Journal articles on the topic 'Andaman languages'

Abstract While the general lines of the areal linguistic typology of Asia are well known, there are some less well understood pockets that promise to throw light on the overall range of variation within the continent. These include the indigenous languages of the Andaman Islands, which have for much of history stood apart from the population and language spreads that have characterized most of Asia. They fall into two families: Great Andamanese – the focus of this article – and Ongan. In some respects Great Andamanese languages go with the bulk of Asia, e.g. verb-final constituent order, but other aspects even of constituent order represent a mixture that matches neither the general Asian head-final type nor the Southeast Asian head-initial type. Some properties of Great Andamanese are typologically unusual, but do find presumably accidental parallels in languages spoken inside Asia, e.g. retroflex consonants, or elsewhere, e.g. body-part prefixes and verb root ellipsis.

Akabea belongs to the Great Andamanese family, one of the two indigenous language families of the Andaman Islands. All that remains today of this family is a handful of “rememberers” of so-called Present-day Great Andamanese, based on the language furthest removed from Akabea. None of the traditional languages was the subject of professional linguistic documentation or analysis. However, two government officials collected extensive material, with Akabea being the language most thoroughly treated. Neither was a trained linguist, and one might wonder whether anything reliable can be derived from their documentation. We have worked in detail with the Akabea material, and conclude that while there are obvious gaps (e.g. in the phonetics), the overall picture is that of a very consistent and elaborate grammatical and lexical structure. We present two typologically unusual features of Akabea. One relates to the conceptual basis of the language’s lexicon, which makes extensive use of somatic (body-part) prefixes, e.g. Akabea aka- ‘mouth’. These are sometimes used literally (as in the word for ‘mouth’), sometimes by semantic extension (e.g. in words relating to food and speech). The other concerns an unusual grammatical feature of the language, namely verb root ellipsis. In English, it is possible to omit verbs under appropriate pragmatic conditions, e.g. in response to Is he reading? one can answer Yes, he is, with omission of the whole word reading, but not *Yes, he is -ing, with omission of just the root read. Precisely this bizarre non-existent English type is what is attested in Akabea.

this article presents a short text in di'zhke', or coatec Zapotec, in which the narrator, a participant in the Project for the documentation of the languages of Meso-america (pdLma), relates an experience from his childhood in which his family heard two ghosts one night. as part of the pdLma, a practical orthography for writing di'zhke' was established and preliminary grammatical analyses were devel-oped through text transcription as well as lexical and morphological elicitation. in the introduction to the text, updates to the orthography and linguistic analyses are provided, which are applied to the transcription of the text itself. this text, besides illustrating the grammar of the language, offers an example of how speakers of di’zhke’ conceive of and refer to the dead.

This study aims to determine the complaint management system that is running in PT Andalan Teknologi Mandiri, to know the obstacles and how to overcome the constraints of complaint management system problems. From the results of research that has been obtained, it turns out that the main obstacle of complaint management system in PT Andalan Technology Mandiri is the handling of customer complaints have not recorded either manually any computerized. Where the data handling complaints is needed by the company to meet ISO 9001 company standards. method of designing information systems using UML modeling (Unified Modelling Language) then implemented using web-based programming language framework Laravel with integration MySQL database applications. Then the software development method used is RAD (Rapid Application Development). The suggestions provided are: 1) required system administrator to manage complaint management information system 2) application made can be developed from the side of notification using email and SMS gateway to facilitate customer, engineer, and administrator get progress ticket information made.

Abstract Luro, an Austroasiatic language of the Mon-Khmer group is spoken in the Teressa island of the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, India. Luro is a critically endangered language spoken by less than 2,000 speakers (Directorate of Census Operations 2011). The morphology of Luro is virtually undescribed in detail so far. The previous works are restricted to deRoepstorff (1875), Cruz (2005), Man (1889) and Rajasingh (2019) which are limited to wordlists and a partial dictionary. This is the first-ever account of word formation process in the language. Word formation processes include among others, compounding and derivation across grammatical categories. Incorporation is used in verb morphology. Although language does not have an extensive case marking system postpositions appear on some nouns optionally. Nouns are marked for duality and plurality but not for gender. Negation is indexed with pronoun morphology and participates in formation of antonyms. Kinship terminology and Number System have also been dealt with to represent diverse word formation processes.1

PT. Andalas Bioteknologi Saiyo Padang merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak dalam meyediakan bahan-bahan dan alat kedokteran. Dalam menjalankan usaha jasanya, proses administrasi perusahaan belum menggunakan perangkat lunak khususnya berupa sistem informasi manajemen. Sebuah perusahaan tentunya mempunyai sebuah pelaporan pengolahan data perusahaan. Saat ini pengolahan data masih bersifat manual yang mengakibatkan tidak optimalnya kinerja dari PT. Andalas Bioteknologi Saiyo Padang. Dengan dibuatnya sistem informasi manajemen yang baru, akan dapat memberikan keluaran yang cepat dan tepat untuk proses pengambilan keputusan. Metode pengembangan sistem yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode waterfall dan menggunakan alat bantu Unified Modeling Language (UML). Sistem informasi manajemen dikembangkan dengan kerangka berbasis website, dengan menggunakan bahasa pemograman PHP (Pear Hypertext Preprocessor) dan database MySQL sebagai database server. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini adalah terciptanya suatu sistem informasi manajemen PT. Andalas Bioteknologi Saiyo Padang yang dapat membantu karyawan dalam mengelola data Perusahaan yang tersistem dengan baik.

This study aimed to analyze analyzes suggestion acts that were spoken by English instructors in conversation classes at the Andalas University Language Center. The purposes purposes of this study are are to identify and explain explain the types of speech acts, taxonomies, modifications, and reasons of the instructor expressing the speech. This study is descriptive study which data are taken from two conversation class instructors in language centre of Andalas University This study is descriptive study which data are taken from two conversation class instructors in language centre of Andalas University. The data are in the form of transcriptions, research notes, and interviews. The data are in the form of transcription, research notes, and interviews. The data are in the form of The data are in the form of transcription, research notes,, and interviews. The instruments used are observation sheets, audio recordings,, and interview guidelines. The findings indicate indicate that the two instructors expressed different suggestions at each meeting. The highest intensity of appearance of suggestion acts is is seen in the first meeting of the first instructor and the third meeting of the second instructor. Furthermore, the two instructors also express express the same type of taxonomy/suggestion acts as conventionalized forms. Then, a similar fact is is found from the modified aspect, namely subjectivizer. The reasons reason why the instructor expresses suggestions are are influenced by social distance, power,, and imposition. Based on these findings, it is is implied that the suggestion actions action taken by the instructors instructors are are influenced by the culture of the community and the class context.

Verification of entri exam as SNMPTN is an activity to confirm the data in schools which have been registered before at the University of Andalas. At the time of verification, the verification team still carries the paper to verify the data. Where as in times those are now many applications can facilitate the users. So to create verification application to facilitate the verification team to input data - verification of data and can be sent directly from the results of the verification data into the application server. This application only accessible for the verifier team, because this application an account to access it. Andalas University entri exam verification applications will be built using the Android programming language, PHP and MySql.

At one Minute to Midnight on New Year's EVE 1999, my Wife and I Were Eating Goat Curry on South Andaman island, in the Bay of Bengal. Our motel had set up card tables for buffet diners—Americans, Europeans, and Indians—on a dilapidated tennis court. Nearby stood a large glittering display that read, “Feel 2000 Very Happy New Year.” We had come to India the week before to visit my son, Adam, in the Himalayan village of Dharamsala, home to the Tibetan government in exile. Adam was studying the recent emergence of a Tibetan secular literature, the New Writing that had sprung up in response to Tibet's dual encounter with Maoist China and the exigencies of deracination. He discovered on arrival that, since his last visit, several New Writers had left for places like London and Indianapolis. In serendipitous coincidence with the new millennium, New Writing had just completed its first period of growth and was beginning its diaspora.

At one Minute to Midnight on New Year's EVE 1999, my Wife and I Were Eating Goat Curry on South Andaman island, in the Bay of Bengal. Our motel had set up card tables for buffet diners—Americans, Europeans, and Indians—on a dilapidated tennis court. Nearby stood a large glittering display that read, “Feel 2000 Very Happy New Year.” We had come to India the week before to visit my son, Adam, in the Himalayan village of Dharamsala, home to the Tibetan government in exile. Adam was studying the recent emergence of a Tibetan secular literature, the New Writing that had sprung up in response to Tibet's dual encounter with Maoist China and the exigencies of deracination. He discovered on arrival that, since his last visit, several New Writers had left for places like London and Indianapolis. In serendipitous coincidence with the new millennium, New Writing had just completed its first period of growth and was beginning its diaspora.

Since an eventual goal of the study was to develop practical preparation for the pre- service of English language teachers to continuing professional teaching, self-efficacy of teachers in different professional development phases, were investigated as well as their promoting factors and hindrances to understand contextual circumstances. The researcher employed a mix-method in collecting data. Two types of questionnaires (α = 0.9428, 0.9137) concerning central tasks of teacher profession development in preparational and professional phases were administered to 125 student-teachers of English and 85 EFL teachers diverse teaching experience. Five pre-service teachers and eleven EFL teachers participated in semi-structured interviews, and relevant written documents were analysed. Both obtained quantitative and qualitative data was compared and contrasted to uncover the participants’ self-rating scales and positive and negative factors affecting their professional development in each professional phase. The study also found that there was mismatched preparation of the English student-teacher programs and their contextual needs. The findings suggested educators and policy makers to align the gaps between the curriculum and contextual practices of problems. The first track must focus on teaching English pronunciation, reading for cognitive processing development, handwriting and writing that develop talks in class, and linguistic structured learning designs. On the other hand, EFL learning management must be highlighted particularly in learners’ factors of individual and cultural backgrounds, interpersonal skills, ways to keep discipline in classes, positive and negative reinforcement, and being a reflective teacher.

Teaching speaking is an important part in the language teaching, as well as the assessing speaking. Therefore, teachers need to use some strategies in conducting the assessing speaking. Based on that issue, this research was aimed at exploring teachers’ strategies in assessing speaking skill. To explore the problems, case study with a qualitative approach was adopted. This research employed observation, questionnaire and interview in collecting the data and involved five teachers from MTsNAndalanPekanbaru. The collected data were analyzed by using flow data analysis process of Miles &Huberman (1994). The findings revealed that teachers apply the strategy of conducting the speaking assessment in the classroom which are started from the way they identify current status of classroom speaking assessment, the purpose of their speaking assessment, types speaking assessment, then selecting the teachers’ strategies of speaking assessment and last, teachers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of classroom speaking assessment. In general, teachers implementing some strategies in conducting the speaking assessment. There were discussion and conversation, question and answer, role play, repetition, etc. This research was expected to broaden teachers’ knowledge about strategies in assessing speaking in terms of the purpose and the type of assessment used, then teachers’ perceptions of speaking assessment.

It has been known that the right hemisphere is contributed to language processing, especially in macro level, including macrostructure or discourse processing. This research is aimed at evaluating the students’ ability in language processing concerning macrostructure and the right hemispher brain function. This research is based on Dharmaperwira-prins method “Right Hemisphere Communication Assessment” (Pemeriksaan Komunikasi Hemisfer Kanan/PKHK). Research on students’ ability in macrostructure processing is important to conduct since students nowadays are regarded lack of ability in well being communication. The research is conducted toward 38 students of English Department of Andalas University. The data are taken by paper test which is designed to evaluate the students’ ability in macrostructure. The result of research shows that most students have problems in providing important information, adjective, and feeling. By this result, it can be assumed that the participants have problem in right hemisphere competence concerning to language processing. These problems evoke not by accident or lesion in right hemisphere, yet it is caused by brain development which is focused on left hemisphere only.Keyword: Right Hemisphere, Language Assessment, Lexical Semantic, Macrostructure, Pragmatic

The report on damage to facilities and infrastructure at the Andalas University (Unand) student dormitory was done manually by recording about the damaging on the reported book provided in each dormitory building, therefore, the reporting process and actions on the report took a long time. This study aimed to analyze and to design information systems for reporting damage to facilities and infrastructure based on SMS Gateway at Unand student dormitories. This research was developed by using the waterfall method, UML model, the PHP programming language, MySQL database and Gammu technology for sending message. The information system which had been built would make the boarding resident (inluding the dormitory management and the students) easier to report damage to facilities in dorm’s rooms to technicians and facilitate management to record any damage and to control the performance control of technicians in the field to give the best service to students who live in dormitory.

Given the common ancestry of Dutch and Afrikaans, it is not surprising that they use similar periphrastic constructions to express progressive meaning:aan het(Dutch) andaan die/’t(Afrikaans) lit. ‘at the’;bezig met/(om)te(Dutch) lit. ‘busy with/to’ andbesig om telit. ‘busy to’ (Afrikaans); and so-called cardinal posture verb constructions (zitten/sit‘sit’,staan‘stand’,liggen/lê‘lie’ andlopen/loop‘walk’), CPVte(‘to’ Dutch) and CPVen(‘and’ Afrikaans). However, these cognate constructions have grammaticalized to different extents. To assess the exact nature of these differences, we analyzed the constructions with respect to overall frequency, collocational range, and transitivity (compatibility with transitive predicates and passivizability). We used two corpora that are equal in size (both about 57 million words) and contain roughly the same types of written text. It turns out that the use of periphrastic progressives is generally more widespread in Afrikaans than in Dutch. As far as grammaticalization is concerned, we found that the Afrikaansaan die- and CPV-constructions, as well as the Dutchbezig- and CPV-constructions, are semantically restricted. In addition, only the Afrikaansbesig- and CPVen-constructions allow passivization, which is remarkable for such periphrastic expressions.*

ملخص البحث: تشترك منهجيَّتا التَّفكير الإسلاميَّة واليونانيَّة في تحرِّيهما اليقين، وتفترقان في كيفية الوصول إليه، ففي حين تُسلم الثَّانية بوجود معارفَ عقليَّةٍ مُستقِلَّةٍ عن الواقع، وتتَّخذها وسيلةً لِمَا تبغيه من يقينٍ؛ لا تُسلِّم الأُولى بِمِثْلِ هذا، وتتَّخذ من التَّجربة وحدها وسيلةً تُقوِّي ما ترومه من اليقين، فاليقينيَّة اليونانيَّة مُطلَقةٌ على شَرْطِها، واليقينيَّة الإسلاميَّة مُفترَضةٌ، ويفيد الباحث من هذه التفرقة في ردَّ دعوى التَّأثير المنطقيِّ في النَّحو العربيِّ، فمن خلال منهجٍ استقرائيٍّ نقديٍّ يرصد عمليَّة الافتراض الَّتي استلزمتها العربيَّة نفسُها. توصلت الدراسة إلى ما يأتي: إنَّ الغاية من العلَّة النَّحويَّة الحفاظُ على اتِّساق النِّظام اللُّغويِّ، وضَبْطُ كُلِّيَّاته الجامعة من خلال تبيُّنها عاملاً وغايةً، ومن ثَمَّ دَرْؤُهُ عن كُلِّ ما قد يُخِلُّ به، وهو ما بدأ لأجله الدَّرس النَّحويُّ، ولا سيَّما القرآنيَّ منه، وأن النَّحويُّين يبتدئون من الحُكم النَّحويِّ المُعمَّمِ والمُطَّرِدِ البحثَ عن علَّته الأليق به من خلال اختبار العربية نفسها، وأن اليقينيَّة اليونانيَّة (الأرسطيَّة) مُطلَقةٌ على شَرْطِها، واليقينيَّة الإسلاميَّة مُفترَضةٌ، وهكذا صاغ النَّحويُّون بناءً كُلِّيّاً للنَّحو العربيِّ قوامه عقلنة الظَّاهرة اللُّغوية من خلال الافتراض الَّذي يُمثِّل فَهْماً خاصّاً بمبدأ العلَّة في الفكر الإسلاميِّ. الكلمات المفتاحية: النَّحو–المنطق–التَّعليل–الافتراض-العربيَّة. Abstract The Islamic and Greek thoughts shared the same method in validating certainty, but both have different approached in arriving at it. While the latter acknowledges the existence of mental knowledge independent from the reality and depends on it as a method to validate certainty, the former does not accept that but instead resort to experiment alone as a method to strengthen certainty. Greek certainty is absolute in its conditions, while the Islamic certainty is hypothetical. The researcher takes this difference as an argument against the claim that Arabic grammar is influenced by Greek logic. By deductively and critically examining this issue in the process of hypothesizing that is inherent in Arabic. The study concludes with the following: the objective of grammatical justification is to preserve the cohesion of the language system and to regulate its totality through its clarifying function as an agent and purpose that would protect it from any disrupting cause; of which is the raison d’etre of Arabic grammar, in particular, the Quranic grammar. The grammarians began with syntactical general rulings in finding their suitable justification by experimenting with Arabic itself; and the Greek certainty (Aristotelian) is absolute in its condition while the Islamic certainty is hypothetical and this is the method used by the Arabic grammarians to construct the Arabic grammar that was based on linguistic rationalization through the hypothesis that represents specific understanding of reason in Islamic thought. Keywords: Grammar – logic – justification – hypothesis - Arabic Abstrak Pemikiran Yunani dan Islam berkongsi metode yang serupa dalam mengesahkan sesutau kepastian tetapi setiap satunya mempunyai pendekatan yang berbeza untuk merumuskannya. Pemikiran Yunani memperakui wujudnya pengetahuan mental yang berlainan dengan daripada reality dan bergantung kepadanya sebagai satu methode untuk mengesahkan kepastian, pemikiran Islam tidak menerima cara tersebut tetapi menggunakan semata-mata ujikaji sebagai cara untuk menguatkan sesuatu kepastian. Kaedah pengesahan Yunani adalah mutlak dalam syarat-syaratnya sedangkan kaedah Islam adalah lebih bersifat andaian. Pengkaji melihat perbezaan ini sebagai hujah untuk menolak dakwaan bahawa tatabahasa Arab terpengaruh dengan logic Yunani. Dengan menganalisa secara deduktif isu dalam proses pengandaian yang telah lama terangkum dalam pemikiran tatabahsa Arab. Kajian ini merumuskan perkara-perkara berikut: objektif untuk penghujahan tatabahasa ialah untuk memelihara kesinambungan sistem bahasa yang akan juga memeliharanya daripada perkara-perkara yang akan merosakkannya; sebab wujudnya tatabahasa Arab ini ialah Al-Quran itu sendiri. Para pakar tatabahasa memulakan dengan hukum-hukum umum tatabahasa dalam mencari sebab-sebab yang sesuai dengan menjadikan bahasa Arab itu sendiri sebagai kajian. Cara pengesahan Yunani yang diambil daripada Arsitotle adalah mutlak dalam syarat-syaratnya sedangkan dalam pemikiran Islam perkara itu adalah bersifat andaian. Inilah cara yang digunakan pakar tatabahasa Arab dalam membangunkan tatabahasa Arab itu sendiri yang berteerasan rasionalisasi tatabahasa melalui andaian yang merupakan satu bentuk pemahaman tentang sebab dalam pemikiran Islam. Kata kunci: Tatabahasa – Logik – Sebab – Andaian – Bahasa Arab.

Kitab Syarah are amazing books that explain the text of hadis. The writings began in the fourth century of Hijrah. The quotations and explanations of these books have been used as the main authoritative reference to explain the true meaning of each matter attributed to the Prophet PBUH. This article will scrutinize the role and position of this valuable scientific treasure in the production of Malay-translated hadis. The methodology used is a qualitative method with a content analysis approach. It considers Kitab Syarah as the primary source. This study further analyses certain texts that are considered relevant. Findings suggest that Kitab Syarah play a role in these five (5) aspects to achieve accurate Malay translation of hadis: 1. Bringing Different Narratives of the Same Hadis to Explain the Background of an Event; 2. Explaining the Place of Return (Marja') of the Third Pronoun (Ḏamīr alGhāib); 3. Clarifying the Assumption of Verses (Taqdīr al-Jumlah) That Have Ellipsis (al- Ḥaḏf); 4. Explaining the Meaning of Figurative; 5. Explaining Unclear Words (Gharib) Literatively And Putting It In The Context Of The Sentence. Kitab syarah dikenali sebagai karya khusus dalam menghuraikan matan sesuatu hadis. Kegiatan penulisannya mula bersemarak pada kurun keempat hijrah. Berdasarkan kepada amalan para sarjana di dalam kajian dan penyelidikan, petikan dan keterangan kitab-kitab ini telah dijadikan sebagai rujukan utama yang berautoriti untuk menjelaskan maksud sebenar setiap perkara yang disandarkan kepada Nabi SAW. Artikel ini akan melihat peranan dan kedudukan khazanah ilmiah yang sangat berharga ini dalam penghasilan terjemahan hadis kepada bahasa Melayu. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah kaedah kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis kandungan. Ia mengambil kitabkitab syarah yang dikategorikan sebagai sumber yang berautoriti. Seterusnya, teks tertentu yang difikirkan relevan akan diambil untuk dianalisis. Dapatan merumuskan kitab syarah berperanan dalam lima (5) aspek yang membantu penterjemahan yang tepat iaitu: 1. Membawa Riwayat Berbeza Bagi Hadis Yang Sama Untuk Menjelaskan Latar Belakang Peristiwa; 2. Menerangkan Tempat Kembali (Marja’) Kata Ganti Nama Ketiga (Ḏamīr al-Ghāib); 3. Menjelaskan Andaian Ayat (Taqdīr al-Jumlah) Yang Mempunyai Elipsis (alḤaḏf); 4. Menjelaskan Maksud Kiasan; 5. Menghuraikan Perkataan Gharib Dari Sudut Bahasa Dan Meletakkannya Di dalam Konteks Ayat

Insurance growth in Indonesia has recently experienced a pretty good increase, this is evidenced by the statistics of IKNB (Non-Bank Financial Industry) issued by the OJK (Financial Services Authority) in February 2020. In December 2018 the number of IKNB actors was 1260 and then increased every month until December 2019 IKNB actors totaled 1330. From these data IKNB actors experienced a pretty good increase, where insurance is included in the industry. With so many IKNB actors PT. SICO Andalan Utama, which is one of the companies engaged in the industry, is feeling the improvement. However, with this increase, insurance management, specifically claims management, is needed because caution is needed when deciding on a claim worthiness decision. So to overcome these problems this is what underlies the authors to propose the development of a Decision Support System for Insurance Claim Feasibility which will later be expected to avoid or at least reduce inaccuracies in determining the eligibility of a claim. This Decision System for Claims Feasibility Decision Support System was developed using the Rapid Application Development (RAD) system development methodology as a path for developing the system. Whereas the DSS modeling uses the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. And also uses several Unified Modeling Language (UML), Business Process Modeling Nation (BPMN), and Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) tools for analysis and design. In implementing the system the author uses PHP as a programming language and MySQL as a Database. The testing method uses White Box Testing, Black Box Testing and Usability Testing approaches. By implementing this system, it is expected to provide the right claim eligibility decisions.

Instagram's social media automatic scheduling system is one of the innovations in the field of promotion to introduce study programs to many people through social media. With this scheduling application, it will be easy for the university to schedule content to be published on Instagram social media. This application works on the desktop made with the PHP programming language with MySQL database support. This research was conducted to obtain data directly from the Social Media Manager of the Study Program by conducting observations and direct interviews to the management team and related parties so that the data contained in this report is real. The system testing that is carried out is how the application works as a whole, namely where the system can send scheduling automatically to Instagram which is contained in the database, there is an input update from a user (in this case a lecturer user) through the existing application.

The aim of this paper is to explore how critical discourse analysis is realized in editorial local newspaper in Medan, Indonesia. The analysis was grounded based on Norman Fairclough’s assumption on critical discourse analysis that discussed three dimensions of analysis, such as micro analysis, macro analysis and meso analysis The data collected were the editorials of Medan local newspaper between June untill December 2012, they are the editorials of Analisa, Andalas, Medan Bisnis, Orbit, Sinar Indonesia Baru (SIB), Waspada that observed three major topic of discussions like topic on politics, state officials, and social phenomena. Findings are in micro analysis includes language use such as the realization of genre, passive voice, collective noun and naming individual, in macro-analysis shows that the editorials position to control the government’s attitude due to social phenomenon, and in meso analysis are the editorial’s role in giving his thought. These findings shows that the Medan local newspaper have just enjoyed for free press in delivering the news

Lakon adalah bagian terpenting dalam pertunjukan wayang golek ataupun pertunjukan lainnya. Hal tersebut di peruntukan untuk mempertegas cerita dalam sebuah pertunjukan. Dalam wayang golek seorang dalang harus menguasai lakon dan juga mempunyai sebuah andalan lakon yang sangat di kuasai dalang tersebut, mulai dari segi dialog, monolog, dramatisasi, ataupun penguasaan karakter dalam lakon tersebut. Karena seorang dalang terkenalharus mempunyai sebuah ikon agar lebih di ketahui secara identik oleh para penggemarnya. Lakon dalam cerita wayang golek bisa disebut sebuah lakon andalan seorang dalang ketika melewati sebuah proses apresiasi secara terus menerus tanpa adanya rasa bosan dalam menonton nya ataupun mendengarkannya. Penelitian ini membahas tentang lakon carangan karya R.H Tjetjep Supriadi yang berjudul Nurkala Kalidasa karena dirasa sangat fenomenal dan monumental karena selain mempunyai nilai-nilai yang begitu mendalam dalam sajiannya lakon ini pun sangat digemari oleh para fans group wayang golek Panca Komara dari Karawang. Dengan adanya argumen diatas penelitian ini pun menggunakan teori Narratologi dari Mieke Ball, karena teori ini dirasa cocok untuk mengupas sebuah argumen-argumen dan nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam lakon tersebut. Dengan begitu teori ini pun mampu menghasilkan sebuah temuan-temuan argumen yang mempunyai nilai-nilai religi, budaya, pendidikan, sosial maupun sastra lisan yang di adopsi dari bahasa kawi, Jawa, maupun Sansakerta. Kata Kunci : Lakon Carangan, Nurkala Kalidasa, Narratology.The play is the most important part in a puppet show or other performances. It is intended to emphasize the story in a show. In wayang golek, a puppeteer must master the play and also have a mainstay play that is highly controlled by the puppeteer, starting in terms of dialogue, monologue, dramatization, or mastery of the characters in the play. Because a famous puppeteer must have an icon to be known identically by his fans. The play in the wayang golek story can be called a masterful play of a dalang when it goes through a continuous appreciation process without feeling bored in watching or listening to it. This study discusses the carangan play by R.H Tjetjep Supriadi entitled Nurkala Kalidasa because it is considered phenomenal and monumental because apart from having deep values in its presentation, this play is also very popular with fans of the Panca Komara wayang golek group from Karawang. With the arguments above, this study also uses the theory of Narratology from Mieke Ball, because this theory is considered suitable to explore an argument and the values contained in the play. In this way, this theory is able to produce argument findings that have religious, cultural, educational, social and oral literary values adopted from the Kawi, Javanese, and Sanskrit languages. Keywords: Carangan play, Nurkala Kalidasa, Narratology

In this study, we discussed work field oriented course on Japanese Department’s curriculum in Indonesia. The method used is qualitative method with research data are curriculums’ used on several Japanese Departments in Indonesia such as Japanese Department of Universitas Andalas, Universitas Indonesia, Universitas Padjadjaran, Universitas Gajah Mada, Universitas Brawijaya, Universitas Hasanuddin, Universitas Udayana. The purpose of this research was to discuss and explain the course in some Japanese Department that could be applied directly in the work field. Work field oriented course on Japanese Department were described and then analyzed the relevance and benefits for the students in the work field. The results showed that there were similarities in work field oriented course in some Japanese Departments although the name/label of the course was slightly different. This proves all Japanese Departments had same mission to produce graduates who was not only master in Japanese language but also had other skills that could be used actively wherever they are. Key words: work field, course, curriculum, Japanese Department, Indonesia

El proyecto abarca los años que van de 1943 y 1973. Este período se puede caracterizar como una era de dioses y héroes, con duelos y fiestas propios de la Antigüedad que en su conjunto constituyen un espacio común en el cual se intercomunican. Este momento constitutivo en el sentido tanto temporal como espacial se investiga en el contexto de movimientos de migración y cambios demográficos que provocaron procesos inesperados pero fundamentales por sus dimensiones y consecuencias.

الملخص ينطلق هذا البحث من المسلّمة التي ترى أن المشافهة هي نقطة الانطلاق في تعلّم أي لغة من اللغات، كما أن اللغات عموماً يغلُب عليها الجانب المنطوق أكثر من المكتوب، وعلى الرغم من هذه الحقيقة، فالناظر إلى برامج تعليم اللغة العربية وتعلّمها لغة ًثانيةً أو أجنبيةً خارج البيئة العربية، يتّضح له أنها تُهمِّش مهارة الكلام إما جهلًا، أو تجاهُلًا بأهمية دورها، وبعض البرامج تدّعي أن مهارة الكلام ليست هدفًا من أهدافها؛ لذا يتِمّ إسقاطها من البرنامج، أو تُعطى وزناً خفيفاً، وفي كلتا الحالتين يكون الناتج من البرنامج على المستوى الشفوي ضعيفًا. وفي برنامج تعليم العربية بالجامعة الإسلامية العالمية بماليزيا سعيْنا في البدء إلى إكساب طلبتنا القدرة على القراءة، والكتابة، وأخْذ المذكرات الشخصية من أفواه المحاضرين، ولقد حقّق هذا الاتجاه نجاحاً مقبولاً لحدّ ما، ولكن صحِبته شكوى من جهات مختلفة تمثّلت في عدم قدرة الطلبة على التعبير شفاهة عن بعض الأغراض الحياتية اليومية؛ ما حمّل شعبة لغة القرآن في الجامعة على تأليف كُتيبات أربعة هدفها التركيز على المهارات الأربع، فَطرأ تحسُّن على وضع الطلبة لغويًا، ولكن تَبِعَتْه شكوى من المدّة الزمنية التي يستغرقها الطالب في اكتساب الكفاءة اللغوية. وقد أسْفرت نتائج الدراسة عن دمْج المهارات الأربع، والعمل على تقديمها بصورة تكامُليّة، وعلى الرّغم من وجاهة الفكرة إلا أنها قادت إلى نقص السّاعات التي يتعرّض فيها الطالب إلى اللغة، وقد أثّرت هذه السياسة في كفاءة الطلبة اللغوية لا سيما الشفوية، ومن هنا رأى الباحثان ضرورة الوقوف على هذه المشكلة من خلال هذا البحث المكتبي المعتمِد على المنهج الوصفي. الكلمات المفتاحية: مهارة الكلام- المهارات الأربع- التحسُّن اللغوي- غير الناطقين بالعربية- الأنشطة. Abstract The study embarks with the presupposition that conversation is the point of departure in learning any language as the oral aspect is more dominant than the writing aspect in language. Despite this fact, one who looks into the teaching of Arabic as a second language in a non-Arabic environment, will appears to him/her that it clearly sidelines speaking skill either in ignorance or in disregard of its role. Some programs that claim that conversation skill is not part of its objectives and was dropped from their content or was not given its due weightage. In both situation the speaking aspect comes out weak. In the teaching of Arabic in International Islamic University Malaysia we tried in the beginning to teach our students reading, writing and taking personal notes from the words of the lecturers and it has been showing acceptable results to certain extent but continue to recieve complaints that the students are still unable to converse effectively in Arabic some of the daily needs. This had prompted the Quranic language division to write four books for teaching four skills that eventually improve students’ language competency despite the complaint on the lenghty period of time needed by students to learn the language generally. Consequently, the four skills were combined and delivered in a comprehensive manner. Unfortunately, this had led to the reduction of contact hours bewteen the students and their resepctive lecturers. This policy however, had affected the students ability in particular coversation skill. This had prompted the two researchers to dwell on this issue utilizing library researh method. Keywords: Conversation skill, Four skills, Language improvement, non-Arabic speakers, activities. Abstrak Kajian ini bermula daripada andaian bahawa perbualan ialah titik tolak dalam mempelajari apa-apa bahasa memandangkan aspek oral adalah lebih dominan daripada aspek penulisan dalam bahasa. Walaupun begitu, sesiapa yang mengkaji pengajaran bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa kedua dalam dalam konteks bukan Arab, akan mendapati ia secara jelas mengetepikan aspek perbualan samada secara sengaja atau tidak. Sesetengah program mendakwa bahawa kemahiran perbualan bukanlah sebahagian daripada objektifnya lalu digugurkan daripada kandungannya ataupun terus tidak diberikan tumpuan yang sepatutnya. Dalam kedua-dua keadaan aspek perbualan tidak membuahkan hasil yang memberangsangkan. Pengajaran bahasa Arab di Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia kami telah mencuba pada permulaannya untuk mengajar para pelajar kemahiran membaca, menulis dan mengambil nota inidividu dengan disampaikan secara lisan oleh para pensyarah dan kaedah ini telah berjaya menunjukkan kesan yang baik namun beberapa aduan tentang masalah pelajar yang masih tidak boleh bertutur secara fasih dalam bahasa Arab untuk maksud keperluan harian mereka. Ini telah mendorong pihak Bahagian Bahasa Al-Quran untuk mengarang empat buku untuk mengajar empat kemahiran-kemahiran utama tersebut yang diharapkan dapat memperbaiki kemampuan bahasa Arab pelajar walaupun masih terdapat aduan tentang tempoh masa yang terpaksa diperuntukkan oleh pelajar untuk mempelajari bahasa itu sendiri secara umum. Hasilnya, keempat-empat kemahiran tersebut telah digabungkan dan disampaikan dengan cara yang lebih komprehensif. Malangnya, ini telah membawa kepada pengurangan tempoh jam para pelajar boleh berjumpa para pensyarah untuk khidmat nasihat. Polisi ini walaubagaimanapun telah memberikan kesan terhadap kebolehan pelajar dalam beberapa aspek kemahiran bertutur; inilah asas yang telah mendorong kedua-dua para pengkaji untuk melihat dengan lebih mendalam dengan menggunakan metod kajian perpustakaan. Kata kunci: Kemahiran bertutur, empat kemahiran, pembaikan bahasa, penutur bukan Arab, aktiviti

The article presents epistolary sources in Persian from the Dagestan collection of firmans of Persian shahs in the name of the Kaitag utsmis. At the Institute of history, archaeology and Ethnography of DFRC RAS stored microfilms of these firmans received from the National library of France, where utsmic collection hit in the second half of the ХΙХ century. Copies of the firmans of Persian shahs in the name of Kaitag utsmis exist in the libraries of Georgia. They are published by the Georgian scientists with the typed texts and translation in Georgian and Russian languages. A comparative analysis of the documents revealed that the Georgian collection is fuller than the Paris collection, there are copies made by different katibs in the collections, and there are textual discrepancies and discrepancies in the Dating of firmans. We present in this article a facsimile of the firmans of Nadir Shah addressed to one of the most influential Dagestani rulers of the XVΙΙΙ century Kaitag utsmiy Ahmad-khan, and provide their contents with appropriate comments. Firmans have informative value, serve as a good source base for studying the complex, contradictory historical period, containing a lot of white spots in the history of the Nadir Shah wars in Dagestan. The documents have high scientific value and shed light on the policy of Nadir Shah in the territories under his control, on historical events related to the struggle of the Dagestani peoples for liberation from vassalage, and the policy of the Dagestani rulers. For several years, there was a struggle between the Dagestani highlanders and the Shah of Iran. The final victory over Nadir Shah was won only when the combined forces of the Avars, Kaitag people, akushins, kumukhs, Tabasarans, and all Dagestani peoples took part in the fight against the enemy in Andalal. Firmans convey the atmosphere of historical events, threats against recalcitrant mountaineers are heard more often, the tone of Nadir's letters, promising endless Shah's favors in exchange for submission, is replaced by a menacing, sometimes offensive one.

ملخص البحث حظيت الأغلاط اللغوية في مستويات اللغة المختلفة بعناية اللغويين منذ القرن الثاني الهجري، وأثبتوا وجوه الصواب اللغوي الذي صوّب ألفاظاً وتراكيب لغوية غَلِط بها العوام أو الخواص، أو غلّطت الخاصة بها صواب العامة. تتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في هذه الظاهرة، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن اللحن ظاهرة ليست مقصورة على العامة، بل يمكن أن تقع من الخواصّ لوهم يتوهموه، وأن الغلط اللغوي ظاهرة لا تقف عند حدود مخالفة وجه الصواب، وإلى ضرورة دراسة السياقات اللغوية لما وصِف بأنه غلط لغوي، وأن اللحن ليس في مستوى واحد من مستويات اللغة، بل هو في جميع مستويات اللغة حتى الكتابي منها، ويلحظ على كتب لحن العامة وتقويم الألسن أنّها لم توضع لغير العرب من الأعاجم الذين دخلوا الإسلام، وانخرطوا في الحياة العربية وشؤون الدولة لتعلمهم العربية، ولا يفهم مما ذكره الصقلي في تخطئة رأي الخاصة، وتصويب رأي العامة، إطلاق حكم قطعي بأن الوجه اللغوي الذي قالت به الخاصة غلط مردود، وأنَّ الوجه اللغوي الذي قالته العامّة صواب معهود، وإنما كان الصقلي يقصد تخطئة الخاصة لما هو جائز بوجه آخر قالت به العامّة، ولذلك قد يكون رأي الخاصة صواباً، إلا أنه ليس من الصواب أن تجتهد الخاصة فتطلق وصف الغلط لما قالته العامة وهو جائز بوجه في العربية وإن قل وإن ندُر، وليست الخاصة سواء في الفصاحة، فمنهم المجيدون ومنهم المتكلفون. الكلمات المفتاحية: الغلط اللغوي-الخواص-العامة-اللحن-السياق-المعجم. Abstract: Language errors on the various language levels had been attracting the attention of scholars since the second century after Hijrah. They tried to prove the correct use of the language through correcting the words and phrases that were wrongly used by the commons and the elites in the society, or in some cases what the elites would consider an error of the commoners. The study makes use of the descriptive analytical method in this aspect. Among the conclusions of the study are: language error is not exclusively committed by the commoners but it can also be that of the elites as a result of certain assumptions they believed in; errors are not of those which only disregard the limitations of ‘correctness’; some of what had been regarded as errors should be contextually studied; language error is not restricted on one level of language but rather pervades all other language levels, graphological level is not excluded; some books on language errors were not focusing on the newly convert Muslims of non-Arab descends who later on immersed themselves in Arab lifestyle and held positions in government administrations for their knowledge in Arabic; what was meant by al-Saqali as faulting the view of the elites and correcting the view of the commoners is not fully comprehensible; to opine definitely that what was uttered by the elites is erroneous is totally ruled out, and what was uttered by the commoners are correct and conventional; what he meant by faulting the elites of what is permissible in a different manner expressed by the commoners, in this regard, the view of the elites might be acceptable, but it is not acceptable for them to insist on calling what is expressed by the commoners as an error as it is permissible in a different manner in Arabic regardless of its rarity; the elites were not on the same level of competence and eloquence as there were among them who are genuinely capable while others are merely forcing it onto themselves. Keywords: Language error – elites – commoners – errors – context - dictionary Abstrak Kesalahan bahasa pada pelbagai peringkat bahasa telah menarik perhatian para sarjana semenjak daripada kurun kedua Hijrah. Mereka telah mencuba untuk membuktikan penggunaan sebenar bahasa dengan membetulkan perkataan dan frasa yang salah digunakan oleh orang awam dan golongan elit dalam masyarakat atau dalam beberapa keadaan, golongan elit akan menganggap penggunaan tertentu itu oleh orang awam itu adalah salah. Kajian ini bersandarkan kepada metod deskriptif analitikal. Antara dapatan kajian ialah: kesalahan bahasa tidak sahaja dilakukan oleh orang awam tetapi juga oleh golongan elit disebabkan oleh beberapa andaian mereka; kesalahan bukanlah sahaja sesuatu yang menjangkau batasan ‘betul’; sebahagian daripada apa yang dianggap salah patut dikaji semula dalam konteksnya yang sebenar; kesalahan bahasa bukanlah sahaja berlaku pada satu peringkat bahkan pada pelbagai peringkat bahasa yang lain yang tidak tekecuali juga peringkat tulisan; sesetengah buku berkenaan kesalahan bahasa tidak mengambil kira orang yang memeluk Islam dalam kalangan keturunan bukan Arab yang kemudiannya mengambil cara hidup Arab dan menjawat jawatan dalam pentadbiran kerana pengetahuan mereka dalam bahasa Arab; yang dimaksudkan Al-Saqali dalam menyalahkan pendapat para elit dan membetukan pendapat orang awam tidak lah dapat difahami sepenuhnya: tidak mungkin ia bermaksud menolak penggunaan golongan elit kerana ia salah sedangkan pertuturan orang awam adalah diterima dan betul dan mengikut resam; apa yang dimaksudkan beliau dalam menyalahkan para elit ialah berkenaan apa yang dibolehkan dalam pertuturan orang awam dengan cara yang lain; dalam keadaan ini pendapat para elit mungkin dapat diterima, namum adalah sesuatu yang tidak dapat diterima untuk mereka terus mendesak untuk terus memanggil apa yang dituturkan oleh orang awam itu sebagai satu kesalahan kerana ia dieperbolehkan sedemikian walaupun ia adalah jarang digunakan; golongan elit pula bukanlah semuanya berkebolehan sama, ada yang dengan amat mudah melahirkan kata berbahasa tinggi, manakalah ada juga yang kelihatan terpaksa berusaha menuturkannya. Kata kunci: Kesalahan bahasa – golongan elit – orang biasa - kesalahan – konteks – kamus.

ملخص البحث: هذ الدراسة قراءة نقدية في رواية في حضرة العنقاء والخل الوفي للكاتب الكويتي إسماعيل فهد إسماعيل، وهذا العمل الروائي يتناول قضية "البدون" في الكويت بكل أساها ومعاناة أصحابها، وتجري أحداث الرواية حول هذه الشخصية الرئيسة ويحمل اسم "منسي" الذي يجسد الألم والنسيان الذي اعترى أصحاب هذه القضية، فنسيهم الناس وتناسوا معاناتهم. تركز الدراسة على الجانب الأسلوبي في الرواية، فكان الاهتمام بأسلوب الكاتب ولغته واختياراته، وذلك في حدود الرواية واختيار أجزاء منها لعرضها ونقدها وتحليلها. من نتائج الدراسة أن الخطاب الروائي في الرواية خطاب موجّه ومبتكر وواعٍ، وأن ثمة تداخلاً في صياغة الأزمنة بعضها ببعض على مدى فصول الرواية، ما جعل القارئ منتجًا لها بإعادة تنظيمها في تصوّره، وتزامنت الوقائع بشكل يفارق بين زمن السرد وزمن وقوع الحدث، وكان التوازي في تجزئ المادة الحكائية إلى أكثر من محور، بحيث تتعاصر زمانيًا في وقوعها، وكذلك تنوع المنظور المكاني ما بين المكان المجازي والمكان الموضوعي، والمكان المفترض، والمكان ذو التجربة المعيشة، وكان للكاتب لغة خاصة به؛ تميّز بها من غيره، وظواهر أسلوبية اعتمدها في هذه الرواية وربما روايات أخرى له. الكلمات المفتاحية: إسماعيل فهد إسماعيل-الرواية الكويتية– الخطاب الروائي-دلالات العنوان-منظور المكان والزمان. Abstract A critical study of the novel "In the presence of the phoenix and the honest friend" by the Kuwaiti author Isma'īl Fahad Ismail, the novel that deals with the issue of ‘the ones who do not own” or ‘bidūn’ in Arabic in Kuwait with all its forms and suffers. It is a term used for people who live without nationality or any papers that indicate their belonging to the country. The study focuses on the stylistic aspect of the novel. The interest is in the writer's style, language and choices was within the scope of the novel and the selection of parts of it for presentation, critique and analysis, focusing on key elements such as topic, voice of the narrator and central character. Among the conclusions of the study are: narrative discourse in the novel has obvious direction, creative and full of awareness. There is an overlapping in the expression of the different times found in the chapters of the novel; forcing the reader to have it reconstructed as he/she proceeds; the events were in such a timing that set them apart from the time of narrative, the different topics we divided in such a parallel manner that they were all contemporaneous. The difference of spatial perspective between figurative, objective, assumed and experience-related places. The writer has his own language that set him aside from the rest in particular the writing style that he disposes in this work and others. Keywords: Isma'īl Fahad Ismail – Kuwaiti novel – Narrative discourse – the signs of the title – spatio-temporal perspectives Abstrak Satu kajian kritikal novel bertajuk “Dalam kehadiran phoenix dan kawan yang ikhlas” oleh penulis Kuwait Ismā'īl Fahad Ismāʽīl yang menceritakan isu golongan yang tidak memiliki apa-apa di Kuwait atau dipanggil dalam bahasa Arabnya ‘bidūn’ dengan segala macam bentuk masalah dan penderitaan mereka. Mereka ini tidak memiliki kad pengenalan warga negara atau apa-apa yang menunjukkan mereka adalah penduduk Kuwait. Kajian ini menumpukan kepada aspek stail penulisan novel tersebut. Cara penulis, bahasa dan pilihan-pilihan beliau adalah dalam lingkungan novel tersebut pilihan bahagian-bahagian tertentunya, kritik dan analisa, tumpuan kepada unsur asas seperi topik, suara periwayat dan watak utama adalah tumpuan kajian ini. Antara dapatan kajian ini ialah: wacana naratif dalam novel tersebut mempunyai hala tuju yang jelas, kreatif dan penuh kesedaran. Terdapat pertindihan dalam pengungkapan masa yang pelbagai di dalam bahagian-bahagian novel; ini membuatkan pembaca terpaksa menyusunnya semula sedang dia meneruskan pembacaannya; kejadian-kejadian berlaku dalam masa yang berbeza dengan masa naratif; topik-topik berlainan dibahagikan dengan cara yang selari menyebabkannya kelihatan serentak. Perbezaan ruang perspektif di antara figurative, objektif, andaian dan tempat-tempat yang berkenaan dengan pengalaman. Penulis mempunyai bahasanya tersendiri yang membezakannya dengan penulis lain terutamanya stail penulisan yang digunakan beliau dalam novel ini dan lain-lainnya. Kata kunci: Ismāʽīl Fahad Ismāʽīl – Novel Kuwait – wacana naratif – simbol tajuk – perspektif ruang- masa.

AbstractGreat Andamanese constitutes alongside Ongan one of the two indigenous language families of the Andaman Islands. The phonological typology of the Great Andamanese languages includes a number of features of areal interest, including retroflex consonants (characteristic of South Asia) and lack of phonemic fricatives (reconstructed for Proto-Dravidian). Its morphosyntactic typology has some unremarkable features from a global typological perspective, such as verb-final clause order combined with postpositions and possessor-before-possessed but with postnominal attributive adjectives, alongside highly unusual features such as: somatic prefixes; several series of personal pronouns whose choice depends not only on grammatical relation/semantic role but also, for instance, on clause type; negation of a verbal clause by expressing it as the non-finite subject of a negative copular clause; and root ellipsis.

Jessica craned her head to take in the imposing, stone building, then lowered her gaze to the gold-plated sign at the base of the steps. “Institute of Methodology”, it read. Inside the heavy iron doors, a woman sat at a desk, her face devoid of expression. “Subject area?” asked the woman. “Uhmm, feminism ... and fiction, I think.” “Turn right.” “Do you have a map?” “No.” “How am I meant to find things?” “Each has their own method; it’s not up to us to prescribe that.” Jessica sighed, readjusted her handbag and turned right. A corridor stretched out before her. She set off, her stiletto boots echoing on the hard wooden floor. The first door she arrived at had the words “Deleuze and Guattari” positioned squarely in the middle. She hesitated, then turned the doorknob. The room was white and empty. A male voice issued from somewhere but she couldn’t tell the direction from which it came. It droned on, with some inflection, but there was no way of knowing where the sentences started and finished. She picked out a few words: a thousand plateaus, becoming, burrowing, but couldn’t piece them into anything meaningful. She backed out of the room, frowning, and asked me, How am I going to learn anything if they only have these voices? I can’t lipread them. And how can I produce something factual if I haven’t heard it all? I might make stuff up. You always make things up anyway. After the barrier of disembodied sound, the silence of the corridor was soothing. Jessica always had difficulty with hearing men’s voices, for their registers were lower. Sometimes, she wondered if this was the reason she’d become interested in feminism: women were simply easier to understand. The next door was labelled “Facets of Phenomenology.” After that was “Post-It Notes and Poststructuralism”, “Interpretation of Geometric Design”, “Knitting Class” and “Cyberspace and Geography.” None of these were very helpful. She wanted something on bodies and writing. She walked on. It was, she soon realised, so terribly easy to lose one’s way. The corridors continued. She turned right most of the time, and occasionally left. Her arches began to ache. After a while she came to the conclusion that she had no idea of where she was. Immediately, a bird appeared and dived down her throat. Trapped, it thudded against her ribs. Breathe, I told her. Breathe. She put a hand out to the wall. Outside another door she heard, a voice with a distinct Australian accent. She checked the label on the door. “Fictocriticism,” it read. The door opened. The bird climbed out of her chest and flew away. A young woman stood before her, wearing bright red lipstick. “We saw your shadow beneath the door.” She pointed to Jessica’s feet. “We don’t like barriers, so come in.” The room was airy and brilliantly lit, with a high ceiling patterned with pressed metal vines and flowers. A man and a handful of women sat at a table covered with papers, bottles of wine, brie, sundried tomatoes and crackers. “Wine?” asked the woman, a bottle in her hand. “It’s from Margaret River.” “Oh yes, please.” Jessica pulled out a chair from the table. The people’s faces looked friendly. “What brings you here?” The woman with red lipstick asked, handing her a glass. “I’m trying to find a writing style that’s comfortable for me to use. I just can’t relate to abstract texts, like those by Deleuze and Guattari.” Jessica eyed the cheese platter on the table. She was hungry. “Help yourself,” said the man. Jessica picked up the cheese knife and a cracker. “You’d like my essay, then, ‘Me and My Shadow.’” It was an older woman speaking, with soft grey hair and luminous eyes. “In it I assert that Guattari’s Molecular Revolution is distancing and, she pushed the pile of paper napkins towards Jessica, ‘totally abstract and impersonal. Though the author uses the first person (‘The distinction I am proposing’, ‘I want therefore to make it clear’), it quickly became clear to me that he had no interest whatsoever in the personal, or in concrete situations as I understand them – a specific person, a specific machine, somewhere in time and space, with something on his/her mind, real noises, smells, aches and pains” (131). Jessica thought about the first room, where Deleuze’s and Guattari’s voices had seemed to issue from nowhere. “Of course,” she said. “If my comprehension comes from reading faces and bodies, it follows that those writers who evince themselves in the text will be the ones that appeal to me.” The rest of the table was silent. “I’m deaf,” Jessica explained. “I’ve no hearing in my left ear and half in my right, but people don’t know until I tell them.” “I’d never have guessed,” said the woman with red lipstick. “I’m good at faking it,” Jessica replied wryly. “It seems to me that, if I only hear some things and make the rest up, then my writing should reflect that.” “We might be able to help you — we write about, and in the style of, fictocriticism.” Two women were talking at once. It was difficult to tell who was saying what. “But what is it?” Jessica asked. “That’s a problematic question. It resists definition, you see, for the form it takes varies according to the writer.” She glanced from one woman to the other. It was hard to keep up. They went on, “Fictocriticism might most usefully be defined as hybridised writing that moves between the poles of fiction (‘invention’/‘speculation’) and criticism (‘deduction’/‘explication’), of subjectivity (‘interiority’) and objectivity (‘exteriority’). It is writing that brings the ‘creative’ and the ‘critical’ together – not simply in the sense of placing them side by side, but in the sense of mutating both, of bringing a spotlight to bear upon the known forms in order to make them ‘say’ something else” (Kerr and Nettlebeck 3). “It began to incorporate narratives and styles that wrote against omniscience in favour of fragmentary, personal perspectives.” Concentrating on cutting and spreading her brie, Jessica couldn’t see who had said this. She looked up, trying to see who had spoken. “In addition,” said a young, slim woman, “The use of autobiographical elements in ficto-criticism that include the body and personal details … realises a subjectivity that is quite different from the controlling academic critical subject with their voice from on high” (Flavell 77). Jessica bit into her cracker. The brie was creamy, but rather too strong. She piled sundried tomatoes onto it. “It is of course, a capacious category,” the man added, “as it must be if it is inspired by the materials and situation at hand. One might urge the interested writer not to feel that their practice has to conform to one or another model, but to have the confidence that the problem characterising the situation before them will surprise them into changing their practices. Like all literature, fictocriticism experiments with ways of being in the world, with forms of subjectivity if you like” (Muecke 15). Jessica nodded, her mouth full of biscuit and brie. Oil dripped from the tomatoes down her fingers. “Yes,” it was the two women in their duet, “in fictocritical writings the ‘distance’ of the theorist/critic collides with the ‘interiority’ of the author. In other words, the identity of the author is very much at issue. This is not to say that an ‘identity’ declares itself strictly in terms of the lived experience of the individual, but it does declare itself as a politic to be viewed, reviewed, contested, and above all engaged with” (Kerr and Nettlebeck 3). “That makes sense,” Jessica thought aloud. “Everything I write is an amalgam of fact and fiction, because I hear some things and make the rest up. Deafness influences the way I process and write about the world, so it seems I can’t avoid my body when I write.” She lifted a napkin from the pile and wiped her oily fingers. “Yet, to use a language of the body, or écriture féminine, is also to run the risk of essentialism, of assuming that, for example when we write long, silky sentences, we are saying that this is how every woman would write. It’s also true that, when writing, we don’t have to be limited to our own bodies – we can go beyond them.” She paused, thinking. “It’s been said that sign language is a form of écriture féminine, for a person who signs literally writes with their hands. Where are my notes?” She ferreted through her handbag, pushing aside tubes of lip gloss and hand cream, a bus pass and mirror, and extracted some folded pieces of paper. “Here, H-Dirksen L. Bauman comments on the possibilites of écriture féminine for the disabled, writing that, The project of recognizing Deaf identity bears similarities to the feminist project of re-gaining a ‘body of one’s own’ through linguistic and literary practices. Sign, in a more graphic way, perhaps, than l’écriture féminine is a ‘writing of/on the body.’ The relation between Sign and l’écriture féminine raises questions that could have interesting implications for feminist performance. Does the antiphonocetric nature of Sign offer a means of averting these essentializing tendency of l’écriture féminine? Does the four-dimensional space of performance offer ways of deconstructing phallogocentric linear discourse? (359) “As Sign is a writing by the body, it could be argued that each body produces an original language. I think it’s this, rather than antiphonocentrism — that is, refusing to privilege speech over writing, as has been the tradition — that represents the destabilising effects of Sign.” “Here’s Jamming the Machinery.” The slim woman pushed a book towards Jessica. “It’s about contemporary Australian écriture féminine.” Jessica opened the covers and began reading: As a counter-strategy, écriture féminine, it is argued, is theoretically sourced in the bodies of women. Here, the body represents one aspect of what it ‘means’ to be a woman, but of course our bodies are infinitely variable as are our socio-historical relations and the way that we live through and make meaning of our particular bodies. Texts, however, are produced through the lived practices of being socially positioned as (among other things) women, so those effects will be inscribed in actively inventing ways for women to speak and write about ourselves as women, rather than through the narrative machinery of patriarchy (Bartlett 1-2). I agree with that, Jessica mused to herself. Even if, on paper, écriture féminine does run the risk of essentialism, it’s still a useful strategy, so long as one remains attentive to the specificity of each individual body. She looked up. The conversation was becoming loud, joyful and boisterous. It was turning into a party. Sadly, she stood. “I’d like to stay, but I have to keep thinking.” She pushed in her chair. “Thank you for your ideas.” “Goodbye and good luck!” they chorused, and replenished their wine glasses. Outside, it was getting dark. She trailed her fingers along the wall for balance. Her sight orientated her; without it, she was liable to fall over, particularly in stilettos. Seeing a movement near the ceiling, Jessica stopped and peered upwards. Dragons! she cried. Sitting in the rafters were three small, pearly white dragons, their scaly hides gleaming in the darkness. Here, she called, stretching out a hand. One dropped, swooping, and landed on her wrist, its talons gripping her arm. Ouch! It looked at her curiously with its small gold eyes, then stretched its wings proudly. Dark blue veins ran across the soft membrane. You’re not very cuddly, she told it, but you are exquisite. Tell me, are you real? For an answer, it leaned over and gently nipped her thumb, drawing blood. Its tail swished like a cat’s in a frisky mood. Stop making things up, I scolded her. This is supposed to be serious. Abruptly, the dragon sprang from her wrist, winging gracefully back to the ceiling. Jessica rubbed her arm and continued, feeling ripples of unevenly applied paint beneath her fingertips. Let me pose a question, I suggested: if a fairy godmother offered you your hearing, would you take it? Well, deafness has made me who I am— You mean, an opinionated, obnoxious, feminist thinker and writer? Yes, exactly. So perhaps I wouldn’t take it. And where would you be without silence, which has given you the space in which to think, and which has shaped you as a writer? Without silence, you wouldn’t have turned to words. Hmmm, yes. She slowed. It’s awfully dark in here now. And quiet. For deaf people, silence has often been yoked together with negative connotations – it’s a cave, a prison, a tomb. Sometimes it can feel like this, but, as you know, at other times it’s liberating. You don’t have to listen to someone yakking on their mobile phone on the bus, nor overhear your flatmate having loud sex in the room above; you can simply switch off your hearing aid and keep reading your book, or thinking your thoughts. In a somewhat similar situation, Stephen Hawking, the theoretical physicist, has said that ‘his disability has given him the advantage of having more time to think,’ although Susan Wendell points out that he is only able to do this ‘because of the help of his family, three nurses, a graduate student who travels with him to maintain his computer-communications systems’ – resources which are unavailable to many disabled people” (109). Thus although disability has been largely theorised as lack, it would seem that the contrary is the case: disability brings with it a wealth of possibility. Jessica slowed, feeling vibrations in the wall and beneath our feet. Her heartbeat quickened. Maybe it’s music. It’s not. It’s irregular. Then we heard the sound, like distant thunder. Get back against the wall, I ordered her. Seconds later a crowd of creatures ran past, rattling the floorboards. They were so black we couldn’t see them. What was that? she asked. They smelled like horses. Musky, but sharp too. Let’s get moving. And I told you to stop making things up. I didn’t make that up! she protested. Her pulse was still rapid, so I kept talking to distract her. The difficulty is to avoid referring to the disabled person as having lost something. Of course, you can lose your hearing, but you gain infinitely more in other ways – your senses of touch, taste, smell and sight are augmented. In the current climate of thinking, this is easier said than done. Lennard Davis indicates with distaste that discussions of disability stop theorists in their tracks. Disability, as it has been formulated, is a construct that is defined by lack. Rather than face this ragged imaged [of the disabled individual], the critic turns to the fluids of sexuality, the gloss of lubrication, the glossary of the body as text, the heteroglossia of the intertext, the glossolalia of the schizophrenic. But almost never the body of the differently abled (5). Theorists of disability consistently point out that, if more effort and energy were directed towards the philosophical implications of the disabled body, a wealth of new material and ideas would emerge that would shatter existing presumptions about the corporeal. For example, there are still immense possibilities thrown up by theorising a jouissance, or pleasure, in the disabled body. As Susan Wendell points out, “paraplegics and quadriplegics have revolutionary things to teach us about the possibilities of sexuality which contradict patriarchal culture’s obsessions with the genitals” (120). Thus if there were more of a focus on the positive aspects of disability and on promoting the understanding that disability is not about lack, people could see how it fosters creativity and imagination. Jessica saw with relief that there was a large bay window at the end of a corridor, looking out onto the Institute’s grounds. She collapsed onto the bench beneath it, which was layered with cushions. The last of the sun was fading and the grass refracted a golden sheen. She unzipped her boots and swung her legs onto the bench. Leaning her head back against the wall, she remembered a day at primary school when she was eleven. She sat on the blue seat beneath the Jacaranda tree, a book open in her lap. It was lunchtime, the sun was warm and purple Jacaranda blossoms lay scattered at her feet, some squidged wetly into the cement. She looked up from the book to watch her classmates playing soccer on the field, shouting and calling. She would have joined them, except that of late she had felt awkwardness, where before she had been blithe. She, who was so used to scrambling over the delightful hardness of wool bales in the shearing shed, who ran up and down the banks of creeks and crawled into ti trees, flakes of bark sticking to her jumper, had gradually, insidiously, learnt a consciousness of her body. She was not like them. We were silent. The electric lights on the walls of the building came on, illuminating sections of the stonework. At the time, she hated being isolated, but it forced to look at the world differently. Spending so much time on her own also taught her to listen to me, her imagination, and because of that her writing flourished. There was a flutter in the hallway. The tiny dragon had returned. It braked in the air, circled, and floated gently onto her skirt. Was this your doing? She asked me suspiciously. Maybe. She held out her palm. The dragon jumped into it, squeaking, its tail whipping lazily. Jessica smiled. References Bartlett, Alison. Jamming the Machinery: Contemporary Australian Women’s Writing. Toowoomba: Association for the Study of Australian Literature, 1998. Bauman, H-Dirksen L. “Toward a Poetics of Vision, Space and the Body.” The Disability Studies Reader. Ed. Lennard J. Davis. Hoboken: Routledge, 2006. 355-366. Davis, Lennard J. Enforcing Normalcy: Disability, Deafness, and the Body. London: Verso, 1995. Flavell, Helen. Writing-Between: Australian and Canadian Ficto-Criticism. Ph.D. Thesis. Murdoch University, 2004. Gibbs, Anna. “Writing and the Flesh of Others.” Australian Feminist Studies 18 (2003): 309–319. Kerr, Heather, and Amanda Nettlebeck. “Notes Towards an Introduction.” The Space Between: Australian Women Writing Fictocriticism. Ed. Heather Kerr and Amanda Nettlebeck. Nedlands: U of Western Australia P, 1998. 1-18. Muecke, Stephen. Joe in the Andamans: And Other Fictocritical Stories. Erskineville: Local Consumption Publications, 2008. Tompkins, Jane. “Me and My Shadow.” Gender and Theory: Dialogues on Feminist Criticism. Ed. Linda Kauffman. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989. 121-139. Wendell, Susan. “Towards a Feminist Theory of Disability.” Hypatia 4 (1989): 104–124.