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1

Nell, Henrik. "Quantifying the noise tolerance of the OCR engine Tesseract using a simulated environment." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för kreativa teknologier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4028.

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-&gt;Context. Optical Character Recognition (OCR), having a computer recognize text from an image, is not as intuitive as human recognition. Even small (to human eyes) degradations can thwart the OCR result. The problem is that random unknown degradations are unavoidable in a real-world setting. -&gt;Objectives. The noise tolerance of Tesseract, a state-of-the-art OCR engine, is evaluated in relation to how well it handles salt and pepper noise, a type of image degradation. Noise tolerance is measured as the percentage of aberrant pixels when comparing two images (one with noise and the other without noise). -&gt;Methods. A novel systematic approach for finding the noise tolerance of an OCR engine is presented. A simulated environment is developed, where the test parameters, called test cases (font, font size, text string), can be modified. The simulation program creates a text string image (white background, black text), degrades it iteratively using salt and pepper noise, and lets Tesseract perform OCR on it, in each iteration. The iteration process is stopped when the comparison between the image text string and the OCR result of Tesseract mismatches. -&gt;Results. Simulation results are given as changed pixels percentage (noise tolerance) between the clean text string image and the text string image the degradation iteration before Tesseract OCR failed to recognize all characters in the text string image. The results include 14400 test cases: 4 fonts (Arial, Calibri, Courier and Georgia), 100 font sizes (1-100) and 36 different strings (4*100*36=14400), resulting in about 1.8 million OCR attempts performed by Tesseract. -&gt;Conclusions. The noise tolerance depended on the test parameters. Font sizes smaller than 7 were not recognized at all, even without noise applied. The font size interval 13-22 was the peak performance interval, i.e. the font size interval that had the highest noise tolerance, except for the only monospaced font tested, Courier, which had lower noise tolerance in the peak performance interval. The noise tolerance trend for the font size interval 22-100 was that the noise tolerance decreased for larger font sizes. The noise tolerance of Tesseract as a whole, given the experiment results, was circa 6.21 %, i.e. if 6.21 % of the pixel in the image has changed Tesseract can still recognize all text in the image.<br><p>42</p>
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2

Sheikh, Munaf. "Robust recognition of facial expressions on noise degraded facial images." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7054_1306828003.

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<p>We investigate the use of noise degraded facial images in the application of facial expression recognition. In particular, we trained Gabor+SVMclassifiers to recognize facial expressions images with various types of noise. We applied Gaussian noise, Poisson noise, varying levels of salt and pepper noise, and speckle noise to noiseless facial images. Classifiers were trained with images without noise and then tested on the images with noise. Next, the classifiers were trained using images with noise, and then on tested both images that had noise, and images that were noiseless. Finally, classifiers were tested on images while increasing the levels of salt and pepper in the test set. Our results reflected distinct degradation of recognition accuracy. We also discovered that certain types of noise, particularly Gaussian and Poisson noise, boost recognition rates to levels greater than would be achieved by normal, noiseless images. We attribute this effect to the Gaussian envelope component of Gabor filters being sympathetic to Gaussian-like noise, which is similar in variance to that of the Gabor filters. Finally, using linear regression, we mapped a mathematical model to this degradation and used it to suggest how recognition rates would degrade further should more noise be added to the images.</p>
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3

Penella, Casañ Consuelo. "SCREENING PEPPER GENOTYPES TO OBTAIN TOLERANT ROOTSTOCKS TO SALT AND WATER STRESS: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMICAL RESPONSES OF THE GRAFTED PLANTS." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/58767.

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[EN] Pepper is a vegetable of extraordinary economic and social importance in our country. Unfortunately, the persistent exploitation of the land, the monoculture and the intensification of production processes, lead to the development of soil diseases. This coupled with the abiotic stress, mainly the salinity of waters and soil, suboptimal temperatures and water stress, can induce the appearance of physiological disorders in peppers as the Blossom-end rot (BER) and cracking or cracked, induce plant senescence and decrease not only production, but also the quality of the product. Salinity and water shortages are two among the biggest environmental problems that crops have to face in the Mediterranean area. A way to overcome the stresses under the prism of an ecological or integrated crop management, is the use of grafted plants as adaptation strategy. Although there has been remarkable progress in this technique (mainly in tomato, melon, watermelon), in the cultivation of pepper use remains rare. In this Doctoral thesis several pepper genotypes have been selected through different physiological parameters which indicate tolerance to salt and water stress. Commercial cultivars were grafted onto the selected genotypes and were grown under water stress, salinity and control conditions studying several physiological, agronomic responses and the interaction rootstock/scion. The results obtained concluded that genotypes selected and used as rootstocks improved commercial varieties to salt and water stress tolerance, both in terms of performance (commercial production) compared to other commercial characters and variety without grafting. Different physiological mechanisms explain the tolerance to stress, such as the ability to maintain the water potential through an osmotic adjustment, stimulation of the antioxidant system, exclusion or retention of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) in saline in the roots and the maintenance of photosynthesis which allows to maintain the metabolic functions of grafted plants and production.<br>[ES] El pimiento es una hortaliza de extraordinaria importancia económica y social en nuestro país. Lamentablemente, la persistente explotación del suelo, el monocultivo y la intensificación de los procesos de producción, conducen al desarrollo de enfermedades del suelo. Esto unido a los estreses abióticos, principalmente la salinidad de las aguas y del suelo, temperaturas subóptimas y estrés hídrico, puede inducir la aparición de fisiopatias en el pimiento como el Blossom-end rot (BER) y cracking o rajado, inducir senescencia vegetal y disminuir no solo la producción, sino también la calidad del producto. La salinidad y la escasez de agua son unos los mayores problemas medio ambientales a los que tienen que hacer frente los cultivos en el área Mediterránea. Un modo de sortear los estreses bajo el prisma de un manejo integrado o ecológico del cultivo, es la utilización de plantas injertadas como estrategia de adaptación. Aunque se ha producido un notable avance en esta técnica (principalmente en tomate, melón, sandía), en el cultivo del pimiento su utilización es poco frecuente aun. En esta Tesis Doctoral se han seleccionado mediante parámetros fisiológicos diferentes genotipos de pimiento tolerantes al estrés salino e hídrico. Los genotipos seleccionados fueron validados como patrones tolerantes a condiciones de estrés hídrico y salino injertados sobre una variedad comercial mediante el estudio de las respuestas fisiológicas, agronómicas y de la interacción patrón/variedad en ambas condiciones de estrés. De los resultados obtenidos se concluye que los genotipos seleccionados y utilizados como patrones mejoraron la tolerancia de las variedades comerciales a la salinidad, en términos de rendimiento (producción comercial) de frutos comparando con otros patrones comerciales y la variedad sin injertar. Diferentes mecanismos fisiológicos explican la tolerancia al estrés, como la capacidad de mantener el potencial hídrico mediante un ajuste osmótico, estimulación del sistema antioxidante, exclusión o retención de los iones tóxicos salinos (Na+ y Cl-) en las raíces y el mantenimiento de la fotosíntesis que permite mantener las funciones metabólicas de las plantas injertadas y la producción.<br>[CAT] El pimentó és una hortalissa d'extraordinària importància econòmica i social al nostre país. Lamentablement, la persistent explotació del sòl, el monocultiu i la intensificació dels processos de producció, conduïxen al desenrotllament de malalties del sòl. Açò unit als estressos abiòtics, principalment la salinitat de les aigües i del sòl, temperatures subòptimes i estrés hídric, pot induir l'aparició de fisiopaties en el pimentó com el Blossom-end rot (BER) i cracking, induir senescència vegetal i disminuir no sols la producció, sinó també la qualitat del producte. La salinitat i l'escassetat d'aigua són uns els majors problemes mitjà ambientals als que han de fer front els cultius en l'àrea Mediterrània. Una manera de sortejar els estressos davall el prisma d'un maneig integrat o ecològic del cultiu, és la utilització de plantes empeltades com a estratègia d'adaptació. Encara que s'ha produït un notable avanç en esta técnica (principalment en tomaca, meló, meló d'alger), en el cultiu del pimentó la seua utilització és poc freqüent. En esta Tesi Doctoral s'han seleccionat per mitjà de paràmetres fisiològics diferents genotips de pimentó tolerants a l'estrés salí i hídric. Els genotips seleccionats van ser validats com a patrons tolerants a condicions d'estrés hídric i salí empeltats sobre una varietat comercial per mitjà de l'estudi de les respostes fisiològiques, agronòmiques i de la interacció patrón/variedad en ambdós condicions d'estrés. Dels resultats obtinguts es conclou que els genotips seleccionats i utilitzats com a patrons van millorar la tolerància de les varietats comercials a la salinitat, tant en termes de rendiment (producció comercial) de fruits comparant amb altres patrons comercials i la varietat sense empeltar. Diferents mecanismes fisiològics expliquen la tolerància a l'estrés, com la capacitat de mantindre el potencial hídric per mitjà d'un ajust osmòtic, estimulació del sistema antioxidant, exclusió o retenció dels ions tòxics salins (Na+ i Cl-) en les arrels i el manteniment de la fotosíntesi que permet mantindre les funcions metabòliques de les plantes empeltades i la producció.<br>Penella Casañ, C. (2015). SCREENING PEPPER GENOTYPES TO OBTAIN TOLERANT ROOTSTOCKS TO SALT AND WATER STRESS: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMICAL RESPONSES OF THE GRAFTED PLANTS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/58767<br>TESIS<br>Premiado
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López, Serrano Lidia. "Unravelling the Physiological and Genetic Adaptation of Grafted Pepper under Saline and Hydric Stresses." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/162875.

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[ES] El pimiento es un cultivo muy importante a nivel mundial, pero es sensible a la falta de agua y a la salinidad. No obstante, se puede mejorar la tolerancia mediante la técnica del injerto. El Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias y la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia han realizado estudios previos para seleccionar accesiones de pimiento tolerantes a ambos estreses, utilizando después una selección de ellos como portainjertos para estudiar los mecanismos fisiológicos de tolerancia y aumentar la rentabilidad de su producción. Sin embargo, después de todos estos estudios, la información disponible es limitada. En este sentido, los objetivos que se han planteado en esta tesis doctoral fueron: i) seleccionar nuevas accesiones tolerantes de pimiento a la salinidad y escasez de agua, para aumentar la disponibilidad de genotipos tolerantes y usarlos en futuros programas de mejora, con el objetivo final de obtener nuevos portainjertos con una tolerancia mejorada; ii) identificar a corto plazo los mecanismos fisiológicos de tolerancia al estrés hídrico de una accesión tolerante (A25) usada como portainjerto; iii) identificar a corto plazo los mecanismos fisiológicos de tolerancia a la salinidad de un nuevo portainjerto híbrido tolerante (NIBER®); iv) encontrar los principales mecanismos moleculares de tolerancia a la salinidad de una accesión tolerante (A25) respecto a una sensible (A6) desde el punto de vista transcriptómico. Una vez realizados estos ensayos, en primer lugar, pudimos relacionar positivamente la capacidad fotosintética y el mantenimiento del crecimiento en plantas tolerantes a estrés hídrico y salino, tanto sin injertar como injertadas; de hecho, basándonos principalmente en esta relación, seleccionamos las accesiones A34 y A31 como tolerantes a estrés salino e hídrico, respectivamente. Además, demostramos que el papel principal de la prolina en los estreses estudiados no está ligado a la bajada de potencial osmótico; sin embargo, se identificaron funciones protectoras de este aminoácido que, junto a otras moléculas antioxidantes como los fenoles, contribuyen en el pimiento a aumentar la tolerancia. Igualmente importante es el peróxido de hidrógeno, que se relacionó con la capacidad antioxidante en pimiento, funcionando como molécula señalizadora en estrés salino. Asimismo, la bajada de ácido abscísico y la modificación de la expresión de genes relacionados han sido también relevantes en condiciones de estrés salino para mantener la apertura estomática y, por consiguiente, el crecimiento en plantas sin injertar e injertadas sobre portainjertos tolerantes. Se demostró también que la limitación del transporte de Na+ a hojas, así como el transporte y acumulación eficiente de K+ en raíces y hojas, son esenciales para alcanzar la homeostasis iónica y por tanto la tolerancia en pimientos injertados sobre portainjertos tolerantes. Para finalizar, el estudio de las rutas moleculares fue una herramienta útil para confirmar el comportamiento fisiológico y agronómico de una accesión de pimiento previamente clasificada como tolerante a la salinidad, descubriendo además nuevos mecanismos no referenciados hasta el momento. Los genes diferencialmente expresados encontrados estaban relacionados con la señalización hormonal, el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas, la fotoprotección, la regulación de los transportadores de iones y la detoxificación de ROS.<br>[CA] El pimentó és un cultiu molt important mundialment, però és sensible a la falta d'aigua i la salinitat. No obstant això, es pot millorar la tolerància mitjançant la tècnica de l'empelt. L'Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries i la Universitat Politècnica de València han fet estudis previs per a seleccionar accessions de pimentó tolerants a tots dos estressos i a continuació, una selecció d'entre elles es va utilitzar per a estudiar els mecanismes fisiològics de tolerància i augmentar la rendibilitat de la seua producció. No obstant això, després de tots aquests experiments, la informació encara és limitada. En aquest sentit, els objectius que s'han plantejat en aquesta tesi doctoral van ser: i) seleccionar noves accessions tolerants de pimentó a la salinitat i la falta d'aigua, per a augmentar la disponibilitat de genotips tolerants i usar-los en futurs programes de millora, amb l'objectiu final d'obtindre nous portaempelts amb una tolerància millorada; ii) identificar a curt termini els mecanismes fisiològics de tolerància a l'estrès hídric d'una accessió tolerant (A25) usada com portaempelt; iii) identificar a curt termini els mecanismes fisiològics de tolerància a la salinitat d'un nou portaempelt híbrid tolerant (NIBER®); iv) trobar els principals mecanismes moleculars de tolerància a la salinitat d'una accessió tolerant (A25) respecte a una sensible (A6) des d'un punt de vista de la transcriptòmica. Després de realitzar aquests assajos, en primer lloc, vam poder relacionar positivament la capacitat fotosintètica i el manteniment del creixement en plantes tolerants a l'estrès hídric i salí, tant sense empeltar com empeltades; de fet, basant-nos principalment en aquesta relació, vam seleccionar les accessions A34 i A31 com tolerants a l'estrès salí i hídric, respectivament. A més a més, vam demostrar que el paper principal de la prolina en els estressos estudiats no està lligat a la baixada de potencial osmòtic; en canvi, es van identificar diferents funcions protectores d'aquest aminoàcid, que, junt a altres molècules antioxidants com els fenols, contribueixen en el pimentó a combatre'ls. Igualment important és el peròxid d'hidrogen, que es va relacionar amb la capacitat antioxidant del pimentó, funcionant com a molècula senyalitzadora a l'estrès salí. Així mateix, la baixada d'àcid abscísic i la modificació de l'expressió de gens relacionats de la seua senyalització han sigut també rellevants en condicions d'estrès salí per a mantindre l'obertura estomàtica i per tant el creixement en plantes sense empeltar i empeltades amb portaempelts tolerants. Es va demostrar també que la limitació del transport de Na+ a les fulles, així com el transport i l'acumulació eficient de K+ a les arrels i les fulles, són essencials per a aconseguir l'homeòstasi iònica i per tant la tolerància en pimentons empeltats damunt portaempelts tolerants. Per concloure, l'estudi de les rutes moleculars va ser un instrument útil per a confirmar el comportament fisiològic i agronòmic d'una accessió de pimentó prèviament classificada com a tolerant, descobrint a més nous mecanismes no trobats fins ara. Els gens diferencialment expressats trobats estaven relacionats amb la senyalització hormonal, el creixement i el desenvolupament de les plantes, la fotoprotecció, la regulació dels transportadors de ions i la detoxificació de ROS.<br>[EN] Pepper culture is economically very important worldwide, although it is very sensitive to suboptimal conditions of water and high salinity. However, the tolerance to these stresses can be improved by the grafting technique. Previous studies of the Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research and the Polytechnic University of Valencia have been conducted to select pepper accessions that showed tolerance to both stresses, after which a further selection of them was used as rootstocks to find physiological mechanisms of tolerance and to increase its agronomic profit. However, after all these studies, the available information in this regard is still scarce. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were to: i) screen new tolerant pepper accessions under high salt concentrations and suboptimal water conditions, to increase the availability of tolerant genotypes to be used in future breeding programmes, with the final aim of obtaining new and improved tolerant rootstocks; ii) identify the short-term physiological mechanisms of water stress tolerance of a tolerant accession (A25) used as a rootstock; iii) identify the physiological mechanisms of short-term tolerance to salinity of a new tolerant hybrid rootstock (NIBER®); and iv) find the main molecular pathways of salinity tolerance of a tolerant accession (A25) compared to a sensitive one (A6) by a transcriptomic approach. After conducting these studies, we firstly found a positive relationship between photosynthetic capacity and growth maintenance in plants that were tolerant to water or salt stress, both grafted or ungrafted; indeed, based mainly on this relationship, we selected accessions A34 and A31 as tolerant to salt and water stress, respectively. In addition, we were able to demonstrate that the main role of proline under salinity and water scarcity is not linked herein to the drop in osmotic potential; on the contrary, we identified different protective roles that, together with other antioxidant protective molecules such as phenols, contribute to the tolerance of pepper plants to these environmental stresses. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species, was found to play important roles in the antioxidant capacity of pepper, working as a signalling molecule under salinity stress. Furthermore, the drop in abscisic acid concentration and its signalling deregulation were also shown to maintain stomatal aperture and thus the growth of the scion when grafted onto tolerant rootstocks and ungrafted accessions under high salt concentration conditions. It was also demonstrated that a limitation of Na+ transport to leaves, as well as a more efficient transport and accumulation of K+ in roots and leaves, are essential to reach ion homeostasis and, thus, tolerance in pepper plants grafted onto tolerant rootstocks. Finally, the study of the molecular pathways of tolerance was a useful tool to confirm the physiological and agronomical behaviour of a pepper accession previously classified as tolerant, although new mechanisms were also found. The differentially expressed genes found were linked to hormonal signalling, plant growth and development, photoprotection, regulation of ion transporters and ROS detoxification.<br>Quiero agradecer al Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), al Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) y al Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades por darme la oportunidad de disfrutar de la beca predoctoral FPI-INIA (proyectos RTA2013-00022-C02-1 y RTA2017-00030-C02-00) con la que he realizado esta tesis doctoral y he podido aprender tanto todos estos años, asistir a los congresos y realizar las estancias de investigación en el extranjero.<br>López Serrano, L. (2021). Unravelling the Physiological and Genetic Adaptation of Grafted Pepper under Saline and Hydric Stresses [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/162875<br>TESIS
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Tonin, Fabio Bechelli [UNESP]. "Atividade de enzimas antioxidativas e absorção de silício em plantas de pimentão submetidas a estresse salino." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93504.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:13:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tonin_fb_me_botfca.pdf: 672852 bytes, checksum: 66130855978aa44b29205282698c1193 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>No Brasil, o cultivo protegido aliado a fertirrigação tem se estabelecido como alternativa econômica para o cultivo de diversas espécies hortícolas, assim cultivou-se pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) híbrido Elisa, com o objetivo de estudar a absorção de silício e atividade de enzimas antioxidativas em plantas submetidas a estresse salino. Para a condução do experimento, foram adotados dois manejos para a aplicação de fertilizantes. O primeiro sistema considerou as recomendações para a cultura, visando manter a condutividade elétrica (C.E.) do solo em torno de 1,5 dS m-1. O segundo manejo foi estabelecido com alta concentração salina objetivando elevar a C.E. a valores três vezes superior ao tratamento controle (4,5 dS m-1). Esta concentração salina, baseada na aplicação de KCl, foi proposta para induzir estresse às plantas. Aplicou-se 1,82 t ha-1 de silicato de cálcio (23% SiO2) como fonte de silício. Observou-se que o aumento da salinidade do solo interferiu em parâmetros como produção de frutos, área foliar e composição química das plantas. Os frutos produzidos sob estas condições apresentaram-se reduzidos e deformados, independentemente da presença de silício. As plantas que receberam adição de silício no solo apresentaram maior área foliar, em ambas as condições de C.E. do solo. Plantas sob estresse apresentaram maior concentração de L-prolina nas folhas, maior atividade da enzima SOD e CAT. O silicato de cálcio contribuiu de alguma forma na eficiência das respostas antioxidativas monitoradas.<br>The protect cultivation allied to a ferti-irrigation system has been established in Brazil as an economic alternative to a variety of horticultural species, so sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Elisa hybrid was conducted in order to study the silicon absorption and antioxidant enzymes activity in plants under salt stress. Two managements of fertilizer application were used to carry out this experiment. The first system maintained the soil electric conductivity (E.C.) near 1,5 dS m-1 as recommended for the culture. The second one, was established with high salt concentration, to increase the E.C. to triple score of the control (4,5 dS m-1). This salt concentration was proposed to induce the stress in plants. 1,82 t ha-1 of calcium silicate (23% SiO2) was applied as source of silicon. It was observed that the high salinity changed some characteristics like fruit production, leaf area and chemical composition. The fruits under this condition showed small size and deformity, with or without silicon. The plants supplemented with silicon had higher leaf area for both soil E.C. condition. Plants under stress condition showed higher concentration of prolina in leafs and higher activity of SOD and CAT. The calcium silicate has contributed at antioxidant efficiency results.
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Tonin, Fabio Bechelli 1976. "Atividade de enzimas antioxidativas e absorção de silício em plantas de pimentão submetidas a estresse salino /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93504.

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Orientador: Fernando Broetto<br>Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas<br>Banca: Antonio Nolla<br>Resumo: No Brasil, o cultivo protegido aliado a fertirrigação tem se estabelecido como alternativa econômica para o cultivo de diversas espécies hortícolas, assim cultivou-se pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) híbrido Elisa, com o objetivo de estudar a absorção de silício e atividade de enzimas antioxidativas em plantas submetidas a estresse salino. Para a condução do experimento, foram adotados dois manejos para a aplicação de fertilizantes. O primeiro sistema considerou as recomendações para a cultura, visando manter a condutividade elétrica (C.E.) do solo em torno de 1,5 dS m-1. O segundo manejo foi estabelecido com alta concentração salina objetivando elevar a C.E. a valores três vezes superior ao tratamento controle (4,5 dS m-1). Esta concentração salina, baseada na aplicação de KCl, foi proposta para induzir estresse às plantas. Aplicou-se 1,82 t ha-1 de silicato de cálcio (23% SiO2) como fonte de silício. Observou-se que o aumento da salinidade do solo interferiu em parâmetros como produção de frutos, área foliar e composição química das plantas. Os frutos produzidos sob estas condições apresentaram-se reduzidos e deformados, independentemente da presença de silício. As plantas que receberam adição de silício no solo apresentaram maior área foliar, em ambas as condições de C.E. do solo. Plantas sob estresse apresentaram maior concentração de L-prolina nas folhas, maior atividade da enzima SOD e CAT. O silicato de cálcio contribuiu de alguma forma na eficiência das respostas antioxidativas monitoradas.<br>Abstract: The protect cultivation allied to a ferti-irrigation system has been established in Brazil as an economic alternative to a variety of horticultural species, so sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Elisa hybrid was conducted in order to study the silicon absorption and antioxidant enzymes activity in plants under salt stress. Two managements of fertilizer application were used to carry out this experiment. The first system maintained the soil electric conductivity (E.C.) near 1,5 dS m-1 as recommended for the culture. The second one, was established with high salt concentration, to increase the E.C. to triple score of the control (4,5 dS m-1). This salt concentration was proposed to induce the stress in plants. 1,82 t ha-1 of calcium silicate (23% SiO2) was applied as source of silicon. It was observed that the high salinity changed some characteristics like fruit production, leaf area and chemical composition. The fruits under this condition showed small size and deformity, with or without silicon. The plants supplemented with silicon had higher leaf area for both soil E.C. condition. Plants under stress condition showed higher concentration of prolina in leafs and higher activity of SOD and CAT. The calcium silicate has contributed at antioxidant efficiency results.<br>Mestre
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Gu, Shin-Jung, and 辜信榮. "The PI-Remover Design for Salt-and-Pepper Noise Elimination." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26459820591950087099.

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碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>資訊工程系碩士班<br>97<br>This thesis proposes a new filtering scheme _PI remover for effectively eliminating the salt-and-pepper noise of images. The PI-remover can be created straightforwardly based on the concept of Proportional-Integral (PI)controller. Similar as the design of PI-controller, the PI-remover also has the proportional parameter and integral parameter , that are used to weight the noisy pixels. The modified adaptive-median filter (AMF) is used to detect the possible noisy pixels. The noisy pixels are compensated to approach an objective value by running few iterations of the PI-remover’s compensation loop. The experimental results demonstrate that the PSNR of the restored images by using PI-remover is significantly improved as compared with that by using AMF. The PI-remover can still perform well as the noise level increase to 90%.
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Hong, Zi-Hao, and 洪梓豪. "Salt-and-Pepper Noise Removal Based on Moving Least Squares." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64160670253575541172.

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碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>資訊工程學系碩士班<br>102<br>In the field of image processing, noise handling has been an important issue. A good noise handling algorithm can not only reduce the number of noises and retain image details but also take little computation time. The main purpose of this thesis is to explore how to restore a higher degree of reduction in the noise image affected by the salt-and-pepper effect. In this thesis we propose an algorithm based on the moving least squares (MLS), which has been widely used in 3D computer graphics and has a significant effect on removing 3D redundant points and smoothing surfaces. We divided a noise image affected by the salt-and-pepper effect into several block images with the same size. Then, for each block image, an approximate surface in the use of the MLS method is found, and this surface is used to determine the noise pixels and finally to recover the image. From our experimental results, it shows that our algorithm has good recovery quality and achieves the purpose of effectively and fast reconstructing the image with noise interference.
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WEN, WEI-CHENG, and 溫偉程. "VLSI Implementation for Efficient Removal of Salt-and-Pepper Noise." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kw2j3z.

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碩士<br>國立高雄科技大學<br>電子工程系<br>107<br>Images might be degraded by noise in the process of signal acquisition and transmission, so an efficient denoising technique is necessary for various image processing applications. Recently, many image denoising methods for removing salt-and-pepper noise have been proposed. Some of them yield visually pleasing images by using high computational complexity arithmetic operations, enlarging local window size adaptively or doing iterations. Today, in many practical real-time applications, the denoising process is included in end-user equipment, so a good denoising technique, which is simple and suitable for low-cost VLSI implementation, is needed. In this thesis, we propose a simple and low-cost denoising method and its VLSI implementation for removing salt-and-pepper noise. The proposed design requires simple computations and one line memory buffer only, so its hardware cost is very low. To catch more edges, an extended version with two line memory buffers of our design is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate that our designs can obtain better performances in terms of both quantitative evaluation and visual quality than many lower-complexity impulse denoising methods. The proposed VLSI architectures were implemented by using Verilog HDL. We used SYNOPSYS Design Compiler to synthesize the designs with TSMC's 0.13m cell library. The synthesis results show that the proposed VLSI contains 6.7k and 17.3k gate counts, respectively. The working clock is 100MHz. The hardware cost is quite low.
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CHEN, JUI-HAN, and 陳睿瀚. "Removal of Salt-and-Pepper Noise Using Convolutional Neural Network." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7q8p6z.

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碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>資訊傳播學系<br>107<br>A captured image may be interfered with by impulse noise during acquisition or transmission, which will deteriorate the quality of the image. The demand of image quality is also increasing, so the enhancement of corrupted images is important, such as the X-ray and other medical images. This thesis presents a new method based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for noise removal. First, each noise pixel is analyzed by using a sliding window, and compared with the original image. The nearest neighbor pixel is selected to be the restored pixel. A larger window is employed to generate training features for the CNN, enabling a greater quantity of noise-free pixels to be adopted. In turn, the CNN is used to learn the mapping relationship between the noisy and noise-free images. The restored pixel is obtained by the selection of the trained CNN from the neighboring noise-free pixels. The experimental results show that the proposed CNN can effectively remove the salt and pepper noise in noisy images with various noise densities.
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Tsai, Chung-Yen, and 蔡長諺. "An Adaptive rank-ordered median image filter for removing salt-and-pepper noise." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85321261718712234697.

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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>資訊工程學系碩博士班<br>94<br>In this thesis, I propose an adaptive rank-ordered median image filter for removing salt-and-pepper noise. Our method is suitable for images corrupted highly and it can be implemented easily with hardware due to its low computation complexity. Generally speaking, the image filter performs two functions: the first is the impulse noise detection, and the other is the image filtering. The main focus of this thesis is impulse noise detection. We use the brightest and lightest pixels in the mask to decide the current pixel as impulse noise or not, and use the absolute difference value of brightest and lightest pixels to decrease the error-detection. If the noise-ratio in the image increases, the performance of most impulse noise detection methods will decreases. However, the proposed method achieves better performance even the noise-ratio is very high. At the second stage, we use the adaptive median filtering to remove impulse noise by using the noise information obtained in the previous noise-detection stage. Based on the experimental results, we found the performance of un-detection ratio and error-detection ratio of the proposed method is better than other algorithms. Finally, we develop the hardware circuit for the proposed filter. By integrating with the Leon3 soft-IP processor, we implement the whole system on a FPGA emulation board.
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李皇緯. "A Study on Detection and Reduction Salt & Pepper Impulse Noise in Digital Image." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69779486665812212955.

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碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>資訊工程學系<br>96<br>A new algorithm is proposed to remove impulse noise. It is a powerful impulse noise detection method, and it can effectively restore extremely corrupted images. First, a noise image is divided into 8 × 8 blocks, which are neighboring, but not overlap. Then, according to the attribute of noise, we class all pixels in the block into three groups. We can determine each pixel in the block as noise or noise-free effectively and accurately. If there are extreme pixel values in the block, we use another method to do this work. When corrupted and uncorrupted pixels are identified, the proposed method removes corrupted pixel by the mean value according its uncorrupted neighboring pixel values. Experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the impulse noise and preserve more details of images.
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LIU, LI-LING, and 劉俐伶. "Improvement of Image Denoising Algorithm Using Confidence Measure for Salt-and-Pepper Noise Removal." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mk979p.

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碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>資訊傳播學系<br>105<br>Digital images are widely used nowadays. However the quality of a digital image would be deteriorated by the corruption of impulse noise in the acquisition or transmission, casusing the errorneous judgement for the human eye or machine. How to effectively remove this impulse noise for a corrupted image is an important research task. Most of the image denoising methods process each noise-corrupted pixel from the top-left to the bottom-right of the images using a sliding window. The regions first processed will affect the subsequent image area. If a heavily noise-corrupted region is firstly reconstructed, restored pixels will deteriorate subsequent processed pixels. This enables the denoised image quality to be reduced. In this thesis, we present a new approach to change the process order of noise corrupted pixels according to the confidence measured with each pixel of an image. An analysis window with a greater quantity of noise-free pixels and with a consistent pixel change direction is defined as a high confidence region and denoised firstly, enabling the quality of the denoised image to be reduced. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can further improve the performance of an image denoising method which utilizes the sliding window from the top-left to the bottom-right. Accordingly, the confidence measure is helpful for image denoising and can be further applied for image signal processing.
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HSU, CHIH-CHAN, and 許志群. "Removal of Salt-and-Pepper Noise Using Gain Factors Adapted by Noise-Free Pixel Number and Pixel Variation." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k5bz92.

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碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>資訊傳播學系<br>105<br>A digital image would be corrupted by impulse noise at the time of capturing or transmission, causing the quality of the image to be deteriorated. Noise interference is disadvantageous for further process on the noise-corrupted image. How to effectively remove this impulse noise for a noise-corrupted image is an important research task. In this thesis, we propose a gain factor adapted by noise-free pixel number and pixel variation for the removal of salt-and-pepper noise, enabling the quality of the image to be improved. Initially, a sliding window with the size of 3x3 is employed to analyze the pixels with an extreme value of gray level (255 or 0 for an 8-bit gray-level image). All pixels with non-extreme value of gray level are sorted in an ascending order and are grouped according to the gray-level variation of pixels. If the gray-level variation of pixels between adjacent two sorted pixels varies seriously, a new group is created. Hence, the distribution ratio and median value of each group are computed to determine the values of the gain factors. They are multiplied with the median value of each group to obtain a weighted value which is employed to replace the center pixel with extreme value of gray level, enabling noise-corrupted pixels to be reconstructed.  Experimental results show that the proposed approach can effectively remove salt-and-pepper noise from a corrupted image for various noise corruption densities (from 10% to 90%); meanwhile, the denoised image is not blurred.
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Chen, Chi-Yu, and 陳淇鈺. "Denoising of Salt-and-Pepper Noise Using Edge-Preservation Adjusted by Inter-Window Variation Approach." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13816181035667870507.

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碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>資訊傳播學系碩士班<br>101<br>The quality of digital image can be seriously deteriorated by the corruption of impulse noise. How to efficiently remove this noise for a corrupted image is an important research task. This thesis proposes a new method to remove the salt-and-pepper noise by keeping the minimum variation among neighbor pixels when mean filtering is performed. It enables the noise corrupted image to be efficiently restored. Firstly, the center pixel of a local window is classified whether it is an extreme value (0 or 255). If the center pixel is an extreme value, it is noise free and kept unchanged to maintain image quality. Conversely, the center pixel needs to be further processed when it is an extreme value. The motion direction of center pixel should be detected by finding the direction with minimum pixel variation. Hence the mean filtering is performed on the optimum direction, enabling the salt-and-pepper noise to be removed. In addition, the motion direction should be maintained to be consistent with the edge pixels of an object, yielding the quality of restored image being improved. Experimental results show that the proposed method can efficiently remove the salt-and-pepper noise for a corrupted image in low to middle noise densities.
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HUANG, TZU-HSUAN, and 黃子璇. "Denoising of Salt-and-Pepper Noise Using Majority Weighting and Median Filtering Approach for Bio-images." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27ta68.

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碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>資訊傳播學系<br>104<br>The quality of digital bio-image would be deteriorated by the corruption of impulse noise in the record or transmission. This deterioration causes the difficulties in diagnosis for a doctor. How to efficiently remove this impulse noise for a corrupted bio-image is an important research task. This thesis proposes a new method for the removal of salt-and-pepper noise in a noisy bio-image. Initially, a fixed-size local window with small size is employed to analyze each pixel. The fixed-local window and median filtering are employed to restore the center noisy pixel when noise density is low. Conversely, a variable-size window and majority-weighting filtering are utilized to restore the center noisy pixel if noise density is high. Experimental results show that the proposed method can efficiently remove salt-and-pepper noise for a corrupted bio-image in various noise corruption densities, while the denoised image is free from blurred effect.
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HSU, HSIN-JU, and 許馨如. "Removal of Salt and Pepper Noise Using Deep-Learning Neural Network to Identify Pixel-Variation Direction." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/475y65.

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碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>資訊傳播學系<br>107<br>An image would be interfered with salt and pepper noise, causing the quality of the image to be degraded. An effective method to remove noise and restore the image is important. Although a Directional-Weighted-Median (DWM) filter can effectively restore the edge information in image denoising, this filter only considers the local properties in defining the weighting factors for the neighboring pixels. The global information of the image is ignored. In this thesis, we employ a deep-learning neural network (DNN) to define the direction of pixel variation for a noisy pixel. Hence, the noisy pixel is restored by the noise-free neighboring pixels on the direction defined by the DNN. Because the DNN is trained by using a noisy image and the corresponding noise-free image as the target image, the global properties of the noisy image and its noise-free image are considered. Therefore, the proposed DNN-based DWM filter can improve the performance of the DWM filter significantly. In the cases of heavy noise corruption, an iterative processing on noisy pixels is performed. The experimental results reveal that the proposed filter can effectively remove salt and pepper (SAP) noise in an image corrupted by various noise densities.
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Hsieh, Mu-Hsien, and 謝慕賢. "Fast and Efficient Median Filter for Removing 1-99% Levels of Salt-and-Pepper Noise in Images." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71469218692605083651.

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博士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>電子工程系<br>101<br>Since the past, we have been employing median filters to recover the images corrupted with noises. The results generated by median filters can preserve the details of original images in not only subjective display but also objective digital measure. Therefore, better recovered images are always used for successive application processes, such as texture analysis, pattern recognition, and ellipse detection, and the results are usually obtained better. In general, there are two steps for removing noises in corrupted images, namely, noise detection and restoration. In early stage, iterative method was applied to these two steps. Naturally, the computation of iterative method consumed a lot of time and the results obtained were not ideal, and basically it was only suitable for manipulating images corrupted at very low noise ratios. In recent years, most methods published took simple logic computation or even directly adopted the lowest and the highest gray values to distinguish noises from normal pixels; meanwhile, adaptive mask windows were employed to find medians to replace noises in order to restore corrupted images. In this way, they really sharply shortened the total computation time of the algorithm and the results in subjective and objective evaluations were substantially satisfactory. However, in these years, the results from the hard study of researchers still could not be broken through, and they almost stroke the same old tune; much worse, the results they presented might be inferior to those of other methods proposed. On this ground, this dissertation proposes a new median filter using prior information to capture natural pixels for restoration. In addition to being very efficient in logic execution, the proposed filter restores corrupted images with 1-99% levels of salt-and-pepper impulse noise to satisfactory ones. Without any iteration for noise detection, it intuitively and simply recognizes impulse noises (i.e. the lowest and the highest gray values, 0 and 255), while keeping the others intact as nonnoises. Depending on different noise ratios at an image, two different sets of masked pixels are employed separately for the adoption of candidates for median finding. Furthermore, no limit to the size of mask windows assures that a proper median can be found. The simple logic of the proposed algorithm achieves significant milestones on the fidelity of a restored image. Moreover, the very fast execution speed of the proposed filter is very suitable for being applied to real-time processing. Relevant experimental results on subjective visualization and objective digital measure are reported to validate the robustness of the proposed filter.
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Chang, Chun-Fang, and 張郡芳. "Removal of Salt-and-Pepper Noise for Corrupted Image Using Variable-Size Window and Pixel Probability Adaptation." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88436968007271178588.

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碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>資訊傳播學系<br>103<br>The quality of digital image would be deteriorated by the corruption of impulse noise in the record or transmission. How to efficiently remove this impulse noise for a corrupted image is an important research task. This paper proposes a novel method for the removal of salt-and-pepper noise. Initially, a variable-size local window is employed to analyze each noisy pixel. Each clean pixel is classified as either the maximum pixel value or the minimum one in the local window. The probabilities of these two classes are employed to weight the maximum clean pixel and the minimum one. This weighted value replaces the center noisy pixel, enabling this noisy pixel to be restored. Experimental results show that the proposed method can efficiently remove the salt-and- pepper noise for a corrupted image in various noise corruption densities, while the denoised image being free from blurred effect.
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黃教鈞. "Design of an Adaptive Median Filter for Salt-and-Pepper Image Denoising." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84445309965868866888.

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碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>資訊工程學系積體電路設計碩士班<br>104<br>Referring to previous researches regarding image processing, the elimination of the noise has played an important role, especially the most commonly seen salt-and-pepper noise. Moreover, median filter has been recognized as the most effective method to eliminate noise. The present study proposed an adaptive median filter architecture, in which the noise-detecting features of salt-and-pepper, and the trait of the two kinds of adaptive window with sorted pipeline to remove noise, were involved. In the current research, noise removal consisted of two steps, including noise detection and noise filtering. In the first step, either the highest or the smallest value of salt-and-pepper was adopted to detect noise, while the detected noise would be manipulated then, keeping the non-noisy pixel intact in the image. In the process of removing noise, window type, serving as noise filter, was selected based on the density of the noise. Moreover, pipeline sorting was used for the ordering, which reduced the capacity of comparator, decreased the time for ordering, as well as the circuit area. Since the present study used adaptive architecture, 1% to 90% density of noise was executed without the loss of details of the image. The results showed that the proposed circuit not only could be executed at high speed but also provided stable image quality.
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Chen, Yu-Chih, and 陳玉枝. "The Screen Strategy and Strain Identification of Salt Tolerance Plant Lactic Acid Bacteria and The Development of Conservation Technology for Low-Salt Pepper." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07980704796409459237.

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Arar, Rawan Mazen. "Olive oil, salt and pepper, onions, tea, bread, and sometimes tomatoes : economic conditions among Iraqi refugee women living in urban areas of Jordan." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-2016.

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This study explores economic conditions among Iraqi refugee women living in urban areas of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan through open-ended interviews. The research aims to address coping mechanisms Iraqi refugee women use to adapt to their financial situation. The goal is to review the proactive efforts women make to turn family units from traditional consumers (buying goods) to producers (making goods) in order to find financial stability. The study incorporates three overarching themes: First, it establishes Iraqi refugee women’s financial status by surveying economic security and employment opportunities. Second, the study investigates how living in urban areas of Jordan affects Iraqi women’s economic status. Thirdly, the study explores how Iraqi refugee women approach their financial situation. How have Iraqi women taken steps to exercise control over their financial lives and improve their economic situation as refugees? The objective of this project is to promote women’s empowerment by creating an open dialogue about Iraqi women’s struggles and to highlight the steps that women take to improve their situation. The study suggests steps that can be taken to aid Iraqi refugees.<br>text
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