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Journal articles on the topic 'And R42'

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Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Ervin, M. Gore, Michael G. Ross, Robert Castro, et al. "Ovine fetal and adult atrial natriuretic factor metabolism." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 255, no. 1 (1988): R187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1988.255.1.r187-r.

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Pages R40–R46: M. Gore Ervin, Michael G. Ross, Robert Castro, Dany Sherman, Robert W. Lam, Loni Castro, Rosemary D. Leake, and Delbert A. Fisher. “Ovine fetal and adult atrial natriuretic factor metabolism.” Pages R42–R43: The mean residence time (MRT) values published were incorrect. Corrected values are listed below: (See PDF)

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2

Parry, Ian W. H., and Kenneth A. Small. "Should Urban Transit Subsidies Be Reduced?" American Economic Review 99, no. 3 (2009): 700–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.3.700.

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This paper derives empirically tractable formulas for the welfare effects of fare adjustments in passenger peak and off-peak rail and bus transit, and for optimal pricing of those services. The formulas account for congestion, pollution, accident externalities, scale economies, and agency adjustment of transit service offerings. We apply them using parameter values for Washington (DC), Los Angeles, and London. The results support the efficiency of the large current fare subsidies; even starting with fares at 50 percent of operating costs, incremental fare reductions are welfare improving in al

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Feister, A. J., B. Browder, H. E. Willis, T. Mohanakumar, and S. Ruddy. "Pertussis toxin inhibits human neutrophil responses mediated by the 42-kilodalton IgG Fc receptor." Journal of Immunology 141, no. 1 (1988): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.141.1.228.

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Abstract The effects of pertussis toxin (PT) on human neutrophil responses mediated by the 42-kDa IgG Fc R (Fc gamma R42) were compared with its effects on responses mediated by the FMLP receptor. Pre-treatment of neutrophils with PT completely inhibited FMLP stimulation of superoxide production and blocked over 95% of FMLP-stimulated degranulation. PT inhibited superoxide production stimulated by Fc gamma R42 cross-linking by 92%. In contrast, degranulation stimulated by Fc gamma R42 was only partially inhibited, with beta-glucuronidase release inhibited by 54%, lysozyme by 33%, and lactoferr

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Belmont-Sánchez, Jeannette Carolina, Duane Choquesillo-Lazarte, María Eugenia García-Rubiño, et al. "Supramolecular Nature of Multicomponent Crystals Formed from 2,2′-Thiodiacetic Acid with 2,6-Diaminopurine or N9-(2-Hydroxyethyl)adenine." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24 (2023): 17381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417381.

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The synthesis and characterization of the multicomponent crystals formed by 2,2′-thiodiacetic acid (H2tda) and 2,6-diaminopurine (Hdap) or N9-(2-hydroxyethyl)adenine (9heade) are detailed in this report. These crystals exist in a salt rather than a co-crystal form, as confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffractometry, which reflects their ionic nature. This analysis confirmed proton transfer from the 2,2′-thiodiacetic acid to the basic groups of the coformers. The new multicomponent crystals have molecular formulas [(H9heade+)(Htda−)] 1 and [(H2dap+)2(tda2−)]·2H2O 2. These were also characteriz

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Muzioł, Tadeusz M., and Emilia Bronikowska. "Driving Forces in the Formation of Paracetamol Cocrystals and Solvate with Naphthalene, Quinoline and Acridine." Molecules 29, no. 18 (2024): 4437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184437.

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Paracetamol is an important analgesic and antipyretic drug showing poor tabletability. Among the various approaches used to improve this property, understanding the forces that govern the crystal packing is revealed to be crucial. We prepared three stable compounds: (par)2∙(nap) (1), (par)∙(quin) (2), and (par)∙(acr) (3) (nap—naphthalene, quin—quinoline, acr—acridine) being cocrystals or solvate. The structural studies showed that all the reported compounds are composed of alternately arranged layers of paracetamol and coformer. Several supramolecular motifs in the paracetamol layer were ident

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Trew, Alex. "Endogenous Infrastructure Development and Spatial Takeoff in the First Industrial Revolution." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 12, no. 2 (2020): 44–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160162.

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This paper develops a model in which the evolution of the transport sector occurs alongside the growth in trade and output of agricultural and manufacturing firms. Simulation output captures aspects of the historical record of England and Wales over 1710–1881. A number of counterfactuals demonstrate the role that the timing and spatial distribution of infrastructure development play in determining the timing of takeoff. There can be a role for policy in accelerating takeoff through improving infrastructure, but the spatial distribution of that improvement matters. (JEL H54, N53, N63, N73, N93,

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Cao, Yiming, and Shuo Chen. "Rebel on the Canal: Disrupted Trade Access and Social Conflict in China, 1650–1911." American Economic Review 112, no. 5 (2022): 1555–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201283.

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This paper examines the effects of the abandonment of China’s Grand Canal—the world’s largest and oldest artificial waterway—which served as a disruption to regional trade access. Using an original dataset covering 575 counties over 262 years, we show that the canal’s abandonment contributed to the social turmoil that engulfed North China in the nineteenth century. Counties along the canal experienced an additional 117 percent increase in rebelliousness after the canal’s closure relative to their non-canal counterparts. Our findings highlight the important role that continued access to trade r

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Donaldson, Dave. "Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure." American Economic Review 108, no. 4-5 (2018): 899–934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20101199.

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How large are the benefits of transportation infrastructure projects, and what explains these benefits? This paper uses archival data from colonial India to investigate the impact of India's vast railroad network. Guided by four results from a general equilibrium trade model, I find that railroads: (1) decreased trade costs and interregional price gaps; (2) increased interregional and international trade; (3) increased real income levels; and (4) that a sufficient statistic for the effect of railroads on welfare in the model accounts well for the observed reduced-form impact of railroads on re

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Basso, Leonardo J., and Hugo E. Silva. "Efficiency and Substitutability of Transit Subsidies and Other Urban Transport Policies." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 6, no. 4 (2014): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.6.4.1.

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This paper analyzes the efficiency of and the substitutability between three urban congestion management policies: transit subsidization, car congestion pricing, and dedicated bus lanes. The model features user heterogeneity, cross-congestion effects between cars and transit, intertemporal and total transport demand elasticities, and is simulated using data for London, UK and Santiago, Chile. We find that the substitutability between policies is large and, in particular, the marginal contribution of increased transit subsidies, as other policies are implemented first, diminishes rapidly. Bus l

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Baker, Houston. "Imaging Technology Development Initiatives by the National Cancer Institute's Biomedical Imaging Program." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 1, no. 1 (2002): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153303460200100112.

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The extramural research community is invited to compete for grant application funding to perform research and development in Cancer Imaging, which is prominent in the list of Extraordinary Opportunities that the National Cancer Institute (NCI) currently recognizes as likely to yield significant gains in public health. Through its Biomedical Imaging Program (BIP), NCI offers grant support for advances in medical imaging technologies applicable to cancer and pre-cancer research, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of treatment progress. Many investigators are familiar with generic NI

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Gagnepain, Philippe, Marc Ivaldi, and David Martimort. "The Cost of Contract Renegotiation: Evidence from the Local Public Sector." American Economic Review 103, no. 6 (2013): 2352–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.6.2352.

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Contract theory claims that renegotiation prevents attainment of the efficient solution that could be obtained under full commitment. Assessing the cost of renegotiation remains an open issue from an empirical viewpoint. We fit a structural principal-agent model with renegotiation on a set of contracts for urban transport services. The model captures two important features of the industry as only two types of contracts are used (fixed price and cost-plus) and subsidies are greater following a cost-plus contract than following a fixed-price one. We conclude that the welfare gains from improving

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Gao, R., Z. Z. Li, Y. Yang, S. W. Jin, and D. Q. Wang. "Structure and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis of N,N-dimethylbenzylammonium Salts of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic and Citric Acid." Журнал структурной химии 66, no. 7 (2025): 148584. https://doi.org/10.26902/jsc_id148584.

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Both N,N-dimethylbenzylammonium salts of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic and citric acid were obtained through the slow solvent evaporation method. The characterization was done by the single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR and elemental analysis, and their melting points were also measured. The N,N-dimethylbenzylammonium at salts 1-2 were both involved in the classical ionic N-H∙∙∙O H-bonds. The O-H···O H-bonds were also present in the both salts. Apart from the classical H-bonds, the auxiliary interactions of CH-O/CH2···O/CH3···O, CH-Cl/CH3-Cl and CH2-π also helped the stabilization and expansion of

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Sridhar, Kala Seetharam, and Shivakumar Nayka. "Determinants of Commute Time in an Indian City." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 16, no. 1 (2022): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09749101211073375.

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Given the conspicuous lack of adequate research on commute time in the Indian intra-urban context, the research questions we answer in this article are: what is the average commute time to work for residents? What does this imply for the city’s effective labour market? What are the determinants of commute time to work? This article studies the questions for a large Indian city, known for its traffic gridlocks. Given that published data on journey-to-work is not readily available for Indian cities, we report findings from primary surveys of commuters travelling to work in Bengaluru. The actual

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Edison, Bellarmin, Kasthuri Balasubramani, Kaliyaperumal Thanigaimani, Nuridayanti Che Khalib, Suhana Arshad, and Ibrahim Abdul Razak. "2,6-Diamino-4-chloropyrimidinium 4-carboxybutanoate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 70, no. 8 (2014): o857—o858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536814015220.

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In the title molecular salt, C4H6ClN4+·C5H7O4−, the cation is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.037 (1) Å for all non-H atoms. The anions are self-assembled through O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a supramolecular zigzag chain with graph-set notationC(8). In the crystal, the protonated N atom and the 2-amino group of the cation are hydrogen bonded to the carboxylate O atoms of the anionviaa pair of N—H...O hydrogen bonds with anR22(8) ring motif. This motif further self-organizes through N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating an array of six hydrogen bonds, the rings ha

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15

Silva, F. A. S., S. C. Valadares Filho, L. A. Godoi, et al. "Effect of duration of restricted-feeding on nutrient excretion, animal performance, and carcass characteristics of Holstein × Zebu finishing steers." Animal Production Science 60, no. 4 (2020): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18300.

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Restricted-feeding may be a useful management tool available to reduce environmental impact in feedlots. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of the duration of restricted-feeding on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion, growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing steers. Twenty-five Holstein × Zebu steers (average initial bodyweight (BW) = 319 ± 16.2 kg; age = 19 ± 1 months) were used. Five steers were slaughtered to provide baseline empty BW (EBW) and empty body composition at Day 0. The remaining steers were randomly allotted to f

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Moeini, Vahid, and Mahin Farzad. "Calculation of Thermal Pressure Coefficient of R11, R13, R14, R22, R23, R32, R41, and R113 Refrigerants by pVT Data." Advances in Physical Chemistry 2013 (May 28, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/327419.

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For thermodynamic performance to be optimized particular attention must be paid to the fluid’s thermal pressure coefficients and thermodynamic properties. A new analytical expression based on the statistical mechanics is derived for R11, R13, R14, R22, R23, R32, R41, and R113 refrigerants, using the intermolecular forces theory. In this paper, temperature dependency of the parameters of R11, R13, R14, R22, R23, R32, R41, and R113 refrigerants to calculate thermal pressure coefficients in the form of first order has been developed to second and third orders and their temperature derivatives of

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17

BARON, Carl B., Dean R. TOLAN, Kyung H. CHOI, and Ronald F. COBURN. "Aldolase A Ins(1,4,5)P3-binding domains as determined by site-directed mutagenesis." Biochemical Journal 341, no. 3 (1999): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3410805.

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We substituted neutral amino acids for some positively charged residues (R42, K107, K146, R148 and K229) that line the active site of aldolase A in an effort to determine binding sites for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. In addition, D33 (involved in carbon-carbon bond cleavage) was mutated. K229A and D33S aldolases showed almost no catalytic activity, but Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding was similar to that determined with the use of wild-type aldolase A. R42A, K107A, K146R and R148A had markedly decreased affinities for Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding, increased EC50 values for Fru(1,6)P2-evoked release of bound Ins

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18

Jung, Seo-Youn, Hee-Sik Kim, Jae Jun Song, Seung-Goo Lee, Tae-Kwang Oh, and Jung-Hoon Yoon. "Aestuariimicrobium kwangyangense gen. nov., sp. nov., an ll-diaminopimelic acid-containing bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediment." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 9 (2007): 2114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64917-0.

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Four Gram-positive, catalase-positive, short rod- or coccoid-shaped bacterial strains, R27T, R44, R45 and R47, were isolated from an enrichment culture with diesel oil-degradation activity and their taxonomic positions were investigated using a polyphasic approach. Phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic similarities indicated that strains R27T, R44, R45 and R47 belong to the same species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the four strains form a distinct evolutionary lineage within the family Propionibacteriaceae. The novel four strains had cell-wall peptidoglyca

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Chernew, Michael E., Dana P. Goldman, Feng Pan, and Baoping Shang. "Disability And Health Care Spending Among Medicare Beneficiaries." Health Affairs 24, Suppl2 (2005): W5—R42—W5—R52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.w5.r42.

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20

Tamboura, S., H. Sidhom, D. Baptiste, and J. Fitoussi. "Evaluation de la tenue en fatigue du composite SMC R42." Matériaux & Techniques 89, no. 3-4 (2001): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/200189030003.

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21

Krasnokutskaya, Elena, and Katja Seim. "Bid Preference Programs and Participation in Highway Procurement Auctions." American Economic Review 101, no. 6 (2011): 2653–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.6.2653.

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We use data from highway procurement auctions subject to California's Small Business Preference program to study the effect of bid preferences on auction outcomes. Our analysis is based on an estimated model of firms' bidding and participation decisions, which allows us to evaluate the effects of current and alternative policy designs. We show that incorporating participation responses significantly alters the assessment of preferential treatment policies. (JEL D44, H76, R42)

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Sarfraz, Muhammad, Nargis Sultana, Muhammad Ilyas Tariq, and Masood Parvez. "Synthesis, molecular packing and anti-cholinesterase activity of some new C-2 N-substituted anthranilamide derivatives." Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials 234, no. 9 (2019): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkri-2019-0029.

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Abstract Synthesis of C-2 N-substituted anthranilamide derivatives was carried out in a straight forward manner, utilizing 2-aminobenzamide and benzyl chloride as starting materials. Their crystal structures have been established by single crystal X-ray crystallographic method. In the molecules of 2-benzylamino-benzamide (3a), intramolecular hydrogen bonding b/w O atom and proton of –NH and classical intermolecular hydrogen bonding of the type N–H · · · O forming eight membered rings in R42(8) pattern. In both molecules of 2-(dibenzylamino)benzamide (3b), unlike the molecule in 3a, each H atom

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Mohabbat, Abdulrahman, István Boldog, Takin Haj Hassani Sohi, Nils Reistel, Philipp Seiffert, and Christoph Janiak. "Hydrogen-Bonded Ladder Motifs in Naphthalene Dicarboxamides: Influence of Linear vs. Angular Amide Orientation." Crystals 15, no. 5 (2025): 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15050406.

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The crystal structures of naphthalene dicarboxamides, namely 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxamide (1,4-NDA), 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxamide (2,6-NDA), and 2,7-naphthalene dicarboxamide (2,7-NDA), are presented for the first time, along with an analysis of their supramolecular organization. The compounds, obtained in single-crystalline form via solvothermal crystallization from methanol, are stable in air to near 350 °C and have melting points above 300 °C. In their densely packed structures (ρ = 1.43–1.47 cm3g−1) the combination of C11 (4) chains and R22(8) rings generates one-dimensional hydrogen-bon

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Günay İsgəndərova, Günay İsgəndərova. "İNVESTİSİYALARIN İNNOVATİV XARAKTERİNİN MEXANİZMLƏRİNİN GÜCLƏNDİRİLMƏSİNİN İQTİSADİYYATA TƏSİRİ." ENECO-Proceeding of Energy Economic Research Center 21, no. 01 (2025): 04–13. https://doi.org/10.36962/eneco21012025-04.

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Məqalədə investisiyaların innnovativ xarakterinin gücləndirilməsi mexanizmləri araşdırılıb və bu sahədə effektiv həll yolları təklif edilib. İnnovativ investisiyaların həyata keçirilməsi istiqamətində Azərbaycan Republikası və dünya təcrübəsi araşdırılmışdır. İnnovativ investisiyaların Azərbaycan iqtisadiyyatının inkişafına verdiyi müsbət təsirlər və üstünlüklər qeyd edilib. Məqalədə həmçinin ivestorlara bu sahədə təklif edilən vergi güzəştləri və digər təkliflər yer almışdır. Nəticələr göstərir ki, dövlətin dəstəyi və müvafiq siyasətin tətbiqi ilə innovative investisiyaların artımını sürətlən

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Ma, X. D., Y. Yang, J. X. Zhou, et al. "Crystallographic Feature, Synthon Investigation and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis of Two 3D Supramolecular Salts of Pyridine and Organic Carboxylic Acids Constructed by Classical H-Bonds and Some Noncovalent Interactions." Журнал структурной химии 66, no. 1 (2025): 137955. http://dx.doi.org/10.26902/jsc_id137955.

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The preparation, X-ray crystal structure, Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis of the complexes 1-2 from the pyridine and the mono- and dicarboxylic acids are reported. XRD and FTIR analysis demonstrated that both belong to the organic salt. The salt 1 crystallizes in the triclinic, space group Pī, with a = 7.271(3) Å, b = 9.548(4) Å, c = 14.698(7) Å, α = 78.435(6)°, β = 85.975(7)°, γ = 71.492(6)°，V = 948.0(8) Å3, Z = 2. The salt 2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic, space group P212121, with a = 7.9476(6) Å, b = 11.6756(9) Å, c = 25.686(2) Å, α = β = γ = 90°, V

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Asher, Sam, and Paul Novosad. "Rural Roads and Local Economic Development." American Economic Review 110, no. 3 (2020): 797–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180268.

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Nearly one billion people worldwide live in rural areas without access to national paved road networks. We estimate the impacts of India’s $40 billion national rural road construction program using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design and comprehensive household and firm census microdata. Four years after road construction, the main effect of new feeder roads is to facilitate the movement of workers out of agriculture. However, there are no major changes in agricultural outcomes, income, or assets. Employment in village firms expands only slightly. Even with better market connections, remot

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Adukia, Anjali, Sam Asher, and Paul Novosad. "Educational Investment Responses to Economic Opportunity: Evidence from Indian Road Construction." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 12, no. 1 (2020): 348–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20180036.

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The rural poor in developing countries, once economically isolated, are increasingly being connected to outside markets. Whether these new connections crowd out or encourage educational investment is a central question. We examine the effects on educational choices of 115,000 new roads built under India’s flagship road construction program. We find that children stay in school longer and perform better on standardized exams. Heterogeneity in treatment effects supports a standard human capital investment model: enrollment increases most when nearby labor markets offer high returns to education

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Conley, Timothy G., and Francesco Decarolis. "Detecting Bidders Groups in Collusive Auctions." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 8, no. 2 (2016): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20130254.

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We study entry and bidding in procurement auctions where contracts are awarded to the bid closest to a trimmed average bid. These auctions, common in public procurement, create incentives to coordinate bids to manipulate the bid distribution. We present statistical tests to detect coordinated entry and bidding choices. The tests perform well in a validation dataset where a court case makes coordination observable. We use the tests to detect coordination in a larger dataset where it is suspected, but not known. The results are used to interpret a major market shakeout following a switch to firs

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A. Funda; OKUYUCU, YILDIZ. "Inextensible flow of a semi-real quaternionic curve in semi-euclidean space R42." Communications Faculty Of Science University of Ankara Series A1Mathematics and Statistics 67, no. 1 (2018): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/commua1_0000000854.

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Bajari, Patrick, Stephanie Houghton, and Steven Tadelis. "Bidding for Incomplete Contracts: An Empirical Analysis of Adaptation Costs." American Economic Review 104, no. 4 (2014): 1288–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.4.1288.

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Procurement contracts are often renegotiated because of changes that are required after their execution. Using highway paving contracts we show that renegotiation imposes significant adaptation costs. Reduced form regressions suggest that bidders respond strategically to contractual incompleteness and that adaptation costs are an important determinant of their bids. A structural empirical model compares adaptation costs to bidder markups and shows that adaptation costs account for 7.5–14 percent of the winning bid. Markups from private information and market power, the focus of much of the auc

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Burgess, Robin, Remi Jedwab, Edward Miguel, Ameet Morjaria, and Gerard Padró i Miquel. "The Value of Democracy: Evidence from Road Building in Kenya." American Economic Review 105, no. 6 (2015): 1817–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20131031.

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Ethnic favoritism is seen as antithetical to development. This paper provides credible quantification of the extent of ethnic favoritism using data on road building in Kenyan districts across the 1963–2011 period. Guided by a model, it then examines whether the transition in and out of democracy under the same president constrains or exacerbates ethnic favoritism. Across the post-independence period, we find strong evidence of ethnic favoritism: districts that share the ethnicity of the president receive twice as much expenditure on roads and have five times the length of paved roads built. Th

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Decarolis, Francesco. "Awarding Price, Contract Performance, and Bids Screening: Evidence from Procurement Auctions." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 6, no. 1 (2014): 108–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.6.1.108.

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This paper presents evidence on the perverse trade-off that first price auctions induce between low prices at the awarding stage and poor ex post performance when bids are not binding commitments. By exploiting the different timing with which first price auctions were introduced in Italy to procure public works, this study finds that at least half of the cost savings from lower winning prices are lost because of ex post renegotiation. Screening the lowest price bid for its responsiveness prevents performance worsening but also reduces the initial cost savings by a third and induces delays in a

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Balboni, Clare. "In Harm's Way? Infrastructure Investments and the Persistence of Coastal Cities." American Economic Review 115, no. 1 (2025): 77–116. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191943.

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Coasts contain a disproportionate share of the world's population, reflecting historical advantages, but environmental change threatens a reversal of coastal fortune in the coming decades as natural disasters intensify and sea levels rise. This paper considers whether large infrastructure investments should continue to favor coastal areas. I estimate a dynamic spatial equilibrium framework using detailed geo-referenced data on road investments in Vietnam from 2000 to 2010 and find evidence that coastal favoritism has significant costs. The results highlight the importance of accounting for the

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Adamopoulos, Tasso. "Spatial Integration and Agricultural Productivity: Quantifying the Impact of New Roads." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 17, no. 1 (2025): 343–78. https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.20200149.

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I study the effects of Ethiopia's 1997–2014 road expansion program on agricultural productivity and structural change by combining a quantitative spatial sectoral framework with novel district-level panel data on agricultural production and geocoded transport costs. In the model, the spatial heterogeneity of transport costs affects the distribution of production and mobile inputs across locations and sectors, and the allocation of land across crops within locations. Varying transport costs to their new actual levels, the model delivers substantial structural change, a rise in agricultural prod

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Huet-Vaughn, Emiliano. "Stimulating the Vote: ARRA Road Spending and Vote Share." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11, no. 1 (2019): 292–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20170151.

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This paper estimates the impact of public good spending on voting behavior in the United States, using a quasi-experimental design and the distribution of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) road projects in New Jersey. I find an approximate 1.5 percentage point increase in Democratic Party presidential vote share in areas close to highway and bridge expenditures. I consider two alternative mechanisms: one, a salience mechanism whereby spending and associated “funded-by” signage affect political preferences; the other, a possible political multiplier effect whereby stimulus spending

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Brooks, Leah, and Zachary Liscow. "Infrastructure Costs." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 15, no. 2 (2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20200398.

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Despite infrastructure's importance to the US economy, evidence on its cost trajectory over time is sparse. We document real spending per new mile over the history of the Interstate Highway System. We find that spending per mile increased more than threefold from the 1960s to the 1980s. This increase persists even conditional on pre-existing observable geographic cost determinants. We then provide suggestive evidence on why. Input prices explain little of the increase. Statistically, changes in income and housing prices explain about half of the increase. We find suggestive evidence that the r

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Morten, Melanie, and Jaqueline Oliveira. "The Effects of Roads on Trade and Migration: Evidence from a Planned Capital City." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 16, no. 2 (2024): 389–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20180487.

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A large body of literature studies how infrastructure facilitates trade. We ask whether infrastructure also facilitates migration. Using a general equilibrium trade model and rich spatial data, we study the impact of a large, plausibly exogenous shock to highways in Brazil on both goods and labor markets. We find the highway system increased welfare by 2.8 percent, of which 76 percent was due to reduced trade costs and 24 percent to reduced migration costs. An implication of costly migration is spatial heterogeneity in benefits: the range of welfare improvement is 1 to 15 percent, as opposed t

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Huanhuan, Guo. "Effects of Transportation Infrastructure in China: APanel Cointegration Analysis." Empirical Economics Letters 23, no. 12 (2024): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14562655.

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<strong>Abstract: </strong>This study employs panel cointegration methods to examine the effects of transportation infrastructure on economic growth in China from 2004 to 2019. Empirical results indicate a cointegration relationship between regional GDP, transportation infrastructure, and other key variables, including private capital stock and labor force. Furthermore, transportation infrastructure in the eastern region substantially contributes to regional GDP with the highest positive impact, followed by the central region and then the western region.  <strong>Keywords:</strong><s

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Djotyan, G. P., and J. S. Bakos. "Small-signal spectrum focusing using a strong nonuniform pumping beam." Physical Review A 47, no. 1 (1993): R42—R44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.47.r42.

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Kálmán, P. "X-ray laser with photon energy of about 10 keV." Physical Review A 48, no. 1 (1993): R42—R45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.48.r42.

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Lemieux, G., J. Berkofsky, C. Lemieux, A. Quenneville, and M. Marsolais. "Real importance of alanine in renal metabolism: in vitro studies in rat and dog." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 255, no. 1 (1988): R42—R45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1988.255.1.r42.

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In vitro studies were performed on cortical renal tubules to clarify possible differences between dog and rat with regard to alanine production and to define more precisely the role of alanine on ammonia and glucose production by the kidney. It was established that glutamate-pyruvate transaminase has an activity that is seven times lower in the rat than in the dog kidney. At the same time, alanine production from lactate, pyruvate, and glutamate is three times lower in the rat than in the dog kidney. The enzymatic reaction could be completely inhibited in a competitive fashion with aminooxyace

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Milner, R. E., L. C. Wang, and P. Trayhurn. "Brown fat thermogenesis during hibernation and arousal in Richardson's ground squirrel." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 256, no. 1 (1989): R42—R48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.1.r42.

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The thermogenic activity [mitochondrial guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) binding] and capacity (uncoupling protein concentration, cytochrome oxidase activity) of brown adipose tissue have been investigated at different phases of the seasonally linked hibernation cycle in Richardson's ground squirrel. The amount of axillary brown adipose tissue and the total mitochondrial content of the tissue were substantially greater in hibernating squirrels than in squirrels caught posthibernation in April or May; cold acclimation induced qualitatively similar differences. The specific mitochondrial concentra

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Barz, H. W., J. P. Bondorf, C. H. Dasso, et al. "Mechanism for nuclear disassembly of the Ar+Th and Pb+Au systems at intermediate energies." Physical Review C 46, no. 1 (1992): R42—R44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.46.r42.

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Rauner, M., S. Kuppens, M. Schiffer, G. Birkl, K. Sengstock, and W. Ertmer. "Atomic lattice structures in two-dimensional momentum space." Physical Review A 58, no. 1 (1998): R42—R45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.58.r42.

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Solé, Ricard V., and Susanna C. Manrubia. "Extinction and self-organized criticality in a model of large-scale evolution." Physical Review E 54, no. 1 (1996): R42—R45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.54.r42.

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Desaulniers, N., T. S. Moerland, and B. D. Sidell. "High lipid content enhances the rate of oxygen diffusion through fish skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 271, no. 1 (1996): R42—R47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.1.r42.

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The diffusion coefficient for O2 (Do2) and the solubility constant for O2 (alpha O2) were measured at 15 degrees C in oxidative muscle from striped bass (Morone saxatilis) that had been acclimated to 5 degrees and 25 degrees C. This design allowed us to test the hypothesis that changes in composition of the tissue that are known to occur during thermal acclimation may affect O2 movement. Our measurements permitted calculation of the diffusion constant for O2 (Ko2) through the tissue, which is a primary determinant of capacity for O2 flux. Under isothermal conditions, alpha O2 was 3.59 +/- 0.20

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Schaeffer, P. J., J. F. Hokanson, D. J. Wells, and S. L. Lindstedt. "Cold exposure increases runningV˙o 2 max and cost of transport in goats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 280, no. 1 (2001): R42—R47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.1.r42.

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We inadvertently subjected a group of goats to 5 mo of cold exposure (mean minimum temperature less than −13°C) during an experiment designed to examine the effects of training by daily running on one member of each sibling pair. During the three coldest months, the sedentary but cold-exposed goats experienced a 34% increase in maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o 2 max, P < 0.01) and a 29% increase in running speed at maximal ( P < 0.05). When temperatures increased in the spring, both oxygen uptake and running speed decreased. We interpret these findings as evidence that cold is a sufficient sti

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Lewis-Faupel, Sean, Yusuf Neggers, Benjamin A. Olken, and Rohini Pande. "Can Electronic Procurement Improve Infrastructure Provision? Evidence from Public Works in India and Indonesia." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 8, no. 3 (2016): 258–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140258.

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This paper examines whether electronic procurement (e-procurement), which increases access to information and reduces personal interactions with potentially corrupt officials, improves procurement outcomes. We develop unique datasets from India and Indonesia and use variation in adoption of e-procurement within both countries. We find no evidence of reduced prices but do find that e-procurement leads to quality improvements. In India, where we observe quality directly, e-procurement improves road quality, and in Indonesia, e-procurement reduces delays. Regions with e-procurement are more likel

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Leduc, Sylvain, and Daniel Wilson. "Are State Governments Roadblocks to Federal Stimulus? Evidence on the Flypaper Effect of Highway Grants in the 2009 Recovery Act." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 9, no. 2 (2017): 253–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140371.

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This paper examines how state governments adjusted spending in response to the large temporary increase in federal highway grants under the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). The mechanism used to apportion ARRA highway grants to states allows one to isolate exogenous changes in these grants. The results indicate that states increased highway spending over 2009 to 2011 more than dollar-for-dollar with the ARRA grants they received. Rent-seeking efforts are shown to help explain this result: states with more political contributions from the public works sector to the governor a

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Evelyn Chiloane-Tsoka, Germinah. "Factors affecting the implementation of the taxi Recapitalisation Project: the Department of Transport." Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 4 (2016): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(4).2016.03.

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The advent of democracy in 1994 presented the South African government with twin challenges, of significance was institutional transformation while simultaneously introducing new policies in line with the democratic Constitution. In effecting the Constitution, new policies and programs were put in place that would attempt to improve the lives of all citizens. The Taxi Recapitalization Program was amongst challenges facing South African government. The taxi industry plays a crucial role in the economy and contributes 65% of public commuters taking into consideration that the majority of South A

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