Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'And studies'

In this episode, we take a quick walkthrough of the specific Tennessee Academic Standards for Social Studies as they relate to social studies teaching and learning in grades K-5. We discuss where you can find the standards, how they are organized, the role of the SSP (Social Studies Practices) standards for K-2 & 3-5, and explore topics and content standards progressively found in each grade level.<br>https://dc.etsu.edu/social-studies-education-oer/1002/thumbnail.jpg

Thesis (M.M.)--Conservatory of Music. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2006.<br>A series of ten pieces composed for two channel audio using trumpet and viola samples. "A thesis in music composition." Jared Prost, Erin Wright, musicians ; Paul Rudy, advisor Includes compact disc. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Nov. 12, 2007. Online version of the print edition.

This thesis investigates the practices of Arabic localisation as it presents a neglected area of localisation research, localising to a developing market. The thesis aims to establish a connection between localisation and Translation Studies, by exploring the ways in which this area can be theorised starting from the approaches developed by Lawrence Venuti (in particular the notions of foreignisation and domestication), and Christiane Nord (translation as interpersonal activity). Creating a theoretical framework which marries the cultural turn and functionalist approaches helps address the dynamics of Arabic localisation on both micro and macro levels. The thesis also aims to provide a holistic view of Arabic localisation, by considering translation processes and outcomes, and by attempting to understand how Arabic localisation is perceived by its target audience. In order to achieve these goals, the thesis presents three case studies devoted, respectively, to the FIFA 15 video game, the Knorr website and the educational platform Blackboard Learn. It follows a mixed method approach to answer about the unique nature of each case study. This includes text analysis which covers each medium’s localisation literature, the Arabic translated content of the selected products and related business articles. In addition, relevant online materials, such as gaming fora and Youtube gaming channels, are analysed to assess the response of the FIFA and Knorr target audience to the translation they receive. Due to the privacy of Blackboard Learn’s content and users, access to a student’s and an instructor’s accounts were sought from an Arabic university, and a questionnaire was developed to assess quantitatively and qualitatively the Arabic users’ response to the platform’s Arabic localisation. The significance of this thesis lies in its methodology and findings. Employing strategies from a range of backgrounds, academic, professional and social, produces a novel methodology for translation research and for addressing the complexity of the discipline of localisation, as well as understanding the effect of its technical and commercial aspects on translation practices and outcomes. By approaching localisation from a Translation Studies perspective, the thesis contributes to both disciplines. The thesis highlights the ways in which localising to a developing market is different from many of the practices discussed in the localisation literature. In addition, the context of Arabic localisation proves to be a fertile ground where Venuti’s theory of foreignisation and domestication can be relocated, and the debate about it acquires new nuances.

Während sich im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs die Geschlechtergrenzen zunehmend verflüssigen, Geschlechtlichkeit selbst als Konstrukt oder Performanz aufgefasst und die Rolle des Körpers bzw. der 'biologischen Basis' ebenso vehement wie kontrovers diskutiert wird, propagieren die Medien ganz nebenbei, dass 'Männer vom Mars' und 'Frauen von der Venus' (Cris Evatt) seien, verkaufen sich simplifizierende, essentialistische Positionen vertretende und eine klare Geschlechterdifferenz postulierende populärwissenschaftliche Publikationen besser als je zuvor. Zudem ändern sich nicht erst seit Zeitschriften wie Men's Health, GQ und FHM einen Boom erfahren oder David Beckhams metrosexuality en vogue ist, die Anforderungen an das vermeintlich starke Geschlecht, das sich gleich in mehreren Bereichen neu positionieren und somit auch neu entwerfen muss. Der - wie die Verkaufszahlen belegen - beim Lesepublikum äußerst erfolgreiche konservativ-restaurative Versuch, alte Geschlechtergrenzen festzuschreiben und kulturell tradierte ebenso wie vermeintlich eindeutige biologische Differenzen zu betonen, könnte somit als bewusste oder unbewusste Reaktion auf die in unserer Gesellschaft, deren Rechtssystem immerhin auf dem Prinzip der Zweigeschlechtlichkeit basiert, zunehmend um sich greifende Unsicherheit angesehen werden, zu bestimmen, was denn nun als männlich und was als weiblich gilt.

Artist Statement In my mixed media work, I focus on people who are in the process of being uprooted and exiled from their home. My work reflects the limbo refugees experience while they search for balance and a new place to settle. The cultural diaspora affects the transplanted individuals as well as the host communities. Everyone experiences and needs to adapt to change. My abstracted images are created by manipulating layers of acrylic paint, photo gel transfers, gel medium, and tempera paint. I combine human forms with layers of English and foreign text while exploring concepts of displacement. I use materials that I can rub dry, re-wet, and work into again. This process-oriented approach allows me to create figurative images that are ghost-like and in ambiguous environments which create an ephemeral world.

The overarching goal of this thesis was to examine aspects of childhood amnesia in children, adolescents, and adults, and to evaluate theoretical explanations for the phenomenon. The research addressed three main questions. First, at what age does the boundary of childhood amnesia occur in adults, and what is the shape of the boundary? Second, is it possible for children to verbally express preverbal aspects of their memories after a 6-year delay? Third, is maternal narrative style during early childhood related to the age of adolescents� earliest autobiographical memories? In Experiment 1A, I examined whether the way in which we ask adults to sample their memories alters estimates of the offset of childhood amnesia. Independent groups of adults were asked to describe and date one memory from any time in their lives associated with each of six cue words (Lifespan Condition), one childhood memory associated with each of six cue words (Childhood Condition), or their earliest memory associated with each of six cue words (Cued Earliest Condition). A fourth group of adults was asked to describe and date their six earliest memories (Uncued Earliest Condition). As predicted, participants in the Cued Earliest and Uncued Earliest Conditions reported earlier memories than participants in the Childhood Condition, who in turn reported earlier memories than participants in the Lifespan Condition. Consistent with prior research, when adults were asked to report their earliest memories, with or without the use of cue words, the mean age of the earliest memory reported was between 3 and 4 years. In Experiment 1B, I examined the distribution of the early memories reported by six individual adults by asking them to report all the memories that they could recall from each year of childhood, until they had reported at least their 20 earliest memories. When the number of memories recalled was plotted as a function of age at event, the distributions looked like step functions, with the step occurring at ages 4-6 years. Participants also reported some early memories for events that occurred before this age. In Experiment 2, I examined children�s and parents� verbal and non-verbal recall for a specific event - the Magic Shrinking Machine - after a 6-year delay. The children were aged 27-51 months when they originally played with the machine. After a 6-year delay, nine of 46 children and 26 of 42 parents verbally recalled the event. There were no age-related differences in the amount or accuracy of the information that participants reported about the event. When children�s reports were compared to their task-relevant vocabulary measured at the time of the event, there were just two instances in which a child used a word to describe the event that had not been part of his or her productive vocabulary at the time of the event. Children showed no non-verbal recall of the event, relative to a group of age-matched controls. In Experiment 3, I tested the hypothesis that the way that parents talk about the past with their children during early childhood will influence the age of these children�s earliest autobiographical memories when they are older. Conversations about past events between 17 mother-child dyads were recorded on multiple occasions between the children�s 2nd and 4th birthdays. When these children were between the ages of 12-13 years, they were asked to describe their earliest autobiographical memory. Adolescents whose mothers used a greater ratio of elaborations to repetitions when discussing the past with their child during early childhood had earlier first memories than did adolescents whose mothers used a smaller ratio of elaborations to repetitions. The present findings on adults� earliest memories are consistent with a two-stage model of childhood amnesia. Theories that draw on multiple cognitive developments provide a more complete account of childhood amnesia than theories that focus on a single developmental milestone. I propose that neurological maturation and language acquisition set the stage for subsequent language-related developments that contribute to the emergence of autobiographical memory and, ultimately, the offset of childhood amnesia.

In this episode, we explore the central professional organization for the social studies, the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS). We review their history and beginning, learn about definitions and purposes for social studies, take a look at key NCSS curriculum standards and frameworks, and explore related NCSS publications and resources for teachers and classrooms.<br>https://dc.etsu.edu/social-studies-education-oer/1000/thumbnail.jpg

In this episode, we explore the national curriculum standards and organizing strands of the NCSS “10 Themes” and review the various, related disciplinary content areas that contribute broadly to the whole social studies curriculum in the K-12 classroom.<br>https://dc.etsu.edu/social-studies-education-oer/1001/thumbnail.jpg

In this thesis, Incorporating Disability Studies: Revising the Introductory Women's Studies Course, I emphasize scholarship from Disability Studies that draws on feminist scholarship. I analyze introductory women's studies courses, using on-line syllabi only, and demonstrate the lack of Disability Studies work within the introductory courses. When analyzing Disability Studies courses for themes and required texts, I discover a rich field of feminist Disability Studies scholarship. I explore the historical trajectory of the development of the "social model of disability," as well as how it differs from the traditional "medical model." I examine the influence of feminist theory on issues of language, identity, embodiment, and sexuality within Disability Studies scholarship. I reveal the omission of Disability Studies perspectives from feminist scholarship. When revising, I offer scholarship that reflects themes noted as significantly important to Disability Studies scholars. Building a URLography, I provide brief annotations to web addresses that also contribute to incorporating Disability Studies material into the introductory women's studies course.

This dissertation consists of four chapters plus introduction and conclusion. Each chapter is an independent study of some of the uses and meanings of the ιστορ-vocabulary in Archaic and Classical Greek literature, excluding tragedy. In the Introduction the theme of the dissertation is introduced and the two methodological approaches relied on, Cambridge history of ideas and Begriffsgeschichte, are discussed. Chapter I deals with the earliest available material, with particular emphasis on the proem of Herodotus' Histories. Among the questions it tries to answer is whether any of the early uses of the ιστορ- vocabulary gives a key to Herodotus' use of ιστορίη. Chapter II takes a closer look at Herodotus' practice in the Histories by analysing his uses of ιστορίη and ιστορεῖν. These uses are largely confined to book II, the Egyptian logos. This chapter also deals with the uses of the ιστορ- vocabulary in some of the medical writings, particularly On Ancient Medicine and the Hellenistic sect known as the Empiricists. Chapter III is a detailed enquiry into the uses of the ιστορ-vocabulary in the only treatises of the Hippocratic collection that use it to any substantial degree: On Generation, On the Nature of the Child and Diseases IV. This material is compared with Aristotle's treatment of the same "embryological" problems in his zoological treatises and the question about the relation of observation and theory is discussed. Chapter IV takes a closer look at Aristotle's Historia Animalium, comparing it to Theophrastus' Historia Plantarum. The first half of the chapter concerns the status of living nature, the sublunary world, in the cosmology of Aristotle and Theophrastus. In the Conclusion I briefly pull together some of the main threads of the dissertation.

The roots of certain cranial and spinal nerves are particularly suitable for studying the growth, myelination and maturation of motoneuron fibres. Furthermore, their rootlets can be readily traced on serial sections in both PNS and CNS. Accordingly, they were used for a series of morphometic studies analysing the developmental changes involved in the segregation, growth, myelination and maturation of central and peripheral segments of large and small motoneuron fibres (1-9). These included analysis of age changes in the internodal morphology of the entire myelin sheath of both the Schwann cell and the oligodendrocyte. This permitted comparison of the myelinogenic responses to stimuli emerging the same axon bundles, both within and between the two classes of ensheathing cell (5,6,8,9). Extensive statistical analysis was performed on the myelin sheath thickness - axon calibre relationship for the developing internodes of large and small calibre motoneuron fibres (1,8,9). To test if this relationship was constant among all motoneuron fibre bundles, its setting was compared between nerves of similar developmental origin, peripheral distribution and function (10). The extent to which it varied between different levels along one and the same fibre bundle was also studied using dorsolateral vagal rootlets (14). A series of morphometric studies was performed on the developing CNS-PNS transitional zones of a number of rat cranial and spinal nerves to analyse the complex interaction, migration, and sometimes intermingling, of central and peripheral nervous tissues during this process (16-25). These contribute to understanding the wide variety of forms of the mature transitional zones (15,16,20-30), whether these lie at, peripheral to, or central to the plane of the CNS surface to which the nerve roots or rootlets which contain them are attached. CNS-PNS transitional node development was examined to assess the manner in which oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells modify their developmental behaviour in response to their unique relationship to one another in this location (20).

This thesis presents fundamental research about the combustion gas products and solid phase residue of switch grass combustion. To identify the compounds released during the combustion phase, tests were conducted using a Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) coupled to a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer. These test revealed that aromatic compounds as well as carbon dioxide and water were released.<br>High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and GCMS/GCFID were also used to identify and semi-quantify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and benzene derivatives. From these analyses it was concluded that thermal synthesis was not occurring within an oxidative environment and as such no PAHs were found.<br>Finally an infrared microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to study functional group, morphology and metal content change resulting from the combustion process.<br>This research provided information about the combustion mechanism of switch grass and laid the foundation for pilot-scale testing.

A search for new examples of proton emission from ground and low lying states was conducted at Argonne National Laboratory. Of particular interest were examples of proton emission from nuclei which were deformed or had an odd number of neutrons, the majority of known proton emitters being odd-even and near-spherical. Candidate nuclei were created via fusion evaporation, these recoils then being separated according to their mass to charge ratio by the Fragment Mass Analyser, before being implanted into a Double Sided Silicon Strip Detector. Any subsequent alpha or proton decays were then recorded.

Reaction of 2,4,6-trialkyl phenols with nitrogen dioxide in organic solvents is known to yield trinitro and dinitro hydroxy cyclohexenones as major products of reaction. These compounds have been postulated as forming via the transient intermediacy of 6-nitrocyclohexa-2,4-dienones. In the first part of the thesis the reactions of the C6-benzyl analogues of 4-t-butyl-2,6- dimethylphenol (206) and 2-t-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol (216), compounds (229) and (230) respectively, with nitrogen dioxide are shown to give products analogous to those observed in the reactions of the parent phenols. Reaction of 6-benzyl-4-t-butyl-2,6-dimethylcyclohexa-2,4-dienone (229) with nitrogen dioxide in benzene solution is shown to give all four stereoisomeric 2,5-dinitrocyclohex-3-enones (240)-(243), and three of the four possible stereoisomeric 2-hydrox:y-5-nitrocyclohex-3-enones (244)(246). In contrast, reaction of 6-benzyl-2-t-butyl-4,6-dimethylcyclohexa- 2,4-dienone (230) with nitrogen dioxide in dichloromethane solution is shown to yield cyclohex-2-enones as the major products of reaction - namely, the four stereoisomeric 4,5-dinitrocyclohex-2-enones (231)-(234). The cyclohex-3-enones (235)-(238) are isolated as minor products of reaction. In the second part of the thesis, the reactions of p-cymene (401) with nitrogen dioxide in acetic anhydride and dichloromethane solutions are explored. In dichloromethane solution, all the products of reaction, with the exception of 2-nitro-p-cymene (403) and p-nitrotoluene (405), can be accounted for in terms of a mechanism involving initial hydrogen atom abstraction from the iso-propyl group of the p-cymene molecule. In contrast, the reaction of p-cymene in acetic anhydride solution is shown to yield a multitude of products, including 2-nitro-p-cymene (403) and p-nitrotoluene (405), the two substituted aromatic compounds (414) and (415), and the eleven substituted cyclohexenes (410)-(413), (416)-(421) and (434). The mode of formation of these cyclohexenes in particular, is discussed in terms of an overall mechanistic scheme for the reaction of p-cymene in acetic anhydride solution. Throughout the thesis, extensive use is made of single crystal X-ray structure analysis, and high field Fourier transform n.m.r. techniques, in determining molecular structure. The structures of fifteen compounds have been determined by single crystal X-ray structure analyses.

Nitration of 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenol (40a) with fuming nitric acid gives the pair of C2-epimeric cyclohex-3-enones, (41) and (42), the dihydroxy cyclohex-3-enone and the 2,6-dimethyl-3,4-dinitrophenol (43). Reaction of the nitro phenol (40a) with nitrogen dioxide also gives compounds (41), (42), (43) and (44). The nitration of 2,6-dimethyl-4-bromophenol (40c) with fuming nitric acid (addition of the phenol to the acid) yields both possible C2-epimeric cyclohex-3-enones, (53) and (54), the trinitro cyclohex-3-enone (55) which decomposes to give the dinitro phenol (43), nitro phenol (58) and the 1,4-benzoquinone derivative (59). Nitration of the bromo phenol (40c) in fuming nitric acid (addition of the acid to the phenol) and reaction of the bromo phenol (40c) with nitrogen dioxide both lead to extensive nitrodebromination. The possible reaction pathways for phenols (40a) and (40c) are discussed. Nitration of 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene (66a) with fuming nitric acid gives the tetramethylnitrobenzene (85), products of side-chain modification (86)-(90), the rearranged 6,6-dimethylcyclohexenones (91), (92), (93) and (94), and 2,3,4,6-tetramethyl ketone derivatives (73)-(76), (95) and (96). Reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetramethylphenol (71) with nitrogen dioxide gives the hydroxy dinitro ketone (72) in addition to the trinitrocyclohexenones (74)-(77) and (82). The possible modes of formation of these compounds are discussed. Nitration of 1,2,3-trimethyl-4,6-dinitrobenzene (103) with fuming nitric acid gives dimethylpropanedioic acid (108) (72%), hydroxy dienone (110) (8%) and the substituted benzoic acid (109) (9%). Corresponding nitration of 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl- 3,6-dinitrobenzene (117) gives the nitro dicarboxylic acid (119) (33%), dimethylpropanedioic acid (108) (11%) and the substituted benzoic acid (118) (49%). Compounds (108) and (119) are products of reaction pathways involving ipsosubstitution, followed by methyl migration. Nitration of 2,4-dimethyl-6-nitrophenol (128) with fuming nitric acid gives two 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives (129) and (130), in addition to the two C4-epimeric cyclohex-2-enones (131) and (132), and a single cyclohex-3-enone (133). In addition, reaction of 2,4-dimethyl-6-nitrophenol (128) with nitrogen dioxide also gives (129), (130), (131), (132) and (133). Comment is made on the reaction mechanism and on the probable mode of conversion of the cyclohex-3-enone (133) to give the C4-epimeric cyclohex-2-enones (131) and (132). The structures of nine compounds (42), (44), (54), (74), (82), (92), (93), (94) and (96), have been determined unambiguously by single crystal X-ray structure analyses.

The work described in this thesis employs 'dual activation' methodologies and in particular sonovoltammetry to study a variety of electrochemical systems. First, the effect of 20 kHz power ultrasound on the electrochemistry of simple redox systems in both water and acetonitrile is explored and characterised for different cell geometries. A simple Nernst diffusion layer model is validated. Second, the use of insonation for efficient pre-concentration of target species in anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) is reported. 'Sonotrodes', where the electrodes are incorporated into the ultrasonic horn tips are shown to offer particularly high rates of mass transport and additionally cause ablation of mercury from plated platinum electrodes. The key benefits of sonication are shown to be electrode depassivation and extraction plus rapidity and ease of determination, coupled with the lack of any sample pre-treatment for the detection of lead in both wine and petrol by ASV. Lead levels determined by this method and calibrated by use of standard microaddition are in excellent agreement with those obtained 'blind' by atomic absorption spectroscopy performed at independent laboratories. Third, the novel use of ultrasonically formed emulsions is examined for both analytical and synthetic purposes. The possibility of extracting species both out of an organic phase for analysis and into an organic phase for the synthesis of water-insoluble redox products is realised. Fourth, the sonovoltammetric determination of ascorbic acid in both aqueous solution and the fruit drink Ribena®, is compared with results obtained by laser activated electroanalysis, where low level laser illumination of an electrode is employed to maintain a fresh electrode surface. Small amounts of laser-induced thermal convection at the electrode result in steady-state voltammetry. The level of agreement is excellent between the two methods and also agrees very well with independent chemical analysis. Fifth, laser activated voltammetry (LAV) is further explored and a simple mass transport model verified. Damage caused by high power laser ablation is evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Applications of the technique for depassivation are illustrated by the reduction of toluidine blue dye and oxidation of ferrocyanide in the presence of blood proteins. The technique is further employed under channel flow conditions to elucidate an unambiguous mechanism for aqueous iodide oxidation at platinum electrodes in the absence of the usual build up of bulk iodine (as evidenced by AFM). Finally, the reduction of methylene green dye at platinum electrodes is used to compare and contrast sonovoltammetry and LAV with thermal and microwave dual activation techniques. The build-up of the passivating reduced form of the dye on the electrode surface, again seen by AFM, is removed by sono-emulsion and laser activation but not by microwave heating. However, greater conductivity is observed at higher temperatures and an electron-hopping mechanism is postulated.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1993.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-130).<br>This thesis looks at contemporary American detached single-family suburban dwellings. It does so from a historical/typological viewpoint (descriptive) and from a design viewpoint as well (prescriptive). Diagnostic analysis of over 50 spec/tract house plans provided evidence that many of the plans, while functionally efficient, were lacking in territorial definition, flexibility of use, and intimacy of environment. The research of the thesis attempts to locate these shortcomings and, in an investigation of the house through its constituent parts, redesign the detached single-family suburban 'ranch' house.<br>by David Mark Harman.<br>M.Arch.

Thesis advisor: Michael Graf<br>Senior thesis on muon spin relaxation study of LiHoXY1-XF4 and semi-adiabatic specific heat experiment on LiTb0.40Y0.60F4<br>Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2010<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Physics Honors Program<br>Discipline: Physics

Studies have been carried out in the following areas: (1) <i>Photochemistry</i> The photochemical behaviour of selected aromatic carbonyl compounds has been studied, especially in relation to the nature of the excited state involved in chemical reaction. The photochemistry of certain pyrimidine-based agrochemicals and related compounds has been investigated from a kinetic and product viewpoint. The dye sensitised photooxidation of these compounds has also been studied. (2) <i>Spectroscopy and Charge-Transfer Complexation</i> The spectroscopic properties and electron acceptor ability of a variety of organic compounds has been reported upon. (3) <i>Chemistry of Polynitroaromatic Compounds</i> The synthesis of a number of new polynitronaphthalenes and polynitro-acenaphthenes has been achieved, and the properties of many of these compounds has been studied by nmr, esr, electronic spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. The reaction of base with such compounds has also been investigated. (4) <i>Education</i> Articles have been published in educational journals on molecular complexes, colour, solar energy and spectroscopy. Textbooks on molecular spectroscopy and photochemistry have been published.

Thesis (MscAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: For many apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars, attractive colour is essential to their profitability on export markets. This study focuses on problems related to poor green colour of ‘Granny Smith’ apples and insufficient red colour of bi-coloured pear cultivars. ‘Granny Smith’ apples often suffer from poor green colour. Green colour of fruit from various orchards was already found to differ midway through fruit development, with these differences being carried through to harvest. In a trial where nitrogen (N) fertilisers were applied using different forms at different times, there was no improvement in green colour. In another trial, artificial shading was applied to fruit only during their early development. Fruit that were shaded during this time were less green at harvest than unshaded fruit. Additional N applications may only improve colour where a deficiency exists. However, green colour may be improved by increasing light distribution early during fruit development. Bi-coloured pears attain their maximum red colour midway through their development, and this desired red colour is mostly lost prior to harvest. Red colour can also increase transiently with the passing of cold fronts. Anthocyanins, responsible for this red colour, may have a photoprotective function which would explain this pigmentation pattern, as photosystems are particularly sensitive to light damage at low temperatures. As ‘Rosemarie’ fruit bent over from a vertical to hanging position during development, peel photoinhibition was reduced as anthocyanins were synthesised. ‘Forelle’ peel was found to be very sensitive to high light levels at low temperatures. Substantial anthocyanin development took place in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples when weather conditions were cold, but clear following a cold front. A photoprotective role seems to explain daily changes in anthocyanins in response to temperature, but not the seasonal progression of colour development. For many apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars, attractive colour is essential to their profitability on export markets. This study focuses on problems related to poor green colour of ‘Granny Smith’ apples and insufficient red colour of bi-coloured pear cultivars. ‘Granny Smith’ apples often suffer from poor green colour. Green colour of fruit from various orchards was already found to differ midway through fruit development, with these differences being carried through to harvest. In a trial where nitrogen (N) fertilisers were applied using different forms at different times, there was no improvement in green colour. In another trial, artificial shading was applied to fruit only during their early development. Fruit that were shaded during this time were less green at harvest than unshaded fruit. Additional N applications may only improve colour where a deficiency exists. However, green colour may be improved by increasing light distribution early during fruit development. Bi-coloured pears attain their maximum red colour midway through their development, and this desired red colour is mostly lost prior to harvest. Red colour can also increase transiently with the passing of cold fronts. Anthocyanins, responsible for this red colour, may have a photoprotective function which would explain this pigmentation pattern, as photosystems are particularly sensitive to light damage at low temperatures. As ‘Rosemarie’ fruit bent over from a vertical to hanging position during development, peel photoinhibition was reduced as anthocyanins were synthesised. ‘Forelle’ peel was found to be very sensitive to high light levels at low temperatures. Substantial anthocyanin development took place in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples when weather conditions were cold, but clear following a cold front. A photoprotective role seems to explain daily changes in anthocyanins in response to temperature, but not the seasonal progression of colour development. Dwarfing rootstocks are known to improve red colour of bi-coloured pears due to improved light distribution. ‘Forelle’ fruit from six rootstocks of varying vigour were harvested from exposed positions only, so as to establish the effect of rootstock on red colour development independent of the effect of rootstock on canopy light distribution. Fruit from trees on quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) rootstocks were found to have redder fruit than those from vigorous BP pear rootstocks. This may be due to higher chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations present in the peel of fruit from BP rootstocks, whose leaf and peel N were also high. The use of quince rootstocks is recommended where red colour development of bi-coloured pears is a problem. An early season bi-coloured cultivar with good red colour is required. Breeding trials to find such a cultivar are resource intensive. To streamline the process, a method to preselect immature seedlings for their future fruit colour is required. Fruit colour from bearing seedlings was compared with colour of their immature leaves. Trees with red leaves were likely to produce fruit that were too red for the breeders’ requirements. Trees with green or blushed leaves were capable of producing blushed fruit. It would be feasible to cull red-leaved seedlings with minimal risk of losing potential bi-coloured cultivars.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie appel (Malus domestica Borkh.) en peer (Pyrus communis L.) kultivars se winsgewendheid word bepaal deur hul aantreklike kleur. In hierdie studie word die swak groen kleur van ‘Granny Smith’ appels asook rooi kleurontwikkeling van blospere ondersoek. Die groen kleur van ‘Granny Smith’ appels is dikwels onvoldoende. Verskille in groen kleur tussen boorde was reeds gedurende vroeë vrugontwikkeling aanwesig, en hierdie verskille het voortgeduur tot met oes. Groen kleur kon nie deur verskillende bronne en tye van stikstofbemesting verbeter word nie. Stikstofbemesting verbeter groen kleur moontlik net in boorde met ‘n stikstoftekort. Vrugte wat gedurende hul vroeë ontwikkeling oorskadu is, se groen kleur was swakker by oes in vergelyking met vrugte wat nie oorskadu is nie. Groen kleur kan moontlik verbeter word deur ligverspreiding tydens vroeë vrugontwikkeling deur middel van snoei aksies te verhoog. Blospeerkultivars bereik hul maksimum rooi kleur halfpad deur hul ontwikkeling, maar is geneig om hul rooi kleur grootliks voor oes te verloor. Rooi kleur mag egter kortstondig toeneem in reaksie op die lae temperature gepaardgaande met koue fronte. Antosianiene, wat verantwoordelik is vir die rooi kleur, het moontlik ‘n beskermende funksie teen hoë ligvlakke, en hierdie funksie mag moontlik die bogenoemde patroon van rooikleurontwikkeling verklaar. Die natuurlike buiging van ‘Rosemarie’ pere van hul aanvanklike regop oriëntasie tot hul karakteristieke hangende posisie, is gekenmerk deur ‘n afname in fotoinhibisie van die skil en ‘n gelyklopende sintese van antosianien. ‘Forelle’ skil was uiters sensitief vir hoë ligvlakke in kombinasie met lae temperature (16 ºC). ‘Cripps’ Pink’ appels het ‘n vinnig toename in rooi kleur getoon met die koue, maar helder, weerstoestande wat gevolg het op ‘n kouefront. Dit is welbekend dat dwergende onderstamme die rooi kleur van blospere verbeter deur ligverspreiding in die boom te verhoog. Ten einde die effek van onderstam op rooi kleurontwikkeling onafhanklik van die effek van onderstam op ligverspreiding te ondersoek, is ‘Forelle’ pere wat blootgestel was aan vol son geoes van bome geënt op ses onderstamme met verskillende groeikrag. Kweperonderstamme (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) het rooi kleur verbeter in vergelyking met die groeikragtige BP peeronderstamme. ‘n Moontlike rede vir die verbetering is die laer chlorofiel- en karotenoïedkonsentrasies in die skil van vrugte op kweperonderstamme. Bome op peeronderstamme het ook hoër blaaren skil stikstofvlakke gehad. Kweperonderstamme word aanbeveel in gevalle waar rooi kleurontwikkeling van blospere ‘n probleem mag wees. Die RSA vrugtebedryf benodig ‘n vroeë blospeerkultivar met goeie rooi kleurontwikkeling. Die teling van so ‘n kultivar is hulpbronintensief en baie duur. Ten einde die teelproses meer effektief te maak, word ‘n metode benodig om saailinge al voor uitplanting in die boord te selekteer na gelang van hul toekomstige vrugkleur. Die vrugkleur van oesryp pere van draende saailinge is vergelyk met die kleur van hul onvolwasse blare. Bome met rooi blare is geneig om vrugte te dra wat té rooi is om te kwalifiseer as blospere. Die meerderheid blospere is afkomstig van bome met blos of groen onvolwasse blare. Dit is prakties haalbaar om rooiblaarsaailinge uit te dun, met net ‘n klein, aanvaarbare risiko om ‘n moontlike blospeerkultivar in die proses te verloor.<br>medg2010-1<br>Imported from http://etd.sun.ac.za April 2010.

In the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome the regions adjacent to the 32 chromosome ends, the subtelomeres, are tethered at the nuclear periphery during vegetative / somatic growth and during sporulation / gametogenesis. This is in contrast to the rest of the genome, the interstitial regions, which are located throughout the nucleus. There is evidence that recombination between different subtelomeres is the exceptionally frequent, but that subtelomeres and interstitial regions do not recombine. These features of recombination involving subtelomeres may result from a structure that interacts with the subtelomeres, partitioning them from interstitial regions. Our aim was to characterise which part of the subtelomeres this recombination barrier interacts with. As a tool for estimating the rate and efficiency of recombination between different regions, a set of insertions into the S. cerevisiae genome was engineered. This set included 11 insertions at regular intervals along the terminal 10% of one chromosome arm, marking an interstitial region and the subtelomere. In addition, insertions were also made into a sample of other subtelomeres and interstitial regions. Both recombination during vegetative growth (mitotic recombination) and during sporulation (meiotic recombination) were assayed, between numerous combinations of these insertions. In agreement with previous studies, our results indicate that recombination between interstitial regions and subtelomeres is less efficient than recombination between different interstitial regions. Moreover, this is true of both mitotic and meiotic recombination. However, our efficiency data indicate this may result from tethering of subtelomeres at the nuclear periphery, rather than a partition in the nucleus. Tethering may suppress recombination between subtelomeres and most interstitial regions, simply by maintaining a large relative distance between these two regions. In contrast, the efficiency of mitotic and meiotic recombination between subtelomeres appear to be very different. Mitotic recombination between different subtelomeres appears to be exceptionally efficient, while meiotic recombination between different subtelomeres appears to be inefficient.

Several species of nudibranch mollusc considered rare can be found at Mumbles, Swansea, UK. Collections were made during every spring low tide, weather permitting, for three years. During the course of this investigation several aspects of nudibranch ecology were investigated. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis were studied using light microscopy in Thecacera pennigera (Montagu), Ancula gibbosa (Risso), Facelina auriculata (Muller) and Valio notbus (Johnston). Significant differences were found in oocyte length in relation to animal size, and nucleolus diameter in relation to the oocyte stage of development. It was concluded that oogenesis in all four species occurs in discrete waves; this is probably attributable to the lack of space within the female follicles once vitellogenesis has occurred. Spermatogenesis was uniform among T. pennigera, F. auriculata and A. gibbosa. However, a difference in the orientation of the developing spermatids was observed in P. nothus. Data presented in this chapter for P. nothus contradict previous studies investigating other Palio spp. Veliger development was investigated using T. pennigera, P. nothus, Onchidoris bilamellata (L.), A. gibbosa, and Cuthonagymnota Couthouy. No veliger development or shell growth were observed in A., gibbosa or C. gymnota. Shell growth was observed in P. nothus, but the veligers did not structurally develop further towards metamorphic competency. O. bilamellata and T, pennigera showed significant development; both exhibited shell growth and developed eye spots. The latter species also developed a larval heart and underwent mantle fold retraction. However, when introduced to Bugula plumosa (Pallas) T. pennigera failed to undergo metamorphosis. The population genetics of T. pennigera was investigated using mtDNA techniques. Three populations were sampled from South Wales; all three showed genetic homogeneity which was attributed to the long-term planktonic stage, and the extensive flushing which occurs within the Bristol Channel. Light microscopy was used to investigate the internal morphology and histology of A. gibbosa. Many feamres were similar to that reported for other members of the Goniodorididae. However, A. gibbosa was discovered to have a diaulic reproductive system, suggesting that Ancula may be a primitive member of this family. Several of the A. gibbosa sectioned were parasitized with Splanchnotrophus willemi Canu. The effects of this parasite on A. gibbosa varied from no internal damage to complete disintegration of the visceral mass. Despite infection, all animals had copulated at least once as evidenced by the presence of allosperm within their receptaculum seminis. It was considered that the individuals suffering severe internal damage due to parasitism would have been unlikely to produce viable spawn. S. willemi was implemented as the cause for its sporadic occurrence. The lecithotrophic anaspidean Akera bullata (Muller) was reared through metamorphosis on a variety of algal substrata, biofilm, and a control. Metamorphosis could be initiated within 24 hours of hatching, and was promoted by the presence of Chondrus.

This study details the methods of purification of the peptidase enzyme, Diaminopeptidase I (DAPI, Cathepsin C) and an acetyl-amino acid releasing enzyme called Acetylaminopeptidase (AcAP). The preparations obtained were fully characterized and identified as being homogenous preparations of the above enzymes. Together with Diaminopeptidase IV (DAPIV) it is intended to use these enzymes to hydrolyse unknown derivatized peptides and proteins for sequencing studies. Several different techniques were used in my studies. They included three different methods for the estimation of molecular weights, two methods for the determination of isoelectric points, an activity stain, inhibition studies, substrate specificity, studies and storage studies. Chapter 3 details the use of DAPI in an immobilized form to hydrolyze a peptide, with subsequent separation of the digestion products with sequence analysis by HPLC. This work culminated in a publication (Ref70). Many results confirm those found for the enzymes by previous workers. However, the metal ion inhibition studies of AcAP, in particular, contains some results contrary to some published results but possible reasons for this are offered. In summary, this study details methods for the purification of two enzymes postulated to be of use in the sequencing of some derivatized peptides. Further work, which takes the form of the use of the enzyme cocktail was carried out but these studies were incomplete and therefore not included in this study. However the techniques which I would have been used and the conditions which would have been employed have been included in the introduction for the sake of completeness.