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Journal articles on the topic 'And Transhumance'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Oteros-Rozas, Elisa, Berta Martín-López, César A. López, Ignacio Palomo, and José A. González. "Envisioning the future of transhumant pastoralism through participatory scenario planning: a case study in Spain." Rangeland Journal 35, no. 3 (2013): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj12092.

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Transhumance is a practice of nomadic pastoralism that was once common in Mediterranean Europe. This livestock-rearing system is associated with the maintenance of cultural landscapes and the delivery of a wide range of ecosystem services. Although transhumance is still practised in Spain on a small scale, its future is highly uncertain because of socioeconomic constraints and other drivers of change. A participatory scenario-planning exercise with 68 participants, including shepherds, decision-makers, veterinarians, environmental experts, intermediaries from the wool and meat markets, and researchers, was used to envision plausible futures for transhumance and to enlighten policy-making for the maintenance of this practice along the Conquense Drove Road, one of the largest foot-based transhumant social-ecological networks still in use in Spain. Specifically, the aims were to: (1) analyse the drivers influencing the future of transhumance, (2) depict the current situation of transhumance, (3) envision future scenarios for this activity, (4) analyse ecosystem services’ trade-offs between different scenarios and their effect on human wellbeing, and (5) provide some insights for policy-making related to the maintenance of transhumance. Four plausible future scenarios were built, each showing clear trade-offs in the delivery of 19 ecosystem services, such as food, fibre, ecological connectivity, soil fertility, air quality, fire prevention, cultural identity, local ecological knowledge and cultural exchanges, as well as the different dimensions of human wellbeing. As a result of the participatory process, nine management strategies were identified for the maintenance of transhumance. Priority was given to the implementation of payment schemes for ecosystem services, the enhancement of social capital among transhumants and institutional coordination, the improvement of product marketing, and the restoration and conservation of drove roads. Finally, the implications of the current reform of the Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union for the maintenance of transhumance are discussed.

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2

Azalou, Maximilien, Alassan Assani Seidou, Brice Gérard Comlan Assogba, Josias Steve Adjassin, Hilaire Sorébou Sanni Worogo, Mohamed Nasser Baco, and Ibrahim Alkoiret Traoré. "Calendrier pastoral et carte de transhumance des éleveurs exploitant les ressources pastorales de la commune de Djidja au Sud Bénin." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 72, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.31727.

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Djidja est l’une des plus grandes communes productrices agricoles du département du Zou au sud du Bénin. De par ses ressources fourragères et hydriques, elle est devenue une destination des éleveurs transhumants. Les mouvements des éleveurs transhumants continuent de s’étendre, de même que les séjours dans cette zone d’accueil s’allongent. L’étude a eu pour objectif global d’élaborer le calendrier pastoral et la carte de transhumance des éleveurs fréquentant cette commune. Des entretiens semi-structurés ont été conduits auprès de 300 acteurs de la transhumance. L’enquête a montré que la transhumance dans cette commune était surtout due à la recherche de ressources fourragères et hydriques (78,7 %). Sept périodes (Seeto, Nduungu Mawdo, Nduungu Pamarel, Jahol, Djaamdè, Dabuundè et Cheedu) ont été identifiées dans le calendrier des transhumants fréquentant cette zone avec une particularité de deux périodes de Nduungu (saison des pluies). Cette particularité est liée aux données climatiques de la zone qui comprend quatre saisons, dont deux pluvieuses et deux sèches. Le calendrier pastoral, l’itinéraire suivi et les temps de séjour dépendaient de la disponibilité des ressources pastorales des zones d’attache, de transit et d’accueil. Ainsi, la bonne connaissance des pistes empruntées, des points d’entrées et de sorties, et des périodes d’accueil des éleveurs transhumants serviront d’outils aux décideurs en matière de gestion durable de la transhumance et des ressources pastorales au sud du Bénin.

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KPEROU GADO, Byll O., Ismaïla TOKO IMOROU, Ousséni AROUNA, Habirou SIDI IMOROU, and Madjidou OUMOROU. "Déterminants des itinéraires de transhumance à la périphérie de la réserve de biosphère transfrontalière du W au Bénin." Journal of Applied Biosciences 152 (August 31, 2020): 15650–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.152.5.

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Objectifs : la présente étude vise à identifier les facteurs concourant à la définition des itinéraires de transhumance et analyser la perception des éleveurs transhumants sur les déterminants de ces itinéraires en vue d’une amélioration de la prise de décision dans la gestion des écosystèmes pâturés. Méthodologie et résultats : la démarche méthodologique a consisté à cartographier, avec le logiciel ArcGIS 10.4, les infrastructures pastorales et à faire une enquête socioéconomique de la perception des transhumants sur la situation et la gestion des couloirs. Les résultats indiquent l’existence de couloirs locaux ou communaux, intercommunaux et régionaux autour de la réserve. Il existe des liens significatifs entre couloirs et points d’eau, postes vétérinaires frontaliers, marchés à bétail, parcs de vaccination, pharmacies et cabinets vétérinaires. Dans certaines zones, les couloirs n’existent pas, sont obstrués, non fonctionnels ou confondus aux pâturages. Les itinéraires sont dynamiques et régressent numériquement avec le temps du fait de la dégradation des parcours, de l’obstruction des couloirs, des conflits et de l’assèchement des points d’eau. L’histoire, la culture et les institutions aussi sont déterminants. Conclusions et application des résultats : les déterminants des itinéraires de transhumance à la périphérie de la réserve du W sont historiques, culturels, environnementaux, socio-économiques et institutionnels. Les différents types de couloirs sont interconnectés. Une gestion rationnelle, apaisée et durable des itinéraires de transhumance nécessite une connaissance approfondie de ces déterminants dans les écosystèmescibles. La mise en place d’une base de données permettrait aux autorités à divers niveaux d’avoir une vue d’ensemble sur la répartition de ces infrastructures et des outils d’aide à la décision pour une meilleure valorisation du pastoralisme et un meilleur suivi des ressources et infrastructures pastorales. Mots clés : couloirs de transhumance, représentation cartographique, analyse de perception, réserve de biosphère transfrontalière du W du Bénin. Kperou Gado et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Déterminants des itinéraires de transhumance à la périphérie de la réserve de biosphère transfrontalière du W au Bénin 15651 Determinants of transhumance corridors at the periphery of the transboundary biosphere reserve of W in Benin ABSTRACT Objectives: this study aims to identify the factors contributing to the definition of transhumance corridors and analyse the perception of transhumant herders on the determinants of these corridors with a view to improving decision-making in the management of grazed ecosystems. Methodology and results: the methodological approach consisted on mapping, with ArcGIS 10.4 software, pastoral infrastructures and carrying out a socio-economic survey of the perception of transhumants on the situation and management of the corridors. The results indicate the existence of local or municipal, intermunicipal and regional corridors around the reserve. There are significant links between corridors and water points, border veterinary posts, livestock markets, vaccination parks, pharmacies and veterinary surgeries. In some areas, the corridors do not exist, are obstructed, non-functional or confused with pastures. The corridors are dynamic and regress numerically over time due to the deterioration of the pastures, the obstruction of the corridors, conflicts and the drying up of water points. History, culture and institutions are also crucial. Conclusions and application of results: the determinants of the transhumance corridors on the periphery of the W reserve are historical, cultural, environmental, socio-economic and institutional. The different types of corridors are interconnected. Rational, peaceful and sustainable management of transhumance routes requires an in-depth knowledge of these determinants in the target ecosystems. The establishment of a database would allow authorities at various levels to have an overview of the distribution of these infrastructures and decision-making tools for better valorisation of pastoralism and better monitoring of pastoral resources and infrastructures. Keywords: transhumance corridors, cartographic representation, perception analysis, Benin W transboundary biosphere reserve.

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4

SKLAVOU, Paraskevi, Maria KARATASSIOU, Zoi PARISSI, Georgia GALIDAKI, Athanasios RAGKOS, and Anna SIDIROPOULOU. "The Role of Transhumance on Land Use /Cover Changes in Mountain Vermio, Northern Greece: A GIS Based Approach." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 45, no. 2 (September 15, 2017): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha45210933.

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Transhumant flocks graze the vegetation of medium and high elevation rangelands during late spring to autumn depending on the geographical area and climatic conditions. This study aimed to assess and interpret the impacts of transhumance decline on the land use/cover on Mountain Vermio, for the period 1985-2009. For many years, this area has received high stocking rates from transhumant livestock. However, during the last 30 years transhumance has been dramatically decreased. Land cover changes have been identified using a post classification comparison approach within a Geographical Information Systems environment. Moreover, the rate and the spatial differentiation of land use/cover were determined by means of the Dynamic Degree Index. According to the results, the acreage of grasslands and grazed open forests has decreased during the study period (3% and 83% respectively), while shrublands demonstrated an opposite trend with an increase of 25%. Furthermore, based on the Dynamic Degree Index, the greatest changes occurred in the conversion of grazed open forests and shrublands, compared to other land use/cover categories. This can be attributed to changes in sheep and goats populations grazing in the area, also related to the dispersion of flocks in local rangelands. Moreover, this article presents the results of a questionnaire survey on transhumant herders. These results, combined with the assessment of changes in the Dynamic Degree Index, reflect the difficulties that farmers face in terms of access to rangelands and their increased awareness regarding the environmental role of transhumance.

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5

Ragkos, Athanasios, Alexandros Theodoridis, and Georgios Arsenos. "Alternative Approaches of Summer Milk Sales from Transhumant Sheep and Goat Farms: A Case Study from Northern Greece." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 13, 2019): 5642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205642.

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Sheep and goat transhumance provides a wide range of ecosystem services (ES). Transhumance-specific dairy products could function as a nexus between the system and the public, incorporating ES which are not remunerated in markets, but in Greece, there are actually no such dairy products. Within this context, the objective of this paper was to present a case study regarding a comparative assessment of three different approaches (supply chains) in milk sales from transhumant farms. The first involved production of cheese on-farm and direct sales to consumers. In the second approach, farmers sold their milk to the same industry throughout the year, where it was mixed with milk from non-transhumant farms. The third approach concerned cheese produced solely from milk of transhumant flocks in a small dairy in the highlands. An assessment framework was developed examining the perceived quality; economic performance of farms; compatibility and; representativeness and contribution of each approach. Based on five in-depth interviews with farmers and dairies, it was found that a combination of the three approaches would be beneficial for farms—to decrease risks—and for the system as a whole, in order to convey the ‘agro-pastoral message’ to wider audiences and to increase the recognisability of transhumance. In addition, the analysis showed that the economic performance of each approach was related more to managerial issues and organizational requirements rather than to the achievement of higher prices and more added value in the first and third approach.

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Bishop, Katherine. "The Interwoven Effects of Regionalism in Southeast Thessaly." Past Imperfect 21, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21971/pi29353.

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This study investigates possible evidence of seasonal movement of animals – transhumance – in the Greek archaeological record. By engaging with the so-called Agropastoral Debate in Thessaly this analysis argues that regionalism and rising urbanization forced a marked reliance on wool-based economy. The increased demand for wool created herd sizes larger than what local subsistence agriculture could support. Shepherds were required to move with their herds and utilize either short- or long-distance transhumance within Thessaly. This multidisciplinary approach examines transhumant domestication through ethnographic, ethnohistoric and literary sources integrated with palaeobotanical, material, cultural, and zooarchaeological evidence at Classical-Hellenistic sites in the regions of Thessalian Phthiotis (Pharsalos) and Achaia Phthiotis (New Halos, and Kastro Kallithea) in southeast Thessaly. Preliminary data supports mobile pastoralism in antiquity and argues for transhumant domestication in Thessaly by at least the Hellenistic period. This study is part of a larger research project interested in animal management practices and domesticated sheep and goat herd movements in ancient Thessaly.

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7

Oehler, Alex. "Pacing Transhumance." Inner Asia 22, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340136.

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Abstract For Indigenous Soyot herder-hunters of the Eastern Sayan Mountains in western Buryatia, maintaining a sustainable multispecies encampment is a matter of pacing the individual rhythms of the species belonging to it. Domestication in this context is not a matter of human control but of attuning and influencing life rhythms in other beings. Formerly divided into yak and reindeer herding groups, contemporary Soyots no longer rely on reindeer today. Meanwhile, their Tofa neighbours continue to use trained reindeer in their hunting. This paper explores possible reasons for the gradual abandonment of Soyot reindeer herding in the mid nineteenth century, drawing on irreconcilable rhythms. Four regional strategies for coping with divergent species’ rhythms are explored: abandonment of a species in a rangifer-cattle context; alignment of yak and Mongolian cattle reproductive rhythms for hybrid production; juxtaposition of equine and rangifer rhythms; and inversion of cattle and fish migratory routes. The article concludes with a new theory to help address rhythmical multispecies togetherness in the Eastern Sayan Mountains.

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Moussa, Loukmane, Ibouraïma Yabi, and Ismaïla Toko Imorou. "Diversité Floristique Et Usages Des Ligneux Le Long Des Couloirs De Transhumance Dans La Commune De Savè Au Centre Bénin." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n2p400.

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The vegetation cover of the District of Savè is subject to continuous pressure linked inter alia to the cutting of wood, agriculture and livestock through transhumance. Thus, forage seedlings are regularly used mainly during the dry season by transhumant herds. In this context, the characterization of woody pastures and the study of the uses of its timber by the local populations is a major imperative for their preservation and sustainable management. To this end, socio-economic surveys were carried out among the stakeholders involved in the use of these plant resources. The phytosociological surveys (29 plots of 30 m * 30 m) were carried out using the sigmatite method of Braum blanquet. Different indices have been calculated. The graph of the raw and weighted spectra was carried out. The characterization of the structure of the pasture shows a predominance of the individuals of circumference of between 30 and 50 cm. Mesophanerophytes are the most abundant and dominant forms of life, while chronologically Sudanese and Sudano-Zambeze species are the most represented. The most represented families are the combretaceae the leguminoseae. The Shannon diversity index varies from 3.21 to 3.95 bits and the Piélou equitability from 0.72 to 0.83 from one pasture to another. Three (3) types of pasture were identified along transhumance corridors. Namely: the pasture at Lannea velutina and Bridelia ferruginea; Pasture in Trichilia emetica and Annona senegalensis and grazing in Pteleopsis suberosa and Pericopsis laxiflora. This study shows that the environmental conditions favor the installation of several species along the transhumance corridors. The uses of forage resources, such as pruning for feeding livestock, charcoal making, fuelwood research, particularly in transhumance corridors, are not likely to Conservations

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Jones, Schuyler. "TRANSHUMANCE RE-EXAMINED." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 11, no. 2 (June 2005): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00240.x.

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10

Grellier, Bernard. "Berger transhumant sur l'Aigoual : la transhumance ovine et les savoirs du berger." Revue internationale des sciences sociales 187, no. 1 (2006): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/riss.187.0169.

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Grellier, Bernard. "A transhumant shepherd on Mount Aigoual: sheep transhumance and the shepherd's knowledge." International Social Science Journal 58, no. 187 (March 2006): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2451.2006.00591.x.

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12

Lukovic, Milos. "Balkanlarda Besicilerin Transhumance Har." History Studies International Journal of History 5, Volume 5 Issue 6 (January 1, 2013): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9737/historys1042.

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13

Labelle, Jean-Marie. "L’éducation, une mutuelle transhumance." Revue des sciences religieuses, no. 79/3 (July 1, 2005): 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rsr.269.

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Labelle, Jean-Marie. "L'éducation, une mutuelle transhumance." Revue des Sciences Religieuses 79, no. 3 (2005): 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rscir.2005.3767.

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15

Reinders, H. Reinder, and Wietske Prummel. "Transhumance in Hellenistic Thessaly." Environmental Archaeology 3, no. 1 (June 1998): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/env.1998.3.1.81.

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16

Grillot, Caroline. "La transhumance en Chine." Études rurales, no. 206 (December 1, 2020): 132–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesrurales.23747.

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17

Mishra, Himanshu, and Bindhy Wasini Pandey. "Navigating the Impacts of Social and Environmental Changes to Traditional Lifestyle: A Case Study of Gaddi Transhumance of Chamba District in Himachal Pradesh." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 19, no. 2 (August 20, 2019): 326–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x19862391.

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The present study focuses on the existing means of livelihood among the transhumance Gaddi community and the challenges that transhumance face due to changing natural and social environment. The data for this study have been supported by extensive primary field survey of 46 respondents through methods of focused group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaire survey in several villages of Chamba district along with secondary data collected from different government offices. The tough nature of transhumance practice under hostile conditions, new challenges posed by climate change and the lack of interest in transhumance among younger population means that new livelihood opportunities are needed to sustain the Gaddi community. However, in the fragile environment of Himachal Pradesh, it is essential that new livelihood opportunities are sustainable and preserves the traditional lifestyle of the Gaddis. Thus, the paper explores livelihood opportunities for Gaddis based on local economy and indigenous resource base of the community.

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Umutoni, Clarisse, Augustine Abioye Ayantunde, and Germain Jérôme Sawadogo. "Connaissance locale des pratiques de la transhumance dans la zone soudano-sahélienne du Mali." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 69, no. 2 (November 17, 2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.31180.

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Les études sur la transhumance ont souvent ciblé les pasteurs – notamment peuls – des zones sahéliennes. Pour en donner une autre perspective, la présente étude a été centrée sur les pratiques de la transhumance dans la zone soudano-sahélienne du Mali en intégrant la perception des agriculteurs et des pasteurs sédentaires concernés par la transhumance dans les zones d’accueil. Les scénarios envisageables pour le futur des systèmes pastoraux ont aussi été analysés. Les données ont été collectées à travers des groupes de discussion et des enquêtes individuelles. Les résultats ont montré que la transhumance n’était plus le seul fait des populations pastorales peules mais concernait diverses ethnies. Plus de 70 % des agriculteurs, des pasteurs sédentaires et des pasteurs transhumants interviewés dans les deux sites de l’étude ont rapporté que les avantages de la transhumance pour les communautés d’accueil en termes de dépôt de fumier dans les champs des cultures décroissaient. Quand bien même la majorité des répondants ont rapporté une augmentation des pratiques de la transhumance au cours des trente dernières années, ils prévoyaient leur diminution dans les années à venir. L’augmentation de la compétition autour des ressources pastorales entre les membres des communautés d’accueil et les pasteurs transhumants dans le sud du Mali crée une situation d’impasse et des frustrations se manifestant par une méfiance mutuelle.

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Seidou, Alassan Assani, Ibrahim Alkoiret Traore, Marcel Houinato, and Guy Apollinaire Mensah. "Typology Of Cattle Herds In Transhumance In The Classified Forest Of Upper Alibori Northern Benin." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 15 (May 30, 2016): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n15p251.

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To characterize the cattle herds in transhumance in the classified forest of upper Alibori (CFUA) north of Benin, an investigation of 132 cattle herds with a total of 11,020 head was carried out. Using the methods of factorial analysis of multiple correspondences (FAMC) and ascending hierarchical classification (AHC), a typology of four types of transhumant cattle herds were established. Cattle herds of type 1 (17.5% of the sample) were riparian of CFUA. They were led by young herdsmen (17 ± 3 years), all parents of herds’ managers to whom they use to make all decisions concerning these herds whose average size is low (44 ± 20 head). Type 2 cattle herds (28.8% of the sample) were from the neighboring commons of CFUA and were led by two relatively young herdsmen (26 ± 3 years) and mostly parents of herds’ managers with which they conferred to make decisions. These herds had an average size of 94 ± 20 head. The third type (43.9% of the sample) consisted of transhumant herds from distant commons, passing through the CFUA towards other protected areas. They had a high size (112 ± 13 head) and were conducted by two relatively young herdsmen (31 ± 4 years) and mostly parents of herds’ managers. Decisions were taken by the herds’ managers sometimes in consultation with the herdsmen. The migratory herds of type 4 (9.8% of the sample) from neighboring countries. They went through the CFUA towards protected areas further south with a very high size (144 ± 15 head). These herds were conducted generally by two or three herdsmen whose average age was 36 ± 4 years and were heavily involved in decision making in consultation with the herds’ managers. The typology implementation will allow us to analyze the different transhumance management modes in the CFUA.

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Malanda, Ange-Séverin. "Tierno Monénembo : Littérature et transhumance." Présence Africaine 144, no. 4 (1987): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/presa.144.0047.

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21

Clout, Hugh. "La transhumance: passé, présent, avenir?" Modern & Contemporary France 13, no. 2 (May 2005): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09639480500133727.

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Yssouf, Sieza, Gomgnimbou P. K. Alain, Belem Adama, and Serme Idriss. "Use of Satellite Imagery for Pastoral Resources Monitoring in Kossi Province (Burkina Faso)." Journal of Agricultural Studies 7, no. 2 (April 7, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v7i2.14475.

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In Burkina Faso, livestock sector has an important place in the country's economy. Essentially extensive, this livestock farming is characterized by transhumance system, which consists of leading livestock sometimes over long distances in search of good pastures and water.Satellite images from different periods can be used to monitor the evolution of pastoral resources (pasture areas and surface water points) in a given area. Field data, coupled with satellite images, provide a better understanding of livestock transhumance movements in the study area. The objective of this study was to monitor the spatial and temporal evolution of pastoral resources using remote sensing tools in Kossi province. Field data, coupled with satellite images, provide a better understanding of livestock transhumance movements in the study area.

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Acharya, Dhruba, and Nav Raj Baral. "Neglected High Altitude Rangelands of Nepal: Need for Reform." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 15, no. 1 (September 4, 2017): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v15i1.23093.

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High altitude (HA) rangelands (e.g., grasslands, pastures, and shrublands) are important resources for the livelihoods of transhumance pastoralists. Transhumance pastoralists have developed and used unique institutional practices of using and managing HA rangeland resources that better suit their local context. However, several issues have emerged regarding the use and management of such rangelands. Using secondary information and our own experiences, we analyse the resource tenure situation and the political ecology of the HA rangelands. We found that the current management of these resources is largely neglected from both legal and programmatic point of view. Legal instruments and programmatic interventions have not only failed to recognise historically held indigenous knowledge and long practiced resource conservation, use and management but have also limited the access of pastoralists to the resources, and thereby, inducing conflict among stakeholders. As a result, the livelihoods of the transhumance pastoralists have been threatened and several socio-cultural, economic and ecological consequences have also been experienced. We suggest developing a separate policy and management plan for HA rangeland resources considering the customary rights of transhumance pastoralists, resource conditions and appropriate management practices. We also suggest incorporating such perspectives in revising ongoing community forest and protected areas management.

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Gado, Byll O. Kperou, Ismaïla Toko Imorou, Ousséni Arouna, and Madjidou Oumorou. "Caractérisation des parcours de transhumance à la périphérie de la réserve de biosphère transfrontalière du W au Bénin." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i2.3.

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La caractérisation des parcours naturels est un enjeu majeur pour protéger ces derniers et maintenir la productivité des systèmes d’élevage pastoraux. Cette recherche a été réalisée à la périphérie de la réserve de biosphère transfrontalière du W du Bénin. Le but est de mieux connaître les écosystèmes pâturés autour de la réserve et d’analyser la perception des éleveurs transhumants sur ces pâturages. Les approches phytosociologique et socio-économique ont été utilisées. Au total 225 personnes ont été interrogées. Les résultats ont révélé 132 espèces végétales réparties en 93 genres et 41 familles sur des pâturages à Spermacoce radiata et Anogeissus leiocarpa, Kyllinga squamulata et Diospyros mespiliformis, Alysicarpus glumaceus et Detarium microcarpum, Paspalum scrobiculatum et Prosopis africana. Le choix de cette zone par les transhumants nationaux et sahéliens est lié à la bonne valeur pastorale (52,79% dans les pâturages à Paspalum crobiculatum et Prosopis africana), la richesse en essences fourragères riches en énergie (Poaceae) et en protéines (Leguminosae et Rubiaceae). La zone est soumise à de fortes pressions anthropiques qui engendrent des difficultés d’alimentation du bétail. Les éleveurs utilisent ainsi leurs savoirs sur les ressources fourragères pour s’adapter. Ils connaissent bien celles qui sont les plus appétées par les animaux et celles devenues rares ou en voie de disparition. Mots clés : Phytosociologie, perception, valeur pastorale, embroussaillement. English Title:Characterization of the transhumance route at the periphery of the transboundary biosphere reserve in W Benin The characterization of natural rangelands is a major challenge to protect them and maintain the productivity of pastoral livestock systems. This research was carried out on the outskirts of the W B. transboundary biosphere reserve in Benin. The aim was to have a better understanding of the grazed ecosystems around the reserve and to analyze the perception of transhumant pastoralists on these pastures. Phytosociological and socio-economic approaches were used. A total of 225 people were interviewed. The results revealed 132 plants species divided into 93 genera and 41 families on pastures with Spermacoce radiata and Anogeissus leiocarpa, Kyllinga squamulata and Diospyros mespiliformis, Alysicarpus glumaceus and Detarium microcarpum, Paspalum scrobiculatum and Prosopis africana. The choice of this area by national and Sahelian transhumants is linked to the good pastoral value (52.79% in pastures with Paspalum scrobiculatum and Prosopis africana), the richness in fodder species rich in energy (Poaceae) and proteins (Leguminosae and Rubiaceae). The area is subject to strong anthropogenic pressures which cause difficulties in feeding livestock. Breeders use their knowledge of fodder resources to adapt. They are familiar with those that are the most palatable by animals and those that have become rare or endangered. Keywords: Phytosociology, perception, pastoral value, encroachment.

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Meini, Monica, Giuseppe Di Felice, and Marco Petrella. "Geotourism Perspectives for Transhumance Routes. Analysis, Requalification and Virtual Tools for the Geoconservation Management of the Drove Roads in Southern Italy." Geosciences 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8100368.

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The article illustrates the interest in transhumance routes, the ancient paths connecting high and lowland pastures in Southern Italy and other Mediterranean regions, as elements of particular importance for sustainable geotourism management. As a contribution to the needs of requalification of the drove roads, we propose a method of analysis for their preservation and their reuse for geotourism purposes, showing the steps and instruments necessary to organize, enhance and communicate transhumance routes as integrated cultural landscapes. Results are presented as applied to a specific case study (Molise, IT) of a geoconservation management proposal for the assessment of the state of conservation of the drove roads, of their cultural heritage and of their potential reuse for geotourism. This methodological proposal uses geographical information systems, historical sources, cartography and remote sensing techniques and includes 3D virtual reconstructions of the transhumance landscape. The article is meant to contribute to a non-stereotyped image of transhumance geoheritage, reflecting on communication and learning strategies supported by geo-historical analyses, in order to promote a greater awareness of landscapes genesis and evolution for visitors and local communities. It is argued that future challenges of geotourism relate to the ability to recompose nature and culture to an interpretive unity, both from a theoretical and operative point of view, and that the goal is to reach an integrated tourist offer focused on the relationship between man and environment with the signs of territorialisation processes expressed through economic vocations, traditional production chains, cultural values and territorial identity. To this purpose, the valorisation of the transhumance routes—for their historical-economic, ecological, landscape, patrimonial and identity meanings—seems to respond perfectly.

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Saha, Sudeb, Nicolò Amalfitano, Enrico Sturaro, Stefano Schiavon, Franco Tagliapietra, Giovanni Bittante, Ilaria Carafa, Elena Franciosi, and Luigi Gallo. "Effects of Summer Transhumance of Dairy Cows to Alpine Pastures on Body Condition, Milk Yield and Composition, and Cheese Making Efficiency." Animals 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9040192.

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Summer transhumance to alpine pastures (ALP) is widespread in dairy systems of alpine regions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of transhumance of Brown Swiss cows to ALP on the yield, composition, and coagulation properties of milk (MCP), and on cheese yield (CY). The study involved 12 multiparous cows kept at a mountain lowland permanent farm (PF), which were divided into two equal groups: One remained at the PF, the other was moved to the ALP (1860 m above sea level) from July to September. Every month (June to October), daily milk yield (MY) and body condition score (BCS) were recorded, and individual milk samples (n = 60, 2000 mL each) were collected to assess milk composition, MCP, and CY. Compared with PF, ALP cows had a reduced MY and BCS, which was maintained on return to the PF, greater fat and lower protein contents of milk. Neither MCP nor CY were affected by summer transhumance. In conclusion, summer transhumance did not affect the cheese making efficiency of milk but depressed MY and consequently daily cheese yield, which was nearly 2 kg/d lower for the ALP than the PF cows and was only partially recovered after returning to the PF in autumn.

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Intigrinova, Tatyana. "Transhumance in Transition: Consequences of Socio-Economic Reform. A Case Study of Khoito Gol, Buryatia." Inner Asia 7, no. 1 (2005): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481705793646982.

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AbstractThis article is devoted to the investigation of factors determining patterns of cattle transhumance in Khoito Gol (BUR. Northern Valley), located in the Republic of Buryatia,Russian Federation. It represents an attempt to understand the causes of and constraints on seasonal migration to alpine pasturage in a time of social and economic reforms. It identifies vertical stratification of natural resources, including temperature regime, nutritional value of palatable vegetation, and propagation of insects and parasites as the main variable encouraging herd transhumance. These natural conditions provide a low-cost opportunity to improve livestock conditions and increase production. Meanwhile, the study demonstrates a sharp decline of the cattle mobility rate in the post-Soviet period. This trend is determined by economic decline and institutional reorganisation, resulting in social stratification and a deterioration of the herds’ security. The results of the research suggest that owners of small herds are more prone to abandon transhumance.

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Diogo, Rodrigue Vivien Cao, Luc Hippolyte Dossa, Sèyi Fridaïus Ulrich Vanvanhossou, Badirou Dine Abdoulaye, Kossi Hélliot Dosseh, Marcel Houinato, Eva Schlecht, and Andreas Buerkert. "Farmers’ and Herders’ Perceptions on Rangeland Management in Two Agroecological Zones of Benin." Land 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040425.

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The sustainable use of rangelands in pastoral areas requires the inclusion of all stakeholders to develop sound management strategies. However, the role of these actors in the sustainable management of natural resources is still poorly understood. The present study aims to (i) assess the perception of farmers and herders of the risks and opportunities of transhumance on rangeland resource use and management, and to (ii) generate useful knowledge for the design and implementation of policies that favor the coexistence of these actors and reduce competition over rangeland resources use in Benin. To this end, interviews were conducted with 240 crop farmers and herders using a semi-structured questionnaire in two contrasting agroecological zones in the northern (Kandi) and the southern (Kétou) part of the country. Among the respondents, 64% of farmers in the North were agro-pastoralists (owning 10.6 ha of land and 10.7 cattle) and 36% were herders (keeping 45.8 cattle and cultivating about 3.7 ha of land). They perceived that communal rangelands were entirely degraded. In the South, 36% of respondents were agro-pastoralists (with 0.3 cattle and farming 4 ha of land) and 64% cattle herders (raising 45.3 cattle and farming 0.9 ha of land only). Of the herders, 50% kept cattle for more than 20 years, while agro-pastoralists had no previous experience in cattle herding. Cultivation practices among crop farmers, such as high use of mineral fertilization (23.8%) and bush fires for land clearing (22.5%), were reported in Kandi (North) and Kétou (South) as factors that might contribute to land degradation. However, these farmers perceived transhumance as a threat to the sustainable use of natural resources. In contrast, herders perceived transhumance as an opportunity to valorize unused land and increase the availability of manure to cropland. The prevalent negative attitude of crop farmers regarding transhumant herders increases the vulnerability of cattle herding in both regions. There is an urgent need of raising awareness concerning the mutual benefits provided by the coexistence of crop farmers with herders to promote participative rangeland management strategies. This may contribute towards coping with the current challenges of food insecurity and increasing climate variability as well as to reducing recurrent conflicts in the region.

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Cleary, M. C. "Contemporary Transhumance in Languedoc and Provence." Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography 69, no. 2 (1987): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/490444.

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Nyssen, Jan, Katrien Descheemaeker, Amanuel Zenebe, Jean Poesen, Jozef Deckers, and Mitiku Haile. "Transhumance in the Tigray Highlands (Ethiopia)." Mountain Research and Development 29, no. 3 (August 2009): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd.00033.

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Herring, Peter. "Historical archaeologies of transhumance across Europe." Archaeological Journal 177, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.2020.1722466.

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32

Samson, Jacky. "Migration and transhumance: thank you Brussels!" Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery 25, no. 1 (2019): E1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mbcb/2019002.

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33

Cleary, M. C. "Contemporary Transhumance in Languedoc and Provence." Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 69, no. 2 (October 1987): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04353684.1987.11879540.

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34

Roy, Shibani. "Vangujjar-Hindi Musalman Transhumance of Uttranchal." Journal of Social Sciences 7, no. 4 (October 2003): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2003.11892390.

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35

Ruiz, M., and J. P. Ruiz. "Ecological history of transhumance in Spain." Biological Conservation 37, no. 1 (1986): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(86)90035-2.

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36

Duruz, Solange, Elia Vajana, Alexander Burren, Christine Flury, and Stéphane Joost. "Big dairy data to unravel effects of environmental, physiological and morphological factors on milk production of mountain-pastured Braunvieh cows." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 7 (July 2020): 200638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200638.

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The transhumance system, which consists in moving animals to high mountain pastures during summer, plays a considerable role in preserving both local biodiversity and traditions, as well as protecting against natural hazard. In cows, particularly, milk production is observed to decline as a response to food shortage and climatic stress, leading to atypical lactation curves that are barely described by current lactation models. Here, we relied on 5 million monthly milk records from over 200 000 Braunvieh and Original Braunvieh cows to devise a new model accounting for transhumance, and test the influence of environmental, physiological and morphological factors on cattle productivity. Counter to expectations, environmental conditions in the mountain showed a globally limited impact on milk production during transhumance, with cows in favourable conditions producing only 10% more compared with cows living in detrimental conditions, and with precipitation in spring and altitude revealing to be the most production-affecting variables. Conversely, physiological factors such as lactation number and pregnancy stage presented an important impact over the whole lactation cycle with 20% difference in milk production, and alter the way animals respond to transhumance. Finally, the considered morphological factors (cow height and foot angle) presented a smaller impact during the whole lactation cycle (10% difference in milk production). The present findings help to anticipate the effect of climate change and to identify problematic environmental conditions by comparing their impact with the effect of factors that are known to influence lactation.

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Rayamajhi, Nikita, and Bikram Manandhar. "Impact of Climate Change and Adaptation Measures on Transhumance Herding System in Gatlang, Rasuwa." Air, Soil and Water Research 13 (January 2020): 117862212095117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622120951173.

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Climate change impact is global and Nepal is no exception, posing vulnerability for different communities and regions. Transhumance herding is the culture and identity of indigenous settlement in Himalayan region where herders follow vertical transhumance herding as a part of subsistence mixed agriculture system for their livelihood. It differs from nomadism in terms of its periodicity, regularity, and mobility. This study confers the impacts of climate change and adaptation on transhumance herders in Gatlang of Rasuwa District. Focus Group Discussion, Key Informant Interview, and Questionnaire survey were carried out covering herder’s perception toward climatic variability, changes in the biophysical indicator, its impact and adaptation strategies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, weighted mean, and Index of Usefulness of Practice for Adaptation (IUPA) tools. This study showed increase in mean average temperature (0.0202°C), increase in monsoon precipitation (2.1 mm) and decrease in winter precipitation (0.5 mm). Seasonal movement of livestock was mainly guided for adjusting temperature. The observed changes in biophysical indicator were diverse with shrinking grazing lands as most agreed statements followed by low crop productivity and faster melting of snow in rangeland. Herders perceived different adaptation strategies where reserving some grazing areas scored highest IUPA ranking followed by seasonal movement, storage of grass/hay, and so on. Though transhumance itself is one of the adaptation strategy against climate change people were not aware about changing monsoon precipitation and following same seasonal calendar as before which have affected livestock. These observations suggested that herders were unaware of the underlying cause and its impacts on the system which needed to be monitored scientifically.

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Carmona Ruiz, María Antonia. "La penetración de las redes de trashumancia castellana en la Sierra Norte de Sevilla." Anuario de Estudios Medievales 23, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/aem.1993.v23.1042.

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Bien que les travaux, déjà classiques, traitant de la «Mesta» (association des éleveurs de moutons transhumants espagnols au Moyen-Age) et de la transhumance oublie le sud de la péninsule Ibérique, les études récentes sur l'élevage andalous ont pu démontrer comment les résseaux de transhumance espagnols atteignirent la région du Guadalquivir, et plus concrètement le royaume de Séville. Nous pouvons ainsi découvrir une voie de pénétration de l'élevage de la «Mesta» dans les terres sévillanes, voie qui passait par ce que l'on appelle actuellement la Sierra de Huelva et qui arrivait au moins à Andévalo. Le pâturage abondant que rencontrait l'élevage dants cette région, incita de nombreux bergers à s'y déplacer avec leurs troupeaux. Ils venaient de régions aussi éloignées que Soria ou Logroño. Ils trouvèrent cependant sur leur chemin quelques bourgades (en particulier Fregenal de la Sierra) où la richesse agricole était plus importante, ce qui rendit nécessaire, pour protéger les cultures, de tracer des voies de passage pour les animaux. Malgré les précautions prises, il y eut de nombreaux affrontements entre les éleveurs et les agriculceurs, affrontements qui amenèrent a la création de nouveaux passages pour le déplacement des troupeaux transhumants.

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Zendri, Francesco, Maurizio Ramanzin, Claudio Cipolat-Gotet, and Enrico Sturaro. "Variation of milk coagulation properties, cheese yield, and nutrients recovery in curd of cows of different breeds before, during and after transhumance to highland summer pastures." Journal of Dairy Research 84, no. 1 (October 3, 2016): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029916000583.

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This paper aimed at evaluating the effect of summer transhumance to mountain pastures of dairy cows of different breeds on cheese-making ability of milk. Data were from 649 dairy cows of specialized (Holstein Friesian and Brown Swiss) dual purpose (Simmental) and local (mostly Rendena and Alpine Grey) breeds. The Fourier-Transform Infra-Red Spectra (FTIRS) of their milk samples were collected before and after transhumance in 109 permanent dairy farms, and during transhumance in 14 summer farms (with multi-breeds herds) of the Trento Province, north-eastern Italy. A variety of 18 traits describing milk coagulation, curd firming, cheese yield and nutrients recovery in curd/loss in whey were predicted on the basis of FTIRS collected at the individual cow level. Moving the cows to summer farms improved curd firming traits but reduced cheese yields because of an increase of water and fat lost in the whey. During summer grazing, most of cheese-making traits improved, often non-linearly. The milk from summer farms supplementing cows with more concentrates showed better curd firming and cheese yield, because of lower fat lost in the whey. The breed of cows affected almost all the traits with a worst cheese-making ability for milk samples of Holsteins through all the trial, and interacted with concentrate supplementation because increasing compound feed tended to improve cheese-making traits for all breed, with the exception of local breeds for coagulation time and of Brown Swiss for curd firming time. In general, summer transhumance caused a favourable effect on cheese-making aptitude of milk, even though with some difference according to parity, initial days in milk, breed and concentrate supplementation of cows.

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40

Smith, Philip E. L. "Transhumance among European Settlers in Atlantic Canada." Geographical Journal 161, no. 1 (March 1995): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3059930.

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SHIRASAKA, Shigeru, Teiji WATANABE, Feng SONG, Jie LIU, and Ikuko MIYAHARA. "Transhumance in the Kyrgyz Pamir, Central Asia." Geographical Studies 88, no. 2 (2014): 80–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7886/hgs.88.80.

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NAMASSA ZAKARIA, Yahaya. "La transhumance Transfrontalière en Afrique de l’Ouest." Paix et Securite Internationales, no. 2 (2014): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/paix_secur_int.2014.i2.02.

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43

McDonnel, John. "The Role of Transhumance in Northern England." Northern History 24, no. 1 (January 1988): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/nhi.1988.24.1.1.

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44

Duclos, Jean-Claude, and Marc Mallen. "Transhumance et biodiversité : du passé au présent." Revue de géographie alpine 86, no. 4 (1998): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rga.1998.2904.

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45

Kavoori, P. S. "Transhumance in Western Rajasthan: Trends and Transformations." Studies in History 7, no. 2 (August 1991): 255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/025764309100700205.

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46

Siasiou, A., C. Karelakis, K. Galanopoulos, I. Mitsopoulos, and V. Lagka. "Typology of Management of Transhumant Sheep and Goat Farms in Greece: Proposals for the System Continuity." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.1.228.

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Transhumant farming system is one of the earliest agricultural activities in Greece having an important role in the conservation of biodiversity, the preservation of rural tradition and cohesion of the rural population. The objective of this study was to construct a transhumant farm typology that could be used as a tool by the decision makers or farmers to improve the management of the farms. The required information was obtained from totally 551 Greek transhumant producers. A Principal Component Analysis gave five components related to the production cost of the farms, the intensity of management, the evolution of the extensive character of the system, the type of herds and the future of the system. Using multivariate techniques, a farm typology was established with four categories. The three categories, were characterized by lower production cost and intensification rate while preserved generally a more extensive character. Among them the first group defined as “evolution of the farming system” bred mainly sheep and producers were significantly more adaptive to some kind of innovations, the second group was constituted mainly by large goat herds while the third one by small sheep herds’. The fourth group, defined as the “intensive one” meaning high production cost, intensification rate and working hours per female as well as limitation of time spent grazing. Besides the definition of the character of the transhumance nowadays the results interestingly, highlighted the future of transhumant farms that tends to be doubtful for a number of farmers originated mainly by the last group.

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47

Costello, Eugene. "Liminal learning: Social practice in seasonal settlements of western Ireland." Journal of Social Archaeology 17, no. 2 (June 2017): 188–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605317708378.

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This article explores the perception and practice of everyday life at transhumant settlements in western Ireland during the period, c.1750–1920 AD. Small-scale summer transhumance to upland pastures was once widespread in Ireland. Dairy cows would be sent by families to hill and mountain commonages, with herders milking the cows and making butter. Recent archaeological and oral historical research has shown that these people dwelled in small structures known as booley houses, which have a high degree of variability in construction, distribution, and use. Unlike Continental European pastoralism, but similar to Scandinavia, it seems to have been mostly young people who occupied booley sites. With oral tradition and field evidence, this article addresses the social implications of seasonal re-location to liminal landscapes, and how it functioned as a didactic rite of passage. Furthermore, it demonstrates the flexibility of pastoral communities as work routines changed over time at both home and booley.

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Boumakani, Benjamin. "La prohibition de la « transhumance politique » des parlementaires." Revue française de droit constitutionnel 75, no. 3 (2008): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfdc.075.0499.

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49

Macdonald, M. C. A. "The Seasons and Transhumance in the Safaitic Inscriptions." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2, no. 1 (April 1992): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300001760.

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According to Musil, the bedouin of North Arabia know five seasons, distinguished by different types of rain or its absence. The rains within each season are also thought to be governed by particular stars. The following table sets out these five seasons with the associated rains and stars.

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Nugent, Jeffrey B., and Nicolas Sanchez. "Tribes, Chiefs, and Transhumance: A Comparative Institutional Analysis." Economic Development and Cultural Change 42, no. 1 (October 1993): 87–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/452066.

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