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Journal articles on the topic 'And persistent inflammation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Gentile, Lori F., Alex G. Cuenca, Philip A. Efron, et al. "Persistent inflammation and immunosuppression." Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 72, no. 6 (2012): 1491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e318256e000.

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2

Tsirpanlis, George, Pantelis Bagos, Dimitris Ioannou, et al. "Exploring Inflammation in Hemodialysis Patients: Persistent and Superimposed Inflammation." Kidney and Blood Pressure Research 27, no. 2 (2004): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000075809.

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3

Babaoglu, Hakan, Berkan Armagan, Erdal Bodakci, et al. "Predictors of persistent inflammation in familial Mediterranean fever and association with damage." Rheumatology 60, no. 1 (2020): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa378.

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Abstract Objective Persistent inflammation is an insidious and less studied feature of FMF. We investigated clinical determinants of persistent inflammation and its associations with individual damage items. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of 917 FMF patients, who fulfilled the Tel Hashomer criteria and had at least 6 months’ follow-up. Patients were stratified based on whether they had persistent inflammation. We used logistic regression analysis to investigate independent predictors of persistent inflammation and the associated individual damage items. Results One hundred and fort

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Arias de la Rosa, I., M. L. Ladehesa Pineda, C. López-Medina, et al. "POS0432 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PROTEOMIC PROFILE IN SPONDYLOARTHRITIS PATIENTS: POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (2023): 472.1–472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.2573.

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Backgroundpatients with Spondyloarthritis (SpA) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Taking into account the strong relationship between inflammation and CVD, there is an urgent need to identify different molecular drivers of CVD signs and their association with inflammation.Objectivesto investigate the alteration of CVD-related proteins in the plasma of SpA patients, their association with clinical features, and to evaluate their potential role as biomarkers for the identification of persistent inflammation.Methodsa cross-sectional study including 120 patients with SpA and 30 age

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5

Barrado, Julia, and Vicente Estrada. "Inflammation in HIV: a persistent challenge." Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed.) 42, no. 9 (2024): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eimce.2024.09.007.

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Barrado, Julia, and Vicente Estrada. "Inflammation in HIV: A persistent challenge." Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica 42, no. 9 (2024): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2024.09.007.

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7

Nomellini, Vanessa, Lewis J. Kaplan, Carrie A. Sims, and Charles C. Caldwell. "Chronic Critical Illness and Persistent Inflammation." SHOCK 49, no. 1 (2018): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/shk.0000000000000939.

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8

Canonica, G., and Ilaria Baiardini. "Minimal Persistent Inflammation in Allergic Rhinitis." Allergy & Clinical Immunology International - Journal of the World Allergy Organization 18, no. 04 (2006): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0838-1925.18.4.169.

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9

JATAKANON, ANON, CARINA UASUF, WAZIM MAZIAK, SAM LIM, KIAN FAN CHUNG, and PETER J BARNES. "Neutrophilic Inflammation in Severe Persistent Asthma." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 160, no. 5 (1999): 1532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9806170.

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Yoshida, Masaki, Shunji Itoh, Ikuji Hatamura, and Nobuo Nagai. "Persistent inflammation in photo-aged skin." Journal of Dermatological Science 86, no. 2 (2017): e81-e82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.02.239.

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11

Sieg, Scott F. "Persistent Inflammation in Treated HIV Disease." Journal of Infectious Diseases 214, suppl 2 (2016): S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw185.

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12

Mira, Juan C., Scott C. Brakenridge, Lyle L. Moldawer, and Frederick A. Moore. "Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression and Catabolism Syndrome." Critical Care Clinics 33, no. 2 (2017): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.12.001.

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13

Cox, Christopher E. "Persistent Systemic Inflammation in Chronic Critical Illness." Respiratory Care 57, no. 6 (2012): 859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.01719.

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14

Pedersen, Bente Klarlund. "Persistent low-grade inflammation and regular exercise." Frontiers in Bioscience S2, no. 1 (2010): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/s48.

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15

Gibson, Peter G., Jodie L. Simpson, and Nicholas Saltos. "Heterogeneity of Airway Inflammation in Persistent Asthma." Chest 119, no. 5 (2001): 1329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.119.5.1329.

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16

Neriishi, K., E. Nakashima, and R. R. Delongchamp. "Persistent subclinical inflammation among A-bomb survivors." International Journal of Radiation Biology 77, no. 4 (2001): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09553000010024911.

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17

Klemens, James Joseph, Kenneth Thompson, Alexander Langerman, and Robert M. Naclerio. "Persistent Inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness Following Viral Rhinosinusitis." Laryngoscope 116, no. 7 (2006): 1236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mlg.0000224526.43698.52.

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18

Miller, Elizabeth S., Camille G. Apple, Kolenkode B. Kannan, et al. "Chronic stress induces persistent low-grade inflammation." American Journal of Surgery 218, no. 4 (2019): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.07.006.

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19

Kilroy, Jonathan M., Andrew A. Leal, and Andrew J. Henderson. "Chronic HIV Transcription, Translation, and Persistent Inflammation." Viruses 16, no. 5 (2024): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16050751.

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People with HIV exhibit persistent inflammation that correlates with HIV-associated comorbidities including accelerated aging, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and neuroinflammation. Mechanisms that perpetuate chronic inflammation in people with HIV undergoing antiretroviral treatments are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that the persistent low-level expression of HIV proviruses, including RNAs generated from defective proviral genomes, drives the immune dysfunction that is responsible for chronic HIV pathogenesis. We explore factors during HIV infection that contribute to the ge

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20

Obeagu, Emmanuel Ifeanyi, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu, Esther Ugo Alum, and Okechukwu Paul-Chima Ugwu. "Persistent Immune Activation and Chronic Inflammation: Unraveling Their Impact on Anemia in HIV Infection." INOSR Experimental Sciences 12, no. 3 (2023): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/inosres/2023/7.3.21322.

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Persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation represent pivotal facets of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, profoundly influencing disease progression and complications. This abstract synthesizes current knowledge to unravel the intricate interplay between persistent immune activation, chronic inflammation, and their consequential impact on the development and exacerbation of anemia among individuals living with HIV. Persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation are recognized hallmarks of HIV infection, contributing significantly to disease pathogenesis and complic

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21

Blanco-Colio, Luis M., Nerea Méndez-Barbero, Ana María Pello Lázaro, et al. "MCP-1 Predicts Recurrent Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Persistent Inflammation." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 5 (2021): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10051137.

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Clinical data indicate that patients with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels higher than 2 mg per liter suffer from persistent inflammation, which is associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We determined whether a panel of biomarkers associated with CVD could predict recurrent events in patients with low or persistent inflammation and coronary artery disease (CAD). We followed 917 patients with CAD (median 4.59 ± 2.39 years), assessing CRP, galectin-3, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), N-terminal fragment of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and troponin-I plasma

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22

Kadatane, Saurav Prashant, Matthew Satariano, Michael Massey, Kai Mongan, and Rupesh Raina. "The Role of Inflammation in CKD." Cells 12, no. 12 (2023): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12121581.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects many adults worldwide. Persistent low-grade inflammation is a substantial factor in its development and progression and has correlated with increased mortality and cardiovascular problems. This low-grade inflammation is a product of dysregulation of the normal balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Various factors such as increased innate immune system activation, reactive oxygen species production, periodontal disease, dysregulation of anti-inflammatory systems and intestinal dysbiosis result in the dysregulation of this balance. Furthermore,

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23

Jansen, L.-A. R., L. A. Forster, X. L. Smith, M. Rubaharan, A. Z. Murphy, and D. J. Baro. "Changes in peripheral HCN2 channels during persistent inflammation." Channels 15, no. 1 (2021): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19336950.2020.1870086.

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24

Barker, Grant, Justin R. Weiner, Faheem W. Guirgis, and Srinivasa Reddy. "HDL and persistent inflammation immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome." Current Opinion in Lipidology 32, no. 5 (2021): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mol.0000000000000782.

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25

Bouchet, Courtney A., Katherine L. Suchland, and Susan L. Ingram. "Regulation of presynaptic CB1 receptors in persistent inflammation." FASEB Journal 34, S1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.03720.

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26

Broggini, N., L. M. McManus, J. S. Hermann, et al. "Persistent Acute Inflammation at the Implant-Abutment Interface." Journal of Dental Research 82, no. 3 (2003): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910308200316.

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The inflammatory response adjacent to implants has not been well-investigated and may influence peri-implant tissue levels. The purpose of this study was to assess, histomorphometrically, (1) the timing of abutment connection and (2) the influence of a microgap. Three implant designs were placed in the mandibles of dogs. Two-piece implants were placed at the alveolar crest and abutments connected either at initial surgery (non-submerged) or three months later (submerged). The third implant was one-piece. Adjacent interstitial tissues were analyzed. Both two-piece implants resulted in a peak of

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27

Stenvinkel, Peter. "Can Treating Persistent Inflammation Limit Protein Energy Wasting?" Seminars in Dialysis 26, no. 1 (2012): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12020.

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28

Hochstim, Christian J., Rizwan Masood, and Dale H. Rice. "Biofilm and persistent inflammation in endoscopic sinus surgery." Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 143, no. 5 (2010): 697–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2010.07.017.

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29

Machowska, Anna, Juan Jesus Carrero, Bengt Lindholm, and Peter Stenvinkel. "Therapeutics targeting persistent inflammation in chronic kidney disease." Translational Research 167, no. 1 (2016): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2015.06.012.

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30

Canonica, Giorgio Walter, and Giorgio Ciprandi. "Minimal persistent inflammation may be controlled by cetirizine." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 83, no. 5 (1999): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62849-9.

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31

Kikumoto, Yoko, Yasufumi Kai, Hiroshi Morinaga, et al. "Fabry Disease Exhibiting Recurrent Stroke and Persistent Inflammation." Internal Medicine 49, no. 20 (2010): 2247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3724.

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32

Rosenthal, Martin D., Cameron M. Rosenthal, Frederick A. Moore, and Robert G. Martindale. "Persistent, Immunosuppression, Inflammation, Catabolism Syndrome and Diaphragmatic Dysfunction." Current Pulmonology Reports 6, no. 1 (2017): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13665-017-0166-z.

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33

Munley, Jennifer A., Lauren S. Kelly, Gwendolyn S. Gillies, et al. "Multicompartmental Trauma Induces Persistent Inflammation and Organ Injury." Journal of Surgical Research 293 (January 2024): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2023.08.033.

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34

Zhang, Heng, and Fachun Zhou. "Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Catabolism Syndrome in Sepsis." Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 5, no. 1 (2024): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jcmr.v5i1.1785.

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Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection. Early recognition and appropriate management improve in-hospital mortality in patients with sepsis. However, many patients progress to chronic critical illness (CCI). Persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolic syndrome (PICS), a new phenotype of CCI, is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, host immunosuppression, and catabolic-dominant weight loss. Due to the complexity of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of PICS, there is no effective treatment available. The aim

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35

Obeagu, Emmanuel Ifeanyi. "Influence of cytokines on the recovery trajectory of HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: A review." Medicine 104, no. 1 (2025): e41222. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000041222.

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Cytokines, critical signaling molecules in the immune system, significantly influence the pathophysiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Dysregulated cytokine production, characterized by elevated pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, plays a pivotal role in chronic inflammation and immune activation in untreated HIV patients. ART initiation leads to changes in cytokine levels, typically resulting in decreased systemic inflammation, though the extent and persistence of these changes vary among individuals. Desp

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36

Stemmy, Erik, and Stephanie Constant. "The role of cyclophilins in regulating leukocyte recruitment in chronic allergic asthma. (35.14)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (2010): 35.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.35.14.

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Abstract Chronic allergic asthma is an airway disease characterized by persistent inflammation. Elevated numbers of eosinophils, activated lymphocytes, and mast cells, as well as increased levels of IL-5, are detectable in the airways and lung tissues of asthmatic patients even in the absence of allergen challenge. The factors regulating this persistent inflammation are not known. While classical chemokines such as eotaxins 1-3, RANTES, MIP-1α, and MCP-1 are highly elevated after acute allergen challenge, they return to baseline levels by 24h after exposure. Although better known as intracellu

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37

El Faouri, Muhannd, Naseer Ally, Myrta Lippera, et al. "Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Uveitis: Experience of a Tertiary Referral Centre in the United Kingdom." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 9 (2023): 3252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093252.

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Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) without macular intervention on uveitis eyes with persistent vitreous inflammation/opacities in terms of visual acuity (VA), intraocular inflammation and macular profile. Methods: We carried out a single-center retrospective study of patients with uveitic eyes that underwent PPV without intervention on the macula due to persistent vitreous inflammation/opacities. The primary outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular inflammation and macular profile at 3, 12 and 24 months after surgery. Results: Twent

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38

Rödel, Jürgen, Christina Große, Hangxing Yu, et al. "Persistent Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of HeLa Cells Mediates Apoptosis Resistance through a Chlamydia Protease-Like Activity Factor-Independent Mechanism and Induces High Mobility Group Box 1 Release." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 1 (2011): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05619-11.

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ABSTRACTIntracellular persistence ofChlamydia trachomatishas been implicated in the development of chronic infection that can result in pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal sterility. By inhibition of host cell apoptosis, chlamydiae have evolved a strategy to maintain the intracellular environment for replication and persistence. Both antiapoptotic host cell-derived factors and the chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) are involved inChlamydia-mediated apoptosis resistance. Here, we show that in HeLa cells infected with gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-induced persistentC. trachomatisserova

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39

Boegel, Kevin, Ferenc E. Gyulai, Kerry K. Moore та Michael S. Gold. "Deleterious Impact of a γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Preferring General Anesthetic When Used in the Presence of Persistent Inflammation". Anesthesiology 115, № 4 (2011): 782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e318215e1cb.

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Background Experimental data suggest general anesthetics preferring γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A may increase postoperative pain in patients with persistent inflammation. The current study was designed to begin to test this hypothesis. Methods Groups of rats were defined by the presence of inflammation, surgical intervention, and/or the type of general anesthetic used for a 3-h period of anesthesia. Persistent inflammation was induced with complete Freund adjuvant. The surgical intervention was a plantar incision. Three mechanistically distinct general anesthetics were used: pentobarbit

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40

Nur, Dr Ayesha Nigar, Prof Dr Meherun Nessa, and Dr Ferdousi Begum. "Colposcopy Assessment of Persistent Inflammatory Changes in Cervical Cytology." East African Scholars Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 05 (2024): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easms.2024.v07i05.009.

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Introduction: It has been reported that inflammation on Pap smear is quite common. Chronic inflammation, whether specific or nonspecific, has been linked to cancer development and is considered one of the factors responsible for carcinogenesis. Women who have persistent inflammation on Pap smear should undergo further evaluation and treatment. Objective: This research aims to study the effectiveness of colposcopy in terms of assessing persistent inflammatory changes in cervical cytology e.g., Pap smear. Methods: Between January 2021 and January 2024, this prospective study was carried out in t

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41

Malik, Muhammad Salman, Håvard Bjørgen, Kannimuthu Dhamotharan, et al. "Erythroid Progenitor Cells in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) May Be Persistently and Productively Infected with Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV)." Viruses 11, no. 9 (2019): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11090824.

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Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV-1) can cause heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The virus targets erythrocytes in the acute peak phase, followed by cardiomyocytes, before the infection subsides into persistence. The persistent phase is characterized by high level of viral RNA, but low level of viral protein. The origin and nature of persistent PRV-1 are not clear. Here, we analyzed for viral persistence and activity in various tissues and cell types in experimentally infected Atlantic salmon. Plasma contained PRV-1 genomic dsRNA throughout an 18-w

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42

Dean, Deborah, and Virginia C. Powers. "Persistent Chlamydia trachomatisInfections Resist Apoptotic Stimuli." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 4 (2001): 2442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.4.2442-2447.2001.

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ABSTRACT Microbial modulation of apoptosis has added a new dimension of understanding to the dynamic interaction between the human host and its microbial invaders. Persistent infection can be a by-product of inhibition of apoptosis and may significantly impact the pathogenesis of diseases caused by organisms such as Chlamydia trachomatis. We compared apoptotic responses among HeLa 229 cells acutely and persistently infected and mock infected with serovar A/HAR-13. Persistence was induced by gamma interferon at 0.2 and 2.0 ng/ml. Cells were treated with etoposide or staurosporine at 24-h interv

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43

Paton, Madison C. B., Megan Finch-Edmondson, Russell C. Dale, et al. "Persistent Inflammation in Cerebral Palsy: Pathogenic Mediator or Comorbidity? A Scoping Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 24 (2022): 7368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247368.

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Research has established inflammation in the pathogenesis of brain injury and the risk of developing cerebral palsy (CP). However, it is unclear if inflammation is solely pathogenic and primarily contributes to the acute phase of injury, or if inflammation persists with consequence in CP and may therefore be considered a comorbidity. We conducted a scoping review to identify studies that analyzed inflammatory biomarkers in CP and discuss the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of CP and/or as a comorbidity. Twelve included studies reported a range of analytes, methods and biomarkers, incl

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44

Cai, Jiangxue, Yiran Sun, Hao Yang, et al. "Angiogenin Ameliorates Endometritis by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation." Animals 15, no. 14 (2025): 2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142002.

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45

Kamvuma, Kingsley, Benson M. Hamooya, Sody Munsaka, Sepiso K. Masenga, and Annet Kirabo. "Mechanisms and Cardiorenal Complications of Chronic Anemia in People with HIV." Viruses 16, no. 4 (2024): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16040542.

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Chronic anemia is more prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to the general population. The mechanisms that drive chronic anemia in HIV are multifaceted and include functional impairment of hematopoietic stem cells, dysregulation of erythropoietin production, and persistent immune activation. Chronic inflammation from HIV infection adversely affects erythropoiesis, erythrocyte lifespan, and erythropoietin response, leading to a heightened risk of co-infections such as tuberculosis, persistent severe anemia, and increased mortality. Additionally, chronic anemia exacerbates the pro

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46

Huang, Xue, Lin-Dong Li, Guang-Ming Lyu, et al. "Chitosan-coated cerium oxide nanocubes accelerate cutaneous wound healing by curtailing persistent inflammation." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 2 (2018): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7qi00707h.

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47

Teer, Eman, Nyasha C. Mukonowenzou, and M. Faadiel Essop. "HIV, Inflammation, and Immunometabolism: A Model of the Inflammatory Theory of Disease." Viruses 17, no. 6 (2025): 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060839.

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Inflammation is a crucial component of the immune response essential for host defense and tissue repair. However, when the immune response becomes dysregulated, it can contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. While acute inflammation is a short-lived, protective response, chronic inflammation is sustained over time and can lead to immune dysfunction, tissue damage, and disease progression. The chronic inflammation theory of disease suggests that persistent immune activation/inflammation underlies both infectious and non-infectious conditions and serves as a unifying mechanism across

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48

Morimoto, Yasuo, Hiroto Izumi, and Etsushi Kuroda. "Significance of Persistent Inflammation in Respiratory Disorders Induced by Nanoparticles." Journal of Immunology Research 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/962871.

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Pulmonary inflammation, especially persistent inflammation, has been found to play a key role in respiratory disorders induced by nanoparticles in animal models. In inhalation studies and instillation studies of nanomaterials, persistent inflammation is composed of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages, and its pathogenesis is related to chemokines such as the cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) family and macrophage inflammatory protein-1αand oxidant stress-related genes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). DNA damages occur chemically or physically by nanomaterials. Chemical and ph

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Gami, N., SS Trivedi, K. Bhutia, M. Puri, and K. Aggarwal. "Persistent inflammation on Pap smear: Does it warrant evaluation?" Indian Journal of Cancer 48, no. 2 (2011): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-509x.82901.

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50

Skaat, Alon, Nachum Rosen, Mordechai Rosner, Ginette Schiby, and Guy J. Ben Simon. "Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection for Persistent Atypical Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation." Orbit 28, no. 6 (2009): 401–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01676830903071208.

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