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Journal articles on the topic 'And meteorological observations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

-. "METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS." Treubia 4 (March 7, 2025): 6–15. https://doi.org/10.14203/treubia.v4i0.1647.

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WEEL, VAN. "Meteorological and Hydrographical Observations." Treubia 4 (March 7, 2025): 40–111. https://doi.org/10.14203/treubia.v4i0.1649.

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Tyndall, Daniel P., and John D. Horel. "Impacts of Mesonet Observations on Meteorological Surface Analyses." Weather and Forecasting 28, no. 1 (2013): 254–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-12-00027.1.

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Abstract Given the heterogeneous equipment, maintenance and reporting practices, and siting of surface observing stations, subjective decisions that depend on the application tend to be made to use some observations and to avoid others. This research determines objectively high-impact surface observations of 2-m temperature, 2-m dewpoint, and 10-m wind observations using the adjoint of a two-dimensional variational surface analysis over the contiguous United States. The analyses reflect a weighted blend of 1-h numerical forecasts used as background grids and available observations. High-impact

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Winkler, Peter. "The early meteorological network of the Societas Meteorologica Palatina (1781–1792): foundation, organization, and reception." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 14, no. 2 (2023): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-14-93-2023.

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Abstract. The Societas Meteorologica Palatina arranged the first international meteorological network in a modern sense, being in operation between 1781 and 1792 during the last period of enlightenment. A total of 39 stations contributed observations. The original aim was to investigate influences of the moon and planets on the atmosphere. Instruments were provided free of charge; a physically very advanced instruction guaranteed reliable observational results, and the data collected at 3 different hours per day were printed at high cost in the Ephemerides Societatis Meteorologicae Palatinae (

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Shchukin, G. G., and V. V. Bulkin. "Meteorological passive-active radar observations." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 56, no. 5 (2011): 509–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226911030089.

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Trojáková, Alena, Máté Mile, and Martina Tudor. "Observation Preprocessing System for RC LACE (OPLACE)." Advances in Science and Research 16 (September 26, 2019): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-16-223-2019.

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Abstract. Meteorological observations are indispensable for the initialization of numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecast. To enable the application of observations in NWP models a technical preprocessing is necessary. Within the framework of RC LACE (Regional Cooperation for Limited Area modelling in Central Europe) consortium, a common observation preprocessing system (OPLACE) has been built up to deliver meteorological observations in an appropriate format for data assimilation in the NWP system ALADIN (Air Limiteée Adaptation Dynamique Développment International) The purpose of this pa

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Kent, Elizabeth, and Bruce Ingleby. "From Observations to Forecasts - Part 6. Marine meteorological observations." Weather 65, no. 9 (2010): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.625.

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Ruano, María Alejandra, and Manuel Zambrano. "SOCIAL ISOLATION POLICIES AGAINST CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACT ON METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVING SYSTEMS." Compendium: Cuadernos de Economía y Administración 7, no. 2 (2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46677/compendium.v7i2.793.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has forced most countries in the world to adopt strict policies of social isolation. As a consequence, there have been positive and negative indirect effects on the environment. For example, some countries have reported improvements in air quality, cleaner beaches, and decreased environmental noise. However, there have also been negative indirect effects. This research aims to analyze the effects of social isolation policies on meteorological observation systems. It was found that the meteorological observations from aircraft as well as surface-based observations have bee

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Gandin, Lev S. "Complex Quality Control of Meteorological Observations." Monthly Weather Review 116, no. 5 (1988): 1137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<1137:cqcomo>2.0.co;2.

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10

ISHIHARA, Masahito. "Wind Observations in Japan Meteorological Agency." Wind Engineers, JAWE 34, no. 3 (2009): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5359/jawe.34.322.

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11

Marov, M., G. Walberg, J. Odds, and R. Jitz. "Meteorological MARS observations with microstations network." Acta Astronautica 40, no. 1 (1997): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-5765(97)00004-0.

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12

Snow, John T., and Shawn B. Harley. "Basic Meteorological Observations for Schools: Temperature." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 68, no. 5 (1987): 486–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-68.5.486.

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This article addresses the measurement of temperature using easily fabricated and/or economical instruments. It describes techniques for measuring temperature with simple instrumentation, comments on our experiences in implementing the techniques, and provides a list appropriate references. The intent is to provide members of the Society with a ready reference to be used to respond to inquiries from earth and physical science teachers at the junior and senior high school level. The material should aid members who are interested in pursuing the educational initiatives described in Weather Educa

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13

Snow, John T., and Shawn B. Harley. "Basic Meteorological Observations for Schools: Rainfall." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 69, no. 5 (1988): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-69.5.497.

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14

Dorozhkin, N. S., V. Yu Zhukov, and V. M. Mel'nikov. "Doppler observations with stock meteorological radar." Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics 37, no. 11 (1994): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01057280.

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15

Knott, Stratton C. "Meteorological observations taken at Mojanga, Madagascar." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 22, no. 97 (2007): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.4970229706.

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16

Johnson, N. K. "Some meteorological observations made it sea." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 53, no. 221 (2007): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49705322108.

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17

Mali, Dr R. R. "Evolution of surface meteorological observations systems in India." MAUSAM 76, no. 1 (2025): 13–30. https://doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v76i1.6477.

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The article describes the developments that led to the establishment of the Surface meteorological Observation systems in India Meteorological Department (IMD). IMD is continuing upgrade & modernize the surface meteorological instrument network through the last 150 years in the service of the nation.

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18

Xu, Chaoqian, Yiqun Zhu, Xingyu Xu, et al. "Regional Tropospheric Correction Model from GNSS–Saastamoinen–GPT2w Data for Zhejiang Province." Atmosphere 14, no. 5 (2023): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050815.

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Tropospheric delay models based on GNSS observations are essential for studying tropospheric changes. However, the uneven distribution of GNSS stations reduces the accuracy of GNSS tropospheric delay models in remote areas. Moreover, the accuracy of the tropospheric delay calculated by traditional models, which rely on meteorological parameters, is lower compared to the accuracy achieved by GNSS tropospheric models. At present, there are sufficient surface meteorological observation facilities around the world that can obtain surface meteorological parameters in real time. It is of great impor

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19

CAO, Yongqiang. "A dataset of gradient meteorological observations at Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Station in 2022." China Scientific Data 8, no. 4 (2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.11922/11-6035.csd.2023.0100.zh.

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Meteorological factors are one of the important elements for field observation at the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) positioning stations, which can provide basic data for the research on ecosystem and global change, and weather forecasting. Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station (referred to as "Zoige Station") stand as the sole newly-approved domestic alpine wetland ecological station. In 2021, Zoige Station built the vertical gradient observation of meteorological elements, which is of great significance for revealing the meteorological c

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Rogowski, Peter, Mark Otero, Joel Hazard, Thomas Muschamp, Scott Katz, and Eric Terrill. "XMET—An Unattended Meteorological Sensing System for Austere Environments." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 38, no. 1 (2021): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-20-0016.1.

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AbstractAccurate surface meteorological (MET) observations reported reliably and in near–real time remain a critical component of on-scene environmental observation systems. Presented is a system developed by Scripps Institution of Oceanography that allows for rapid, global deployment of ground-based weather observations to support both timely decision-making and collection of high-quality weather time series for science or military applications in austere environments. Named the Expeditionary Meteorological (XMET), these weather stations have been deployed in extreme conditions devoid of infr

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21

de Haan, Siebren, Paul de Jong, Michal Koutek, Jan Sondij, and Lukas Strauss. "EMADDC: high-volume, high-quality, and timely wind and temperature observations from aircraft surveillance data (Mode-S EHS)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 18, no. 14 (2025): 3341–59. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3341-2025.

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Abstract. Wind and temperature observations from aircraft are of major importance for aviation meteorology and numerical weather prediction (NWP). The European Meteorological Aircraft Derived Data Centre (EMADDC) system processes aircraft surveillance data received from air traffic control (ATC) and other partners and converts them into upper-air observations of wind and temperature. Only so-called Mode-S Enhanced Surveillance (Mode-S EHS) data can be used because these data contain the air vector and ground vector of the aircraft from which a wind vector can be inferred. Temperature is derive

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22

Xie, Chuanjie, Chong Huang, Deqiang Zhang, and Wei He. "BiLSTM-I: A Deep Learning-Based Long Interval Gap-Filling Method for Meteorological Observation Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (2021): 10321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910321.

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Complete and high-resolution temperature observation data are important input parameters for agrometeorological disaster monitoring and ecosystem modelling. Due to the limitation of field meteorological observation conditions, observation data are commonly missing, and an appropriate data imputation method is necessary in meteorological data applications. In this paper, we focus on filling long gaps in meteorological observation data at field sites. A deep learning-based model, BiLSTM-I, is proposed to impute missing half-hourly temperature observations with high accuracy by considering temper

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23

Sládek, David. "Application of K-Nearest Neighbor Classification for Static Webcams Visibility Observation." Advances in Meteorology 2023 (August 21, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6285569.

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Visibility observations and accurate forecasts are essential in meteorology, requiring a dense network of observation stations. This paper investigates image processing techniques for object detection and visibility determination using static cameras. It proposes a comprehensive method that includes image preprocessing, landmark identification, and visibility estimation, mirroring the observation process of professional meteorological observers. This study validates the visibility observation procedure using the k-nearest neighbors machine learning method across six locations, including four i

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24

Ardelia, Griselda, and Awan Awan. "Feasibility Analysis of Weather Observation Equipment at Meteorological Stations in Supporting Flight Safety at Rahadi Oesman Ketapang Airport." AURELIA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 2, no. 2 (2023): 1491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.57235/aurelia.v2i2.734.

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Weather is one of the main factors for the world of aviation in supporting flight safety. Because aircraft are included in the mode of transportation that occurs in the atmosphere, so it greatly influences the operation of aircraft. Bad weather can cause flight schedules to change suddenly, causing delays and threatening flight safety. Therefore it is necessary to carry out weather observations, these observations are carried out by an agency called the Meteorological Station. The implementation of weather observations requires meteorological tools, these tools are divided into two types, name

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25

Yang, Kai. "Importance of meteorological conditions to the prediction of surface PM2.5 using satellite-based observations in Sichuan basin, southwest China." Applied and Computational Engineering 6, no. 1 (2023): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/6/20230369.

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Air pollutants are of great global concern due to their effects on peoples health. Consequently, timely predictions of surface PM2.5/PM10 can help implement preventive interventions. Machine learning algorithms are commonly used to predict or retrieve PM2.5/PM10 concentrations based on satellite-derived observations. But these algorithms often ignore the interpretability of PM2.5/PM10 predictions and generally improve their performance by adding meteorological conditions derived from numerical weather predictions (NWP) reanalysis data. This paper explores the predictive ability of different me

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26

Ferretti, R., E. Pichelli, S. Gentile, et al. "Overview of the first HyMeX Special Observation Period over Italy: observations and model results." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 9 (2013): 11643–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-11643-2013.

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Abstract. During the first Hymex campaign (5 September–6 November 2012) referred to as Special Observation Period (SOP-1), dedicated to heavy precipitation events and flash floods in Western Mediterranean, three Italian hydro-meteorological monitoring sites were activated: Liguria-Tuscany, North-Eastern Italy and Central Italy. The extraordinary deployment of advanced instrumentation, including instrumented aircrafts, and the use of several different operational weather forecast models has allowed an unprecedented monitoring and analysis of high impact weather events around the Italian hydro-m

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27

Song, Yunyoung, Jung-Hoon Chae, Min-Hyeok Choi, Moon-Soo Park, and Young Jean Choi. "Standardization of Metadata for Urban Meteorological Observations." Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 30, no. 6 (2014): 600–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/kosae.2014.30.6.600.

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28

Aihong, Xie, Qin Dahe, Ren Jiawen, et al. "Meteorological observations on Mount Everest in 2005." Progress in Natural Science 17, no. 7 (2007): 828–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10002007088537479.

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29

Straka, Jerry M., Erik N. Rasmussen, and Sherman E. Fredrickson. "A Mobile Mesonet for Finescale Meteorological Observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 13, no. 5 (1996): 921–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0921:ammffm>2.0.co;2.

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30

Akai, Yukio, Takao Kanzaki, Akiro Shimota, and Yoichi Ichikawa. "Radio Acoustic Sounding in Urban Meteorological Observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 19, no. 8 (2002): 1193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1193:rasium>2.0.co;2.

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31

Hamblin, Paul F., Harvey A. Bootsma, and Robert E. Hecky. "Surface Meteorological Observations over Lake Malawi/Nyasa." Journal of Great Lakes Research 29 (January 2003): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(03)70536-x.

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32

Cahoon, Joel E., Thomas A. Costello, and Jim A. Ferguson. "Estimating pan evaporation using limited meteorological observations." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 55, no. 3-4 (1991): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(91)90061-t.

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33

Snow, John T., Michelle E. Akridge, and Shawn B. Harley. "Basic Meteorological Observations for Schools: Atmospheric Pressure." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 73, no. 6 (1992): 781–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<0781:bmofsa>2.0.co;2.

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34

SUZUKI, Keisuke, and Akihiko SASAKI. "Meteorological Observations in the Japanese Alps Region." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 128, no. 1 (2019): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.128.9.

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35

Charakopoulos, A. Κ., T. E. Karakasidis, and A. Liakopoulos. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Seawatch Buoy Meteorological Observations." Environmental Processes 2, S1 (2015): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40710-015-0088-0.

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36

Lillington, Tim. "A history of meteorological observations in Guernsey." Weather 62, no. 5 (2007): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.78.

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37

López López, Patricia, Niko Wanders, Jaap Schellekens, Luigi J. Renzullo, Edwin H. Sutanudjaja, and Marc F. P. Bierkens. "Improved large-scale hydrological modelling through the assimilation of streamflow and downscaled satellite soil moisture observations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 7 (2016): 3059–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3059-2016.

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Abstract. The coarse spatial resolution of global hydrological models (typically > 0.25°) limits their ability to resolve key water balance processes for many river basins and thus compromises their suitability for water resources management, especially when compared to locally tuned river models. A possible solution to the problem may be to drive the coarse-resolution models with locally available high-spatial-resolution meteorological data as well as to assimilate ground-based and remotely sensed observations of key water cycle variables. While this would improve the resolution of the glo

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38

Komissarov, A., and I. Minniakhmetov. "THE ORGANIZATION OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE WATER BALANCE STATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN." SCIENTIFIC-DISCUSSION, no. 90 (July 14, 2024): 14–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12740014.

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The article describes the organization of meteorological observations at a meteorological station located in the Ufa district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as the available instruments, equipment, and documentation used to record the results of these observations. Meteorological data is collected according to a program officially registered with the Bashkir Hydrometeorological and Environmental Monitoring Agency. The article presents meteorological indicators collected during the period from 2000 to 2023.

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Zhu, Lin, Zhihua Zhang, M. James C. Crabbe, and Lipon Chandra Das. "Optimization Hybrid of Multiple-Lag LSTM Networks for Meteorological Prediction." Mathematics 11, no. 22 (2023): 4603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11224603.

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Residences in poor regions always depend on rain-fed agriculture, so they urgently need suitable tools to make accurate meteorological predictions. Unfortunately, meteorological observations in these regions are usually sparse and irregularly distributed. Conventional LSTM networks only handle temporal sequences and cannot utilize the links of meteorological variables among stations. GCN-LSTM networks only capture local spatial structures through the simple structures of fixed adjacency matrices, and the CNN-LSTM can only mine gridded meteorological observations for further predictions. In thi

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Weller, Michael, and Klaus Gericke. "Long-term observations of aerosol optical depths at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 14, no. 5 (2005): 651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0070.

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41

Alcoforado, M. J., J. M. Vaquero, R. M. Trigo, and J. P. Taborda. "Early Portuguese meteorological measurements (18th century)." Climate of the Past 8, no. 1 (2012): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-353-2012.

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Abstract. Natural proxies, documentary evidence and instrumental data are the only sources used to reconstruct past climates. In this paper, we present the 18th century meteorologists (either Portuguese or foreigners) who made the first observations at several sites in Continental Portugal, Madeira Island and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), from 1749 until 1802. Information is given concerning observation site, variables observed, measurement period, methods of measurements and sources (both manuscript and printed). Some examples from the data usefulness are given: rainfall variability in Madeira (17

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Alcoforado, M. J., J. M. Vaquero, R. M. Trigo, and J. P. Taborda. "Early Portuguese meteorological records (18th century)." Climate of the Past Discussions 7, no. 5 (2011): 3399–448. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-7-3399-2011.

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Abstract. Natural proxies, documentary evidence and instrumental data are the main sources used to reconstruct past climates. In this paper, we present the 18th century meteorologists (either Portuguese or foreigners), who made the first observations at several sites in Continental Portugal, Madeira Island and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), from 1749 until 1802. Information is given concerning observation site, variables observed, measurement period, methodologies and sources (both manuscript and printed). Some examples from the data usefulness are given: rainfall variability in Madeira (1749–1753)

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43

Cluzet, Bertrand, Matthieu Lafaysse, César Deschamps-Berger, Matthieu Vernay, and Marie Dumont. "Propagating information from snow observations with CrocO ensemble data assimilation system: a 10-years case study over a snow depth observation network." Cryosphere 16, no. 4 (2022): 1281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1281-2022.

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Abstract. The mountainous snow cover is highly variable at all temporal and spatial scales. Snowpack models only imperfectly represent this variability, because of uncertain meteorological inputs, physical parameterizations, and unresolved terrain features. In situ observations of the height of snow (HS), despite their limited representativeness, could help constrain intermediate and large-scale modeling errors by means of data assimilation. In this work, we assimilate HS observations from an in situ network of 295 stations covering the French Alps, Pyrenees, and Andorra, over the period 2009–

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Ferretti, R., E. Pichelli, S. Gentile, et al. "Overview of the first HyMeX Special Observation Period over Italy: observations and model results." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 5 (2014): 1953–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1953-2014.

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Abstract. The Special Observation Period (SOP1), part of the HyMeX campaign (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiments, 5 September–6 November 2012), was dedicated to heavy precipitation events and flash floods in the western Mediterranean, and three Italian hydro-meteorological monitoring sites were identified: Liguria–Tuscany, northeastern Italy and central Italy. The extraordinary deployment of advanced instrumentation, including instrumented aircrafts, and the use of several different operational weather forecast models, including hydrological models and marine models, allowed an

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Tan, Jianguo, Limin Yang, C. S. B. Grimmond, et al. "Urban Integrated Meteorological Observations: Practice and Experience in Shanghai, China." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 1 (2015): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00216.1.

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Abstract Observations of atmospheric conditions and processes in cities are fundamental to understanding the interactions between the urban surface and weather/climate, improving the performance of urban weather, air quality, and climate models, and providing key information for city end users (e.g., decision makers, stakeholders, public). In this paper, Shanghai’s Urban Integrated Meteorological Observation Network (SUIMON) and some examples of intended applications are introduced. Its characteristics include being multipurpose (e.g., forecast, research, service), multifunction (e.g., high-im

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Sieglaff, Justin M., Daniel C. Hartung, Wayne F. Feltz, Lee M. Cronce, and Valliappa Lakshmanan. "A Satellite-Based Convective Cloud Object Tracking and Multipurpose Data Fusion Tool with Application to Developing Convection." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 3 (2013): 510–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00114.1.

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Abstract Studying deep convective clouds requires the use of available observation platforms with high temporal and spatial resolution, as well as other non–remote sensing meteorological data (i.e., numerical weather prediction model output, conventional observations, etc.). Such data are often at different temporal and spatial resolutions, and consequently, there exists the need to fuse these different meteorological datasets into a single framework. This paper introduces a methodology to identify and track convective cloud objects from convective cloud infancy [as few as three Geostationary

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Zhu, Shoupeng, Huadong Yang, Duanyang Liu, et al. "Observations and Forecasts of Urban Transportation Meteorology in China: A Review." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (2022): 1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111823.

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Against the backdrop of intensified global warming, extreme weather events such as dense fog, low visibility, heavy precipitation, and extreme temperatures have been increased and enhanced to a great extent. They are likely to pose severe threats to the operation of urban transportation and associated services, which has drawn much attention in recent decades. However, there are still plenty of issues to be resolved in improving the emergency meteorological services and developing targeted urban transportation meteorological services in modern cities. The present review briefly illustrates the

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Brázdil, Rudolf, Ladislava Řezníčková, and Hubert Valášek. "The meteorological observations made by Alexander Zawadzki in Brno, 1861–1867." Geografie 118, no. 4 (2013): 334–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2013118040334.

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The observations made by Pavel Olexík in 1848 are accepted as the beginning of standardised meteorological measurements in Brno. Three times every day, from September 1861 to December 1867, Professor Alexander Zawadzki, a teacher of physics and botany at a Brno technical secondary school, kept recording the values of air pressure, air temperature, precipitation, wind and atmospheric phenomena. His observation diary also includes phenological data and information about meteorological and other natural events across the Czech Lands and Europe. Because there is neither a great distance nor differ

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Loborec, Lana, and Dijana Oskoruš. "History of meteorological monitoring in Varaždin." Environmental engineering 11, no. 1-2 (2025): 51–56. https://doi.org/10.37023/ee.11.1-2.9.

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Meteorological observations include visual monitoring of weather phenomena and instrumental data collection. Ivan Krstitelj Lalangue, a physician by profession, was the first to collect meteorological data in Varaždin in 1785. Organized meteorological monitoring began worldwide in the 18th century and in Croatia in the 19th century. The first network of meteorological stations in Croatia was proposed in 1849, with measurements in Varaždin starting in 1859. Disruptions in observations and measurements occurred during World War I and World War II, leading to the restoration of the main meteorolo

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Briggs, William, Matt Pocernich, and David Ruppert. "Incorporating Misclassification Error in Skill Assessment." Monthly Weather Review 133, no. 11 (2005): 3382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3032.1.

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Abstract:

Abstract It is desirable to account for misclassification error of meteorological observations so that the true skill of the forecast can be assessed. Errors in observations can occur, among other places, in pilot reports of icing and in tornado spotting. Not accounting for misclassification error gives a misleading picture of the forecast’s true performance. An extension to the climate skill score test developed in Briggs and Ruppert is presented to account for possible misclassification error of the meteorological observation. This extension supposes a statistical misclassification-error mod

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