Relevant bibliographies by topics / And the Californian Cap and Trade Program

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'And the Californian Cap and Trade Program'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 January 2023
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "And the Californian Cap and Trade Program"

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Alcorn, Thomas. "The Constitutionality of California's Cap-and-Trade Program and Recommendations for Design of Future State Programs." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 3.1 (2013): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjeal.3.1.constitutionality.

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Global climate change has emerged as one of the greatest challenges of our time. While action has stalled on the national stage, states have started to take action to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Confronted with the risk of severe impacts that could cost it tens of billions of dollars annually by the end of the century, California has taken the lead and developed the first comprehensive cap-and-trade program in the nation and seeks to achieve significant reductions in the greenhouse gas emissions associated with its economy. The success of California’s program will determine whether other states and the federal government follow California’s lead. If California’s cap-and-trade program is defeated by legal challenges or is excessively economically burdensome, it might spell the end of cap-and-trade programs in the United States. The most formidable legal challenge will be brought under the dormant Commerce Clause, which prohibits states from discriminating against, regulating, or unduly burdening interstate commerce. This Article analyzes California’s cap-and-trade program under the dormant Commerce Clause and suggests refinements that could be adopted by California or other states implementing cap-and-trade programs to improve the odds of prevailing against such a challenge. While California will almost certainly be forced to make regulatory concessions, especially in its regulation of the electricity sector, I conclude that state cap-and-trade programs can be structured in a way that, while not ideal, can survive dormant Commerce Clause scrutiny while providing meaningful regulation of greenhouse gas emissions and protection from emissions leakage.
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Edwin Woerdman and Manolis Kotzampasakis. "Linking the EU ETS with California’s Cap-and-Trade Program." Central European Review of Economics and Management 4, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 9–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.898.

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Aim: This paper aims to evaluate the legal barriers and policy obstacles to linking the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) with California’s Cap-and-Trade Program in the United States, and to identify potential legal solutions to overcome them, by taking a law and economics perspective. Design / research methods: A qualitative law and economics analysis is performed by combining the legal-dogmatic method with insights from economic theory. Primary sources are the respective legal frameworks, ETS regulations, past linking agreements and relevant case law. Secondary sources include the relevant legal and economic literature, as well as policy documents, reports and press releases. Conclusions / findings: An EU-California linkage of emissions trading systems (ETSs) is legally feasible on the basis of an informal agreement, through reciprocal amendments to the respective ETS-regulations. Potential barriers could emerge, in particular from misaligned provisions regarding price containment measures and offsets. A gradual implementation of certain mutually beneficial ETS reforms, possibly in conjunction with initially restricted linkage, can provide momentum for transcending these barriers. Originality / value of the article: To date, no linking has taken place between emissions trading systems from different continents. This paper contributes to the legal-economic literature on linking the EU ETS with California’s Cap-and-Trade Program by performing an up-to-date analysis of its associated barriers and by providing concrete legal suggestions to possibly overcome them. Such a transatlantic linkage could enhance the cost-effectiveness of climate policy and contribute to the bottom-up expansion of carbon markets worldwide.
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Fowlie, Meredith, Stephen P. Holland, and Erin T. Mansur. "What Do Emissions Markets Deliver and to Whom? Evidence from Southern California's NOx Trading Program." American Economic Review 102, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 965–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.965.

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An advantage of cap-and-trade programs over more prescriptive environmental regulation is that compliance flexibility and cost effectiveness can make more stringent emissions reductions politically feasible. However, when markets (versus regulators) determine where emissions occur, it becomes more difficult to assure that mandated emissions reductions are equitably achieved. We investigate these issues in the context of Southern California's RECLAIM program by matching facilities in RECLAIM with similar California facilities also in nonattainment areas. Our results indicate that average emissions fell 20 percent at RECLAIM facilities relative to our counterfactual. Furthermore, observed changes in emissions do not vary significantly with neighborhood demographic characteristics. (JEL H23, L51, Q53, Q58)
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Schmitz, Marissa Bongiovanni, and Erin Clover Kelly. "Ecosystem Service Commodification: Lessons from California." Global Environmental Politics 16, no. 4 (November 2016): 90–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00374.

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In 2013 the state of California launched a cap-and-trade program with a groundbreaking protocol for improved forest management (IFM), providing a framework to monetize carbon sequestration in managed forests. Through in-depth interviews and document review, this research examines California's IFM program development as a case study in stakeholder-engaged ecosystem commodification. We consider how diverse, vested-interest actors contested rival program design options by using the familiar narratives of ecological modernization, green governmentality, and civic environmentalism. The results reveal the benefits and complexities of delegating methodological design to stakeholders who seek direct participation in the market, and highlight the challenges of balancing multiple program objectives, including environmental benefits, legitimacy and market reception, and landowner participation potential. This research provides a unique window into the complex process of forest-offset program design and offers broader lessons for ecosystem markets currently being designed and implemented globally.
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Friedman, Lee S. "Should California Include Motor Vehicle Fuel Emissions in a Greenhouse Gas Cap-and-Trade Program?" Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 12, no. 3 (June 2010): 217–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13876981003714552.

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Cushing, Lara, Dan Blaustein-Rejto, Madeline Wander, Manuel Pastor, James Sadd, Allen Zhu, and Rachel Morello-Frosch. "Carbon trading, co-pollutants, and environmental equity: Evidence from California’s cap-and-trade program (2011–2015)." PLOS Medicine 15, no. 7 (July 10, 2018): e1002604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002604.

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Moghavem, Nuriel. "The California Cap-and-Trade Program: A Model Policy for Promoting Environmental Justice Using Accountability for Reasonableness." American Journal of Bioethics 18, no. 3 (February 21, 2018): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2017.1418935.

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Song, Jae-Do, and Young-Hwan Ahn. "Cognitive Bias in Emissions Trading." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 5, 2019): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051365.

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This study investigates whether cognitive biases such as the endowment effect and status quo bias occur in emissions trading. Such cognitive biases can serve as a barrier to trade. This study’s survey-based experiments, which include hypothetical emissions trading scenarios, show that the endowment effect does occur in emissions trading. The status quo bias occurs in only one of the three experiments. This study also investigates whether accumulation of experience can reduce cognitive bias as discovered preference hypothesis expects. The results indicate that practitioners who are supposed to have more experience show no evidence of having less cognitive bias. Contrary to the conventional expectation, the practitioners show significantly higher level of endowment effect than students and only the practitioners show a significant status quo bias. A consignment auction situation, which is used in California’s cap-and-trade program, is also tested; no significant difference between general permission trading and consignment auctions is found.
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Olson, A., C. K. Woo, N. Schlag, and A. Ong. "What happens in California does not always stay in California: The effect of California’s cap-and-trade program on wholesale electricity prices in the Western Interconnection." Electricity Journal 29, no. 7 (September 2016): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2016.08.003.

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Pauer, Stefan U. "Including electricity imports in California’s cap-and-trade program: A case study of a border carbon adjustment in practice." Electricity Journal 31, no. 10 (December 2018): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2018.11.005.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "And the Californian Cap and Trade Program"

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Fernandes, Chester S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Modeling & learning from the design recommendations for California's Greenhouse Gas Cap-and-Trade System." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47857.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 71).
Climate Change has become a Major issue beginning with our generation. Governments the world over are now recognizing that industry cannot continue to pollute in a business-as-usual manner. Emitting Greenhouse gases has a global impact, unlike pollutants that are released into soil or water. Global warming created by the Greenhouse effect, amongst other things is causing an increase in the ambient global temperature, causing glaciers to melt and global weather patterns to change. At the same time the world population is increasing, the standard of living for an increasing percentage of the population is improving, and with that the global energy usage is going up and up. Currently, a large portion of the global energy is derived from fossil fuels. Combusting fossil fuels are the primary source of Greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge for governments then is two-fold. One is how to cap and/or reduce the Greenhouse gases from industry, and second, how to achieve this first goal without being detrimental to the industry in a large way, or as some say with the least cost. In the USA, due to lack of a federal standard, several states have either banded together or gone it alone, in defining their own attempt to address the Greenhouse gas problem. The state of California is one such state that has put together a committee of experts, to advise the state on how best to design a system with the two afore-said challenges in mind. A model has been put together to model Option A, Program Design 1 of the California Cap-and-Trade system.
(cont.) The goal of the model is to give the regulator an understanding of how by varying the main lever, which is the cap set, the regulator can influence the covered Electric entities in optimally meeting the cap, based on the headroom they have for abatement, and their actual ability to act and the degree to which they can act in abatement; and secondly how this main lever, can create a thriving market for trading allowances, by trying to have almost an equal number of players that want to buy the requisite number of allowances to meet the cap, or sell their excess allowances.
by Chester Fernandes.
S.M.
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Bigger, Patrick M. "Environmental Governance in the Carbon Economy: Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions in California's Cap-and-Trade Program." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/32.

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Since 2006 California has been pursuing the most ambitious climate change policy in the United States, implementing a suite of greenhouse gas reduction measures ranging from automobile refrigerant disposal rules to clean energy standards for electric power utilities. The most significant of these measures is the creation of a cap‐and‐trade program. Through this program, regulators seek to create a knowable price‐signal to incentivize emissions reductions among polluters. Using a suite of ethnographic methods, this dissertation looks at the people, ideas, and institutions that have been mobilized in the creation of California’s cap‐and‐ trade program. Substantively, the dissertation engages with three key aspects of the program. First, the way that economic theory is deployed in the creation of the rules of exchange, and how that theory is made to take a compromised but still structuring role in light of the political pressures on regulators in writing the rules of exchange in financial representations of greenhouse gases. Second, the dissertation examines the diverse values, economic and non‐economic, in play during the creation of financial representations of greenhouse gases; and third, the environmental and social justice ramifications of structuring an emissions reduction program around the motivation of doing so at the lowest possible cost to polluters. Theoretically, this dissertation is informed by political ecology on the commodification of nature, commodity theory drawn from economic geography and political economy, and sociological theories of economic practice primarily originating from the social studies of finance. The conclusion of the dissertation is that the result of countless hours of work by regulators and their interlocutors is a suite of market‐like mechanisms that ultimately function more like the administrative tool that environmental markets’ early advocates envisioned rather than the full‐blown financialization of the atmosphere, though with potentially detrimental environmental impacts for vulnerable communities.
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Faye), Morris Jennifer F. (Jennifer. "Combining a renewable portfolio standard with a cap-and-trade policy : a general equilibrium analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53062.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-71).
Most economists see incentive-based measures such a cap-and-trade system or a carbon tax as cost effective policy instruments for limiting greenhouse gas emissions. In actuality, many efforts to address GHG emissions combine a cap-and-trade system with other regulatory instruments. This raises an important question: What is the effect of combining a cap-and-trade policy with policies targeting specific technologies? To investigate this question I focus on how a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) interacts with a cap-and-trade policy. An RPS specifies a certain percentage of electricity that must come from renewable sources such as wind, solar, and biomass. I use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model, which is able to capture the economy-wide impacts of this combination of policies. I have represented renewables in this model in two ways. At lower penetration levels renewables are an imperfect substitute for other electricity generation technologies because of the variability of resources like wind and solar. At higher levels of penetration renewables are a higher-cost prefect substitute for other generation technologies, assuming that with the extra cost the variability of the resource can be managed through backup capacity, storage, long range transmissions and strong grid connections. To represent an RPS policy, the production of every kilowatt hour of electricity from non-renewable sources requires an input of a fraction of a kilowatt hour of electricity from renewable sources.
(cont.) The fraction is equal to the RPS target. I find that adding an RPS requiring 25 percent renewables by 2025 to a cap that reduces emissions by 80% below 1990 levels by 2050 increases the welfare cost of meeting such a cap by 27 percent over the life of the policy, while reducing the CO2-equivalent price by about 8 percent each year.
by Jennifer F. Morris.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Martin, Katherine C. "Implementing a time- and location-differentiated cap-and-trade program : flexible nitrogen oxide abatement from power plants in the eastern United States." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43857.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology, Management, and Policy Program, 2007.
MIT Dewey Library copy: issued in leaves.
Also issued printed in leaves.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 197-206).
Studies suggest that timing and location of emissions can change the amount of ozone formed from a given amount of nitrogen oxide (NOx) by a factor of five (Mauzerall et al. 2005). Yet existing NOx cap-and-trade programs require stationary sources in the Eastern U.S. to reduce emissions without reference to timing or location. This work is part of a larger study on whether a NOx cap-and-trade program that differentiates across emissions by time and location could reduce ozone concentrations more cost-effectively than simple aggregate reductions in the NOx cap in the Eastern United States. To gauge possible gains relative to existing regulations, this work examines compliance data from coal power plants in 2002 and 2005 to estimate the effectiveness of existing un-differentiated regulations. It finds that some plant operators chose to remain under aggregated caps by emitting less NOx during early summer months when effects on ozone formation are low and emitting more NOx during late summer months when effects on ozone formation are great. This behavior was at once individually rational, environmentally damaging, and perfectly legal. To evaluate potential challenges to implementation, the study assesses the technical feasibility and the distributional effects of spatially and temporally differentiated regulatory systems. * Are power plants in the Eastern U.S. technically capable of reducing NOx emissions in response to incentives that changed in time and by location given network constraints? To address these questions, this work used a zonal model based on an abstract network graph and optimal power flow simulations to estimate potential short-term NOx reductions and associated costs from redispatch of power plants in the original Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) power system.
(cont.) Both methods estimated that power plants could respond with hourly NOx reductions of between 15 and 30% and that network constraints had little effect. * Are the distributional effects of a differentiated regulation likely to motivate and/or enable legal challenges that could undercut such a program? The distributional effects of differentiated regulation would depend on the timing and locations of reductions, and legal challenges could constrain implementation. But the inability of un-differentiated regulations to fully solve ozone problems, combined with scientific and economic justifications, and the ability of power plants to respond, justify further inquiry into the feasibility of differentiation.
by Katherine C. Martin.
Ph.D.
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Medlin, Debbie Denise Jeffries H. E. "Air quality policy implications of the Highly Reactive Volatile Organic Compound Cap and Trade program in the Houston metropolitan area." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,663.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering." Discipline: Environmental Sciences and Engineering; Department/School: Public Health.
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Wardley, Neale. "The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Journey: Finding the Balance between Acceptance, Effectiveness and Emissions Reduction." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42035/.

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For over a decade this study followed designs for emissions trading schemes (ETS) that have emerged in response to global warming. An ETS is considered a cost-effective instrument to mitigate pollution (UNFCCC, 2006). Early in this study indications were that several operational ETSs struggled to achieve their emission reduction goals. Considering this problem, the study looks at the competing constraints of acceptance, effectiveness, and emissions reduction. The parameters of an ETS can be adjusted in relation to these constraints and the study also considers the alignment of nine design factors to these constraints. The design factors considered are legislation, governance, compliance, rules, compensation, targets, phasing-in, coverage and the distribution of allowances. It emerges that adjustments in terms of factor alignment may affect a schemes ability to reduce emissions. Other important factors sit outside the scope of this study, i.e. variations in greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the GFC and later COVID-19, also alternative mitigation policies, human adaptation, and innovative technologies. Viewed in a comparative manner the main case studies are the antecedent US Acid Rain Program (US ARP), the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) and the US Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). Other ETS designs that provide data for the study include the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS), the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CRPS), which later became known as the Australian Carbon Tax, and the Californian Cap and Trade Program (CCTP). An effective ETS may perform adequately in relation to its’ goals for governance and compliance, although it can be shown that if the design leans too far toward acceptance the capacity for emissions reduction is diminished. According to the conceptual framework developed early in the study, over time the relationship between the constraints and the design factors should be revised toward reducing emissions.
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Books on the topic "And the Californian Cap and Trade Program"

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Cap-and-trade program considerations. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, 2011.

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Dinan, Terry. Managing allowance prices in a cap-and-trade program. Washington, DC: Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office, 2010.

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Fowlie, Meredith. Updating the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions permits in a federal cap-and-trade program. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

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Tax aspects of a cap-and-trade program: Hearing before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, April 24, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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Finance, United States Congress Senate Committee on. International aspects of a carbon cap and trade program: Hearing before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, February 14, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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International aspects of a carbon cap and trade program: Hearing before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, February 14, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Clean Air, Climate Change, and Nuclear Safety. Clear Skies Act of 2003: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Clean Air, Climate Change, and Nuclear Safety of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, on S.485, a bill to amend the Clear Air Act to reduce air pollution through expansion of cap and trade programs, to provide alternative regulatory classification for units subject to the cap and trade program, and for other purposes, April 8, 2003, May 8, 2003, June 5, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

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Committee on Finance (senate), United States Senate, and United States United States Congress. Tax Aspects of a Cap-And-trade Program. Independently Published, 2019.

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Committee on Finance (senate), United States Senate, and United States United States Congress. International Aspects of a Carbon Cap and Trade Program. Independently Published, 2019.

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Tools of the Trade: A Guide to Designing and Operating a Cap and Trade Program for Pollution Control. Canadian Government Publishing, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "And the Californian Cap and Trade Program"

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Balmes, John R. "California’s Cap-and-Trade Program." In Global Climate Change and Public Health, 383–91. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8417-2_22.

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Machinek, Matthias. "Gathering Input: Interviews with Central Actors of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and the Californian Cap and Trade Program." In Globale Gesellschaft und internationale Beziehungen, 41–59. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36667-4_4.

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Bang, Guri, David G. Victor, and Steinar Andresen. "California’s cap-and-trade programme." In The Evolution of Carbon Markets, 67–87. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2018] | Series: Transforming environmental politics and policy: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315228266-5.

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Machinek, Matthias. "Linking Possibilities in Practice: The Case of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and the California Cap and Trade Program." In Globale Gesellschaft und internationale Beziehungen, 95–144. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36667-4_6.

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Pérez Henríquez, Blas L. "Key Theoretical, Policy, and Implementation Experience Considerations for the Mexican ETS: Toward an Equitable and Cost-Effective Compliance Phase." In Springer Climate, 3–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82759-5_1.

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AbstractThis chapter presents a brief overview of the policy design and theoretical environmental economic principles that underpin the concept of emissions trading systems (ETS) as a policy approach to address climate change. It discusses basic environmental economic principles pertinent to the development of market-based solutions to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) and co-pollutants. The chapter serves as the technical basis for the broader discussion that this book as a whole presents on the launch of the pilot phase of the Mexican ETS on January 1, 2020. Understanding international program design experiences, theoretical principles, and implementing best practices is key to ensuring Mexico’s success in the transition from the pilot or learning phase to an operational ETS compliance system. This will ensure Mexico fulfills its national climate policy goals and nationally determined contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement in a cost-effective manner, while also providing compliance flexibility to the industrial sectors covered under the program. A well-designed ETS ultimately provides the right incentives for industrial carbon emission reductions to drive cost-effective abatement and clean innovation. Secondly, this chapter presents a more in-depth review of policy developments focusing specifically on key implementation lessons from the two most advanced ETS systems in operation to date: (1) the European Union ETS and (2) California’s cap-and-trade program. In short, this chapter outlines a set of key policy lessons and design parameters to support the transition from the pilot Mexican ETS to an operational compliance phase in a socially just, environmentally sound, and cost-effective manner.
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Ivanova Boncheva, Antonina, and Alfredo Bermudez-Contreras. "Blue Carbon in Emissions Markets: Challenges and Opportunities for Mexico." In Springer Climate, 265–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82759-5_13.

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AbstractMangroves are ecosystems made up of trees or shrubs that develop in the intertidal zone and provide many vital environmental services for livelihoods in coastal areas. They are a habitat for the reproduction of several marine species. They afford protection from hurricanes, tides, sea-level rise and prevent the erosion of the coasts. Just one hectare of mangrove forest can hold up to 1,000 tons of carbon dioxide, more than tropical forests and jungles. Mexico is one of the countries with the greatest abundance of mangroves in the world, with more than 700,000 ha. Blue carbon can be a novel mechanism for promoting communication and cooperation between the investor, the government, the users, and beneficiaries of the environmental services of these ecosystems, creating public–private-social partnerships through mechanisms such as payment for environmental services, credits, or the voluntary carbon market. This chapter explores the possibilities of incorporating blue carbon in emissions markets. We explore the huge potential of Mexico’s blue carbon to sequester CO2. Then we analyse the new market instrument that allows countries to sell or transfer mitigation results internationally: The Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM), established in the Paris Agreement. Secondly, we present the progress of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) to standardize the methodologies to assess their stock and determine the magnitude of the blue carbon sinks. Thirdly, as an opportunity for Mexico, the collaboration with the California cap-and-trade program is analysed. We conclude that blue carbon is a very important mitigation tool to be included in the compensation schemes on regional and global levels. Additionally, mangrove protection is an excellent example of the mitigation-adaptation-sustainable development relationship, as well as fostering of governance by the inclusion of the coastal communities in decision-making and incomes.
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Abe, Tatsuya, and Toshi H. Arimura. "An Empirical Study of the Tokyo : An Ex Post Analysis of Emissions from Buildings." In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 97–116. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_6.

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Abstract The Tokyo Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is the first cap -and-trade program of CO2 emissions in Asia, and it is unique in regulating commercial and service sectors. We examine the impacts of the Tokyo ETS on CO2 emissions and energy consumption by universities in the first phase. Focusing on universities allows us to estimate the effects of the Tokyo ETS separately from the economic stagnation Japan experienced after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 because universities are less likely to be affected by economic fluctuations compared to other sectors. In addition to the ETS, other factors may have achieved CO2 emissions reductions in Tokyo in this phase due to the influence of the earthquake. To deal with the shortage of electricity supply after the Fukushima disaster, several measures were undertaken, such as rolling blackouts and power-saving orders, particularly in the Tokyo Electricity Power Company’s jurisdiction. To capture the characteristics for each university at the campus level and their experience with being regulation targets of the policies mentioned above, we conducted a mail survey for universities in Japan and obtained panel data that contain information about both regulated and unregulated universities over 5 years (2009–2013). The difference-in-differences approach reveals that the Tokyo ETS caused regulated universities to reduce their CO2 emissions and energy consumption by approximately 3–5% relative to unregulated universities in the first phase. In addition, we find that the quantitative regulations, such as rolling blackouts and power-saving orders, also had an impact on the universities’ behavior.
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Unger, Charlotte. "The EU Emissions Trading System and the California Cap-and-Trade Program." In Linking the European Union Emissions Trading System, 50–65. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003000433-4.

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Rabe, Barry G. "A Carbon Pricing Work in Progress." In Can We Price Carbon?, 163–84. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037952.003.0006.

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California may be on the way toward replicating the experience of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, as it moves beyond early stages into full operation as a cap-and-trade system. It formally partners with one Canadian province, Quebec, and has begun to expand beyond its original focus on electricity. The program has experienced a number of significant challenges to longer-term operations but has retained a strong base of political support and could be poised to become a leading example of cap-and-trade effectiveness.
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Raymond, Leigh. "Other Applications of the Public Benefit Model and Normative Reframing." In Reclaiming the Atmospheric Commons. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034746.003.0005.

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After RGGI’s implementation in 2008, a series of political set backs led some to declare cap and trade “dead.” This chapter rejects the asserted demise of cap and trade, arguing that the public benefit model for climate policies offers the best hope for political progress. The chapter reviews post-2008 climate policies, noting thatdespite a few prominent failures,cap and trade with auction has become the most common approach to addressing climate change. In addition, the chapter documents how three policies—the EU ETS, California’s cap and trade program, and RGGI—used the public benefit frame to resist political challenges and strengthen their emissions goals. The chapter then describes additional potential applications for the public benefit model, including carbon tax policies and the new Clean Power Plan regulations promulgated by the U.S. EPA in 2015. As uses of the public benefit frame expand, the chapter notes, a key question for the future will be what types of policy designs will be perceived as “fitting” with the norms that constitute the frame. Finally, the chapter discusses how normative framing could improve the ability to understand and predict other sudden policy changes beyond the topic of climate change.
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Conference papers on the topic "And the Californian Cap and Trade Program"

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Van Brunt, Michael, and Brian Bahor. "Potential for Energy-From-Waste Carbon Offsets in North America." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3540.

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A carbon offset program is likely to be part of any future federal cap-and-trade program and is included in both the U.S. House of Representatives passed American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 and the Kerry-Boxer Senate draft greenhouse gas legislation. Internationally, Energy-from-Waste (EfW) facilities in emerging economies are eligible for carbon offset credits under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. These carbon offset credits can be purchased by developed countries, such as those in Western Europe, to help comply with their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. Although a similar mandatory market does not yet exist in the United States, there is a growing voluntary market in carbon offsets and a set of standards designed to provide some order to this market. One of the key players in the voluntary market is the Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS). Project types, such as EfW, that are eligible for credits under the Clean Development Mechanism are also eligible to generate voluntary carbon credits under the VCS. This paper reviews the current methodology for calculating offsets from EfW projects. The current methodology is very conservative, severely restricts the accounting for avoided landfill methane, and significantly underestimates greenhouse gas savings relative to life cycle assessments performed on waste management practices. The current methodology for offsets is compared and contrasted with a more realistic methodology more in line with life cycle assessment calculations. A review of the potential for EfW offsets under evolving state and federal programs and precedents for offsets generated based on avoided landfill methane is also completed.
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Reports on the topic "And the Californian Cap and Trade Program"

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Goulder, Lawrence, Marc A. Hafstead, and Michael Dworsky. Impacts of Alternative Emissions Allowance Allocation Methods under a Federal Cap-and-Trade Program. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15293.

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Fowlie, Meredith. Updating the Allocation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Permits in a Federal Cap-and-Trade Program. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16307.

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3

Agrawal, Asha Weinstein, Hilary Nixon, and Cameron Simmons. Investing in California’s Transportation Future: Public Opinion on Critical Needs. Mineta Transportation Institute, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1861.

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In 2017, the State of California adopted landmark legislation to increase the funds available for transportation in the state: Senate Bill 1 (SB1), the Road Repair and Accountability Act of 2017. Through a combination of higher gas and diesel motor fuel taxes, SB1 raises revenue for four critical transportation needs in the state: road maintenance and rehabilitation, relief from congestion, improvements to trade corridors, and improving transit and rail services. To help state leaders identify the most important projects and programs to fund within those four topical areas, we conducted an online survey that asked a sample of 3,574 adult Californians their thoughts on how the state can achieve the SB1 objectives. The survey was administered from April to August 2019 with a survey platform and panel of respondents managed by Qualtrics. Quota sampling ensured that the final sample closely reflects California adults in terms of key socio-demographic characteristics and geographic distribution. Key findings included very strong support for improving all transportation modes, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, and more convenient options to travel without driving. Respondents placed particular value on better maintenance for both local streets and roads, as well as highways. Finally, the majority of respondents assessed all types of transportation infrastructure in their communities as somewhat or very good.
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Asvapathanagul, Pitiporn, Leanne Deocampo, and Nicholas Banuelos. Biological Hydrogen Gas Production from Food Waste as a Sustainable Fuel for Future Transportation. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2141.

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In the global search for the right alternative energy sources for a more sustainable future, hydrogen production has stood out as a strong contender. Hydrogen gas (H2) is well-known as one of the cleanest and most sustainable energy sources, one that mainly yields only water vapor as a byproduct. Additionally, H2 generates triple the amount of energy compared to hydrocarbon fuels. H2 can be synthesized from several technologies, but currently only 1% of H2 production is generated from biomass. Biological H2 production generated from anaerobic digestion is a fraction of the 1%. This study aims to enhance biological H2 production from anaerobic digesters by increasing H2 forming microbial abundance using batch experiments. Carbon substrate availability and conversion in the anaerobic processes were achieved by chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acids analysis. The capability of the matrix to neutralize acids in the reactors was assessed using alkalinity assay, and ammonium toxicity was monitored by ammonium measurements. H2 content was also investigated throughout the study. The study's results demonstrate two critical outcomes, (i) food waste as substrate yielded the highest H2 gas fraction in biogas compared to other substrates fed (primary sludge, waste activated sludge and mixed sludge with or without food waste), and (ii) under normal operating condition of anaerobic digesters, increasing hydrogen forming bacterial populations, including Clostridium spp., Lactococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. did not prolong biological H2 recovery due to H2 being taken up by other bacteria for methane (CH4) formation. Our experiment was operated under the most optimal condition for CH4 formation as suggested by wastewater operational manuals. Therefore, CH4-forming bacteria possessed more advantages than other microbial populations, including H2-forming groups, and rapidly utilized H2 prior to methane synthesis. This study demonstrates H2 energy renewed from food waste anaerobic digestion systems delivers opportunities to maximize California’s cap-and-trade program through zero carbon fuel production and utilization.
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Asvapathanagul, Pitiporn, Leanne Deocampo, and Nicholas Banuelos. Biological Hydrogen Gas Production from Food Waste as a Sustainable Fuel for Future Transportation. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2141.

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In the global search for the right alternative energy sources for a more sustainable future, hydrogen production has stood out as a strong contender. Hydrogen gas (H2) is well-known as one of the cleanest and most sustainable energy sources, one that mainly yields only water vapor as a byproduct. Additionally, H2 generates triple the amount of energy compared to hydrocarbon fuels. H2 can be synthesized from several technologies, but currently only 1% of H2 production is generated from biomass. Biological H2 production generated from anaerobic digestion is a fraction of the 1%. This study aims to enhance biological H2 production from anaerobic digesters by increasing H2 forming microbial abundance using batch experiments. Carbon substrate availability and conversion in the anaerobic processes were achieved by chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acids analysis. The capability of the matrix to neutralize acids in the reactors was assessed using alkalinity assay, and ammonium toxicity was monitored by ammonium measurements. H2 content was also investigated throughout the study. The study's results demonstrate two critical outcomes, (i) food waste as substrate yielded the highest H2 gas fraction in biogas compared to other substrates fed (primary sludge, waste activated sludge and mixed sludge with or without food waste), and (ii) under normal operating condition of anaerobic digesters, increasing hydrogen forming bacterial populations, including Clostridium spp., Lactococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. did not prolong biological H2 recovery due to H2 being taken up by other bacteria for methane (CH4) formation. Our experiment was operated under the most optimal condition for CH4 formation as suggested by wastewater operational manuals. Therefore, CH4-forming bacteria possessed more advantages than other microbial populations, including H2-forming groups, and rapidly utilized H2 prior to methane synthesis. This study demonstrates H2 energy renewed from food waste anaerobic digestion systems delivers opportunities to maximize California’s cap-and-trade program through zero carbon fuel production and utilization.
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Oldenburg, Curtis M., and Jens T. Birkholzer. Review of Quantitative Monitoring Methodologies for Emissions Verification and Accounting for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage for California’s Greenhouse Gas Cap-and-Trade and Low-Carbon Fuel Standard Programs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1339969.

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