for enlightening the performance in removing impulse noise during the processing of the image. The cascaded filter section employs an Adaptive median filter in the first phase followed by a Recursive weighted median filter (RWM) in the second phase. The RWM filter weight is selected with the Median Controlled Algorithm. As a design parameter, the exponential weights of RWM filters are used in the feedback path. The projected algorithm can achieve suggestively improved quality of image when compared to fixed weight or the Center Weighted Median filters.
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Fatkhuniam, Agus, M. Burhan Rubai Wijaya, and Angga Septiyanto. "Perbandingan Penggunaan Filter Udara Standar dan Racing Terhadap Performa dan Emisi Gas Buang Mesin Sepeda Motor Empat Langkah." Jurnal Dinamika Vokasional Teknik Mesin 3, no. 2 (2018): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/dinamika.v3i2.21410.
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This research aims to determine the performance increase of using racing air filters compared to standard air filters on a four-stroke vehicle. Performance being tested are power, torque and exhaust emissions. This is an experimental research conducted on a Honda Supra X 125 PGM-FI motorcycle. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the collection is presented in the form of tables, graphs, and calculated averages. Results show that racing air filter 1 have a power of 7.35 HP (2.3% increase) and racing air filter 2 have a power of 7,3 HP (1.6% increase). The torque tests shows that Racing filter 1 has a torque of 10,588 Nm and the racing air filter 2 has a torque of 10,585 Nm, while standard filter has only 10.42 Nm. CO gas emissions resulting from the use of racing air filters 1 increased by 28% from standard air filters and for racing air filter 2 CO 2 emissions decreased by 6%. At the exhaust emissions of HC, racing air filters 1 emissions increased by 16% and racing air filter 2 decreased by 9%. Penelitian ini bertujan untuk membuktikan adanya perbedaan filter udara racing dengan filter udara standar terhadap performa kendaraan empat langkah, berupa daya, torsi dan emisi gas buang. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimen pada sepeda motor Supra X 125 PGM-FI. Analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif dengan penyajian data berupa tabel, grafik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bhawa perhitungan rata-rata. sebesar 7,35 Hp dengan meningkat 2,3% dan filter udara racing 2 meningkat sebesar 1,6 % menjadi 7,3 HP dibandingkan dari hasil filter udara standar sebesar 7,18 Hp, torsi filter udara racing 1 meningkat sebesar 1,6% menjadi 10,588 N.m dan filter udara racing 2 meningkat 1,5% menjadi 10,585 N.m dibandingkan hasil dari penggunaan filter standar sebesar 10,42 N.m. Emisi gas buang CO yang dihasilkan dari penggunaan filter udara racing 1 meningkatan 28% dari filter udara standar 0,803% menjadi 1,034% dan CO filter udara racing 2 ada penurunan 6% menjadi 0,754% dari CO filter udara standar 0,803%, dengan selisih perbedaan 0,231% dan 0,049% dari penggunaan filter udara standar. Pada emisi gas buang HC filter udara racing 1 terdapat peningkatan sebesar 16% menjadi 142 ppm dari hasil filter standar dan penurunan 9% dari penggunaan filter udara racing 2 sebesar 111 ppm dibandingkan HC yang dihasilkan filter standar sebesar 122 ppm, dengan selisih 20 ppm dan 11 ppm dari HC yang dihasilkan filter udara standar.
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Junesco, Devan, Shahad Al-Youif, Mohannad Jabbar Mnati, and Mohammad Ali Tofigh. "Various Passive Filter Designs Proposed for Harmonic Extenuation in Industrial Distribution Systems." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.11 (2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.11.20691.
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This paper discusses various passive filter designs to reduce the harmonic in the industrial distributions system. The passive filter used is a single and double tuned harmonic filter. In the designing of this filter, analyzing filter properties of passive component of the filter. The study was conducted to examine the efficacy of using single and double tuned filters in reducing harmonic as well as determining the best location to install the filters. Different system effects and load limits on harmonic distortion and performance of filters are also being examined. The output of the simulation indicated that a superior performance in extenuating harmonics by the double tuned filter is more effective in reducing harmonics when it is placed near the harmonic generating loads.
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Li, Yanju, Pengchang Chai, Yu Wang, and Zelin Cheng. "Assessment of Chemical Fiber Air Filter for General Ventilation." Atmosphere 12, no. 12 (2021): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121636.
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Air filters for general ventilation have mainly been used to control the concentration of indoor particulate matter. In this study, the pressure differential, test dust capacity, quality factor and operating life of class F8 pleat–plate and multi-bag type chemical fiber filters were evaluated using an air filter performance test system. The results showed that the resistance increase rate of multi-bag filter (0.49 Pa/g·(cm/s)) was lower than that of pleat–plate filter (1.94 Pa/g·(cm/s)), the quality factor of the multi-bag filter was lower than that of pleat–plate filter, and the dust capacity of the multi-bag filter was much higher than that of the pleat–plate filter. The operating life of the multi-bag filter was 8 times as that of the pleat–plate filter with the measured PM2.5 of outdoor. The energy consumption of the pleat–plate filter was 2.2 times that of the multi-bag filter. Analyzing the electron microscope photos after dust loading, the dust depth of pleat–plate filter into filter material was thinner than that of multi-bag filter. The research results could provide data support for the design optimization and selection of ventilation filters and the treatment of the particulate matter in indoor environments.
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Wang, Shuaijie, Haitao Wang, Xuefeng Qiu, et al. "Study on the Performance of Filters Under Biogas Slurry Drip Irrigation Systems." Agriculture 15, no. 1 (2024): 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15010030.
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Filters are essential components for maintaining the stability of drip irrigation systems, effectively reducing the risk of clogging. However, when applied to slurry drip irrigation systems, the complexity of slurry water quality makes it unclear how different filter types and their combinations affect the hydraulic performance of the system. This study provides a comprehensive performance evaluation of two common filter types and their combinations, considering various flow rates and biogas slurry-to-water ratios under drip irrigation conditions. The results revealed the following key findings: (1) In the application of biogas slurry drip irrigation, an increase in the concentration or flow rate of the slurry significantly affects the hydraulic performance of the filter, increasing the risk of clogging and shortening the operational lifespan. Notably, the impact of changes in slurry concentration on the hydraulic performance of the filter is much greater than that of the flow rate. Compared to mesh filters, disk filters offer better hydraulic performance, with the contaminant capacity of disk filters being approximately three times that of mesh filters. (2) In biogas slurry drip irrigation, the filter combination generally outperforms single filters in terms of hydraulic performance and contaminant removal capacity. Due to the unique nature of the water source in biogas slurry, a selection process for filter combinations was conducted. It was found that when a disk filter is used as the pre-filter and a mesh filter as the post-filter, the overall rate of head loss change is the smallest, and the clogging uniformity is the least. (3) In the entropy weight-TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation, the filter’s operating time and contaminant capacity are key factors affecting its overall performance. From the perspective of improving the operational stability of the biogas slurry drip irrigation system, it is recommended to use a disk filter + mesh filter combination. This study conducts practical measurements on the hydraulic performance, contaminant removal capacity, filtration accuracy, and other indicators of commonly used mesh and disk filters, aiming to provide useful references for the practical application of biogas slurry drip irrigation filters.
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Bui, H. H. "The Application of LQG Balanced Truncation Algorithm to the Digital Filter Design Problem." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 6 (2022): 9458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5235.
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This paper presents a method for using a model reduction algorithm to design low-order digital filters. Designing an IIR digital filter that meets the specifications often leads to a high-order digital filter. To reduce the computation time and increase the response rate of the filter, we need to reduce the order of the high-order digital filter. Applying the LQG balanced truncation algorithm to reduce the demand for high-order digital filters shows that low-order filters can completely replace high-order digital filters. The simulation results show that the use of the LQG balanced truncation algorithm in order to reduce the filter order is correct and efficient.
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Li, Zhiqi. "Chebyshev filter and Butterworth filters: Comparison and applications in different cases." Applied and Computational Engineering 38, no. 1 (2024): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/38/20230538.
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This study focuses on the filter selection problem in signal processing and wireless communication applications. Specifically, addressed two different filter selection problems: the Chebyshev filter and the Butterworth filter. Using MATLAB, in order to design and model these two types of filters. The performance, frequency response, transition band width, filter order, design complexity and target application of Chebyshev filter and Butterworth filter under different parameters are analyzed and compared. The selection of the two filters under different conditions and the reasons for choosing them are discussed. The Chebyshev filter is suited for applications that call for a high frequency response, and Chebyshev filters provide a steeper roll-down slope, which can suppress high-frequency noise and interference signals, according to the test results, it is widely used in communication systems. On the other hand, the Butterworth filter is more suitable for applications that require a flat passband and a wide stopband, such as audio systems.
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NERURKAR, SHAILESH B., and KHALID H. ABED. "LOW POWER DIGITAL DECIMATION FILTER FOR RF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 17, no. 02 (2008): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126608004241.
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In this paper, we present a unique low power decimation filter architecture for RF wireless applications. To implement the low power decimation filter, we considered low power design techniques such as multi-rate, multi-stage signal processing, proper selection of decimation factor, one multiplier realization of 1/3-band filters, and poly-phase 1/2-band filters. We have designed three conventional decimation filter architectures using a single-stage FIR filter, a three-stage FIR filter, and a three-stage half-band FIR filter. Compared to the 55-tap comb-FIR filter architecture, the proposed decimation filter has only 13 taps, and requires 76% less hardware and consumes 64% less power.
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Novira, Ayu. "Filtering Sinyal Menggunakan Band Pass Filter." JTIM : Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Multimedia 1, no. 1 (2019): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35746/jtim.v1i1.16.
Full textAbstract:
Sound is a signal or wave that propagates with a certain frequency and amplitude through intermediary media that are delivered such as water, air and solid objects. Humans can communicate with other humans with sound. But the sound that is released by humans, musical instruments, or other objects does not always sound clear and good, some of the recorded sound has a lot of noise which makes the sound quality is disturbed and not good. The solution for making sound in an object better and cleaner is filtering. [2]. Filters can be interpreted as a circuit that passes a certain frequency band desired and dampens other frequency bands. Filters are divided into two types, namely analog filters and digital filters. According to the impulse response the digital filter is divided into two, namely the Infinite Impulse Filter (IIR) filter and the Finite Impulse Filter (FIR) filter. In this study a filtering process will be carried out on the sound of the guitar. The filter used is the Band Pass Filter, a filter that can be used to isolate or filter certain frequencies in a particular band or frequency range.