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Moreno-GarciÌa, Marta. "The archaeozoology of transhumance in medieval Spain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433096.
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Moneyron, Anne. "Transhumance et éco-savoir : reconnaissance des alternances écoformatives /." Paris ; Budapest ; Torino : l'Harmattan, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39014923x.
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Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Sci. de l'éducation--Tours, 2001. Titre de soutenance : Éco-savoir, transformation expérientielle et alternances : contributions à l'approche anthropo-formation du geste à partir de conversations sur la peur de la nature et la vigilance des bergers transhumants des Pyrénées.Bibliogr. p. 223-231. Index.
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Diouf, Ibrahima Faye. "Système mixte agriculture irriguée et élevage transhumant : l'enjeu autour de l'accès aux ressources foncières dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20084/document.
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Dans un contexte d’aménagement de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal et de développement de l’agriculture irriguée, les populations d’éleveurs mettent en avant un ensemble de stratégies afin de renforcer leurs exploitations familiales. En effet, depuis les crises de sécheresse des années 1970-1980, la situation de l’élevage transhumant dans la vallée ne cesse de se détériorer et sa pérennisation remise en cause, en raison de la réduction des parcours pastoraux. L’objectif de ce travail est de faire comprendre les stratégies de survie mises en application par les éleveurs pour maintenir leurs exploitations viables. Un travail d’enquête chez 41 chefs d’exploitations a permis d’analyser les logiques de diversification agricole et de capitalisation foncière chez les Peul Walwalbé. Pour face faire à l’expansion des Périmètres Irrigués Villageois, les éleveurs ont choisi de renforcer leur pratique de l’agriculture irriguée afin de varier leurs sources de revenus et d’avoir un meilleur accès aux parcours post-culturaux. Dans les communautés rurales de Gamadji et de Guédé village situées dans la moyenne vallée, les éleveurs sont très présents dans les systèmes de production irriguée. Plusieurs modes de tenures foncières leur permettent, en plus des cultures céréalières de décrues ou pluviales, de développer les spéculations maraîchères (tomate et oignon) plus rentables. L’agriculture irriguée offre aussi aux agro-éleveurs un accès privilégié aux parcours post-culturaux. Leur présence dans les terroirs du Waalo est aussi un moyen de garantir leur droit foncier traditionnel sur ces terres. Ainsi la pratique de l’agriculture irriguée répond à des logiques financières et foncières. Alors que la pratique d’élevage ne permet pas aux éleveurs Peul d’avoir accès à la terre, l’agriculture irriguée apparaît comme une stratégie détournée de capitalisation foncière. La pratique conjointe de l’agriculture irriguée et de l’élevage transhumant a permis l’émergence d’un territoire agropastoral autour du département de Podor composé: de parcours de décrue, de parcours post-culturaux, de points d’abreuvement sur fleuve, de piste de transhumance…. Pour autant, les mouvements de transhumance restent la pratique centrale chez les éleveurs Peul de la moyenne vallée et les déplacements de longues durées encore de misesIn the development of the Senegal River Valley and more precisely irrigated agriculture, pastoralist populations put forward a set of strategies to strengthen family farms. Since the 1970-1980 drought crises the situation of nomadic livestock as well as sustainability challenges in the valley continues to deteriorate, due to the reduction of rangeland. This work aims to understand the survival strategies adopted by farmers to keep their farms viable. Survey work in 41 farm managers was used to analyze the logic of agricultural diversification and land capitalization among Fulani Walwalbé. To face to the expansion of Irrigated Village Perimeters, ranchers have chosen to strengthen their practice of irrigated agriculture to vary their sources of income and have better access to postharvest lands. Farmers in rural communities of Gamadji and Guede towns located in the middle valley are very present in irrigated production systems. In addition to the rain fed cereal production, the several modes of land tenure permit them to speculate on profitable horticulture, such as vegetable crops (tomato and onion). Irrigated agriculture also provides breeders the privilege to access to post- harvest lands. Their presence in the Waalo land is also a means of ensuring their traditional land rights on these lands. Thus the practice of irrigated agriculture meets financial and property logic. While farming practice does not allow Fulani herders have access to land, irrigated agriculture appears as a strategy to move away from land capitalization. The joint practice of irrigated agriculture and livestock transhumance has encouraged the emergence of an agro-pastoral area around Podor made of: golf recession, post-crop lands, water points, transhumance pathways.... However, transhumance movements remain the central practice among Fulani herders of the middle valley and long displacement periods still possible
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Kupiec, Patrycja M. "Transhumance in the North Atlantic : an interdisciplinary approach to the identification and interpretation of Viking-Age and Medieval shieling sites." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230708.
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This thesis contributes new archaeological evidence to the debate on transhumance in the Viking and Medieval Periods in Iceland and the Outer Hebrides. It examines shielings in these two regions at new levels of detail, and with new techniques, to improve previous methodologies for the identification of periodically occupied settlements. It presents detailed geoarchaeological studies of the floor deposits at both known and putative shieling sites in Iceland and the Western Isles, which demonstrate that micromorphological analysis is a method capable of distinguishing between periods of punctuated and permanent occupation. The results of these analyses form the basis of a new analytical and interpretive framework suited to identify and study periodic occupation at shieling sites in the North Atlantic region. The micromorphological studies, contextualized by a review of ethnographic sources, provide new insights into the potential flexibility of the type and duration of occupation at Icelandic and Hebridean shielings, and demonstrate that high-resolution geoarchaeological techniques might be essential to disentangle these changes. By integrating archaeological, historical, and ethnographic sources for the first time, this work also provides new insights into Norse shieling economies in Iceland and the Western Isles of Scotland. This analysis reveals a picture of multi-faceted shieling activities, with the use of shielings adapted to fit unique local conditions in different Norse colonies, proving that rigid models cannot be used to study past transhumant practices. The study of the archaeology of Viking-age and medieval shielings, and the medieval saga literature and later folklore that relate to shielings, demonstrates that shielings were conceptualized as different to farms, and that they played an important role in shaping the social relationships and identities of those engaged in summer transhumance. Through this holistic approach to the study of Viking-age and medieval shielings, a fuller picture of Norse society emerges, in which seasonal pastoral settlements are given a more prominent place alongside other features of the Viking and medieval landscape in the North Atlantic region.
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Akhlas, M. "Transhumance Pastoralism in the Deosai Plateau : Social, Economic and Ecological Conflicts." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520429.
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This study evaluates diet overlap between Himalayan brown bear and livestock, requirement and competition for forage resources and livestock impacts on habitat suitability for brown bear, economics of the grazing systems and opportunity cost of exclusion and conflicts between pastoralists and Himalayan brown bear. Research questions were tested between resident grazed buffer, nomad grazed buffer, nomad grazed core and ungrazed core. The study area comprised the Deosai National Park (hereafter referred to as the DNP, 2,950 krrr'), the contiguous Sadpara Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS, 300 km2) to the northeast, and the unprotected Chota Deosai (400 km2) to the south (Fig. 1; chapter 1). For the conservation of the Himalayan brown bear, the DNP is divided into strictly protected core zone where any pastoral activities are prohibited, surrounded by buffer zone grazed by resident and nomadic communities. However, nomadic pastoralists encroach upon the protected core and managed to maintain camps. The observed stocking density was greater in resident grazed buffer, followed by nomad grazed core. Resident pastoralists maintained higher stocking rates than the optimum stocking density suggesting their will to maximize income. Among all the grazing categories, off-take was significantly greater in resident grazed buffer. Livestock density was higher in resident grazed buffer than nomad grazed buffer and core. All the vegetation parameters studied showed impact of livestock grazing. Mean sward volume, species diversity (richness, equitability and Simpson's index) were significantly lowest in resident grazed territories. Total percent cover of grass and herb species was higher in ungrazed territories and lower in resident grazed buffer. Sward volume of the vegetation suggested impacts were similar between different grazing regimes. Buffer valleys grazed by residents experienced intense grazing pressure amounting to 90 % of potential biomass production, while buffer and illegally grazed core valleys used by nomads experienced lower but nevertheless substantial rates of biomass removal (40 - 50 %). Dietary overlap was very high between brown bear and each livestock class (Pianka's Index ranged 0.932 - 0.995) as well as among the different classes of livestock (0.891 - 0.983). Accumulated biomass and sward height (within exclosures) was greater in core areas than in the grazed buffer, suggesting that pastoralism has reduced sward productivity and .volume in grazed territories. Costs of livestock predation were less than US$ 973 (± 444 SD) yr") borne disproportionately by nomadic pastoralists, with those grazing within the strictly protected core were particularly vulnerable. Livestock predation, restricted access and crop raiding were the issues of conflicts pastoralist and brown bear. Estimated livestock production value was higher in the resident grazed buffer (35.6 US$ ha") than for nomads in the core (34.5 US$ ha") or buffer (17.4 US$ ha"). Total opportunity cost (2006 and 2007) under complete exclusion of livestock from. DNP scenario is expected to be 1,256,114 and 1,209,805 (US$) for nomads and resident communities respectively.
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Sabogal, Ana. "Migration or transhumance: A form of sustainable management of natural resources in Peru." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119955.
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This paper analyzes traditional migration processes in Perú and their influence on resource conservation. In the coast as well as in the sierra and selva, migration has been part of human coexistence with fragile ecosystems, allowing their conservation. However, these processes have not been recognized by the political administration. The State should recognize the existence of migration circuits to manage resources and include them within in the planning and development strategies. That must be reflected in the ecologic and economic zoning and inthe territorial land management. At the same time, the State should look for the means to get a dialog among the diverse actors that form the migration circuits. Here, I propose to involve the migration processes within the public policy in planning as well as in the regional development.El artículo analiza los procesos de migración tradicional en el Perú y su influencia en la conservaciónde los recursos. Tanto en la costa, como en la sierra y la selva, la migración ha formadoparte de la convivencia humana con los ecosistemas frágiles, permitiendo su conservación. Sinembargo, estos procesos no han sido reconocidos por la gestión política. El Estado debe reconocerla existencia de circuitos de migración para la gestión de recursos e incluirlos dentro de la planificacióny desarrollo regional. Ello debe reflejarse en la zonificación ecológica económica y en elordenamiento territorial. Al mismo tiempo al Estado le corresponde establecer el diálogo entrelos diversos actores que integran los circuitos de migración. Se plantea involucrar dentro de lapolítica pública los procesos de migración tanto en la planificación, como en el desarrollo regional.
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Lecomte-Emond, Marie-France. ""Errances de l'imaginaire et transhumance de l'esprit" : approche méthodologique du champ de l'imaginaire." Nancy 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN21005.
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Cette thèse est un travail de réflexion anthropologique et métaphysique à partir de l'expérience psychanalytique (freudienne et jungienne) et de la pratique de la psychologie clinique. Le postulat fondamental est que la "castration" est la coupure ontologique qui fait entrer la vie (elle-même indéfinissable autrement qu'en la réifiant) en histoire. C'est-à-dire dans la dualité, source du conflit mais d'où jaillit également la pulsion du désir - qui est désir de réunification désir de l'un. Alors que notre perception du monde ne peut être que relative et partielle, le désir cherche l'absolu et ne rencontre que des réponses qui se situent dans le "champ de l'imaginaire". Mais le fil d’Ariane qui circule dans le labyrinthe de toute existence, depuis les débuts du monde (mythe des origines), c'est la voie du symbole. Les postulats de la thèse sont appliqués à la pratique de la cure psychanalytique que, à la lecture du dessin et de la peinture d'expression libre, à la créativité, etc. . . Au carrefour des sciences humaines, la thèse tente de conjoindre la pensée "traditionnelle" et la pensée de la modernité dans une métaphysique de résurrection" par l'imaginaire créateur. . . . La philosophie échappe au discours quand elle se veut quête de sagesse : "pierre philosophale"!This thesis is a piece of research from an anthropological and metaphysical view-point on psychoanalytical experience (both freudian and jungian) and on practical experience on psychological therapy. The basic claim is that "castration" is the ontological break which makes life (undefinable unless through its materialization) become part of history. That is to say part of duality the root of conflict, but also what gives birth to the drive of desire, a desire for reunification, a desire for unity. While we can only have a relative and partial perception of the world, desire reaches out for the absolute and only meets with answers that belong to the realm of imaginary. But there is an ariadne's clew which can be followed along the labyrinth of any existence from the beginnings of the world (myth of the origins) it's the path of symbolism. The claims of the present thesis are tested against the practise of psychoanalytical therapy and to such fields as the interpretation of free-hand drawing and painting or creativity generally. At the meeting-point of human sciences, this thesis is an attempt to combine "traditional" thinking and modern thinking to pave the way for the metaphysics of "re-surrection" through creative imagination. . . . But philosophy cannot be encompassed by words when it means to be a quest of wisdom of the "philosophers'stone"!
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Ribstein, Josiane. "La Transhumance bovine dans le massif vosgien et l'arc alpin : analyse ethno-écologique." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR20056.
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La transhumance bovine convie saisonnièrement hommes et animaux dans une relation de symbiose avec la montagne. Un état des lieux actuel dans les Alpes autrichiennes, suisses, françaises et dans les Vosges a mis en évidence un recul de cette pratique depuis l'exode rural et l'industrialisation. La transhumance se révèle parfaitement adaptée à la montagne des zones tempérées. En effet, son principe fondateur est la poursuite d'une herbe de printemps tout au long de l'été, en harmonie avec l'instinct naturel des bovins. Elle s'inscrit dans une unité territoriale circonscrite par le relief naturel. Aujourd'hui, ce pastoralisme est la concrétisation d'une recherche d'authenticité pour une population en quête de racines. Il s'exprime dans un discours différent selon les acteurs. La patrimonialisation s'approprie cette pratique ancestrale et crée un lien entre passé et présent au travers des produits traditionnels, du paysage et de la folklorisation. Notre étude met en regard cette vision moderne et une analyse ethno-écologique de la vision traditionnelle. De plus, la transhumance est une construction sociale complexe qui s'articule autour de structures aussi fondamentales que le temps, l'espace et la relation aux bovins. Une identification structurelle du groupe humain au groupe bovin dessine les contours de sociétés nomades et démocratiques qui se font et se défont chaque année. La transhumance scinde l'année calendaire en deux périodes autour de deux pôles extrêmes qui s'opposent et se définissent par deux séries syntagmatiques. Celles-ci s'articulent autour de l'été en haut et l'hiver en bas, le masculin et le féminin, l'extérieur et l'intérieur, le sauvage et le domestique. L'alternance de ces deux états, sans cesse renouvelée par les saisons, est marquée par des rites comme les mascarades ou les fêtes de transhumance. Ce balancement entraîne une régénération cyclique de ces sociétés par la production du " fruit " ou fromage et des rites de passageBovine transhumance invites, every season, humans and animals to a symbiosis with mountains. As it stands today, practice has decreased in Austrian, Swiss and French Alps and in Vosges, since rural exodus and industrialization. Bovine transhumance is perfectly adapted to mountains of temperate zone. Indeed, the principle on which it is grounded consists in following spring grass during the summer, by remaining in harmony with bovine natural instinct. This pastoralism takes place in a territorial unity which is determined by natural relief. Today, this practice embodies the research of authenticity for a population, which looks for its roots. The different actors understand the transhumance in two ways, what leads to two different speeches. The patrimonalization appropriates this ancestral practice and creates a link between past and present throughout traditional products, landscapes and folklorization. This work studies this modern point of view in comparison with an ethno-ecological analysis of the traditional one. Moreover, the bovine transhumance is an intricate social building, which is connected to fundamental structures like time, space and relation with bovines. A structural identification of human groups with bovine groups draws the contours of nomadic and democratic societies, which appear and disappear every year. The transhumance divides the calendar year in two periods linked to two extreme poles, antithetic and defined by two syntagmatic series. Summer, up, stands in opposition with winter, down, like masculine and feminine, outside and inside, wild and domestic. Alternation of that two estates, renewed by seasons, is marked by rites like masquerades and transhumance parties. This wavering, throughout the “fruit” or cheese production in summer, leads to cyclic regeneration of this society and to transition rites
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Di, Patrizio Gabriele. "La Formation Professionnelle Continue destinée à l'adulte en situation d'emploi : entre espace d'acquisition et transhumance." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG013/document.
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Cette recherche s’intéresse à la Formation Professionnelle Continue des adultes. Elle questionne la portée de la dynamique qui se crée pendant qu’ils apprennent et se perfectionnent à l’occasion de stages de courte durée. Notre recherche a été réalisée auprès de 24 professionnels du secteur sanitaire et médico-social qui ont suivi au moins un stage entre les années 2008 et 2011. Nous les avons rencontrés dans le cadre d’un entretien semi-directif dont le guide a été élaboré à partir d’un modèle permettant de considérer l’attitude et le comportement en référence au Soi (Hamel et al., 1999). A partir d’un cadre épistémologique socioconstructiviste, l’analyse a contribué à relever non seulement, nombre d’idées forces corroborant la nécessité des stages comme espaces d’acquisition de compétences, mais aussi certaines indiquant des « transformations silencieuses » (Jullien, 2009) intervenant sur la « croissance de la vie adulte » (Bédard, 1987). Nous avons tenté de modéliser en quoi la FPC participe potentiellement de la construction identitaire du sujetThis research focuses in training adults. We question the impact of the dynamics developed while they learn together. Our research was conducted with 24 people who followed at least one internship between 2008s and 2011. We met the participants within the framework of a semi-directive interview. This technique was developed from a model which consider attitude and behavior in respect to the Self (Hamel, et al., 1999). The analysis made in a socioconstructivist epistemological frame, has contributed to underline a number of ideas which supports the necessity of the internships as a space for the acquisition of skills, and other ideas which indicate that " silent transformations " (Jullien, 2009) can occur on the " growth of adult life " (Bédard, 1987) also thanks to the internships. The diverse elements of our research allowed us to show that the training potentially contributes to the construction of identity of the subject
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Ziegler, Charles. "Toxicomanie et transhumance : a propos de la prise en charge de toxicomanes francais en inde." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR1M240.
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Sebit, Martin Baru Richard. "Cattle Rustling and its Effect on South Sudanese Communities." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88958.
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This exploratory mixed method study on "Cattle Rustling and its Effect on South Sudanese Communities" was carried out in the five South Sudanese states of Unity, Lake, Warrap, Jonglei, and Central Equatoria.
The study commenced with the qualitative phase with the specific objectives of determining the cause of cattle rustling; defining the perception of cattle keepers, farmers, chiefs, youth, and women about cattle rustling; evaluating the effect of cattle rustling, and drawing possible mitigating strategies.
After targeting 30 interviewees and corroborating their testimonies with observations, the study revealed that cattle rustling has existed for years among the tribes; however, the phenomena has shifted now to the community level with the usage of sophisticated automatic weaponry. The thematic analysis found expensive marriage/remarriage, revenge, pride, accumulation of wealth (resources), poverty, joblessness, and trade in livestock to be the major causes of rustling. It also underscores that during the process; properties are damaged and many innocent lives are lost.
The survey questionnaire from the initial phase developed the following quantitative phase of the research with the purpose of corroborating, expanding, and triangulating the preliminary phase keeping in mind the following specific objectives: description of the respondents; determination of the cattle rusting attitudes, norms, control, intention; and explanation of cattle rustling intention with demographic and the other constructs.
The primary data obtained from the stratified clustered 544 respondents revealed that attitude, norms, and control significantly explained cattle rustling intention; 22.6% [F(532) =154.050, p<.05], 31.8% [F(531)= 72.571, p<.05], and (34.9.0%) [F(530)= 25.983, p<.05], respectively, and the three constructs significantly contributed to the perception and cause of rustling. As a result, there was strong and significant (p<.05) correlation between intention with attitudes, norms, and control (r=.476**, .489** and .505**), respectively. However, literacy and gender correlates with intention (r=-.100*, p<.05 and =-.001, p>.05), respectively. On the other hand, norms correlate with attitude (r=.469**, p<.05), and control correlates significantly with attitude and norms (r=.553** and .572**, p<.05) respectively.
In conclusion, the analysis revealed that cattle rustling is caused by the salient beliefs that accounted for (R2=35.7%, F(530)=25.983, p<.05) of the variables in cattle rustling intention, and as remedies, the study suggested the establishment of agricultural extension, educational services especially for women and youth, empowerment of chiefs, comprehensive disarmament, among others before cattle rustling activities escalate.PHD
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César, Joaquim. "Avaliação das terras de pastoreio extensivo na Província do Namibe - Angola." Doctoral thesis, ISA/UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7828.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThe land resources of the Arid Sub-Region of Southwestern Angola, where the transhumance extensive grazing is practised by the Kuvale people, were evaluated. From climate, lithology and relief information basic physiographic units were delimitated, being the framework for soils and land mapping units. The land units were subsequently evaluated by a parametric method for transhumance purposes using four land qualities and ten land characteristics. Soils characteristics are strongly dependent on the nature of the respective parent material. The availability of land resources is associated with a rainfall gradient, but with local variations associated with lithology and landforms specificity. About 47% of the land was evaluated as marginally suitable, 43% as moderately suitable and 10% as not suitable for extensive grazing. The first ones are almost exclusively occupied by the Kuvale and the second ones (dominated by the agropastoralists) receive periodically the pastoralists and their herds. Mean annual rainfall and effective soil depth were determinant diagnostic factors for the suitability evaluation. The future of the transhumance system will depend on availability of land resources and framing of Kuvale people in the economy and social development under a resettlement of pastoral spaces.
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Pardoel, H. J. "Developing dwelling as an approach to landscape and place : the cases of long-distance transhumance and Easter processions." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2015. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/24694/.
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Approaches to place and landscape have concerned geographers, at least throughout Modern history. In geographical place and landscape writings, notions of dwelling have been taken up and developed since the 1970s to indicate the lived and practised character of the relationships between human beings and their environment. Dwelling has experienced a controversial history in geography, and bears some negative or limiting connotations: it would be backward-looking, exclusionary, static, nostalgic, and hindered by the idea of rootedness and the authentic/non-authentic life split. This thesis critically considers in what ways seminal dwelling literatures (those written by Martin Heidegger and Tim Ingold) might be problematical and/or enriching for place and landscape writing. In this thesis I argue that the theoretical complexity of seminal dwelling literatures is often overlooked while I also argue that some understandings of the relational, the incomplete, and the contingent are largely missing or problematically conceptualised in seminal dwelling literatures. Taking into account this reflection on the theoretical background of dwelling, the thesis explores possibilities for integrating dwelling in a framework inspired by non-representational theory (NRT). Such links are made in the thesis’ case studies: communities practising (a) long-distance transhumant herding in rural Spain (in which herders and herd journey biennially for about four weeks in response to environmental changes caused by the seasonal cycle), and (b) Easter processions in central Seville (in which brotherhoods celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus Christ). Place and landscape practices are accessed through ethnographical engagements, in which herding - and processional landscapes become the lived contexts for reflection. In the case studies, dwelling is redeveloped through a framework that prioritises posthumanism, relationality and openness, as well as issues of rhythmicity, and nearness (as people care for - and attune to happenings). In long-distance transhumance the rural, the ecological and the practical are privileged, whereas in Easter processions the urban, the spiritual, and to the sheer beauty of life are emphasised. As such, the case studies offer distinct perspectives on the possibilities for developments of dwelling in place and landscape writing, while the case studies share denominators such as journeying, seasonality, embodiment, and practice richness.
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Zakinet, Dangbet. "Des transhumants entre alliances et conflits, les Arabes du Batha (Tchad) : 1635-2012." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3105/document.
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Au Tchad, depuis l’époque précoloniale, la transhumance permet aux éleveurs d’exploiter les ressources pastorales dispersées et de tisser des liens avec les sédentaires. Dans les zones où l’eau et le pâturage sont disponibles en toute saison, l’accès aux ressources était régulé par un système traditionnel fondé sur le compromis et les alliances entre les communautés. Depuis les sécheresses successives des années 1970 et 1980, le tarissement rapide des ressources dans les zones pastorales du Nord oblige les éleveurs à descendre plus tôt que prévu dans les zones agricoles. Cette dérégulation du calendrier de la transhumance suscite des débats contradictoires entre les éleveurs et les agriculteurs, au sein de la classe politique, intellectuelle et dans les médias. De nos jours, il y a une tendance à la montée des conflits pour l’accès aux ressources et à la remise en cause des alliances qui constituent au-delà des problèmes, le socle sur lequel se fondent les relations entre les éleveurs et les agriculteurs. Dans les débats parfois houleux sur la question de la transhumance, certains affirment que la transhumance est un mode de vie archaïque qu’il faut dépasser, d’autres soutiennent qu’elle demeure le seul système adapté à la variabilité des ressources pastorales dans un Sahel incertain. À partir d’une étude historique et ethnographique auprès des Arabes du Batha, cette thèse est une contribution au débat sur la question de la transhumance au Tchad. Elle tente de répondre à la question principale : comment évoluent les rapports entre les transhumants et les agriculteurs dans un contexte sociopolitique et environnemental en pleine transformation ?In Chad as in other Sahelian countries, transhumance enables pastoralists to exploit the fluctuating and scattered pastoral resources. For generations, pastoralists have established linkages among themselves and with sedentary farmers along transhumance routes. In areas where water and pasture are available in every season, access to resources was regulated by a traditional system based on arrangements and alliances between communities. Since the successive droughts of the 1970s and 1980s, the rapid depletion of resources in northern pastoral areas forces farmers to make their way earlier than expected into agricultural areas. This deregulation of transhumance patterns raises debates between pastoralists and farmers as well as in the political, intellectual and media spheres. There is nowadays a trend of rising conflicts over access to resources and the disruption of the alliances on which relationships between herders and farmers were based. In the sometimes deleterious discussions on the issue of transhumance, some argue that transhumance is an archaic way of life that must be changed, and others argue that it is the only system adapted to the variability of pastoral resources in the Sahel context. This thesis is a modest contribution to the exciting and passionate debate on transhumance in Chad. It attempts to answer the main question: how is the relationship between transhumant and farmers evolving in a changing environmental sociopolitical context?
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Moneyron, Anne. "Eco-savoir, transformation expérientielle et alternances : contributions à l'approche anthropo-formation du geste à partir de "conversations" sur la peur de la nature et la vigilance avec des bergers transhumants des Pyrénèes." Tours, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUR2034.
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Le secteur de la formation agricole est aux prises avec la venue croissante de jeunes non-issus du monde rural. Au cours de stages pratiques mis en place selon le modèle d'une alternance juxtapositive, se trouve posée la question d'une alternance intégrative où se confrontent les savoirs issus de l'expérience directe avec la nature et ceux dispensés à l'école. [. . . . ]Puis, afin de mieux saisir le rythme de cette transformation expérientielle, la théorie tripolaire de Gaston Pineau-auto/soi/éco/les choses-hétéro/les autres- est intérrogée.
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Nunes, Francisco Manuel Palmeiro da Silva. "Proposta de criação de um produto turístico a partir das marcas da transumância." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20929.
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A dissertação que fazemos aqui ambiciona aferir da possibilidade de se proceder à criação de um produto turístico e cultural, enraizado no mundo rural, baseado nas marcas tangíveis e intangíveis da transumância presentes no território dos concelhos de Beja, Aljustrel e Castro Verde, cujos conteúdos e o contexto permitam uma narrativa bem enquadrada que proporcione uma experimentação enriquecedora a todos aqueles que procurem o território com fins turísticos, a promoção da auto-estima e a melhoria dos rendimentos económicos das populações locais e, em última análise, a preservação do Património local. – ABSTRACT: The dissertation that we do here, aims to assess the possibility of proceeding to the creation of a tourism and cultural product, rooted in rural areas, based on tangible and intangible marks of transhumance on the territory of the districts of Beja, Castro Verde and Aljustrel. These contents and context allow a well framed narrative that provides an enriching experience for those who are seeking this territory for tourism, promoting self-esteem and improvement economic returns of local populations and, ultimately, the preservation of local heritage.
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Lebaudy, Guillaume. "Le bon berger et les gens de moutons : une culture pastorale en mutation Alpes-Provence (XIXe-XXIe siècle)." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0616.
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Transhumance, ce mot qui évoque le voyage des bergers et des troupeaux d’ovins entre les plaines du littoral provençal et les montagnes des Alpes est porteur de toute une culture riche et complexe, en continuelle mutation. Fruit d’enquêtes de terrain effectuées entre 1996 et 2014 dans le Sud-Est de la France, en Languedoc et en Italie du Nord, cette recherche analyse les façons dont la société pastorale provençale-alpine s’est transformée au fil d’une longue histoire où elle a – grâce aux migrations des troupeaux – développé une emprise sur un large territoire. Chaque printemps, six cent mille bêtes transhument entre Provence et Alpes ; c’est aujourd’hui la transhumance la plus active en Europe. Cette culture de la mobilité, qui est un des principaux traits de cette société pastorale, s’accompagne d’une forte mobilité de sa culture ; en effet, éleveurs et bergers ont toujours élaboré des stratégies pour faire face aux vicissitudes de leur métier. Confrontés aujourd’hui aux nouveaux rapports de notre société à la nature et à l’espace, ils continuent – avec difficulté – à faire œuvre de domestication d’animaux et de territoires où leur place est cependant de plus en plus contestée, tant en plaine qu’en montagne. Partant de la mobilité des bergers alpins, cette recherche propose une rencontre avec les femmes et les hommes qui fabriquent la culture pastorale provençale-alpine, avec leurs modes de vie et d’habitat, leurs savoirs et techniques, les animaux qu’ils élèvent. Elle analyse la crise actuelle qui frappe cette société confrontée à la modernité et aux questions posées par la mise en patrimoine des métiers du pastoralisme et de la transhumanceTranshumance, calling to mind the journey of shepherds and teir flocks of sheep from the plains of Provençal coastlines to the alpine mountains, bears a rich and complex culture, constantly changing. A a result of field surveys that took, place between 1996 and 2014 in South-East France, in Languedoc and in Northern Italy, this research analyses the way provençal-alpine pastoral society has changed in the course of a long history during which it developed its hold - thanks to the migration of flocks - over a vast territory. Each spring, six hundred thousand animals move to the summer pastures between the Provence region and the Alps; it is the most active transhumance in Europe nowadays. This culture of mobility, which is one of the main charcteristics of this pastoral society, goes with a great mobility of its culture; indeed, sheep farmers and shepherds always developed strategies to face the vicissitudes linked to their job. Today, tackling the new relationship between our society and nature and space, they keep on domesticating - not without difficulty - animals and territories where their place is however increasingly questionad, as much in plains as in mountains. Starting with the mobility of alpine shepherds, this research offers encounters between the women and the men who constitute provençal-alpine pastoral culture, along with their way of life, the places they live in, their knowledge and techniques, and the animals they breed. It is also an analysis of the current crisis that is striking this society is confronted with modernity and with modernity and with the questions raised by speaking about pastoralism and transhumance as heritage
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Rajiallah-Bodinier, Fatima. "Le pays Zae͏̈r : archai͏̈smes pastoraux et paysage figé en situation de banlieue." Montpellier 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON30015.
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Le pays zaer constitue un cas exceptionnel d'organisation de l'espace periurbain. Il est en effet fortement marginalise par rapport a l'agglomeration de rabat, qui compte un million d'habirants et se trouve a ses portes. Son relief tabulaire est porteur d'un paysage fige et peu habite. Les tribus qui s'y sont etablies il y a plus de deux siecles, ont largement conserve leur mode de vie traditionnel, se contentant d'une exploitation extensive des parcours forestiers et de ressources agricoles mediocres. Seuls quelques ilots de terres riches sont consacrees a une agriculture plus productive, mais peu peuplente. La population citadine de rabat constitue un debouche important pour la productio de viande. Cependant, dans la mesure ou l'intensification du secteur agricole n'a pas ete realisee, le pays zaer fonctionne toujours comme un bassin pastoral sous-developpe de la capitale. La marginalisation de cette region peri-urbaine tient en partie a la faiblesse des interventions etatiques. En effet, le choix du maroc en matiere d'amenagement du territoire a ete de privilegier l'axe urbain littoral kenitra-el jadida et les grands perimetres irrigables, au detriment des secteurs "bour"The zaer area shows an exceptional example of suburban space organization. It is largely underdeveloped compared with the nearby city of rabat (capital of (morocco) which has a population of one million d'inhabitants. Its tabular relief presents a set landscape with a scarce population. The tribes which settled there over two centuries ago have kept their traditional way of life based on the extensive exploitation of forest grazing lands and on poor agricultural resources. Only a few stretches of rich land are devoted to a more productive agriculture which does not favour a higher population density. Rabat's urban population represents an important outlet for the meat production. However, as the intensification of the agricultural sector has not been achieved, the zaer area still works as an underdeveloped pastoral basin of the capital rabat. The underdevelopment of this suburban area is partially due to a policy of low state intervention. Indeed, morocco's choice as concerns the development of its territory was to favour the urban coastal kenitra-el jadida axis and the large irrigable lands at the expense of the "bour" areas
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Kavanagh, William. "Villagers of the Sierra de Gredos : transhumant cattle-raisers in central Spain /." Oxford : Berg, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb356845452.
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Manceron, Stéphane. "Intervenir en périphérie pour la conservation des aires protégées : réexamen d’un postulat. La situation du Parc du W et des éleveurs mobiles." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100134/document.
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L’intervention en périphérie d’aire protégée visant l’amélioration de la conservation est une démarche largement partagée par les programmes de conservation depuis les années 1990. Il s’agit pourtant d’un postulat, que nous voulons réexaminer grâce à la situation du Parc du W (Bénin, Burkina Faso, Niger). Ce Parc est un complexe transfrontalier d’aires protégées, confronté à la pénétration illégale de troupeaux bovins transhumants conduits par des bergers peuls à la recherche de pâturage.Nous identifions d’abord les différents espaces où se jouent les relations entre le Parc et les pasteurs. Au-delà d’une périphérie proche, déjà prise en compte par le Parc, les espaces d’interaction dépassent, par des effets indirects, l’échelle de la mobilité des pasteurs. Ils englobent non seulement une aire d’attraction mais des espaces plus lointains, qui comprennent tous les pôles d’accueil pastoraux de la région. Nous analysons les facteurs de l’attractivité relative de ces espaces. Nous décrivons ensuite les formes de mobilité des éleveurs et leurs relations avec le Parc. A l’aide d’un modèle de décision, nous mettons en évidence les facteurs influençant les pratiques de mobilité dans leur diversité. Enfin, nous étudions les stratégies du Parc en périphérie pour examiner leur influence réelle ou potentielle sur les pasteurs. Elles souffrent du manque d’explicitation d’objectifs d’intervention basés sur l’analyse des relations entre Parc et périphérie. Au delà, nous montrons les limites de tout projet de conservation, cantonné à une ingénierie écologique, alors qu’est mise au jour la nécessité d’une ingénierie territoriale menée simultanément à de multiples échellesProtected area managers act on peripheral zones because they hope that it will improve conservation. This is a common behaviour of most development programs since 1990s. However, this relies on a postulate, which we try to examine thank to the case of the W Park (Bénin, Burkina Faso, Niger). This transborder park is a complex of protected area that faces with cattle herds, led by fulan herdsmen, that illegaly enters to find pasture. We identify spaces where the interactions between Parc and pastors take place. Beyond close periphery that was already took into into account by the Park, interaction spaces are even greater than the spaces where the pastors move because of indirect effects. They encompass an attraction area, and even further, all the surrounding main pastures area. We explore all factors that make the attractivity of spaces, including Park, compared to each other. Then, we describe pastors mobility types and how they affect their relationships to Park. A decision model helps us to show the factors influencing various mobility practices.Finally, we analyse Park strategies in the surrounding to evaluate its actual or potential influence on pastors. Its intervention lacks explicite goals and should be grounded on an analysis of relationships between Park and its surrounding. Deeper, we bring out that any conservation program is limited because it implements ecological engineering though a multiscale territorial engineering would be necessary
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Lecomte-Emond, Marie-France. "Errances de l'imaginaire et transhumance de l'esprit approche méthodologique du champ de l'imaginaire et des voies de symbolisation : présupposés psychanalytiques et philosophiques /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37613498z.
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Koné, Tchansia Sarah. ""Nous ne sommes plus propriétaires de nos troupeaux" : Pratiques et contradictions de la transhumance andine dans le Limari, IVème région du Chili." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE1084.
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Depuis la fin des années 1970, les politiques agricoles chiliennes promeuvent une agriculture basée sur des cultures de rente. Dans la région semi-aride de Coquimbo, à la marge de cette agriculture à haute valeur ajoutée, il existe un élevage extensif caprin dont la production est principalement destinée aux marchés locaux. Ces deux systèmes de production s' "affrontent" aujourd'hui concernant l'usage de l'espace transandin chileno - argentin exploité pour la transhumance estivale : la partie argentine des estives est fermée pour raisons sanitaires depuis 2001. Dans ce travail, nous tentons de comprendre comment le système transhumant a intégré les nouvelles limites légales de son espace et quelles en ont été les conséquences sur l'activité transhumante. L'observation des usages transhumants dans deux cordillières de la province du Limari, Tascadero et El Maitén, montre que la distribution actuelle des éleveurs dans les estives résulte de changements d'usages ou de propriété de la terre qui peuvent être indépendants de la fermeture de la frontière argentine. Si les éleveurs perçoivent la décision unilatérale de réduction de l'espace transhumant et le renforcement des contrôles de leurs activités comme une forme de dépossession et de négation de leurs savoirs et savoir-faire, nous n'avons pas observé de signes de crise majeure de ce système de production. Se pose alors la question de savoir si la satisfaction apparante de la demande pastorale sur les estives chiliennes est durable ou si elle ne constitue qu'une étape transitoire vers d'autres formes d'exploitation des pâturages andinsSince the late 70's, agrarian policies in Chile have been encouraging an agriculture based on high-profit cultivation and the image of produce-exporting companies. In the semi-arid Region of Coquimbo, over and above this high added value farming, an extensive breeding of goats is found, whose production is sold mainly on local markets. Since 2001, these two systems of production are in competition about the Andean area shared by Chile and Argentina exploited for summer transhumance : the Argentine part of the summer pastures was declares off-limits to shepherds for sanitary reasons. In this study, we shall attempt to find out how the transhumant system has integrated the new legal boundaries of its space and to what extent they impacted the transhumant activity. The observation of transhumant practises in two cordilleras of the Limari province, Tascadero and El Maitén, points out that the present distribution of goat breeders in the summer pastures is the result of changes in the use or property of land, as distinct from the closing of the Argentine border. Even if the unilateral decision to reduce the transhumant space and the reinforcement of supervision on their activities are considered by the shepherds as a dispossession and a denial of their knowledge and skills, no signs of major crisis have been observed. The real question now is whether the apparent satisfaction of the needs in summer pastures can be durable or a transient stage leading to other uses of these pastures
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Portström, Sofia. "Fäbodbruk - “Det magiska mötet mellan natur och kultur” : En fenomenografisk studie om fäbodbruk ur brukarnas perspektiv." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38014.
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Summer pasture contributes both to cultural-historical values and to positive effects on biodiversity. However, the usage of the term ”summer pastures” varies and there is no general definition. This lack of definition gives rise to a conflict: Should the summer pasture be preserved for its cultural-historical value by having it look just like before, or should it be preserved for its value in biodiversity? Today, the authorities’ image of summer pasture is what controls which summer pastures and what values are granted financial support. This means that the summer pastures risk being defined and developed on the basis of the authorities' image, not by the image the farmers themselves have, which is based on historical and conservational knowledge. Thus, the purpose of this study is to highlight the use of summer pasture as a phenomenon and an activity from the user's perspective. In order to discover how the farmers themselves view summer pastures, a phenomenographic method is used to analyze interviews of summer pasture farmers with varying backgrounds and activities. The results of the study show that the summer pasture of today varies with regard to the design of the business. The common denominator is the small-scale animal husbandry where summer pasture take place on the outskirts beyond the home farm, to where the farmer moves with the animals during summer. Summer pasture has traditionally never been an economic gain, nor does it provide much today. The farmers are enthusiasts who believe in a higher purpose of what they do. The lack of definition is something that affects them only in their contact with authorities, from where they are only met with ignorance. The farmers believe that the summer pasture have a cultural-historical value, one that also lies in the future with increasing environmental awareness and climate change.Fäbodbruk bidrar såväl med kulturhistoriska värden som med positiva effekter på den biologiska mångfalden. Bilden av vad dagens fäbodbruk innebär varierar dock och ingen allmän definition finns. I och med bristen på definition uppstår en konflikt: Bör fäbodbruket bevaras för dess kulturhistoriska värde genom att det ska se ut precis som förr, eller ska det bevaras för dess värde för den biologiska mångfalden? Idag är det myndigheternas bild av fäbodbruk som styr vilka fäbodar och värden som beviljas ekonomiskt stöd. Detta innebär att fäbodbruket riskerar att definieras och utvecklas utifrån myndigheternas bild, inte av den bild brukarna själva har som är baserad på historisk och bevarandevärd kunskap. Syftet med denna studie är således att belysa fäbodbruket som företeelse och som verksamhet utifrån brukarens perspektiv. För att få fram den bild fäbodbrukarna själva har av fäbodbruk används en fenomenografisk metod för att analysera intervjuer av fäbodbrukare med varierande bakgrund och verksamhet. Studiens resultat påvisar att dagens fäbodbruk varierar vad gäller verksamhetens utformning. Den gemensamma nämnaren är att det rör sig om småskalig djurhållning där sommarbetet sker på utmarkerna bortom hemgården dit brukaren flyttar med djuren på sommaren. Fäbodbruk är inget som traditionellt sett är något som gett en ekonomisk vinning och knappast heller ger idag. Fäbodbrukarna är snarare eldsjälar som tror på ett högre syfte kring det de gör. Avsaknandet av definition är något som påverkar dem först vid kontakt med myndigheter av vilka de möts av okunskap. Brukarna anser att fäbodbruket har ett kulturhistoriskt värde men att fäbodbruket även hör till framtiden i och med en ökande miljömedvetenhet och klimatförändringar.
Biologiskt kulturarv som hållbar värdeskapare
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Colom, Cadena Andreu. "Epidemiological aspects of border disease Virus infection in pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica): influence of the viral strain, non-artiodactyl hosts and sheep transhumance." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457896.
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Els Pestivirus (Família Flaviviridae) causen malalties al bestiar domèstic amb un important impacte econòmic i sanitari. Una de les espècies de pestivirus, el Border Disease Virus (BDV) és també important per a la conservació de la fauna salvatge des del 2001, moment en que es va associar amb brots d’alta mortalitat en l’isard pirinenc (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica). Després de 16 anys d’investigació, s’han descrit diferents escenaris epidemiològics d’infeccions per BDV a les poblacions d’isard. El principal objectiu de la present tesis ha sigut analitzar el rol de tres factor que podrien explicar aquesta diversitat epidemiològica: les soques víriques, els hostes salvatges no artiodàctils, i la transhumància ovina.
L’Estudi I va ser dissenyat per confirmar la presència de soques de BDV d’alta i baixa virulència en poblacions d’isards dels Pirineus per tal d’entendre les seves implicacions en la diversitat d’escenaris epidemiològics. Es va realitzar una infecció experimental en isard pirinenc amb una soca de BDV d’alta virulència (Cadí-6) i una de baixa virulència (Freser-5). A cada grup es van incloure animals gestants i no gestants. Al concloure la infecció experimental es va confirmar que la soca Cadí-6 era d’alta virulència per adults i fetus. Tres animals van morir abans de la fi de l’experiment amb una diàtesis hemorràgica. Tots els animals sense anticossos, excepte un, van presentar una virèmia llarga, una alta excreció vírica per via nasal i rectal, i una àmplia distribució de virus en els teixits. Els fetus infectats amb Cadí-6 van morir abans de finalitzar l’experiment presentant altes càrregues d’ARN víric. Els isards sense anticossos infectats amb la soca Freser-5 van eliminar el virus del sèrum i van presentar menys distribució de virus i càrrega d’ARN víric en teixits que el grup Cadí-6. Tot i això, els fetus van morir abans de finalitzar l’experiment i es va detectar ARN víric a sèrum i teixits, encara que amb menys quantitat que al grup Cadí-6. Els isards dels dos grups van presentar lesions a l’encèfal, però als infectats amb la soca de baixa virulència Freser-5 les lesions van ser lleus i probablement transitòries. En els dos grups, les femelles gestants i amb anticossos, i tots els fetus excepte un, no van presentar virèmia ni ARN víric en teixits. Aquests resultats demostren que la diversitat de soques víriques és un factor significatiu per a la heterogeneïtat d’escenaris epidemiològics presents en les poblacions salvatges d’isard.
Des de que poblacions salvatges de conill comú (Oryctolagus cuniculus) i ualabí de Bennet (Macropus rufogriseus) van ser descrites com a susceptibles a infeccions per pestivirus, les espècies no artiodàctils simpàtriques de l’isard van esdevenir hostes potencials en l’epidemiologia del pestivirus. L’Estudi II es va centrar en la susceptibilitat a les infeccions per pestivirus de dues d’aquestes espècies: la llebre europea (Lepus europaeus) i la marmota alpina (Marmota marmota). Cap de les mostres de sèrum de marmota va presentar pestivirus ni anticossos. Encara que no es va detectar pestivirus, el 36.2% de les llebres tenia anticossos neutralitzants. Així doncs, la llebre europea és la tercera espècie salvatge no artiodàctil documentada com a susceptible a infeccions per pestivirus.
La influència antropogènica sobre la diversitat d’escenaris epidemiològics en les infeccions per BDV en isard va ser avaluada en l’Estudi III, centrant-se en ovelles transhumants. Es van estudiar cinc ramats d’ovelles que pasturen a dues zones del Pirineu amb dos escenaris epidemiològics de BDV en isard. Les ovelles es van mostrejar abans i després de la transhumància. Només una granja va presentar circulació constant de BDV en el ramat. En aquesta granja, la unió de lots a les praderes alpines va ser el principal factor de transmissió de virus. A més, a la mateixa granja la titulació d’anticossos neutralitzants va mostrar que la majoria de les infeccions havien estat causades probablement per soques de BDV d’origen domèstic. La única seqüència de BDV (regió 5’UTR), en aquesta mateixa granja, va resultar ser genèticament pròxima a soques de BDV d’ isard. Aquest fet, juntament amb l’evidència de que en una altra granja estudiada els anticossos d’ovelles semblen haver estat originats per una soca de BDV d’isard, indica que la transmissió entre ovella i isard es dóna de forma ocasional.Pestiviruses (Family Flaviviridae) cause diseases with important economic and health impact on livestock. One of these pestivirus species, the Border Disease Virus (BDV) is also of importance in wildlife conservation since 2001 when it was associated with high mortality outbreaks in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica). After 16 years of research, different epidemiological scenarios of BDV infection in chamois populations have been described. The main objective of the present thesis was to analyse the role of three factors that may explain this epidemiological diversity: viral strains, sympatric wild non-artiodactyl hosts and sheep transhumance. Study I was designed to confirm the presence of BDV strains of high and low virulence in free-ranging chamois populations from Pyrenees and to understand the implications of these findings to the diverse epidemiological scenarios. An experimental infection of Pyrenean chamois with a high virulent (Cadí-6) and low virulent (Freser-5) BDV strains was performed. Pregnant and non-pregnant animals with and without antibodies were included in each group. Cadí-6 BDV strain was confirmed to be of high virulence for adults and foetuses. Three chamois died before the end of the experiment with haemorrhagic diathesis. All but one antibody negative animals presented long viraemia, high nasal and rectal viral shedding and wide viral distribution in tissues. Foetuses infected with Cadí-6 died before the end of the experiment presenting high viral RNA loads. The antibody negative chamois infected with Freser-5 BDV strain presented less viral distribution and RNA load in tissues than Cadí-6 group, and cleared the virus from the serum. However, foetuses died before the end of the experiment and RNA virus was detected in sera and tissues although with lower RNA load than the Cadí-6 group. Chamois from both groups presented lesions in brain but the ones infected with the low virulent Freser-5 BDV strain were mild and most likely transient. In both groups, in pregnant females with antibodies and all but one of their foetuses did not present viraemia or viral RNA in tissues. These results demonstrate that viral strains diversity is a significant factor in the heterogeneity of epidemiological scenarios in Pyrenean chamois populations. Since free-ranging common rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) were found susceptible to pestivirus infections, chamois sympatric non-artiodactyl species became of interest as potential hosts in pestivirus epidemiology. Study II focused on the susceptibility to pestivirus infection of two of these species: European hare (Lepus europaeus) and Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota). None of the marmots presented pestivirus and antibodies in the analyzed sera samples. Although no pestivirus was detected, 36.2% of hares had neutralizing antibodies. Thus, the European hare is the third wild non-artiodactyl with documented susceptibility to pestivirus infection. The anthropogenic influence in the diversity of epidemiological scenarios in chamois BDV infection was assessed in Study III and focused on transhumant sheep flocks. Five sheep flocks grazing in two alpine areas in the Pyrenees with two different BDV epidemiological scenarios in chamois populations were studied. Sheep were sampled before and after transhumance. Only one farm presented persistent BDV circulation in the flock. In that farm, joining feed lots in alpine meadows was demonstrated as the main factor for viral transmission. Moreover, the titration of neutralizing antibodies in that farm showed that most of the infections may be the result of contact with BDV strains of domestic origin. The only BDV sequenced (5’UTR region) in this farm was found genetically close related to previous BDV strains from chamois origin. This fact, together with the evidence that in another studied farm sheep antibodies seems to be originated by a chamois-like BDV strain, indicate that occasional transmission between sheep and chamois occurs.
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Diouf, Ibahima Faye. "Système mixte agriculture irriguée et élevage transhumant : l'enjeu autour de l'accès aux ressources foncières dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00935092.
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Dans un contexte d'aménagement de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal et de développement de l'agriculture irriguée, les populations d'éleveurs mettent en avant un ensemble de stratégies afin de renforcer leurs exploitations familiales. En effet, depuis les crises de sécheresse des années 1970-1980, la situation de l'élevage transhumant dans la vallée ne cesse de se détériorer et sa pérennisation remise en cause, en raison de la réduction des parcours pastoraux. L'objectif de ce travail est de faire comprendre les stratégies de survie mises en application par les éleveurs pour maintenir leurs exploitations viables. Un travail d'enquête chez 41 chefs d'exploitations a permis d'analyser les logiques de diversification agricole et de capitalisation foncière chez les Peul Walwalbé. Pour face faire à l'expansion des Périmètres Irrigués Villageois, les éleveurs ont choisi de renforcer leur pratique de l'agriculture irriguée afin de varier leurs sources de revenus et d'avoir un meilleur accès aux parcours post-culturaux. Dans les communautés rurales de Gamadji et de Guédé village situées dans la moyenne vallée, les éleveurs sont très présents dans les systèmes de production irriguée. Plusieurs modes de tenures foncières leur permettent, en plus des cultures céréalières de décrues ou pluviales, de développer les spéculations maraîchères (tomate et oignon) plus rentables. L'agriculture irriguée offre aussi aux agro-éleveurs un accès privilégié aux parcours post-culturaux. Leur présence dans les terroirs du Waalo est aussi un moyen de garantir leur droit foncier traditionnel sur ces terres. Ainsi la pratique de l'agriculture irriguée répond à des logiques financières et foncières. Alors que la pratique d'élevage ne permet pas aux éleveurs Peul d'avoir accès à la terre, l'agriculture irriguée apparaît comme une stratégie détournée de capitalisation foncière. La pratique conjointe de l'agriculture irriguée et de l'élevage transhumant a permis l'émergence d'un territoire agropastoral autour du département de Podor composé: de parcours de décrue, de parcours post-culturaux, de points d'abreuvement sur fleuve, de piste de transhumance.... Pour autant, les mouvements de transhumance restent la pratique centrale chez les éleveurs Peul de la moyenne vallée et les déplacements de longues durées encore de mises.
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Gray, Stina. "Women of the Fäbod : An Ethnological Study of the Swedish Fäbod Culture at the Turn of the 20th Century." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för etnologi, religionshistoria och genusvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-166089.
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The purpose of this study is to explore the meaning of womanhood in relation to the Swedish fäbod culture at the turn of the 20th century. The study is based upon a questionnaire from 1928 and the material is collected from the archives at the Nordic Museum in Stockholm and the Institute for Language and Folklore in Uppsala. Drawing upon gender and ritual theories, the study intends to gain an understanding for what it meant to be a woman of the fäbod by examining how fäbod herdswomen were culturally shaped and initiated into women both in relation to their place in the fäbod community of herdswomen, but also in respect to the wider community and society of which they were a part of. The main conclusion of the study is that the journey into the fäbod woods can be seen as a rite of passage where adolescent girls going to the fäbod for the first time were initiated into the fäbod community of herdswomen. Womanhood is a cultural phenomenon in which women are culturally shaped and initiated into women not only by the codes, conceptions and values of the society at large, but also by the stories, customs and traditions of their local communities. The fäbod herdswomen were born into the gender power structures of a patriarchal society that sought to shape them into promising wives, and they were also women of the fäbod, initiated into the fäbod communitas, a form of female counterculture with its very own musical language, customs and traditions, and with its very own definitions of womanhood.
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McGlynn, George. "Using 13C-, 15N-, and 18O stable isotope analysis of human bone tissue to identify transhumance, high altitude habitation and reconstruct palaeodiet for the early medieval Alpine population at Volders, Austria." Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-73272.
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Tiezzi, Grazia. "L'improvisation en Ottava rima en Toscane : une pratique langagière solennelle." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0072.
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L'improvisation chantée en ottava rima est une tradition poétique populaire encore vivante dans les régions de l'Italie centrale. Mon étude sur cette tradition orale, et sur sa poétique, recherche les types de relations émergeant entre les participants pendant les interactions conventionnalisées qu'ils co-construisent dans leurs performances dialogiques. J'analyse les aspects procéduraux des compétitions poétiques et les patterns stylistiques exhibés par la praxis de l'exécution. Je réexamine cette pratique culturelle me focalisant sur le contexte ethnographique limité à la zone de la Maremme toscane. Un rapprochement s'établit ainsi entre les formes d'improvisation dialogique de cette région et les échanges de la langue parlée, qui met en évidence la nature sociale de cet art verbal. Je propose de lui attribuer un statut de communication 'solennelle', qui reconduit une jurisprudence de l'interaction en face-à-face, et cela sous un double aspect: la rencontre avec l'Autre et l'agonistique. Je décris comment les traits de l'expression, chantée-versifiée-rimée, gouvernent les procédures de transaction de la parole et la planification pragmatique de l'interaction selon des régimes précis. Je démontre que la virtuosité individuelle des poètes «adversaires» doit s'accommoder avec un cadre complexe, expressif et praxéologique, qui joue un rôle d'intermédiaire, et dont les propriétés systémiques se règlent sur un modèle spécifique d'éthique du dialogue. Je suggère enfin une relation possible entre cette tradition orale et l'activité socioéconomique de la transhumance pratiquée par les communautés des bergers se déplaçant de l'Apennin vers la Maremme toscaneThe ottava rima improvisation is a folk tradition which has survived in the regions of central Italy. In my studies about this tradition and its poetics, I research the type of social relationships emerging between the participants through the highly conventional interactions they build during their performances. The 'procedural aspects of poetic competition and the stylistic patterns displayed in the actual performance are also analysed. This practice of poetic folk art, is re-examined in the limited ethnographic context of the Tuscan Maremma area. I try to establish a link between the poetic forms of dialogic improvisation, observable in this region, and the exchanges which occur in spoken language, so as to draw attention to the social nature of this traditional poetic art. I propose to attribute to it the status of "solemn" communication which maintains a jurisprudential model of face-to-face verbal interaction involving two activities: the encounter and the adversarial confrontation with the Other. I describe how the forms of expression, sung-versified-rhymed, seem to govern the procedures of speech transaction and how the pragmatic planning of conflictual interaction follows precise regimes. I also demonstrate how the opponent poets' individual virtuosity must negotiate according to a complex framework -both expressive and praxeologic-and its mediating role; its built-in properties reveal a specifically ethical model inherent to dialogue. Finally, I suggest a possible relationship between this oral tradition and the socio-economic activity of transhumance practiced by the communities of shepherds who moved from the Apennines to the Tuscan Maremma
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Requier-Desjardins, Mélanie. "Elevages et transhumances à l'extrême-nord du Cameroun : une étude des contrats d'accès aux pâturages communs : enquêtes en milieu pastoral et essai de modélisation contractuelle)." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001VERS0013.
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En région soudanienne, les activités rurales principales sont agricoles et pastorales. Il existe une compétition entre éleveurs sédentaires, transhumants et agriculteurs pour l'usage des terres de parcours. La progression des zones désertiques et la décentralisation actuelle des Etats auxquels ces espaces appartiennent généralement à titre privé nécessitent l'examen des modes d'accès à ces ressources. Pour caractériser les conditions d'accès aux pâturages, nous prívilégions une recherche en termes de coûts et de contrats d'accès. Selon nos hypothèses de travail, la forme de ces échanges a une incidence sur l'usage et la dynamique de la ressource pastorale. La méthodologie élaborée combine une étude empirique localisée réalisée à l'extrême-nord du Cameroun et la construction d'un modèle de simulation multi-agens. Le modèle s'inspire de l'économie des coûts de transaction et des travaux concernant les ressources renouvelables communes. Des échanges pour l'accès aux pâturages et à l'eau ont lieu entre des agents transhumants dotés de troupeaux et des agents sédentaires responsables d'espaces pastoraux. Nous étudions l'impact différencié de deux formes de contractualisation, au moindre coût versus confiance, sur l'évolution des pâturages déterminée selon le principe de la capacité de charge. Ce modèle explore et teste les hypothèses émises, il fonctionne comme un outil de dialogue entre la théorie et le terrain. Les enquêtes menées le long du parcours principal de la transhumance font un inventaire historique des prélèvements organisés par les autorités auprès des éleveurs. Les montants relevés sont analysés du point de vue de la rente foncière, puis sous l'angle anthropologique de la réciprocité. Les résultats obtenus sont complétés par une étude des contrats de main d'oeuvre pastorale, dont l'analyse en terme de confiance nous ramène aux résultats du modèleIn the Soudanian area, the main rural activities are those of farming and breeding. There is a competition between sedentary, transhumant breeders, and peasants for the use of the grazing land. Desertification threats and the decentralization of the States whose lands have traditionnally been managed autonomously require a reexamination of the way the users manage to have access to these resources. In order to characterise the states of access to pasture land, we have carried out an analysis of costs and contracts of access. We assume the contracts pattern has an incidence on the resource use dynamics. The methodology combines a field study carried out in northern Cameroon, and the building of a multi-agent simulation model. The model is inspired by the transaction costs analyses and by the observed trends of common resources management. Exchanges take place between transhumant agents owning herds, and sedentary agents who are responsible for the access to the grazing land. They negociate contracts so that the herds can have access to the water and the pasture land. We observe the impacts of two different kinds of contracts, smallest cost versus trust, on the pasture land evolutions characterised by a limited carrying capacity. This models is a way of exploring and testing the internal consistancy of our assumptions and works as a tool of communication between the theory and the field study. Empirical investigations conducted on a single transhumancy line dealt mainly with the breeders'taxes. We draw up an historical inventory of the amounts collected by local authorities for the use of pasture land. An interpretation is given in terms of the land point of view. Then, we develop interpretations in terms of social reciprocity. These results are complemented by the study of pastoral labour force contracts, whose analysis in term of trust brings us back to the model
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Rouchier, Juliette. "La confiance à travers l'échange : accès aux paturages au Nord-Cameroun et échanges non-marchands : des simulations dans des systèmes multi-agents." Orléans, 2000. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00349010.
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La thèse décrit deux systèmes multi-agents (SMA) qui développent des processus d'apparition de la confiance dans les échanges. La réflexion repose sur l'exemple des modes d'accès aux pâturages des éleveurs transhumants à l'Extrême-Nord du Cameroun. L'analyse économique insiste autant sur les échanges que sur le sens donné à ces interactions par les acteurs. Trois mécanismes permettent la confiance : la familiarité, la réputation, la présentation de soi. Les SMA, utilisés pour créer une intelligence artificielle collective, ont des problématiques proches des sciences sociales et offrent un cadre de modélisation. Dans le premier modèle des agents-transhumants échangent des biens contre des accès aux ressources. Dans les simulations deux représentations sont utlisées : l'agent cherche le moindre coût ou privilégie la familiarité. Dans les deux cas une régularité apparaît dans les relations, mais la ressource est très dégradée si la représentation repose sur les coûts. Le travail de terrain permet de redéfinir la construction de la confiance sur la base des processus sociaux (réputation et surveillance). Le second modèle décrit une société où la réalisation d'échanges non marchands permet à chacun d'acquérir une certaine réputation. Les agents ont une motivation au prestige et une estime de soi qui leur permet de faire des choix d'action. Une grande diversité de simulations montrent que les histoires individuelles, même complexes, sont toujours dépendantes des caractéristiques de l'ensemble du groupe. En conclusion, il semble que la coordination par des institutions rende l'usage des ressources renouvelables pluq soutenable que les incitations par les coûts.
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Pérez, Centeno Marcelo. "Transformations des stratégies sociales et productives des éleveurs transhumants de la province de Neuquén et de leurs relations avec les interventions de développement." Toulouse 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU20021.
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Après les années 1990, l’Argentine est le scénario de profondes transformations socio-économiques. Les programmes d’ajustement structurel, la décentralisation des fonctions de l’Etat National vers les Provinces et les Municipalités, le Plan de Convertibilité de la monnaie et l’ouverture des marchés ont déclenché un bouleversement tant des institutions publiques comme des activités productives. Le secteur agricole confronté à la libre concurrence subit un des crises les plus importantes de l’histoire. La production paysanne, largement répandue dans notre pays, se débatte entre les processus d’inclusion et exclusion, ainsi que ceux d’intégration ou d’expulsion qu’induit la fragmentation territoriale déclenchée par le phénomène de globalisation. Dans le Nord de la Province de Neuquén, en la Patagonie argentine, existent plus de 2000 familles de petits éleveurs transhumants qui développent actuellement l’activité touchée par ces processus. D’ailleurs, la modification des paradigmes institutionnels des institutions publiques et leurs agents d’intervention sont confrontés à transformer cette réalité sans une compréhension achevée de celle-ci. La modification des paradigmes institutionnelles; ainsi que les règles de jeu dans le secteur agricole entamèrent une profonde crise tant des projets de développement, comme des pratiques. En même temps, des nouveaux acteurs émergent dans les institutions de développement, comme les Secrétariats de la Production Municipale et les ONG qui modifient les rapports existants entre les principaux acteurs du secteur agricole (producteurs, organisation des producteurs, institutions de développement, Etat Provincial et National). Dans ce cadre nous avons analysé les stratégies sociales et productives de la petite production ainsi que celles développés par les institutions pendant l’action de développement et leurs agents dans une réalité en mutation. La compréhension de celles-ci se révèle comme un champ privilégié pour l’apprentissage et le design des politiques publiques adressées au développement territorialAfter the 90s, the Argentine society and economy have been deeply transformed. Structural adjustment programs, state functions decentralization towards provinces and districts, national currency parity with American dollar and trade liberalization have induced deep changes for public institutions and for productive activities. The agricultural sector, in a direct contact with the international market, experimented one of the major crisis of the history. Peasant farms, numerous in Argentine, are living hard exclusion processes but also simultaneously new inclusion processes, going with in a general way a territorial fragmentation induced by globalization. This PhD research propose to understand these processes analyzing the Nord area of the Neuquén province, in the argentine Patagonia, where are 2000 transhumance small breeders families and which is the most peasant influenced area of the province. About one hundred questionnaires have been applied on a sample of breeders’ families along with some deep interviews with the objective of detecting the diversity and the dynamics of socioproductive strategies. We are aiming at, through a comprehension of these simultaneous processes of inclusion and exclusion, to perceive modifications in the intervention paradigms of public institutions and of their agents, in one of the argentine provinces where development institutions in rural areas have been the most important and have strongly structurate the peasant sector. The modifications in agricultural sector of intervention paradigms, just as social rules, led actually to a deep crisis of development projects and agricultural development arena, just as the District Services for Production and NGOs and these new actors modify existing relationships between the main agricultural sector actors (breeders, breeders’ organizations, development institutions, national and provincial states…). An historical analysis of development projects and of interventions (through archives, long interviews with managers and field agents and an introspective research of this author who has been a development worker in this area for more than 15 years) permit to propose a model of these changes in intervention paradigms. Finally we put into relation social and productive strategies transformations of small breeders and of the intervention paradigms. The PhD shows the apparition of a new relationship between peasantry and public institutions that belongs to more global transformations of the territory and of the territorialities of rural development actors
Desde los años 90, la Argentina es escenario de profundas transformaciones socioeconómicas. Los programas de ajuste estructural, la descentralización de funciones del Estado Nacional hacia las Provincias y las Municipalidades, el plan de Convertibilidad y la apertura económica han originado una fuerte transformación tanto de las instituciones públicas como de la actividad productiva. El sector agrícola confrontado a la libre competencia enfrenta una de las mayores crisis de la historia. La producción campesina, ampliamente difundida en nuestro país, se debate entre los procesos de inclusión y exclusión, de integración o de expulsión que induce la fragmentación territorial desencadenada por los fenómenos globalizadores. En el Norte de la provincia de Neuquén, en la Patagonia argentina, existen más de 2000 familias de pequeños productores trashumantes que desarrollan actualmente su actividad afectada por dichos procesos. Por otro lado, las instituciones de Investigación y Desarrollo y sus agentes de intervención están confrontados a transformar dicha realidad sin una comprensión acabada de la misma. La modificación de los paradigmas de las instituciones públicas, así como los cambios en las reglas de juego en el sector agrícola originaron una profunda crisis tanto de los proyectos de desarrollo como de sus prácticas. Al mismo tiempo nuevos actores emergen entre las instituciones de desarrollo como las Secretarías de la Producción Municipal y ONG que modifican las relaciones preexistentes entre los principales actores de la realidad agrícola (productores, organizaciones de productores, instituciones de desarrollo, estados provincial y nacional). Es en este marco que hemos analizado las estrategias sociales y productivas de los pequeños productores así como las desarrolladas por las instituciones de desarrollo y sus agentes en una realidad en mutación. La comprensión de las mismas se revela como un ámbito privilegiado para el aprendizaje y el diseño de políticas públicas aplicables al desarrollo territorial
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Massounie, Guy. "Peuplements et paysages aux confins occidentaux du territoire des Arvernes de la protohistoire au moyen âge." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20005/document.
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L’ouverture de la fenêtre des Combrailles apporte des enseignements nouveaux sur la puissance et la richesse de la cité des Arvernes.L’occupation du territoire est continue, de la Protohistoire au Moyen Âge, avec un très grand développement au moment de l’Empire romain.Le tracé des deux voies romaines majeures est établi : la densité de la population le long de leur passage prouve le rôle qu’elles ont joué.L’installation des habitats (avec la présence des élites) sur la totalité du territoire montre la complémentarité économique entre la capitale et la moyenne montagne.La densité des espaces miniers et l’exploitation de l’or à la période gauloise ont certainement contribué à la richesse des ArvernesThe opening of the window of study of Combrailles provides new insights into the power and the wealth of the city of Arvernes.The occupacy of the territory is continuous from the Protohistory to the Middle Ages, with a great development at the time of the Roman Empire.The layout of two major ways is established : the density of population along their path proves the role they played.The settlement of the habitat (including those of the elites) on the whole territory shows the economic complementarity between rural areas and the cities.The density of mining spaces and the exploitation of gold during the Gallic period certainly contribute to the richness of Arvernes
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Bencherif, Slimane. "L'élevage pastoral et la céréaliculture dans la steppe algérienne Évolution et possibilités de développement." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00586977.
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Durant des siècles, la steppe algérienne a été exploitée par des tribus nomades qui vivaient de l'élevage pastoral transhumant des petits ruminants. Fractionnée et déstabilisée par des politiques et des projets inappropriés pendant et après la colonisation française, cette exploitation collective et régulée des parcours a cédé la place à un mode d'exploitation familial concurrentiel. Pour répondre à une demande croissante de viande ovine, consécutive à un fort accroissement démographique, les éleveurs ont accru leurs troupeaux, étendu la céréaliculture fourragère motorisée et multiplié les achats de céréales fourragères. Surchargés, les parcours qui fournissaient l'essentiel de l'alimentation des animaux, ont été dégradés, la transhumance réduite et les petits éleveurs appauvris. Aujourd'hui, l'interdiction de la céréaliculture sur les terres fragiles et la mise en défens des pâturages dégradés sont plus que nécessaires. Elles ne seront cependant ni assez respectées pour protéger ou restaurer la fertilité de la steppe, ni suffisantes pour améliorer les conditions d'existence des agropasteurs, et elles le resteront tant que les ressources inexploitées en terres cultivables et en pâturages de la région n'auront pas été durablement mobilisées pour accroitre et réguler les disponibilités fourragères. Ainsi rendu possible, le développement durable de l'élevage agropastoral dans la steppe serait grandement facilité par l'élaboration et la réalisation participatives d'un ensemble coordonné de programmes et de projets, intégré aux stratégies de développement durable de la région et du pays.
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Mientjes, Antoon Cornelis. "Pastoralism in Sardinia : ethnoarchaeological research into the material and spatial features of pastoralism in a regional context." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683182.
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Lewthwaite, J. G. "Transhumant and sedentary pastoralism in earlier Corsican prehistory." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272919.
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Theophilo, Folhes Ricardo. "O Lago Grande do Curuai : história fundiária, usos da terra e relações de poder numa área de transição várzea-terra firme na Amazônia." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA125/document.
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L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre comment des facteurs d’ordre social et environnemental ont influencé, en Amazonie brésilienne, le peuplement, l’appropriation et l’usage conjugué des ressouces naturelles, dans une région de transition entre des écosystèmes de plaines d’inondation et de terre ferme. L’approche adoptée est historique et ethnographique, afin d’examiner comment les relations de pouvoir et les pratiques sociales sont articulées au régime hydraulique de crues et d’étiages. Le lieu de l’étude est la région du Lago Grande do Curuai, dans la commune de Santarém (État du Pará), au croisement des communes d’Óbidos et Juruti. Je me suis interrogé sur de possibles continuités et ruptures entre les relations de pouvoir actuelles et celles de l’époque coloniale – relations qui influencent la circulation des hommes entre ces deux écosystèmes. Je conclue que les plaines d’inondation (várzeas) sont, aujourd’hui encore, contrôlées par des segments sociaux issus de l’élite locale, formés de propriétaires terriens et d’éleveurs de bovins. Ceux-ci ont construit leur pouvoir pendant la colonie portugaise et ont graditativement impulsé un mouvement vers des terres situées de plus en plus loin dans la terre ferme, avançant sur la forêt. Depuis 1950, l’élevage est la principale activité économique à l’origine de cette expansion, au moyen des pratiques liées à la transhumance du bétail. Parmi les facteurs qui induisent la circulation saisonnière entre la várzea et la terre ferme, la transhumance a reçu une attention particulière dans ce travail. Initialement réservée aux grands fazendeiros, cette pratique s’est popularisée dès les années 1970 parmi les différents profiles d’éleveurs, avec une intensification dans les années 1990. L’élevage repose sur trois pratiques locales qui favorisent la transumance : les « sociétés », les « permissions » et les locations de terrain (arrendamentos). Leur analyse conjointe m’a permis de montrer que les « sociétés » entre grands et petits éleveurs sont à l’origine de l’expansion de l’élevage. Cette activité va bien au-delà d’un « livret d’épargne » ; elle confère du prestige et une opportunité d’accéder régulièrement aux plaines d’inondation. Lors de la création, en 2005, d’un projet d’établissement agro-extractiviste – le PAE Lago Grande – afin de régulariser l’occupation foncière des populations régionales, seuls les terrains de terre ferme ont été intégrés dans la nouvelle unité territoriale. Ceux de várzea en ont été exclus. Les données disponibles permettent de montrer qu’au fond, la structure foncière n’a pas été modifiée. Dès lors, les relations de pouvoir historiquement inscrites dans ce paysage restent relativement inchangées. Enfin, la circulation des populations régionales entre ces deux écosystèmes ainsi que les pratiques de transhumance n’ont pas été prises en compte lors de la mise en œuvre des politiques de gestion territoriale en AmazonieThe aim of this study is to understand the role of the social and environmental order influenced the peopling, land appropriation and the seasonal use of natural resources between floodplains (várzea) and firm land (terra firme) ecosystems in the Brazilian Amazon. I follow an historical and ethnographical approach to examine how social practices and the local power relations influenced the interrelated dynamic between social life and water movements (floods and droughts). The study area is Lago Grande, located in the city of Santarem, Pará State bordering the towns of Óbidos and Juruti. The main question is to investigate if power relations among social groups established and inherited during the colonial living in Lago Grande region are still operating in current times, and how this situation affects the control of transhumance between várzea and terra firme ecosystems. I conclude that the Amazon floodplains are still controlled by local elites, represented by land and livestock owners. The local elite established their socio-political power during colonial times, dominating an increasing process of entering from várzea to terra firme areas (i.e. deforestation). Since 1950, the main economical activity responsible for the expansion of land use from várzea to terra firme was cattle raising through transhumance between both ecosystems. Transumance has received a specific attention in this study, for it is among the main factors encouraging the circulation of local population between várzea and terra firme environments. From 1970’s, large farmers started the transhumance which was later followed by smaller farmers, and intensified through the 1990’s. Cattle ranching builds on three local practices which promote transhumance: “societies”, “permissions” and land rentals (arrendamentos). A joint analysis allowed me to demonstrate that “societies” between large and small farmers sustain the cattle ranching growth. This activity is lucrative and bestows prestige and opportunities to access the floodplains more regularly. In 2005, an Agro-extractivist Settlement was created (PAE Lago Grande) to favor land distribution and better economical opportunities among local populations. Though, the territorial unit included terra firme but not the areas of the várzea ecosystem, vital for the local economy part of the year. Additionally, the PAE also did not alter the land tenure, keeping the same historically constructed power structures it aimed to deconstruct
O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi compreender como fatores de ordem social e ambientalinfluenciaram o povoamento, a apropriação e o uso conjugado dos recursos naturais em umaregião de transição entre os ecossistemas de várzea e de terra firme na Amazônia brasileira.Adotei uma abordagem histórica e etnográfica para examinar como relações de poder e práticassociais mediaram a articulação da vida social ao regime de cheias e vazantes. A área eleita paraa realização da pesquisa foi a região do Lago Grande, localizada no município de Santarém-PA, na confluência com os municípios de Óbidos e Juruti. Questionei se seria possível, naatualidade, enxergar nas relações entre os segmentos sociais que coabitam a região do LagoGrande continuidades e rupturas com as relações de poder herdadas do período colonial e comotais relações poderiam estar intervindo na circulação humana entre os dois ecossistemas.Conclui-se que as várzeas ainda são controladas por segmentos das elites locais, formadas porproprietários de terras e gado. Estes fundaram seu poder no período colonial e lentamentecomandaram o processo de ampliação dos sistemas de uso da terra para os interiores da terrafirme. Desde 1950, a principal atividade econômica a impulsionar esta expansão tem sido apecuária, por meio da prática da transumância. Entre os diversos fatores que sustentam acirculação sazonal entre a várzea e a terra firme pela população local, a transumância recebeuatenção especial da pesquisa. Iniciada pelos grandes fazendeiros, a transumância se popularizouentre os diversos perfis de criadores a partir das décadas de 1970 e foi intensificada na décadade 1990. Três instituições comandam a atividade pecuária e logo sustentam a transumância: as“sociedades”, as permissões e os arrendamentos. Analisados em conjunto estes institutospermitiram que a pesquisa chegasse à conclusão de que as “sociedades” entre grandes epequenos criadores sustentam o crescimento da pecuária, atividade que muito mais do que umasimples poupança é sinônimo de prestígio e oportunidade de acesso regular a várzea. A criaçãode um projeto de assentamento agroextrativista em 2005, o PAE Lago Grande, anexou apenasa faixa de terra firme da região do Lago Grande, deixando as várzeas de fora. O PAE não anexouas várzeas e não alterou a estrutura fundiária em terra firme. Desta forma, pouco alterou asrelações de poder historicamente construídas. Por fim, considera-se que a circulação realizadaentre as populações regionais entre os dois ecossistemas, de maneira geral, e a transumância,em particular, não vem sendo levada em consideração nas políticas de ordenamento territorialna Amazônia
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Frey, Philippe. "Les nomades du Sahara et leurs technologies chamelières : tribus, répartitions, élevage, transhumances, caravanes." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR20039.
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Le but de cette these est d'etudier les differentes tribus nomades du sahara et leurs repartitions dans l'espace. Pour les principales : bedja, kebabish et arabes noirs du soudan et du tchad, toubou, touareg, maure et arabo-berberes, arabes du maghreb. . . Seront surtout mises en avant les techniques chamelieres d'elevage, de dressage, de monte, de harnachement. . . Ainsi que les necessites de transhumances en fonction des types de paturages et des saisons. Les techniques et les axes caravaniers sont decris et detailles. Soixante quatre illustrations et cartes. Aident a la clarte de la demonstration. L'etude s'attache principalement a detailler les technologies chamelieres diverses et specifiques a chaque groupeThe purpose of this thesis is to study the different saharian nomadic tribes and their space distribution. For the main ones: bedja, kebabish and black arabs of sudan and chad, tubu, tuareg, maure and beraberarabs, northafrican arabs. . . Accent will be put on camel technics of breeding, training, saddling, harnessing. . . As well as transhumance necessity according to pasture types and seasons. Technics and caravan links are described and detailed. Sixty four illustrations and maps help to text comprehension. The study consists mainly in detailing camel technologies, different and specific to each nomadic grup
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Mario, Romain. "Conversion et influence des assujettissements au milieu scolaire dans l'étude autonome des mathématiques : comment les très bons élèves de lycée étudient les mathématiques après la classe : observation anthropologique et suivi biographique de quelques cas exemplaires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3001/document.
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Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressé aux très bons élèves et à leur façon d'étudier les mathématiques, en tenant compte du fait que tout ce qu'il y a à étudier mathématiquement n'est pas désigné par les professeurs. Partant de l'hypothèse que leur façon d'étudier leur permet de mieux réussir, nous avons suivi pendant deux années scolaires de très bons élèves de cinq établissements différents. Par une enquête anthropologique et ethnologique de terrain, nous les avons observés après les séances de cours en classe, sur leur lieu de travail (le bureau, la chambre ou un coin spécialement aménagé); en train de faire des exercices, des enquêtes, des recherches mathématiques sur les objets d'études des grands chapitres de la classe terminale scientifique (l'analyse, lois de probabilités continues, la géométrie, les similitudes...) ; chacun à sa manière, avec des supports didactiques de son choix. Cette forme d'observation particulière que nous appelons avec Mercier la méthode des épisodes biographiques, nous a permis de constituer des épisodes de leur biographie en mathématique, c'est-à-dire des moments où l'on peut attester qu'une question nouvelle se pose à eux, qu'ils apprennent quelque chose de nouveau en cherchant la réponse à la question donnée, et qu'ils identifient ce qu'ils ont appris en l'interrogeant depuis ce qu'ils savaient déjà. Nous montrons ainsi, comment les très bons élèves de terminales scientifiques fabriquent un répertoire de savoirs efficaces: leur répertoire épistémologique et heuristique. Pour construire ce répertoire, ils ont besoin d'aller enquêter loin de la classe, dans l'espace ou dans le temps (dans de nombreux manuels, scolaires ou non, dans des anciens livres, sur internet, quelques fois avec l'aide d'un membre de la famille ou d'un copain). C'est cette manière d'enquêter que nous appelons la transhumance didactiqueIn this thesis, we were interested in the very good students and their way studying mathematics taking account of the fact that what there is to study mathematically is not always indicated by the professor in the courses of the various school grades. Based on the hypothesis that their way of studying enables them to succeed better in mathematics, we followed very good students from five different schools for two school years. Thus, using anthropological and ethnological field study methods, we observed the students after classroom hour, in their individual workplace settings (office, room or an especially arranged corner) doing exercises, investigations, mathematical research studies, each one in different way, with different didactic supports. This particular kind of observation, that we are calling the biographic episode method, enabled us to constitute episodes of their cognitive biography in mathematics, in other words moments of independent study where one can observe that they are faced with a news question, they learn something new by seeking the answer to a given problem, and they identify what they learned by questioning it in what they knew already. Thus we show how last year secondary school science students manufacture or build a directory of effective knowledge: the epistemological and heuristic directory. To build this directory, they need to seek learning away from the classroom, physically or temporally (using many textbooks or not, old textbooks, the Internet, or with the help of a family member or friend). It is this need for investigation which we call didactic transhumance
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Arnold, Elizabeth R. "The origins of transhumant pastoralism in southeastern Europe, a zooarchaeological investigation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62686.pdf.
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Werner, Jutta. "Nomades entre marginalisation, entreprenariat et conflits : stratégies des éleveurs mobiles du sud du Maroc face aux bouleversements du contexte pastoral et aux impératifs d'un développement durable /." Weikersheim : Margraf, 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2769910&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Werner, Jutta. "Nomades entre marginalisation, entreprenariat et conflits stratégies des éleveurs mobiles du sud du Maroc face aux bouleversements du contexte pastoral et aux impératifs d'un développement durable." Weikersheim Margraf, 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2769910&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Thompson, Jonathan Simon. "Transhumant and sedentary sheep-raising in Roman Italy, 200 BC - AD 200." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291741.
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Richard, Frève Emilie. "Du bâton de berger à la souris d’ordinateur : les bergers ovins transhumants du sud-est de la France aux prises avec la bureaucratisation d’un métier-passion (2000-2020)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0188.
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Cette recherche traite de l’évolution du métier de berger de moutons transhumant en Provence entre le début des années 2000 et 2020, une profession confrontée à une normification et une bureaucratisation croissantes de leur travail du fait notamment des réformes successives de la Politique Agricole Commune. À partir du début des années 2000, l’accent politique mis sur la « multifonctionnalité » de l’agriculture, d’une part, et le« découplage » des aides de la production, d’autre part, accroissent le montant « des primes » dans le revenu des bergers, et imposent davantage de contraintes dans le fait de devoir respecter diverses normes et les principes de l’« éco-conditionnalités » qui modifient le travail. Ces « normes publiques » multiples concernent différents secteurs d’activités (transport, sanitaire, environnement…) à différents niveaux de gouvernance (local, national, européen…) qui souvent se contredisent et se superposent. Le berger ne les gère pas seulement comme un individu seul dans son travail, mais aussi en tenant compte d’un « groupe professionnel localisé » (GPL) (Darré 1985), auquel il appartient, et qui intègre différents statuts de bergers (éleveurs/salariés), une Pastrille, qui s’étend sur un vaste espace de transhumance et d’interconnaissance (la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur et ses franges). Ce groupe composé de bergers aux profils et aux trajectoires diversifiés définit aussi par des normes professionnelles ce qu’il est possible de faire dans le travail et ce qu’il est possible d’être en tant que berger. Cette recherche analyse la confrontation de ces normes diverses (publiques et professionnelles) que vivent ces bergers, partagés entre leur volonté de suivre un éthos professionnel particulier qui, au début des années 2000, encourage le maintien de la tradition, et le respect de ces nouvelles normes, qui le remet en cause. Dans le cadre de cette recherche réalisée en immersion en étant bergère pendant 15 ans, j’analyse l’évolution de l’ethos de ce groupe professionnel localisé. Cette thèse identifie trois moments de cette confrontation normative. À une première période d’incompréhension, et de rejet face à des mesures jugées absurdes, succèdent une phase de confrontation brutale lorsque les contrôles et les sanctions se durcissent, puis une phase d’apaisement relatif, lorsque les nouvelles normes sont davantage intériorisées par choix ou par résignation. J’analyse dans cette recherche les différentes stratégies (actives ou passives) mises en place par ces pastres pour gérer cette confrontation de normes, et la façon dont, au cours de ces quinze années, les représentations et les pratiques du métier ont été recomposées. Comment un groupe qui priorisait le maintien de la communauté à l’affirmation individuelle se transforme avec le temps pour laisser plus de latitude individuelle notamment dans la gestion des normes publiques imposées ? Comment la part croissante des primes dans le revenu des bergers conduit, par résignation ou par choix, à en faire un élément central dans le choix des pratiques, au détriment parfois de l’ancienne éthique du métier ? Comment les nouvelles générations de bergers s’accommodent différemment de ces changements ? Comment un métier-passion pratiqué par des bergers proches du troupeau devient progressivement un métier-professionnel pratiqué par des éleveurs plus distancés des bêtes ? Comment cette perception d’intervention de développement autrefois perçu comme extérieur au groupe devient plus familière et intérieure à celui-ci à mesure que ce groupe change de forme d’organisation, de frontières identitaires et qu’une intériorisation des normes a lieu ? À travers le cas des bergers de la région PACA, cette thèse est une contribution aux débats sur la bureaucratisation des sociétés contemporaines, l’inflation normative et ses impacts sur les groupes professionnels et le sens au travailThis dissertation examines how transhumance shepherding in Provence was transformed from the early 2000s to 2020 by a series of reforms to the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that increasingly normalized and bureaucratized the profession. Early in the 2000s, the policy focus placed on the “multifunctional” character of agriculture combined with the “decoupling” of agricultural aid increased shepherds’ economic dependance on “premiums” that were linked to stricter rules and norms. This shift changed shepherds’ work by requiring cross-compliance with environmental standards. These “public norms”cut across multiple sectors (transportation, health, environment) at different levels of governance (local, national, European), which often overlapped and contradicted one another. Shepherds responded to these norms not only as individuals working alone but also as part of a “localized professional group” (LPG) (Darré 1985) that includes shepherds with differing professional statuses (farmers, salaried workers). This Pastrille covers a vast area of transhumance and knowledge-sharing that spans the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region and its borderlands. The group includes shepherds of diverse social backgrounds and career paths who collectively define who shepherds can be and determine what work shepherds can do by establishing professional norms. This research focuses on how the confrontation between the “public norms” and the professional norms affected shepherds torn between the double bind of their desire for a specific work ethos that promoted the preservation of tradition and the demand to comply with new norms that undermined it.This research was conducted in immersion as a shepherd over a period of 15 years. I analyzed change in the ethos of this “localized professional group” and identified three phases of normative confrontation. An initial phase of incomprehension and rejection of measures deemed absurd was followed by a phase of violent confrontation when inspections and sanctions tightened. The final phase of relative appeasement came when shepherds chose to internalize new norms or resigned themselves to doing so. I considered the active and passive strategies implemented by shepherds to deal with the confrontation of norms and look at how representations and professional practices were reconfigured.How did a group that placed preservation of the community above self-affirmation change with time, leaving greater individual latitude in managing imposed “public norms”? How did greater economic dependence on premiums influence shepherds’ practices, by acceptance or by choice, to the detriment of the prior professional ethics? Furthermore, how did younger generations of shepherds adapt to them differently than their elders? How did a career pursued passionately by shepherds close to their herds progressively become a more professionalized occupation taken up by breeders who distance themselves from their livestock? How did development-driven changes, formerly perceived as external to the group, become more familiar and internal as the group’s structure and the contours of its identitychanged and “public norms” were internalized? By examining shepherds in the PACA region, this dissertation contributes to debates on bureaucratization of contemporary societies and considers the impact of rapidly cumulating norms and standards on professional groups and the meaning of work
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Vita-More, Natasha. "Life expansion : toward an artistic, design-based theory of the transhuman/posthuman." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1182.
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The thesis’ study of life expansion proposes a framework for artistic, design-based approaches concerned with prolonging human life and sustaining personal identity. To delineate the topic: life expansion means increasing the length of time a person is alive and diversifying the matter in which a person exists. For human life, the length of time is bounded by a single century and its matter is tied to biology. Life expansion is located in the domain of human enhancement, distinctly linked to technological interfaces with biology. The thesis identifies human-computer interaction and the potential of emerging and speculative technologies as seeding the promulgation of human enhancement that approach life expansion. In doing so, the thesis constructs an inquiry into historical and current attempts to append human physiology and intervene with its mortality. By encountering emerging and speculative technologies for prolonging life and sustaining personal identity as possible media for artistic, design-based approaches to human enhancement, a new axis is sought that identifies the transhuman and posthuman as conceptual paradigms for life expansion. The thesis asks: What are the required conditions that enable artistic, design-based approaches to human enhancement that explicitly pursue extending human life? This question centers on the potential of the study’s proposed enhancement technologies in their relationship to life, death, and the human condition. Notably, the thesis investigates artistic approaches, as distinct from those of the natural sciences, and the borders that need to be mediated between them. The study navigates between the domains of life extension, art and design, technology, and philosophy in forming the framework for a theory of life expansion. The critical approach seeks to uncover invisible borders between these interconnecting forces by bringing to light issues of sustaining life and personal identity, ethical concerns, including morphological freedom and extinction risk. Such issues relate to the thesis’ interest in life expansion and the use emerging and speculative technologies. 4 The study takes on a triad approach in its investigation: qualitative interviews with experts of the emerging and speculative technologies; field studies encountering research centers of such technologies; and an artistic, autopoietic process that explores the heuristics of life expansion. This investigation forms an integrative view of the human use of technology and its melioristic aim. The outcome of the research is a theoretical framework for further research in artistic approaches to life expansion.
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Sánchez, Hakim Diego. "Taburete plegable para el operador de un apiario transhumante durante las tareas de manipulación de las colmenas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100852.
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La idea de este proyecto es mejorar las condiciones laborales del trabajador en las tareas de manipulación de colmenas en el apiario para polinización. Esto se pretende lograr a través de la incorporación de un elemento de apoyo que cambie el enfrentamiento actual del operario a su puesto de trabajo, a una postura adecuada para la realización de sus tareas
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Parmbäck, Helene. "Transhumances, troilles et trinqueballes : Une approche fonctionnaliste de la traduction de termes liés au milieu montagnard français." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65950.
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The aim of this paper is to examine the author’s Swedish translation of French specific terms linked to a particular theme: mountain life in old time France. Which translation techniques are used, and how can these be related to the target text’s function? This is done from a functionalist point of view, where Reiss and Vermeer’s skopos theory and Nord’s translation brief model provide a theoretical base. This approach is used in combination with terminological concepts and Vinay and Darbelnet’s different translation techniques. These are slightly modified to accommodate for other elements, such as the voluntary omission of a term. The source text is a chapter from a book on the Hautes-Alpes, translated for the Swedish Alpine Club’s imaginary jubilee book on mountain life around the world. A total of 98 different terms are identified and classified into three groups according to their characteristics: special terms, local terms and general terms. The approach is mainly a qualitative one, analyzing a selection of terms. Some quantitative data is presented as a reference point for the analysis. The results suggest that the definition of a skopos does not provide any clear indications regarding the translation technique used, and there does not seem to be any strong causal relations between the type of term, the skopos and the translation technique. The translation techniques using equivalence, modulation, omission and explanatory additions are the most commonly used. In each individual translation case, there is an interaction between the rule of coherence and the rule of fidelity. This requires a great deal of flexibility when it comes to finding a target text solution that is coherent for the reader identified in the translation brief. No standardized solutions are offered and the skopos oriented translation will use a wide variety of translation techniques.
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Jeffery, Scott W. "Superhuman, transhuman, post/human : mapping the production and reception of the posthuman body." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/19464.
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The figure of the cyborg, or more latterly, the posthuman body has been an increasingly familiar presence in a number of academic disciplines. The majority of such studies have focused on popular culture, particularly the depiction of the posthuman in science-fiction, fantasy and horror. To date however, few studies have focused on the posthuman and the comic book superhero, despite their evident corporeality, and none have questioned comics’ readers about their responses to the posthuman body. This thesis presents a cultural history of the posthuman body in superhero comics along with the findings from twenty-five, two-hour interviews with readers. By way of literature reviews this thesis first provides a new typography of the posthuman, presenting it not as a stable bounded subject but as what Deleuze and Guattari (1987) describe as a ‘rhizome’. Within the rhizome of the posthuman body are several discursive plateaus that this thesis names Superhumanism (the representation of posthuman bodies in popular culture), Post/Humanism (a critical-theoretical stance that questions the assumptions of Humanism) and Transhumanism (the philosophy and practice of human enhancement with technology). With these categories in mind the thesis explores the development of the posthuman in body in the Superhuman realm of comic books. Exploring the body-types most prominent during the Golden (1938-1945), Silver (1958-1974) and contemporary Ages of superheroes it presents three explorations of what I term the Perfect Body, Cosmic Body and Military-Industrial Body respectively. These body types are presented as ‘assemblages’ (Delueze and Guattari, 1987) that display rhizomatic connections to the other discursive realms of the Post/Human and Transhuman. This investigation reveals how the depiction of the Superhuman body developed and diverged from, and sometimes back into, these realms as each attempted to territorialise the meaning and function of the posthuman body. Ultimately it describes how, in spite of attempts by nationalistic or economic interests to control Transhuman enhancement in real-world practices, the realms of Post/Humanism and Superhumanism share a more critical approach. The final section builds upon this cultural history of the posthuman body by addressing reader’s relationship with these images. This begins by refuting some of the common assumptions in comics studies about superheroes and bodily representations. Readers stated that they viewed such imagery as iconographic rather than representational, whether it was the depiction of bodies or technology. Moreover, regular or committed readers of superhero comics were generally suspicious of the notion of human enhancement, displaying a belief in the same binary categories -artificial/natural, human/non-human - that critical Post/Humanism seeks to problematize. The thesis concludes that while superhero comics remain ultimately too human to be truly Post/Humanist texts, it is never the less possible to conceptualise the relationship between reader, text, producer and so on in Post/Humanist terms as reading-assemblage, and that such a cyborgian fusing of human and comic book allow both bodies to ‘become other’, to move in new directions and form new assemblages not otherwise possible when considered separately.
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Byaruhanga, Charles. "Epidemiology and tick-borne haemoparasite diversity amongst transhumant Zebu cattle in Karamoja region, Uganda." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60141.
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This study was conducted to understand the occurrence, diversity and epidemiology of tickborne diseases (TBDs) in a transhumant pastoral area of Karamoja Region, Uganda. We used participatory epidemiology (PE), involving focus group discussions (n = 24) with livestock keepers, 30 key informant interviews, review of previous surveillance data, clinical examinations, and laboratory confirmation of cases of TBDs, to define and prioritise cattle diseases, evaluate current control activities, and identify constraints to the control of TBDs. The livestock keepers regarded TBDs, particularly East Coast fever (ECF) and anaplasmosis, as the most important health problems in their cattle, based on morbidity and mortality rates, rates of transmission, treatment costs, difficulty in accessing the correct treatment, difficulty to control, and inadequate knowledge to manage the diseases. The main constraints to the control of TBDs were inadequate knowledge, inadequate veterinary services and limited availability of drugs. Hand picking of ticks was done by all pastoralists while hand spraying was done with under-strength acaricides, often at irregular intervals and with little acaricide wash. We determined the endemic status of TBDs in 20 randomly-selected cattle herds by estimating the proportion of annual ECF and anaplasmosis cases in different age groups of cattle using participatory approaches and clinical examinations, determining the diversity and abundance of ticks (161 cattle in 20 herds), and establishing the seroprevalence of antibodies to Theileria parva and Anaplasma marginale among cattle (n = 397 in 20 herds). Clinical examinations and informant interviews showed that TBDs affected all age groups of cattle. Two-thirds of the cattle were infested with moderate (37.3%, 11-50 ticks) to abundant (28.6%, > 50 ticks) numbers of ticks. Out of the 10,923 ticks collected, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (54.4%) was the most abundant species followed by R. decoloratus (17.7%), Amblyomma variegatum (12%) and A. lepidum (11.6%). We collected tick species that are either rare in Uganda (A. lepidum, Hyalomma truncatum, A. gemma) or were not known to be present in the country (R. pulchellus). The true seroprevalence of antibodies to A. marginale was high (95.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 91.3% - 98.5%), while that of T. parva was low (16.5%, 95% CI 12.9% - 19.6%). We determined the presence of tick-borne haemoparasites among cattle and the prevalence of infections using reverse line blot (RLB) hybridisation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and characterised Theileria and Babesia species by sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the full-length 18S rRNA gene. The RLB hybridisation assay demonstrated the presence of tick-borne haemoparasites in most cattle (99.6%), mostly as mixed infections (97.5%). The most frequently-detected species were Theileria mutans (88.3%, 95% CI: 84.6-92.1%), A. marginale (73.8%: 68.3-79.2%), T. velifera (71.3%: 65.8-76.7%) and Anaplasma sp. Omatjenne (63.3%: 57.5-68.8%). Other virulent pathogens, namely Babesia bigemina (5.0%) and T. parva (2.9%), were also detected with RLB, but Ehrlichia ruminantium was not detected. The proportions of qPCR positive samples were 82.9% (A. marginale), 12.1% (A. centrale), 3.3% (T. parva), and 1.7% (E. ruminantium). Variations (5 to 9 nucleotides) in the 18S rRNA gene sequences of B. bigemina were identified as compared with previously published sequences. We assessed the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny of Anaplasma species from cattle and analysed the msp1α gene sequences of A. marginale to identify genotypes. There was genetic heterogeneity within A. marginale in cattle in the study area. Most A. marginale sequences (16/19) were closely related (99- 100% identities) and clustered with A. marginale strain Veld from cattle in South Africa, with strong bootstrap support, while three sequences clustered (100% identity) with A. marginale strain from Virginia, USA. The A. centrale sequences were closely related (100% identity) and clustered with the Israel vaccine strain. We found four different kinds of MSP1a tandem repeat sequences (UP39-F-M2-3) that correspond to one A. marginale strain unique to Uganda. One tandem repeat (UP39) was unique to Karamoja cattle. The findings from this study provide knowledge on the diversity and epidemiology of TBDs, which can be used to support diagnosis and strategic control of TBDs, and consequently improve cattle productivity and the livelihoods of pastoralists. More effective control and prevention measures against ticks and TBDs should urgently be implemented in the region. There is need to facilitate and promote immunisation of cattle against ECF. Given the scarcity of veterinarians in the region, the activities of community-based animal health workers [CAHWs] should be strengthened. The local governments in Karamoja Region should facilitate a more favourable business environment to attract private companies, who could scale-up veterinary drug supplies to the region. Pastoralists should be sensitised to improve their ecological knowledge of the seasonal activity of ticks for strategic tick control.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services (ATAAS)
The National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) of Uganda
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
PhD
Unrestricted
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Jørgensen, Stine Lise. "Ethnographic Reflections on Marriage in Mursi : A group of transhumant agro-pastoralists in Southwestern Ethiopia." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Sosialantropologisk institutt, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13760.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is the outcome of a fieldwork which I carried out among the Mursi people of Southwestern Ethiopia from January until June 2010. The Mursi are transhumant agropastoralists and inhabit an area marked by long periods of drought. Over the past few decades they and their neighbors` livelihood have first and foremost been threatened by the growing shortage of water in dry-season grazing areas. As a result there has been a northward migration within Mursiland. Moreover, there are also other underlying factors for the migration, such as intermarriage. In this matter I shortly discuss the various impacts and challenges which the Mursi people face in every day life. However, the main focus for this work is that of kinship and marriage. I argue that Mursi marriage may be looked upon as a total social phenomenon, as all the various institutions within the Mursi society play a part in constituting a Mursi marriage. The Mursi kinship system is patrilineal, which is ancestor focused, meaning that kin is reckoned through one common male ancestor. However, as the Mursi kinship system is based on classificatory kin relations, there is no socially significant difference between various relations of kin categories. These categories are important in the Mursi bridewealth payments, which is ideally 38 head of cattle for a Mursi woman. The ideal distribution of bridewealth is important in the recurring of kinship ties, as a Mursi man is included in a debt lasting for three generations. I focus on showing how ties of kinship create solidarity between groups, and break down when the bridewealth payment has come to and end. However, the bridewealth rules allow the kinship ties to reappear. I also discuss the importance in cattle and how they are used as a tool in acquiring a wife, not the other way around as the "cattle complex" suggested in East African studies during the 1920s.
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Shabier, Alimu [Verfasser]. "Opportunities and constraints of transhumant small ruminant production in the Chinese Altay Mountains / Alimu Shabier." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1116033364/34.
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