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1
Cohen, Gideon P. E. "Identity and opportunity : the implications of using local languages in the primary education system of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2000. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29007/.
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The thesis concerns the reactions of groups of people to the introduction of local languages into the primary education system in Ethiopia. The changing patterns of language use in education come in response to the language policies of the Federal Democratic Government of Ethiopia, which were first introduced in 1991. The geographical area under consideration is the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Eight local languages, spoken by the most populous groups of people in the region, are now in use in the primary education system. Some areas of the region have, however, continued to use Amharic, the national language, in primary schools. The field-work discusses the patterns of language use in education, and attitudes towards language use, in areas where local languages have been introduced, and those where Amharic is used. The thesis considers the wider implications of the reform for the peoples of the SNNPR, and, in furtherance of this objective, an attempt is made to place the reform in its historical context. That historical context includes the development of government language policy and the historical patterns of language use in the Ethiopian state, as well as the history of the peoples of the south-west of the country. The reform raises questions which concern identity and opportunity, for the peoples of the south-west of Ethiopia, considered as whole units, and for the individuals who belong to these groups of people. The reform also has profound implications for the status of these groups of people in the Ethiopian state. Opinions about the implications of this reform vary considerably, and the questions addressed by the field-work are a subject of importance in current political debate in Ethiopia.
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Ojulu, Ojot Miru. "Large-scale land acquisitions and minorities/indigenous peoples' rights under ethnic federalism in Ethiopia : a case study of Gambella Regional State." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6291.
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The contemporary phenomenon of the global rush for farmland has generated intense debate from different actors. While the proponents embrace it as a 'development opportunity', the critics dub it 'land grabbing'. Others use a neutral term: 'large-scale land acquisitions'. Whatever terminology is used, one fact remains indisputable - since 2007 vast swathes of farmlands in developing countries have been sold or leased out to large-scale commercial farmers. Ethiopia is one of the leading countries in Africa in this regard and, as a matter of state policy, it promotes these investments in peripheral regions that are predominantly inhabited by pastoralists and other indigenous communities. So far, the focus of most of the studies on this phenomenon has been on its economic, food security and environmental aspects. The questions of land rights and political implications have been to a great extent overlooked. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to this knowledge gap by drawing upon the experience of the Gambella regional state - the epicentre of large-scale land acquisition in Ethiopia. To this end, this thesis argues that large-scale land acquisitions in Ethiopia is indeed redefining indigenous communities' right to land, territories and natural resources in fundamental ways. By doing so, it also threatens the post-1991 social contract - i.e. ethnic federalism - between the envisaged new Ethiopian state and its diverse communities, particularly the peripheral minorities and indigenous ethnic groups.
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Moges, Ashenafi. "Food shortages in Harerge region of Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304979.
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Derakhshani, Nava. ""God has locked the sky" : exploring traditional farming systems in Tigray, Ethiopia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97123.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Tigray region in northern Ethiopia is a historic centre of agricultural production and home to many subsistence farmers that still use traditional farming systems and practise rain-fed agriculture. The region has been affected adversely by famines and periodic droughts for centuries and is vulnerable to climate change. Farmers are producing on small plots of often degraded land and through their own actions have depleted the natural resources they rely on, in particular soil, water and trees. This study sought to explore the environmental degradation of Tigray through both a literature review of its agricultural socio-political history and a lived experience in the village of Abraha We Atsebaha among farmers of the region. It uses a variety of methodologies and methods, including a literature review, grounded theory, narrative inquiry and ethnography, to expand on the factors that have contributed to the current degradation, the implications for traditional farming and the potential for land regeneration. The first journal article seeks to explore how Ethiopians have shaped their natural environment. In particular, it focuses on deforestation, soil degradation, the role of changing governance and land-ownership patterns, and the effects of climate change. The article demonstrates that traditional farming systems do not operate in isolation from their socio-political and environmental context. The second journal article provides an in-depth narrative inquiry conducted in Abraha We Atsebaha over a three-month period in 2014. This village is known for its indigenous farming knowledge, commitment to regeneration and innovation in conservation practices. Interviews were conducted with selected farmers and local leaders and informal discussions were carried out with government extension representatives using the ethno-ecological cosmos-corpus-praxis guidelines to enable an integrated exploration of the nature of traditional farming, the causative factors of environmental deterioration and the resultant communal response. In addition to written interview notes, observations and field notes were recorded daily. Photographs are used to give a real sense of the community and their work. It emerged during this process that underlying belief systems were exceptionally important in a context of traditional conservation. Both articles discuss the development work undertaken by government in the rural farming sector and the successes and challenges faced. They also show that elements of traditional farming, sustainability measures and environmental care were suspended in favour of short-term survival as a consequence of social, political and population stressors. This study provides learning points, gained from insights gleaned from the literature review and the lived experience, for improving development interventions in this region. This study did not explicitly explore the role of religion in conservation or the potential long-term effects of current government policies and initiatives. However, it contributes to the small pool of literature on the region focused on traditional farming systems by providing a comprehensive overview of the drivers of degradation (historical and current) and offers a unique, “soft” experiential narration of a village in northern Ethiopia that allows insight into farmer experiences, pressures and adaptation efforts.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Tigray-streek in die noorde van Ethiopië is ’n historiese sentrum van landbouproduksie en die tuiste van menige bestaansboer wat nog op tradisionele boerderystelsels en reënbesproeiing staatmaak. Die streek het eeue lank onder hongersnood en periodieke droogtes gebuk gegaan en is kwesbaar vir klimaatsverandering. Boere bewerk klein stukke, dikwels afgetakelde, grond en het deur hul eie optrede die natuurlike hulpbronne waarop hulle staatmaak – veral die grond, water en bome – uitgeput. Hierdie studie was daarop toegespits om ’n beter begrip te vorm van die omgewingsaftakeling in Tigray. Vir hierdie doel is ’n literatuurstudie van die sosiopolitieke landbougeskiedenis van die gebied onderneem, en is die lewe in die dorp Abraha We Atsebaha tussen boere van die streek ervaar. Die navorsing het van ’n verskeidenheid metodologieë en metodes, waaronder ’n literatuuroorsig, gegronde teorie, narratiewe ondersoek en etnografie, gebruik gemaak om lig te werp op die faktore wat tot die huidige aftakeling bygedra het, die implikasies vir tradisionele boerdery, en die potensiaal vir grondvernuwing. Die eerste tydskrifartikel verken hoe Ethiopiërs hul natuurlike omgewing gevorm het. Dit konsentreer veral op ontbossing, grondaftakeling, die rol van veranderende staatsbestuurs- en grondbesitpatrone, en die uitwerking van klimaatsverandering. Die artikel toon dat tradisionele boerderystelsels nie afsonderlik van hul sosiopolitieke en omgewingskonteks funksioneer nie. Die tweede tydskrifartikel beskryf ’n narratiewe diepte-ondersoek wat oor ’n drie maande lange tydperk in 2014 in Abraha We Atsebaha onderneem is. Hierdie dorp is bekend vir sy inheemse landboukennis, toewyding aan vernuwing, en innoverende bewaringspraktyke. Onderhoude is met ’n uitgesoekte groep boere en plaaslike leiers gevoer, en voorligtingsbeamptes van die staat is by informele gesprekke betrek. Die etno-ekologiese cosmos-corpus-praxis-riglyne is gebruik om ’n geïntegreerde studie te onderneem van die aard van tradisionele boerdery, die oorsaaklike faktore van omgewingsaftakeling, en die gevolglike gemeenskapsreaksie. Benewens skriftelike aantekeninge gedurende die onderhoude, is waarnemings en veldnotas ook daagliks opgeteken. Foto’s word gebruik om die gemeenskap en hul werk getrou uit te beeld. Gedurende hierdie proses het aan die lig gekom dat onderliggende oortuigingstelsels besonder belangrik is in ’n tradisionele bewaringskonteks. Albei artikels bespreek die ontwikkelingswerk wat die regering in die landelike boerderysektor onderneem, sowel as die suksesse en uitdagings daarvan. Dit toon ook dat elemente van tradisionele boerdery, volhoubaarheidsmaatreëls en omgewingsorg as gevolg van maatskaplike, politieke en bevolkingsfaktore laat vaar is ten gunste van korttermynoorlewing. Die insigte wat uit die literatuuroorsig sowel as die lewenservaring in die bestudeerde gemeenskap spruit, bied lesse vir die verbetering van ontwikkelingsintervensies in die streek. Die studie het nie uitdruklik die rol van godsdiens in bewaring of die potensiële langtermynuitwerking van huidige staatsbeleide en -inisiatiewe ondersoek nie. Tog dra dit by tot die klein hoeveelheid beskikbare literatuur oor tradisionele boerderystelsels in die streek deur ’n omvattende oorsig te bied van die (historiese en huidige) snellers van aftakeling, en vertel dit ’n unieke, ‘sagte’ ervaringsverhaal oor ’n dorp in die noorde van Ethiopië om sodoende insig in landbou-ervarings, -druk en -aanpassingspogings te bied.
5
Teshome, Bisrat. "Poverty and Conflict: A Self-Perpetuating Cycle in the Somali Regional State (Region 5), Ethiopia: 1960-2010." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/230.
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Region 5 is one of the most impoverished and insecure regions of Ethiopia. For decades, the region has suffered from a multitude of armed conflicts involving state and non-state actors. Region 5 is also one of the most underserved states of Ethiopia with some of the lowest levels of human development indicators nationwide. Although the adversities of poverty and conflict are widely acknowledged in their own respect, there has been little or no inquest into why poverty and conflict have prevailed under the same space for decades. Poverty and conflict have often been seen as separate phenomena that are dealt with using different sets of theories and practices in the real world. Nonetheless, a closer look at poverty and conflict in Region 5 reveals that both are strongly connected to each other. The poverty-conflict trap has been an on-going cycle in the region for the last five decades. The main intent of this research paper is analyzing the two-way relationship between poverty and conflict in Region 5. By studying this relationship, this analysis seeks to contribute to a new framework that brings peacebuilding and development closer.
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Birhanu, Tadesse Amsalu. "Community-based rehabilitation of degraded woodland in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415676.
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In the Amhara region of Ethiopia, the government has promoted a range of forestry initiatives aimed at rehabilitation of degraded land and provision of forest products. This research examined household attitudes and technical and institutional aspects of the programmes to determine how they could more effectively improve rural livelihoods and increase environmental sustainability. Households surveyed in nine villages (Kebeles) practiced mixed subsistence farming; asset endowments were variable among households, despite the government’s assumption that all households are similarly motivated to participate in forestry interventions. The majority (82%) of households plant trees on their land; the level of private tree planting is positively correlated with several wealth indicators (e.g., livestock ownership, surplus labour) and frequency of contact with an extension agent. Household tree planting activities are also influenced by Kebele-level attributes, for example, access to forest nurseries and the type of forestry intervention present in the Kebele. Household proximity to the woodland and agro-ecological potential has no effect on tree planting activities; open grazing constrains tree growing in the region. All three types of rehabilitation intervention examined (i.e., community woodlots, hillside closures, land allocation) were implemented on degraded communal land; the opportunity costs of the interventions, in terms of loss of access, have been felt more deeply by households located near intervention sites than those at a distance. Interventions managed by user groups or directly by participants are viewed more positively than those led by local government authorities (the Kebele Administrations, KA). Lack of community involvement in design and decision-making, and an underuse of products and revenue generated from community woodlots are common features in KA-led interventions.
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Angelini, Joshua D. "Tephrostratigraphy in the Woranso-Mille study area in the Afar region of Ethiopia." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1238786708.
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Cohalan, Jean-Michel. "River trading in the Peruvian Amazon : market access and rural livelihoods among rainforest peoples." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111508.
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Access to markets is increasingly regarded in development circles as a critical factor in determining livelihood choices in peasant economies. In the northeastern Peruvian Amazon, a multitude of river transporters and market intermediaries based in the central city of Iquitos provide essential services and market opportunities for remote peasant producers across the region. Using a multi-scalar, multi-method approach involving extensive fieldwork in the Peruvian Amazon, this research (re)assesses the meanings and implications of "remoteness" and "connectedness" for rural peasants. At the regional scale, I examine the functional heterogeneity of river trading networks and marketing agents. Given the high-risk/high-transaction-cost environment, river trading is found to be expensive for producers and traders alike. High costs are exacerbated by the low gross returns of rural production (mainly food and natural building materials). Thin or missing markets for credit, labour, land and insurance increase the hardships associated with limited access to product markets. Regional findings are complemented with a comparative livelihoods analysis in two remote communities of the Alto Tigre River that benefit from differential access to oil-labour. My study reveals that differential access to labour has significant impacts on the livelihood strategies of working households. However, given limited access to external markets, cash-income from oil-labour is found to offer limited opportunities for growth. In sum, the research proposes insights for advancing the debate on livelihoods and poverty in the Peruvian Amazon.
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Tilahun, Mastewal Alemu. "Feasibility Study of Pumped Storage System for Application in Amhara Region, Ethiopia." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-91755.
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In these days environmental issues are critical. Environmental concerns mainly rise from energy productions. Fortunately Ethiopia is trying to use renewable energy sources as a means for electrical power production and it is a great start for a long, tiresome green energy journey. The basic job to be done in green energy sectors is to maximize the capacity of renewable technologies to fulfil the best efficiency. Intermittent nature of the energy production and their inefficiency to meet peak load demands are the basic problems in renewable energy sectors. Ethiopia’s electrical power production is mainly dependent on hydropower; according to latest data from EEPCO hydro covers 88% of the total production. There are two major nature of this power plant; since the working medium is water it is mainly dependent on the nature of the seasons and secondly it rarely meets peak load demands. After the erection of the power plant the energy production is not time dependent; it can produce power continuously; but the consumption is time dependent which is defined as peak hours and off-peak hours. There is excess load in time of off-peak hours and scarcity in peak hours. So this work can help to maximize the capacity of the water for production by using technological advancements to produce lot of energy in almost full capacity throughout the year to full fill the need of our country. Tana Beles hydropower plant is the largest hydropower plant which starts to work in May, 2010 with an investment cost of $500 million and capacity of 460 MW. The project is planted in Amhara region using the water source of Lake Tana. To make this large and very necessary renewable energy resource sustainable using energy storage system will be vital. This study will figure out a pumped storage system for the hydropower plant for additional power production and for the sustainability of the water resource. Pumped storage system is the only viable, large-scale resource that is being broadly utilized today for storing energy, and it offers the best option available for harnessing off-peak generation from renewable sources. The contributions of pumped storage hydro to our nation’s transmission grid by providing stability services, storage capacity needs, and expanding the green job market are considerable today. The high energy demand of the pump will be considered to be covered using the excess electrical power production during night or weekends and if the resource is available using wind solar PV hybrid systems. The author will try to assess the technology not only for other mini hydro power plants but also for irrigation and other purposes merely in Amhara region, Ethiopia. The feasibility of the system will be considered technically and economically for the hydropower plant.
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Maknun, Gamaledin Ashami. "The political economy of the Afar region of Ethiopia : a dynamic periphery." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283817.
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Moore, Charity Maria Troyer. "Formal Land Rights, Plot Management, and Income Diversification in Tigray Region, Ethiopia." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1330537872.
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Espinosa, Óscar. "Higher Education for Indigenous Peoples of the Peruvian Amazon Region: Balance and Challenges." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/112547.
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En las últimas décadas, el acceso de jóvenes indígenas a la educación superior, así como la creación de universidades interculturales, han sido objeto de interés y de debate en América Latina. En el presente artículo se revisan los distintos tipos de ofertas y de experiencias de educación superior para indígenas amazónicos en el Perú implementados en los últimos años, y se busca realizar un balance sobre los logros alcanzados y las posibilidades reales de oferta de una educación superior intercultural. El presente trabajo es fruto del análisis y estudio continuo, hechos durante la última década, sobre distintas experiencias implementadas en el Perú, especialmente aquellas orientadas a la juventud indígena amazónica. El artículo discute, en primer lugar, el caso de los programas de formación de maestros bilingües. Este tipo de programas es el que tiene una mayor trayectoria como oferta de educación superior explícitamente orientada a la población indígena. En segundo lugar, se presentan algunos programas de acción afirmativa implementados por las universidades o por el Estado, ya sea a través de sistemas de cuotas de admisión o de becas especiales. Finalmente, se aborda el caso de las universidades interculturales, que son las de más reciente creación, y se discuten sus posibilidades reales como espacios de formación intercultural, así como sus posibilidades de sobrevivencia en el futuro cercano.In the last decades, an important discussion has been developed in Latin America about the access of indigenous students to higher-education institutions and about the creation of intercultural universities. This article specifically revises the different types of experiences of higher-education offered to the indigenous youth of the Peruvian Amazon region, and it builds on information gathered throughout the last decade of following and studying these experiences. The article begins with a discussion of the programs for bilingual teachers, which has been the prioritized form of access to higher education offered to the indigenous peoples. Then it analyzes different cases of affirmative action programs promoted by the Peruvian State and Peruvian universities, such as quotas and special scholarship programs. Finally, it presents the case of the intercultural universities, most of which have been created only a few years ago, and it discusses their real possibilities of becoming an alternative form of engaging with intercultural education.
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[Verfasser], Tilaye Teklewold Deneke. "Water Governance in Amhara Region of Ethiopia : An Institutional Analysis / Tilaye Teklewold Deneke." Aachen : Shaker, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1069048364/34.
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Carruth, Lauren. "The Aftermath of Aid: Medical Insecurity in the Northern Somali Region of Ethiopia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203474.
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This dissertation explores the lasting effects of recurrent temporary medical humanitarian operations through ethnographic research in communities, clinical facilities, nongovernmental aid organizations, and governmental bureaucracies in the northern Somali Region of Ethiopia. First, I found that medical humanitarian aid has altered persons' subjective experiences and expectations of biomedicine, spirit possession, health, and healing. Popular health cultures and conceptions of "biomedicine" as well as "traditional medicine" were changing, in part due to repeated exposures to relief operations. Second, I documented novel social formations to cope with recurrent aid: new labor relations to enable temporary work with international NGOs; new medical migrations to access comparable care and foreign medical commodities at distant private hospitals; and transnational extra-legal economies of medicine to fill gaps in care. Third, a set of racialized narratives have emerged in the interstices of aid that warn of malpractice and abuse by non-Somali Ethiopian clinicians. Such discourses echo Somalis' historical experiences of ethnic-based conflict with Ethiopian groups as well as their contemporary marginalization from Ethiopian sources of power. Accordingly, although aid is designed to improve immediate access to basic healthcare and medications, I find it also exacerbated medical insecurity. Northern Somalis' discursive expressions of medical insecurity have increased, paradoxically alongside steady improvements in their health and nutrition indicators. Finally, health and humanitarian interventions have altered local notions and practices of citizenship. In the last ten years, as Ethiopia has decentralized its health care delivery system, aid has been progressively channeled through Somali Regional State institutions. Accordingly, many Somalis now discuss the diverse ways in which they are increasingly interpolated into regional politics-often in opposition to the Ethiopian government. Medical humanitarian aid has shaped expectations of government as well as biomedicine. I argue that these new forms of citizenship have emerged primarily because of the intimate and profound nature of medical encounters themselves. The narrow humanitarian mission to minister to what social theorists call the "bare life" of victims, in actuality, is neither dispassionate nor removed from sociality and politics. Medical aid potentially provides spaces in which relations of care-giving, trust, and therefore responsive governance structures can develop.
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Mekonnin, Alemselam Birhanu. "Monitoring and improving reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cattle in Tigray Region, Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28876.
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Ethiopia maintains an extensive livestock population; however, reproductive performance of cattle and their breeding management are unsatisfactory. Currently, the sole diagnostic tool in the country is rectal palpation, which is inaccurate for early pregnancy in cattle. The study assessed reproductive performance and major reproductive problems using questionnaire survey, and evaluated simple, cost-effective alternative monitoring approaches using on-farm diagnostic tools to determine milk and serum progesterone (P4) and evaluate reproductive status. There were 177 dairy farms (range 1-115 cattle per farm) included in the questionnaire survey. Of these, 47 participated in the quantitative determination of P4 and estradiol profiles that used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and in the on-farm diagnostic trial that used qualitative ELISA (Target P4 and Dipstick (P4 Rapid), and the reproductive status of 319 crossbred [Holstein Friesian (HF) X Zebu] dairy cattle was assessed. Questionnaires indicated that heifers in the study area reach puberty at older age and calve late, and cows have long postpartum estrus and calving interval. Anestrus, repeat-breeding, dystocia, retained fetal membranes (RFM), endometritis and abortion as the major reproductive problems in dairy cattle in the study area. Serum, milk, saliva and urine P4 and serum estradiol profiles of cattle at different reproductive status was determined using quantitative laboratory ELISA. High P4 levels was detected in pregnant and diestrus cattle than cattle that were anestrus and in-heat. Estradiol level was higher in cattle that were in-heat than cattle in other reproductive conditions. On-farm P4 ELISA indicated in-heat (estrus) 10 (3.1%), anestrus 77 (24.2%), repeater (follicular cyst) 9 (2.8%), normally cycling 69 (21.6%) and pregnant 154 (48.3%). The field P4 ELISA findings were validated using quantitative laboratory P4 ELISA, and similar results were obtained. The sensitivity and specificity of on-farm and laboratory P4 ELISA tests for diagnosing pregnancy were 88.6 & 99.4% and 98.1 & 100%, respectively. Once reproductive problems were identified using on-farm P4 ELISA and per rectal palpation, along with reproductive history, 122 cattle (75 cows and 47 heifers) were assigned to a 10-day Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) in combination with prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2α) and equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) based estrus synchronisation protocol to study the estrus response and conception rate. The overall estrus response and conception rates were 97.5% and 78.3%, respectively, with no significant differences in parity, pre-treatment reproductive status (anestrus or cycling (repeat-breeding/silent-estrus)) and farming system (smallholder vs organised commercial farms). The study has shown high estrus response and conception rate. Hence, this protocol is highly recommended to enhance fertility of dairy cattle in the study area and other regions. Finally, the study has determined the macronutrient composition of milk and assessed the effect of reproductive status, farm (nutritional) management, stages of lactation, parity and breed on milk composition in 246 dairy cows. This consisted of 184 crossbred cows from smallholder (n= 76: 36 non-pregnant and 40 pregnant) and organised commercial dairy farms (n= 108: 62 non-pregnant and 46 pregnant) in and around Mekelle, Ethiopia and by way of comparison, 62 HF cows (25 non-pregnant and 37 pregnant), either managed indoors or outdoors in a commercial farm in Edinburgh, United Kingdom. The mean milk fat, protein, lactose, total solid (TS) and solid-no-fat (SNF) recorded were 2.36%, 3.46%, 4.37%, 10.39% and 7.82%, in crossbred dairy cows, compared with 5.05%, 3.71%, 4.72%, 13.68% and 8.43%, in HF cows, respectively. Significantly lower (p < 0.05) level of macronutrient was recorded in milk from crossbred cows than HF cows. Milk fat in both breeds was affected by reproductive status, farm (nutritional) management and stages of lactation, but not by parity. In both cattle breeds, the milk fat content was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in pregnant than non-pregnant cows. Milk protein content was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by reproductive status (in crossbreds) and stages of lactation (in both breeds), but not by farm management or parity. Reproductive status (in crossbreds), stages of lactation (in both breeds) and parity (in crossbreds) affected lactose level; however, farm management had no effect on lactose level in both breeds. Milk fat was the most affected macronutrient content in both breeds. Low milk fat level in crossbred cows could be as a result of samples obtained from early milking coupled with nutritional management. In conclusion, the present study has determined the major reproductive problems in crossbred dairy cattle, assessed their actual reproductive status using rapid, cost effective, simple and applicable on-farm P4 tests, and established P4 and estradiol profiles at different reproductive status. The major breeding problem was poor estrus detection evidenced when animals reported anestrus were confirmed normally cycling using on-farm as well as laboratory P4 assays. These studies offer opportunities for establishing simple field reporting of reproductive status in these crossbred dairy cattle, which can have a major impact on breeding management and productivity.
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Godefay, Debeb Hagos. "Maternal Mortality Then, Now, and Tomorrow : The Experience of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-128117.
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Abstract Background: Maternal mortality is one of the most sensitive indicators of the health disparities between poorer and richer nations. It is also one of the most difficult health outcomes to measure reliably. In many settings, major challenges remain in terms of both measuring and reducing maternal mortality effectively. This thesis aims to quantify overall levels, identify specific causes, and evaluate local interventions in relation to efforts to reduce maternal mortality in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, thereby providing a strong empirical basis for decision making by the Tigray Regional Health Bureau using methods that can be scaled at national level. Methods: This study employed a combination of community-based study designs to investigate the level and determinants of maternal mortality in six randomly selected rural districts of Tigray Region. A census of all households in the six districts was conducted to identify all live births and all deaths to women of reproductive age occurring between May 2012 and September 2013. Pregnancy-related deaths were screened through verbal autopsy with the data processed using the InterVA-4 model, which was used to estimate Maternal Mortality Ratio. To identify independent determinants of maternal mortality, a case-control study using multiple logistic regression analysis was done, taking all pregnancy-related deaths as cases and a random sample of geographical and age matched mothers as controls. Uptake of ambulance services in the six districts was determined retrospectively from ambulance logbooks, and the trends in pregnancy-related death were analyzed against ambulance utilization, distance from nearest health center, and mobile network coverage at local area level. Lastly, implementation of the Family Folder paper health register, and its potential for accurately capturing demographic and health events, were evaluated using a capture-recapture assessment. Results: A total of 181 deaths to women of reproductive age and 19,179 live births were documented from May 2012 to April2013. Of the deaths, 51 were pregnancy-related. The maternal mortality ratio for Tigray region was calculated at 266 deaths per 100,000 live births (95% CI 198-350), which is consistently lower than previous “top down” MMR estimates. District–level MMRs showed strong inverse correlation with population density (r2 = 0.86). Direct obstetric causes accounted for 61% of all pregnancy–related deaths, with hemorrhage accounting for 34%. Non-membership in the voluntary Women’s Development Army (AOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.04-4.11), low husband or partner involvement during pregnancy (AOR 2.19, 95% CI 1.14-4.18), pre-existing history of other illness (AOR 5.58, 95% CI 2.17-14.30), and never having used contraceptives (AOR 2.58, 95% CI 1.37-4.85) were associated with increased risk of maternal death in a multivariable regression model. In addition, utilization of free ambulance transportation service was strongly associated with reduced MMR at district level. Districts with above-average ambulance utilization had an MMR of 149 per 100,000 LB (95% CI: 77-260) compared with 350 per 100,000 (95% CI: 249-479) in districts with below average utilization. The Family Folder implementation assessment revealed some inconsistencies in the way Health Extension Workers utilize the Family Folders to record demographic and health events. Conclusion: This work contributes to understanding the status of and factors affecting maternal mortality in Tigray Region. It introduces a locally feasible approach to MMR estimation and gives important insights in to the effectiveness of various interventions that have been targeted at reducing maternal mortality in recent years.
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Johansson, Ann-Charlotte, and Raffi Wartanian. "Low-Cost Housing for the Kambaata Region, Ethiopia - A demonstration project for dwelling houses." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1761.
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Low-Cost Housing Projects is an essential part in the line of developing sustainable solutions for the provision of shelter for ordinary people in the third world. In poor countries severe problems like population growth, uncontrolled urbanisation processes, deforestation and erosion are present as a result of misuse of all different kinds of resources; this is the fact also in Ethiopia. This degree project is a sub-project integrated in a larger research project at Halmstad University concerning Sustainable Low Cost Housing for the Kambaata Region, Ethiopia. The purpose of this sub-project is to plan and design two dwellings as when erected will serve as a demonstration project in Durame the main urban area of the Kambaata region.
The houses will be constructed from the two suitable low cost building materials; Adobe
blocks and CSSB (Cement Stabilized Soil Blocks).
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Bantayehu, Alem. "Factors influencing female food-for-work participation in the Southern Shoa region of Ethiopia." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12052009-020242/.
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Reed, Papp Zsuzsanna. "Perceptions of Eastern Europe : Peoples, kingdoms and region in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-century English sources." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509856.
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Yang, Yu Rong. "Epidemiological, clinical and molecular studies on echinococcosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the Peoples' Republis of China /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18677.pdf.
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Eshetu, Teferi. "Efficacy and Tolerability of Antimalarials and Molecular Resistance Markers of Falciparum Malaria in Jimma Region, Ethiopia." Diss., lmu, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-136110.
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Gedamu-Gobena, Ashenafi. "Triticale production in Ethiopia : its impact on food security and poverty alleviation in the Amhara region /." Kassel : Kassel Univ. Press, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988430088/04.
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Ghebreyesus, Tedros Adhanom. "The effects of dams on malaria transmission in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia, and appropriate control measures." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312201.
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Weldesilassie, Alebel Bayrau. "Economic analysis and policy implications of wastewater use in agriculture in the central region of Ethiopia." [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:100-opus-3199.
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Abate, Solomon Wachs Theodore. "Land use dynamics, soil degradation and potential for sustainable use in Metu area, Illubabor region, Ethiopia /." Berne : Institute of Geography, 1994. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Walkup, Laura Casey. "TEPHROSTRATIGRAPHIC AND GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITIONALLY HETEROGENEOUS SILICIC TEPHRA IN THE MIDDLE AWASH REGION, AFAR, ETHIOPIA." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1375966531.
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Birru, Yitaferu. "Land degradation and options for sustainable land management in the Lake Tana Basin (LTB), Amhara Region, Ethiopia /." Bern : [s.n.], 2008. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Yelemtu, Fassil Gebeyehu. "The social life of seeds : an ethnographic exploration of farming knowledge in Kibtya of Amhara region, Ethiopia." Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10565/.
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The intrinsic relationship and interaction between Farmers Seeds (FSs) and smallholder farmers have long been developed for many centuries so that farmers have acquired various forms of experiential knowledge about seed management and associated farming practices. FSs are often associated with their infra-specific diversity in which smallholder farmers are using them to meet their socio-cultural and economic needs in a range of agro-ecological zones. However, introduction of new seeds such as High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) increasingly threaten knowledge and practices related to the cultivation of FSs. This study investigates different local meanings, uses and understandings of seeds and the process by which these understandings are learned. Drawing on ethnographic research in Kibtya and contextualizing this in relation to wider contexts, the thesis argues that perception towards seeds and productivity is not limited to narrowly economic evaluations; rather, it is intimately intertwined within a range of socio-cultural activities and farming practices and is consequently valued in a range of different ways. A central argument of the thesis is that farming knowledge is situated in people’s day-to-day interaction with one another and with the physical environments in which they work. It is not reducible to a system in the form of books or other forms of documents. The thesis also develops insights of relevance to a range of policy and practitioner audiences. The study analyses the causes and consequences of ignorance on the socio-cultural aspects of smallholder farmers’ knowledge and the corresponding limitations of agricultural intervention programmes and associated policy approaches towards development. Thus, this thesis presents new findings which, it is hoped, will help governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to plan appropriate intervention programmes in which outside actors would be involved into an on-going socially constructed and negotiated process.
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Belay, Frenesh Tessema. "A critical analysis of the non-derogable rights in a state of emergency under the African system : the case of Ethiopia and Mozambique." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1138.
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"Astoundingly, the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) does not contain [a] derogation clause. Furthermore, it has been established by the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (the Commission) in the case of Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme et des Libertes v Chad (Commission Nationale case) that a member state of teh ACHPR cannot derogate human rights in case of emergencies. Hence, the Commission's view may lead to a conclusion that all rights under the ACHPR are non-derogable. This raises the issue of whether it is tenable to conclude that a state facing a situation that endangers the nation, should not at all derogate from the provisions of the ACHPR. Emergency clauses, which permit derogation of human rights in times of emergencies, are also found in most domestic legal instruments. Most African states also encompass this clause in their constitutions. Although the levels of compliance by states are questionable, some of these constitutions also include a list of non-derogable rights. The constitutions of Ethiopia and Mozambique also provide for a derogation clause and a list of non-derogable rights. The aim of the study is to make a critical analysis of the African derogation system. Firstly, the study will analyse the concept of derogation and non-derogable rights in general. Secondly, the jurisprudence and the law of the African system with regard to derogation and non-derogable rights will be examined. In analysing the jurisprudence of the Commission effort will be made to critically study the cases that have been examined by the Commission in relation to derogation and non-derogable rights. Lastly, the compatibility of the Ethiopian and Mozambique constitutions in light of the African system and international standards will be discussed. ... Chapter one highlights the basis and structure of the entire study. Chapter two presents a brief historical evolution as well as conceptual framework of the system of derogation and non-derogable human rights in state of emergency. Chapter three focuses on the ACHPR and the jurisprudence of the Commission with regard to derogation and non-derogable rights in state of emergency. Chapter four assesses the compatibility of the non-derogable rights provided in the constitutions of African states with African and international standards. This chapter will [analyse], in particular, the constitutions and the practices of Ethiopia and Mozambique. Chapter five is a conclusion of the overall study stating specific recommendations." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005.
Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Leopoldo Amaral, Faculty of Law, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Regan, Laura A. "Isotopic determination of region of origin in modern peoples applications for identifying U.S. war-dead from the Vietnam conflict /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0015561.
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Mulugeta, Meselu Alamnie. "Linking fiscal decentralization and local financial governance: a case of district level decentralization in the Amhara region, Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3350.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe prime aim of this thesis is to examine the link between fiscal decentralization and local financial governance in fiscally empowered woreda administrations (districts) of the Amhara region in Ethiopia. Local financial governance has been one of the reasons and arguably the crucial one that drives many countries to subscribe to fiscal decentralization. The presumption is that public finance mobilization and spending can be implemented in a more efficient, responsive, transparent and accountable manner at the local government level than at the centre. Nonetheless, empirical studies show that the linkage between fiscal decentralization and these local financial governance benefits is not automatic. Several developing countries that have tried to implement fiscal decentralization have failed to realise the promised financial governance gains largely due to design and implementation flaws. A review of the various theoretical perspectives suggest that local financial governance is not a factor of just devolution of fiscal power but also other intervening forces such as financial management system, citizen voicing mechanisms and the social and political context. It is within the framework of this theoretical argument that this study sought to investigate how the mixed and incomplete efforts of the district level fiscal decentralization program in the Amhara region has impacted on financial governance of woreda administrations. The study assesses the efficacy and role of various initiatives of the district level decentralization program of the Amhara region, such as the fiscal empowerment of woredas; financial management system reforms; citizen voicing mechanisms and political party structures and system in influencing woreda financial governance. To this end, the investigation process largely took the form of an interpretative approach employing a combination of various methods of gathering the required qualitative and quantitative data from respondents and documents in the selected four case woredas or districts. Findings on the assessment of the intergovernmental relations to measure the adequacy of devolution of fiscal power indicate that, despite the constitutional provision that affords the woredas the power to mobilize and spend public finance for the provision of various local public services, several design and implementation shortcomings have constrained woreda administrations from exercising such power effectively. As a result, the district level fiscal decentralization framework of the Amhara region appears to have features of decentralization by de-concentration rather than by devolution. Despite the extensive financial management reforms that have been undertaken, the research findings indicate that the financial management system in woreda administrations faces a range of challenges triggered largely by important design and implementation shortcomings. It is observed that the ‘getting the basics right first’ reforms in various financial management processes of woreda administrations are not only incomplete but also found to be inconsistent with each other and therefore could not serve their purpose. Furthermore, there has not been any other change in the last two decades since the initial implementation of these reforms despite such serious shortcomings. Most importantly, woreda administrations could not properly implement the techniques, methods, procedures and rules that constituted the reform process due to serious implementation problems such as the lack of manpower competency and problems associated with the lack of administrative accountability. The results of the study’s assessment regarding the practice of social accountability show that currently there is no arrangement for citizens to participate in public financial decisions and controls. In general, people have little interest in participating in the meetings organised by woreda government. Formal and informal community based organizations suffer from important capcity constraints, and the lack of strong civil society organizations to support these community based organizations makes such problems more difficult to resolve. However, local communities did indicate that they would be interested in participating in financial and budgeting processes if a number of conditions were satisfied. These included the availability of adequate and relevant information; the introduction of genuine forms of participation in which citizens were empowered; and evidence that popular participation was making a visible impact on financial decisions related to service delivery in their surroundings. The assessment of the ruling party structure and system suggests that the centralized system of the regional ruling party has created a dominant relationship between party organs at various levels so much sothat it has undermined the fiscal discretionary power of woreda administrations; blurred relationship between party and woreda financial management systems; and undermined direct voicing. Consequently, the genuine devolution of fiscal power, the effective implementation of the decentralised financial management systems, and direct participation of citizens are unlikely to be realised within the current ruling party system and structure. Moreover, the study shows that the intergovernmental relations, the implementation of financial management reforms and direct involvement of people influence each other. The evidence suggests that the effective implementation of the financial management reforms is not possible without genuine devolution of fiscal power and arrangements for the activeinvolvement of citizens. Despite these limitations and shortcomings, the research nevertheless reveals that the decentralization process has achieved some positive results, such as the expansion of access to basic services; the economic use of resources for such expansion; the mobilization of resources from local communities; and the streamlining of a number of bureaucratic processes. However, the prevalence of various financial governance challenges such as excessive budget transfers; low budget execution; uneconomical procurement; illicit spending; budget pressure; inadequate revenue collection; poor financial transparency; and compromised accountability in fiscally decentralized woreda administrations means the promised local financial governance benefits of fiscal decentralization are remain largely unrealized. The evidences in the study strongly suggest that the shortcomings in the design and implementation of intergovernmental relations, financial management system reforms, and direct voicing mechanisms areresponsible in combination with each other for these local financial governance challenges. Thus, the study concludes that local financial governance is a result of a complex network of interactions of intergovernmental relations, public financial management arrangements and social accountability mechanisms. The success of initiatives to improve local financial governance is dependent on contextual factors such as the capacity of civil society organizations and the ruling party system and structure. Therefore, while recommending further efforts of genuine devolution of power, in particular through the continuation of the financial management reform processes towards full-fledged reforms, the study contends that opening enough space for the proliferation of civil society organizations and alternative political parties will be the main priority.
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Belilla, Jodie. "Unveiling microbial communities along the polyextreme physicochemical gradients of Dallol and its surroundings (Danakil depression, Afar region, Ethiopia)." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL043.
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Parmi toute la diversité microbienne des trois domaines du vivant, une fraction des microorganismes (en particulier certaines Archées) s’est adaptée aux conditions les plus extrêmes. La plupart des environnements extrêmes se caractérisant par de multiples facteurs de stress, une partie des extrêmophiles sont en réalité polyextrêmophiles. Néanmoins, il n’y a pas de microorganismes connus adaptés simultanément à un pH très faible (<1.5) ainsi qu’une très forte salinité (et éventuellement une forte température). Soit il n'existe pas d'adaptations moléculaires capables de supporter certaines combinaisons de pH et de salinité, soit ces incertitudes sont liées au fait que les environnements hyperacides et hypersalés (et chauds) sont rares et inexplorés.Le désert de sel de la dépression de Danakil en Ethiopie se situe à la confluence de trois plaques tectoniques dans le rift Est Africain. Au milieu de cette zone géologiquement active, le dôme géothermal de Dallol et ses environs offrent une rare combinaison de paramètres physicochimiques, alliant forts taux de sels (20 à 78%, riches en Mg2+/Ca2+ ou en Na+(/Fe2+/3+)) et des pH neutres à négatifs (~6 à -1.5). Par conséquent, l'ensemble de ces sites constituent un bon modèle pour étudier les communautés microbiennes le long de ces gradients rares et uniques. Au cours des quatre dernières années, nous avons collecté 235 échantillons au niveau des différents sites de Dallol et ses alentours. Des mesures physicochimiques in situ et ex situ nous ont permis de caractériser chaque environnement et d’estimer son habitabilité théorique. Nous avons ensuite procédé à la purification d’ADN des échantillons amplifié et séquencé des gènes d'ARNr 16S/18S afin de caractériser la diversité microbienne que nous avons comparé à des bases de données et classées phylogénétiquement. Nous avons également complété notre étude par des analyses/observations au cytomètre de flux au microscope (optique, électronique à balayage et confocal).Les environnements hypersalés (~30% de NaCl) et légèrement acides (pH 4-6) ont montré une diversité de microorganismes très élevée, dominée par les Archées (80% du total des séquences) en particulier des phyla Halobacteria et Nanohaloarchaeota, fréquemment associés dans les milieux hypersalés. Nous avons pu constater que l’augmentation de l’acidité et la salinité s’accompagnait de l’augmentation de la proportion d’Archées (en particulier de Nanohaloarchaeota). Une meilleure adaptation des archées halophiles par rapport aux bactéries pourrait expliquer leur prévalence. Quant aux nanohaloarchées, leur augmentation pourrait être lié à leur rôle suspecté d’ectosymbiontes d’haloarchées : dans le cas d’une relation mutualiste, ils pourraient favoriser l’adaptation de leur hôte aux conditions plus extrêmes ; dans le cas d’une relation parasitaire, des conditions environnementales plus difficiles pour l’hôte pourrait favoriser le parasitisme. Aucune trace de vie microbienne n'a été trouvée dans les environnements les plus polyextrêmes (salinité 20-78%, pH -1 à 3). Pour certains sites, nous interprétons que les valeurs de chaotropicité, d'activité de l'eau et de force ionique liés à la composition et concentration de sels (minimum 50%, riches en Mg2+/Ca2+) sont limitantes pour la vie microbienne. Pour d'autres, comme le dôme de Dallol, il pourrait s'agir de la combinaison d'hypersalinité et d'hyperacidité (pH~0) qui le rendent inhospitalier, sans exclure d’éventuels composés chimiques stérilisateurs. Les environnements avec une biomasse faible ou absente étant sensibles à la biocontamination, nous avons tâché d’estimer l’impact de cette biocontamination sur l’étude des sites multi-extrême de Dallol et de ses environs. Nous proposons ainsi un protocole rigoureux, basé sur l’utilisation d’analyses croisées et de témoins positifs/négatifs dans toutes nos expériences afin de séparer l’ADN endogène et exogène, et de distinguer les cellules des biomorphes abiotiques dans nos échantillonsFrom the vast microbial diversity of the three domains of life, a fraction of microorganisms (in particular some Archaea) have adapted to the most extreme conditions. Since most extreme environments are characterised by multiple stress factors (e.g. hot and acidic hydrothermal springs, saline and alkaline lakes, etc.), some extremophiles are in fact polyextremophiles. Nevertheless, there is no microorganism known to be adapted simultaneously to a very low pH (<1) and high salinity (and possibly high temperature). Either there are no molecular adaptations capable of withstanding certain combinations of pH and salinity, or this absence is related to the rarity of hyperacidic and hypersaline (and hot) environments, leaving them unexplored.The salt desert of the Danakil Depression (Afar region) in Ethiopia lies at the confluence of three tectonic plates in the East African Rift. In the middle of this geologically active zone, the Dallol geothermal dome and its surroundings offer a rare combination of physicochemical parameters, with high salt levels (20 to 78%, rich in Mg2+/Ca2+ or Na+(/Fe2+/3+)) and neutral to negative pH values (~6 to -1.5). Therefore, these sites provide a good model for studying microbial communities along these rare and unique parameter gradients. Over the last four years, we have collected 235 samples (solids, liquids, plankton biomass) from the different sites in and around the Dallol dome. In situ and ex situ physicochemical measurements have enabled us to characterise each environment and estimate its theoretical habitability based on previously known life-limiting conditions. We then proceeded to DNA purification of the samples and amplified and sequenced 16S/18S rRNA genes in order to characterize the microbial diversity, which we compared with databases and classified phylogenetically. We also completed our study by using a flow cytometer (for multiparametric analysis), and microscope observations (optical, scanning electron and confocal laser scanning).Hypersaline (~30% salts, dominated by NaCl) and slightly acidic (pH 4-6) environments showed a very high diversity of microorganisms, dominated by Archaea (at least 80% of the total sequences) in particular Halobacteria and Nanohaloarchaeota, frequently associated in hypersaline environments. We observed that the increase in acidity and salinity was associated with an increase in the proportion of Archaea (especially Nanohaloarchaeota). A better adaptation of halophilic archaea compared to bacteria could explain their prevalence. Concerning nanohaloarchaea, their higher proportion could be linked to their suspected role as haloarchaea ectosymbionts: in the case of a mutualistic relationship, their association could favour the adaptation to more extreme conditions; in the case of a parasitic relationship, the rise of acidity and salinity may weaken the host and increase the parasite prevalence. No trace of microbial life has been found in the most polyextreme environments (salinity 20-78%, pH -1 to 3). For some sites, we interpret that the chaotropicity, water activity and ionic strength values related to the composition and concentration of salts (minimum 50%, rich in Mg2+/Ca2+) are limiting for microbial life. For others, such as the Dallol dome, it could be the combination of hypersalinity and hyperacidity (pH~0) that make it inhospitable, without excluding the possible presence of sterilising chemical compounds. As environments with low or absent biomass are sensitive to biocontamination (local or laboratory), we have also tried to estimate the impact of this biocontamination on the study of the multi-extreme sites of Dallol and its surroundings. We thus propose a rigorous protocol, based on the use of cross-analyses and positive/negative controls in all our experiments in order to separate endogenous and exogenous DNA, and to distinguish cells from abiotic mineral biomorphs in our samples
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Chowdhury, Tamina Mahmud. "The Chittagong Hill Tracts and claims to indigeneity, 1860-1947." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283962.
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Silverstein, Cory Carole. "Clothed encounters : the power of dress in relations between Anishnaabe and British peoples in the Great Lakes Region, 1760-2000 /." *McMaster only, 2000.
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[Verfasser], Ashenafi Gedamu-Gobena. "Triticale Production in Ethiopia - Its Impact on Food Security and Poverty Alleviation in the Amhara Region / Ahenafi Gedamu Gobena." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1006915303/34.
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Gebremeskel, Kidane. "Rangeland potential, quality and restoration strategies in North Eastern Ethiopia : a case study conducted in the Southern Afar Region /." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1312.
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Asgedom, Aster. "Combating Desertification in Tigray, Ethiopia : Field study on the implementation of the UNCCD in the rural region of Tigray." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8802.
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In this study a field study on the implementation of the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD) in Tigray, Ethiopia has been carried out. The objective of this thesis is to study in general the implementa-tion of the UNCCD in Ethiopia. This thesis consequently focuses on how these issues are executed in practice at different levels, thus national, regional, district and community levels. However the focus is on some of the highly prioritised action programs that are presumed to facilitate the implementation of the UNCCD, which are the Action Programs for promoting awareness and participation, Action programs to improve institutional organisation and ca-pacity as well as Action program for empowerment of women. These action programs are studied in how they are presented at the National Action Plan (NAP) and Regional Action Plan (RAP) as well as how they are executed at different levels, i.e. at the Federal, Regional, district and Community levels. For this purpose the region of Tigray is chosen.
The result of this study shows that the vast majority of the respondents in the study areas indicated an awareness of desertification in regard to land degradation. The implementation of NAP at this stage, hasn’t reach all the regions around the country however, three regions in Ethiopia, thus the Afar, Tigray and Amhara regions have been chosen as pilot projects in attempt to implement the NAP at regional level and preparation are made to implement the con-vention at different community levels. Officially these regions have been chosen to launch pilot projects since they are situated in the dryland areas and they match the definition of the UNCCD for severely affected areas. At the re-gional level several pilot projects mainly conservation activities that involved the community members are launched in different parts of Tigray. Many opportunities to increase awareness of the land degradation and empower people are created in order to combat desertification, however the success of these activities varies from district to district and community to community and is dependent on the authorities’ intention, ambition, determination and interest as well as the relation they posses with the community members in the society.
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Watson, Charlene. "Forest conservation for communities and carbon : the economics of community forest management in the Bale Mountains Eco-Region, Ethiopia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/741/.
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Forest conservation based on payments anchored to opportunity costs (OCs) is receiving increasing attention, including for international financial transfers for reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+). REDD+ emerged as a payment for environmental service (PES) approach in which conditional payments are made for demonstrable greenhouse gas emission reductions against a business-as-usual baseline. Quantitative assessments of the OCs incurred by forest users of these reductions are lacking. Existing studies are coarse, obscure the heterogeneity of OCs and do not consider how OCs may change over time. An integrated assessment of OCs and carbon benefits under a proposed community forest management (CFM) intervention linked to REDD+ is undertaken in Ethiopia. The OCs of land for the intervention are estimated through household survey and market valuation. Scenarios explore how OCs are likely to change over the intervention given qualitative conservation goals and available land-use change information. The feasibility of OCs payment as a tool for REDD+ is assessed by combining cost with emission reductions estimates generated from direct tree measurements. Households’ environmental attitudes, perceptions and intention to cooperate with the intervention, estimated by a voluntary contribution to improve forest management, are then investigated. Mean OCs of forest conservation are US$334/ha, but highly heterogeneous. Plausible futures of agricultural improvement, forest product commercialisation, and degradation of land uses suggest total OCs could approach US$441 million over a 20-year project. Applying carbon stock estimates of 231tC/ha±52 in moist and 132tC/ha±73 in dry forest, REDD+ revenues may not meet annual cumulative OCs, although more nuanced conservation planning could reduce OCs. Despite OCs all households intend to cooperate in the intervention, with mean contribution of US$11±4/year/household. The expected incomes of households under the Bale REDD+ Project intervention however, were high and expectation management is necessary. Recommendations are made for REDD+ intervention design in Ethiopia.
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Bobe, Bedadi Woreka. "Evaluation of soil erosion in the Harerge region of Ethiopia using soil loss models, rainfall simulation and field trails." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08022004-141533.
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Chander, Vidya, and Lauren Shear. "Humanitarian aid in less secure regions : an analysis of World Food Programme operations in the Somali region of Ethiopia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55339.
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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2009."June 2009."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-82).
The World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations food agency, has recently acquired the difficult task of transporting aid into the Somali region of Ethiopia. The political instability, rebel activity, ethnic tensions, and poor infrastructure in the area endanger and delay the flow of commodities through the WFP's supply chain. In this thesis, we explore and analyze the role that these threats play in the WFP's aid distribution in the Somali region. Specifically, we measure the impact of insecurity in the WFP's distribution system, study the current methods that the WFP employs to mitigate risks, and investigate possible precautionary technologies to improve security in this resource constrained environment. Our research suggests that while many tools can enhance security, the organizational measures aiming to increase responsibility and trust between all involved supply chain stakeholders ultimately prove to have a stronger impact on the overall safety of aid-distribution. Finally, though our research has focused mainly on the WFP, we believe that all similarly situated humanitarian organizations will find our analysis applicable.
by Vidya Chander and Lauren Shear.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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Bobe, Bedadi Woreka. "Evaluation of soil erosion in the Harerge region of Ethiopia using soil loss models, rainfall simulation and field trials." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26929.
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Accelerated soil erosion is one of the major threats to agricultural production in Ethiopia and the Harerge region is not exceptional. It is estimated that about 1.5 billion tones of soil is being eroded every year in Ethiopia. In the extreme cases, especially for the highlands, the rate of soil loss is estimated to reach up to 300 t ha-1yr-1 with an average of about 70 t ha -1yr-1 which is beyond any tolerable level. The government have made different attempts to avert the situation since 1975 through initiation of a massive program of soil conservation and rehabilitation of severely degraded lands. Despite considerable efforts, the achievements were far bellow expectations. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of some soil properties, rainfall intensity and slope gradients on surface sealing, soil erodibility, runoff and soil loss from selected sites in the Harerge region, eastern Ethiopia, using simulated rainfall. Soil loss was also estimated for the sites using Soil Loss Estimation Model for Southern Africa (SLEMSA) and the Universal soil Loss Equation (USLE). Moreover, the effectiveness of various rates and patterns of wheat residue mulching in controlling soil loss was also evaluated for one of the study sites, (i.e. Regosol of Alemaya University), under both rainfall simulation and field natural rainfall conditions. For most of the erosion parameters, the interaction among soil texture, slope gradient and rainfall intensity was significant. In general however, high rainfall intensity induced high runoff, sediment yield and splash. The effect of slope gradients on most of the erosion parameters was not significant as the slope length was too small to bring about a concentrated flow. The effect of soils dominated by any one of the three soil separates on the erosion parameters was largely dependent on rainfall intensity and slope gradient. The soils form the 15 different sites in Harerge showed different degrees of vulnerability to surface sealing, runoff and sediment yield. These differences were associated with various soil properties. Correlation of soil properties to the erosion parameters revealed that aggregate stability was the main factor that determined the susceptibility of soils to sealing, runoff and soil loss. This was in turn affected by organic carbon content, percent clay and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Soils with relatively high ESP such as those at Babile (13.85) and Gelemso (7.18) were among the lowest in their aggregate stability (percent water stable aggregates of 0.25 –2.0mm diameter); and have highest runoff and sediment yield as compared to other soils in the study. Similarly, most of those soils with relatively low ESP, high organic carbon content (OC%) and high water stable aggregates such as Hamaressa, AU (Alemaya University) vertisol and AU regosol were among the least susceptible to sealing and interrill erosion. Nevertheless, some exceptions include soils like those of Hirna where high runoff was recorded whilst having relatively high OC%, low ESP and high water stable aggregates. Both the SLEMSA and USLE models were able to identify the erosion hazards for the study sites. Despite the differences in the procedures of the two models, significant correlation (r = 0.87) was observed between the values estimated by the two methods. Both models estimated higher soil loss for Gelemso, Babile, Karamara and Hamaressa. Soil loss was lower for Diredawa, AU-vertisol and AU-Alluvial all of which occur on a relatively low slope gradients. The high soil loss for Babile and Gelemso conforms with the relative soil erodibility values obtained under rainfall simulation suggesting that soil erodibility, among others, is the main factor contributing to high soil loss for these soils. The difference in the estimated soil losses for the different sites was a function of the interaction of the various factors involved. Though the laboratory soil erodibility values were low to medium for Hamaressa and Karamara, the estimated soil loss was higher owing to the field topographic situations such as high slope gradient. SLEMSA and USLE showed different degrees of sensitivities to their input variables for the conditions of the study sites. SLEMSA was highly sensitive to changes in rainfall kinetic energy (E) and soil erodibility (F) and less sensitive to the cover and slope length factors. The sensitivity of SLEMSA to changes in the cover factor was higher for areas having initially smaller percentage rainfall interception values. On the other hand, USLE was highly sensitive to slope gradient and less so to slope length as compared to the other input factors. The study on the various rates and application patterns of wheat residue on runoff and soil loss both in the laboratory rainfall simulation and under field natural rainfall conditions revealed that surface application of crop residue is more effective in reducing soil loss and runoff than incorporating the same amount of the residue into the soil. Likewise, for a particular residue application method, runoff and soil loss decreased with increasing application rate of the mulch. However, the difference was not significant between 4 Mg ha-1 and 8 Mg ha-1 wheat straw rates suggesting that the former can effectively control soil loss and can be used in areas where there is limitation of crop residues provided that other conditions are similar to that of the study site (AU Regosols). The effectiveness of lower rates of straw (i.e. less than 4 Mg ha-1 ) should also be studied. It should however be noted that the effectiveness of mulching in controlling soils loss and runoff could be different under various slope gradients, rainfall characteristics and cover types that were not covered in this study. Integrated soil and water conservation research is required to develop a comprehensive database for modelling various soil erosion parameters. Further research is therefore required on the effect of soil properties (with special emphasis to aggregate stability, clay mineralogy, exchangeable cations, soil texture and organic matter), types and rates of crop residues, cropping and tillage systems, mechanical and biological soil conservation measures on soil erosion and its conservation for a better estimation of the actual soil loss in the study sites. Copyright 2004, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bobe, BW 2004, Evaluation of soil erosion in the Harerge region of Ethiopia using soil loss models, rainfall simulation and field trials, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08022004-141533 / >Thesis (PhD (Soil Science))--University of Pretoria, 2004.
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted
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Espinosa, Óscar. "Changes and continuities in the Indigenous perceptions and politicaldemands about their territory: the case of the Indigenous Peoples ofthe Peruvian Amazon region." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/78953.
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En el presente artículo exploramos los cambios y continuidades enlas reivindicaciones que sobre el territorio han planteado los pueblosindígenas de la Amazonía peruana a través de sus organizaciones enlas últimas décadas. El objetivo central reside en explicar cómo endistintas coyunturas estas sociedades han enfrentado la defensa de loque consideran una parte esencial de su forma de vida que se hallacada vez más amenazada frente al avance de la sociedad moderna,del capitalismo y de la globalización. Esta revisión nos permitirádesbaratar aquellos argumentos que califican a los indígenas comosujetos pasivos, manipulables y a merced de intereses ajenos; y almismo tiempo, nos permitirá comprender mejor los cambios que sevienen produciendo al interior de las sociedades indígenas en supercepción y en su relación con el territorio.This article explores changes and continuities in political demandsconcerning territorial rights as they have been articulated byindigenous organizations of the Peruvian Amazon over recentdecades. Its main objective is to demonstrate how particular historicalconjunctures have influenced the ways in which these groups havefocused their efforts in defense of what they consider to be a crucialelement of their way of life, increasingly threatened by incursionsfrom modern society, capitalism and processes of globalization. Theanalysis rejects depictions of the indigenous peoples as passive, opento manipulation by outside interests. At the same time, it provides amore profound understanding of the changes that are taking placewithin indigenous societies with respect to their perception of, andrelationship to, their territories.
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Belay, Belay Tessema. "Molecular epidemiology and drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among HIV positive and HIV negative tuberculosis patients in Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91937.
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Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in Ethiopia. The aims of this study were (i) to investigate the recovery rate of M. tuberculosis from smear positive single morning sputum specimens subjected to long-term storage at -20°C, (ii) to assess the level and risk factors for first- and second-line anti-TB drug resistance, (iii) to evaluate the performance of the GenoType®MTBDRplus and GenoType®MTBDRsl assays for drug susceptibility testing compared to the BacT/ALERT 3D system as reference method, (iv) to analyze the frequency of gene mutations associated with resistance to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP) and ethambutol (EMB) among M. tuberculosis isolates, and (v) to study the population structure and transmission dynamics of M. tuberculosis isolates from patients in Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia. The median specimen storage time was 132 days. Of 319 specimens, 90.0% were culture positive. The length of time of sputum storage had no significant effect on the recovery rate of M. tuberculosis. Of 260 M. tuberculosis isolates, 15.8% were resistant to at least one first-line drug, 5.0% were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 3.5% were resistant to all first-line drugs. Any resistance to INH, RMP, streptomycin (STM), EMB and pyrazinamide (PZA) was 13.8%, 5.8%, 10.0%, 7.3% and 4.6%, respectively. All isolates were susceptible to second-line drugs. The GenoType®MTBDRplus assay had a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 99% to detect INH resistance, and 100% sensitivity and specificity to detect RMP resistance and MDR. The GenoType®MTBDRsl assay had a sensitivity of 42% and specificity of 100% to detect EMB resistance. According to the molecular methods, mutations conferring resistance to INH, RMP, or EMB were detected in 13.5%, 5.8%, and 3.1% of the isolates, respectively, while mutation conferring MDR was present in 5.0% of the isolates. Of 244 M. tuberculosis isolates, 59.0% were classified as known lineages; Dehli/CAS (38.9%), Haarlem (8.6%), Ural (3.3%), LAM (3.3%), TUR (2.0%), X-type (1.2%), S-type (0.8%), Beijing (0.4%) and Uganda II (0.4%) lineage. Interestingly, 31.6% of the isolates were grouped in to four previously undefined phylogenetic lineages and were named as Ethiopia_3 (13.1%), Ethiopia_1 (7.8%), Ethiopia_H37Rv like (7.0%) and Ethiopia_2 (3.7%) lineages. The remaining 9.4% of the isolates could not be assigned to the known or new lineages. Overall, 45.1% of the isolates were grouped in clusters, indicating high rate of recent transmission. Similarly, 66.7% of MDR strains were grouped in clusters.
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[Verfasser], Teferi Eshetu, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Löscher. "Efficacy and Tolerability of Antimalarials and Molecular Resistance Markers of Falciparum Malaria in Jimma Region, Ethiopia / Teferi Eshetu. Betreuer: Thomas Löscher." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2011. http://d-nb.info/101723308X/34.
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Teklemariam, Ababu. "Water quality monitoring in Lake Abaya and Lake Chamo region a research based on water resources of the Abaya-Chamo Basin - South Ethiopia /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974970050.
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Crye, Jennifer L. "Shifting Boundaries: Rethinking the nature of religion and religious change among minority peoples in late imperial Russia." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1249395999.
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Hassano, Zeinab, and Felicia Nordgren. "The impact of socio-economic factors and attributes on repayment ability in Microfinancing : A study of microfinance programs in the Amhara region." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-40976.
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An insufficient financial market means that poor individuals cannot access financial capital, making it difficult for them to generate a stable income. Formal banks see these individuals as unreliable customers because of their financial background and see a risk that these potential customers will not repay their loans, which would put the bank at risk. Banks usually use the borrower’s assets as collateral for their loans. Unfortunately, not many of these poor people have any assets. Microloans can solve these problems by opening up the opportunity for financial capital that enables poor people to make the investments needed to create or develop some form of production and thus increase employment. This research was carried out to analyze if the collected variables can determine the repayment ability of those who got a microloan from the Amhara Credit and Savings institution. Since the borrowers received their loans through two different processes, this study divided the data into two groups. Group 1 received their microloan based on a personality test and the individuals in group 2 received their microloan based on group lending. This division is done in order to be able to eliminate that the lending process itself may have affected the repayment ability. This study is based on random sample data from the Amhara Credit and Savings institution. Regression analyses were performed using the STATA-15 software. The results are not entirely consistent with previous studies because some variables did not get the expected outcome linked similar to previous studies. Some of the variables in this study appear to have an effect on the repayment ability, but not all. Thus, the conclusion is that the results are insufficient and further research needs to be made to reject or confirm the influence of the socio-economic factors and structure of the microloan on the repayment ability for Ethiopian borrowers.En otillräcklig finansmarknad innebär att fattiga individer inte kan få tillgång till finansiellt kapital vilket gör det svårt för dem att generera en stabil inkomst. Formella banker ser dessa individer som opålitliga kunder på grund av deras ekonomiska bakgrund och ser en risk med att dessa potentiella kunder inte kommer att återbetala sina lån, vilket skulle sätta banken i risk. Banker använder vanligtvis låntagarens tillgångar som säkerhet för sina lån. Tyvärr så har inte många av dessa fattiga människor några tillgångar. Mikrolån kan lösa dessa problem genom att öppna upp möjligheten för finansiellt kapital som gör det möjligt för fattiga människor att göra de investeringar som behövs för att skapa eller utveckla någon form av produktion och därmed öka sysselsättningen. Denna forskning genomfördes för att analysera om våra insamlade variabler kan förklara återbetalningsförmågan hos de som fick ett mikrolån från Amhara Credit and Savings Institution. Eftersom låntagarna fick lån genom två olika processer delade vi upp dem i grupp ett, som fick sitt mikrolån genom ett personlighetstest och grupp två, som fick sitt mikrolån via en grupp med andra individer. Detta för att kunna eliminera att själva processen till hur de har fått lånet kan ha påverkat återbetalningsförmågan. Studien är baserad på slumpmässiga provdata från Amhara Credit and Savings Institution. Regressionsanalyser utfördes med användning av Stata 15-programvaran. Resultaten är inte helt i överensstämmelse med tidigare studier, i och med att vissa variabler inte har det förväntade utfallet kopplat till tidigare studier. Några av variablerna i denna studie visar sig ha en påverkan på återbetalningsförmågan, men inte alla. Således är vår slutsats att resultaten är otillräckliga och behöver ytterligare undersökning för att kunna avvisa eller bekräfta denna uppsats variablers påverkan på återbetalningsförmågan.
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Foerster, Verena Elisabeth [Verfasser], Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäbitz, and Olaf [Akademischer Betreuer] Bubenzer. "Late Quaternary climate variability in the source region of Homo sapiens. Dry-wet cycles in Chew Bahir, southern Ethiopia / Verena Elisabeth Foerster. Gutachter: Frank Schäbitz ; Olaf Bubenzer." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1071369873/34.
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Yesuf, Elias Ali [Verfasser], and Eva [Akademischer Betreuer] Grill. "Developing and validating a multi-dimensional instrument for measuring the performance of district health systems in a national region in Ethiopia / Elias Ali Yesuf ; Betreuer: Eva Grill." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1213658799/34.
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Fortin, Georges. "Le notaire J.-Henri Fortin et les premiers habitants des basses terres du Lac Saint-Jean." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993. http://theses.uqac.ca.
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