Journal articles: 'Andaman-Nicobar Islands - Earthquake'

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Murty, C. V. R., Durgesh C. Rai, Sudhir K. Jain, Hemant B. Kaushik, Goutam Mondal, and Suresh R. Dash. "Performance of Structures in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) during the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 321–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2206122.

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The damage sustained by buildings and structures in the Andaman and Nicobar islands area was due to earthquake shaking and/or giant tsunami waves. While damage on Little Andaman Island and all the Nicobar Islands was predominantly tsunami-related, damage on islands north of Little Andaman Island was primarily due to earthquake shaking even though tsunami waves and high tides were also a concern. In general, the building stock consists of a large number of traditional and non-engineered structures. Many traditional structures are made of wood, and they performed well under the intensity-VII earthquake shaking sustained along the islands. However, a number of new reinforced concrete (RC) structures suffered severe damage or even collapse. Also, extensive damage occurred to the coastal and harbor structures in the Andaman and Nicobar islands.

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Rai, Durgesh C., C. V. R. Murty, Sudhir K. Jain, Hemant B. Kaushik, Goutam Mondal, Suresh R. Dash, Alex Tang, Mark Yashinsky, and Martin Eskijian. "The Effect of the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami on Transportation Systems in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 561–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2206809.

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Boats and ships are the major modes of transportation among the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands. The Andaman Trunk Road also forms an important part of the transportation system in the Andaman Islands north of Port Blair. The harbor structures in the islands were the most affected during the ground shaking; the result heavily disrupted the lives of the island residents. These transportation systems are expected to be in working condition after a major disaster, to facilitate the search and rescue operations and the relief work in the affected areas. A reconnaissance team surveyed the damage that the 2004 earthquake and tsunami caused to the transportation structures in the islands. Damage was observed in all transportation systems, including harbors, highways, airports, and hangars.

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Malik, Javed N., C. V. R. Murty, and Durgesh C. Rai. "Landscape Changes in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2206792.

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Plate tectonics after the 26 December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake resulted in major topological changes in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Aerial and land reconnaissance surveys of those islands after the earthquake provide evidence of spectacular plate tectonics that took place during the earthquake. Initial submergence of the built environment and the subsequent inundation upon arrival of the tsunami wave, as well as emergence of the new beaches along the islands—particularly on the western rims of the islands and in the northern islands—are the major signatures of this Mw=9.3 event.

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PAILOPLEE, SANTI, PEERASIT SURAKIATCHAI, and PUNYA CHARUSIRI. "b-VALUE ANOMALIES ALONG THE NORTHERN SEGMENT OF THE SUMATRA–ANDAMAN SUBDUCTION ZONE: IMPLICATIONS FOR UPCOMING EARTHQUAKES." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 07, no. 04 (November 2013): 1350030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431113500309.

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The potential areas of upcoming earthquakes were investigated along the Northern segment of the Sumatra–Andaman Subduction Zone according to the b-value of the frequency-magnitude distribution. After enhancing the completeness of the earthquake catalogue, two datasets, those recorded during (i) 1980–1994 and (ii) 1980–2003, were tested in order to verify the effective correlation between precursory b-values and the location of subsequent earthquakes. The results confirmed that areas with low b-values agreed well with the locations of the subsequent earthquakes in that region. Accordingly, the present-day dataset from 1980–2010 was carefully evaluated to determine the b-values across the region. Within this spatial investigation, three areas of low b-values and so potential hazards were found. These consisted of the (i) West coast of Myanmar, and (ii) North and (iii) South of the Nicobar Islands. From 2010–2012, a major earthquake with magnitude 7.5 mb was recorded as being generated in the region South of the Nicobar Islands. Thus, attention should be paid to the remaining two until now quiescent areas, and mitigation plans should be raised for both seismic and tsunami hazards.

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GAHALAUT, V., B. NAGARAJAN, J. CATHERINE, and S. KUMAR. "Constraints on 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake rupture from GPS measurements in Andaman–Nicobar Islands." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 242, no. 3-4 (February 28, 2006): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.051.

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Murty, C. V. R., Sudhir K. Jain, Alpa R. Sheth, Arvind Jaiswal, and Suresh R. Dash. "Response and Recovery in India after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 731–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2206137.

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The rescue and relief work undertaken in the Andaman and Nicobar islands and in mainland India after the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was massive. A number of new initiatives undertaken by the government and nongovernmental agencies were innovative and successful. Also, since the tsunami was not a typical disaster for India, it raised a number of new concerns related to reconstruction along the coast.

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Math, Suresh Bada, John P. John, Satish Chandra Girimaji, Vivek Benegal, Biju Sunny, K. Krishnakanth, Uday Kumar GS, et al. "Comparative Study of Psychiatric Morbidity among the Displaced and Non-Displaced Populations in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands following the Tsunami." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 23, no. 1 (February 2008): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00005513.

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AbstractObjective:The objective of this study was to compare the psychiatric morbidity between the displaced and non-displaced populations of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands during the first three months following the 2004 earthquake and tsunami.Methods:The study was conducted at the 74 relief camps in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Port Blair had 12 camps, which provided shelter to 4,684 displaced survivors. There were 62 camps on Car-Nicobar Island, which provided shelter to approximately 8,100 survivors who continued to stay in their habitat (non-displaced population). The study sample included all of the survivors who sought mental health assistance inside the camp. A psychiatrist diagnosed the patients using the ICD-10 criteria.Results:Psychiatric morbidity was 5.2% in the displaced population and 2.8% in the non-displaced population. The overall psychiatric morbidity was 3.7%. The displaced survivors had significantly higher psychiatric morbidity than did the non-displaced population.The disorders included panic disorder, anxiety disorders not otherwise specified, and somatic complaints. The existence of an adjustment disorder was significantly higher in the non-displaced survivors. Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were distributed equally in both groups.Conclusions:Psychiatric morbidity was found to be highest in the displaced population. However, the incidence of depression and PTSD were distributed equally in both groups. Involvement of community leaders and survivors in shared decision-making processes and culturally acceptable interventions improved the community participation. Cohesive community, family systems, social support, altruistic behavior of the community leaders, and religious faith and spirituality were factors that helped survivors cope during the early phase of the disaster.

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Reddy, C. D., S. K. Prajapati, P. S. Sunil, and S. K. Arora. "Transient postseismic mantle relaxation following 2004 Sumatra earthquake: implications of seismic vulnerability in the Andaman-Nicobar region." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 2 (February 27, 2012): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-431-2012.

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Abstract. Throughout the world, the tsunami generation potential of some large under-sea earthquakes significantly contributes to regional seismic hazard, which gives rise to significant risk in the near-shore provinces where human settlements are in sizeable population, often referred to as coastal seismic risk. In this context, we show from the pertinent GPS data that the transient stresses generated by the viscoelastic relaxation process taking place in the mantle is capable of rupturing major faults by stress transfer from the mantle through the lower crust including triggering additional rupture on the other major faults. We also infer that postseismic relaxation at relatively large depths can push some of the fault segments to reactivation causing failure sequences. As an illustration to these effects, we consider in detail the earthquake sequence comprising six events, starting from the main event of Mw = 7.5, on 10 August 2009 and tapering off to a small earthquake of Mw = 4.5 on 2 February 2011 over a period of eighteen months in the intensely seismic Andaman Islands between India and Myanmar. The persisting transient stresses, spatio-temporal seismic pattern, modeled Coulomb stress changes, and the southward migration of earthquake activity has increased the probability of moderate earthquakes recurring in the northern Andaman region, particularly closer to or somewhat south of Diglipur.

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DE, A. K., P. PERUMAL, Z. GEORGE, S. MONDAL, K. MUNISWAMY, S. SAWHNEY, S. K. RAVI, A. KUNDU, M. S. KUNDU, and D. BHATTACHARYA. "Haematology, serum biochemistry and mineral profiles of Trinket cattle, an endangered feral cattle associated with the colonial history of Nicobar." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 8 (January 6, 2021): 1109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i8.109245.

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Trinket cattle is a highly endangered feral cattle of Trinket Island, linked with the colonial history of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Danish people during their colonial time introduced these cattle in Trinket Island. Great Sumatra earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 has forced these cattle to become feral in nature. Due to negligence, the cattle is at the brink of extinction and only around 150 of descendants of the cattle are reported. In the present study, the haematology, serum biochemistry and mineral profiles of Trinket cattle were evaluated. Study indicated that all the values were under the normal physiological range. These findings of this study may serve as reference values in which alterations due to metabolic, nutrient deficiency, physiological and health status can be compared for diagnostic and therapeutic purpose.

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Løvholt, F., H. Bungum, C. B. Harbitz, S. Glimsdal, C. D. Lindholm, and G. Pedersen. "Earthquake related tsunami hazard along the western coast of Thailand." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 6 (November 30, 2006): 979–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-979-2006.

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Abstract. The primary background for the present study was a project to assist the authorities in Thailand with development of plans for how to deal with the future tsunami risk in both short and long term perspectives, in the wake of the devastating 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and tsunami. The study is focussed on defining and analyzing a number of possible future earthquake scenarios (magnitudes 8.5, 8.0 and 7.5) with associated return periods, each one accompanied by specific tsunami modelling. Along the most affected part of the western coast of Thailand, the 2004 tsunami wave caused a maximum water level ranging from 5 to 15 m above mean sea level. These levels and their spatial distributions have been confirmed by detailed numerical simulations. The applied earthquake source is developed based on available seismological and geodetic inversions, and the simulation using the source as initial condition agree well with sea level records and run-up observations. A conclusion from the study is that another megathrust earthquake generating a tsunami affecting the coastline of western Thailand is not likely to occur again for several hundred years. This is in part based on the assumption that the Southern Andaman Microplate Boundary near the Simeulue Islands constitutes a geologic barrier that will prohibit significant rupture across it, and in part on the decreasing subduction rates north of the Banda Ache region. It is also concluded that the largest credible earthquake to be prepared for along the part of the Sunda-Andaman arc that could affect Thailand, is within the next 50–100 years an earthquake of magnitude 8.5, which is expected to occur with more spatial and temporal irregularity than the megathrust events. Numerical simulations have shown such earthquakes to cause tsunamis with maximum water levels up to 1.5–2.0 m along the western coast of Thailand, possibly 2.5–3.0 m on a high tide. However, in a longer time perspective (say more than 50–100 years) the potentials for earthquakes of similar magnitude and consequences as the 2004 event will become gradually larger and eventually posing an unacceptable societal risk. These conclusions apply only to Thailand, since the effects of an M 8.5 earthquake in the same region could be worse for north-western Sumatra, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, maybe even for Sri Lanka and parts of the Indian coastline. Moreover, further south along the Sunda arc the potentials for large ruptures are now much higher than for the region that ruptured on 26 December 2004.

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Tang, Alex, Durgesh C. Rai, David Ames, C. V. R. Murty, Sudhir K. Jain, Suresh R. Dash, Hemant B. Kaushik, et al. "Lifeline Systems in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 581–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2205874.

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Lifeline systems in the Andaman and Nicobar islands performed poorly during the December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake and tsunami. Several power stations and transmission lines were damaged by the ground shaking, affecting the electric power supply to parts of the islands. Telecommunication services were severely affected because of destruction of several telephone exchanges. These services were restored quickly by government agencies. The dams and reservoirs, which supply potable water, sustained minor damage from ground shaking. However, segmented pipelines connecting the dams and reservoirs to various storage sites broke at several places, which significantly affected the water supply for a few days. Ground shaking damaged several elevated as well as ground-supported storage tanks. Damage related to tsunami waves was substantial in the 500–1,000- m strip immediately next to the coastline.

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Raveloson, A., R. Wang, R. Kind, L. Ceranna, and X. Yuan. "Brief communication "Seismic and acoustic-gravity signals from the source of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami"." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 2 (February 9, 2012): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-287-2012.

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Abstract. The great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 caused seismic waves propagating through the solid Earth, tsunami waves propagating through the ocean and infrasound or acoustic-gravity waves propagating through the atmosphere. Since the infrasound wave travels faster than its associated tsunami, it is for warning purposes very intriguing to study the possibility of infrasound generation directly at the earthquake source. Garces et al. (2005) and Le Pichon et al. (2005) emphasized that infrasound was generated by mountainous islands near the epicenter and by tsunami propagation along the continental shelf to the Bay of Bengal. Mikumo et al. (2008) concluded from the analysis of travel times and amplitudes of first arriving acoustic-gravity waves with periods of about 400–700 s that these waves are caused by coseismic motion of the sea surface mainly to the west of the Nicobar islands in the open seas. We reanalyzed the acoustic-gravity waves and corrected the first arrival times of Mikumo et al. (2008) by up to 20 min. We found the source of the first arriving acoustic-gravity wave about 300 km to the north of the US Geological Survey earthquake epicenter. This confirms the result of Mikumo et al. (2008) that sea level changes at the earthquake source cause long period acoustic-gravity waves, which indicate that a tsunami was generated. Therefore, a denser local network of infrasound stations may be helpful for tsunami warnings, not only for very large earthquakes.

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Chaudhuri, Hirok, Debasis Ghose, Rakesh K. Bhandari, Prasanta Sen, and Bikash Sinha. "A geochemical approach to earthquake reconnaissance at the Baratang mud volcano, Andaman and Nicobar Islands." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 46 (March 2012): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.10.007.

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Chandramohan, P., AP Anu, V. Vaigaiarasi, and K. Dharmalingam. "Environmental management and emergency preparedness plan for Tsunami disaster along Indian coast." International Journal of Ocean and Climate Systems 8, no. 3 (May 24, 2017): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759313117708253.

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The 26 December 2004 Tsunami generated by the submarine earthquake in Andaman Sea with the magnitude of 9.2 Richter scale triggered the worst destruction, widespread inundation and extensive damage in terms of life and property along the Tamil Nadu coast and Andaman Nicobar Group of Islands. The shoreline features like dunes, vegetation and steepness of beaches played vital role in attenuating the impact of Tsunami from destruction. While the low-level Marina beach experienced minimum inundation, the coast between Adyar and Cooum was inundated heavily. As the present generation of India was not aware of Tsunami, the emergency plan and preparedness were zero and so the loss of human life was huge. In this article, the authors describe the Tsunami occurred in India on 26 December 2004 and its impacts on morphology. The appropriate Emergency Preparedness plan and the Disaster Management Plan in case of reoccurrence of such natural disaster are discussed.

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Fujii, Yushiro, Kenji Satake, Shingo Watada, and Tung-Cheng Ho. "Re-examination of Slip Distribution of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake (Mw 9.2) by the Inversion of Tsunami Data Using Green’s Functions Corrected for Compressible Seawater Over the Elastic Earth." Pure and Applied Geophysics 178, no. 12 (November 22, 2021): 4777–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02909-6.

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AbstractWe re-examined the slip distribution on faults of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman (M 9.1 according to USGS) earthquake by the inversion of tsunami data with phase-corrected Green’s functions applied to linear long waves. The correction accounts for the effects of compressibility of seawater, elasticity of solid earth, and gravitational potential variation associated with the motion of mass to reproduce the delayed arrivals and the reversed phase of the first tsunami waves. We used sea surface height (SSH) data from satellite altimetry (SA) measurements along five tracks, and the tsunami waveforms recorded at tide gauges (TGs) and ocean bottom pressure gauges (OBPGs) in and around the Indian Ocean. The inversion results for both data sets for different rupture velocities (Vr) show that the reproducibility of the spatiotemporal SSHs and tsunami waveforms is improved by the phase corrections, although the effects are not so significant within the Indian Ocean. The best slip distribution model from joint inversion of SA, TG and OBPG data with Vr of 1.3 km/s shows the largest slips of 16–25 m off Sumatra Island, large slips of 2–11 m off the Nicobar Islands, and moderate slips of 2–6 m in the Andaman Islands. The inversion results reproduce the far-field tsunami waveforms well at distant stations even more than 13,000–25,000 km from the epicenter. The total source length is about 1400 km and the seismic moment is Mw 9.2, longer and larger than that of our previous estimates based on TG records.

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Rajendran, C. P., K. Rajendran, R. Anu, A. Earnest, T. Machado, P. M. Mohan, and J. Freymueller. "Crustal Deformation and Seismic History Associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake: A Perspective from the Andaman-Nicobar Islands." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97, no. 1A (January 1, 2007): S174—S191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050630.

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Singh, Saurabh, Suraj Kumar Singh, Deepak Kumar Prajapat, Vikas Pandey, Shruti Kanga, Pankaj Kumar, and Gowhar Meraj. "Assessing the Impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on South Andaman’s Coastal Shoreline: A Geospatial Analysis of Erosion and Accretion Patterns." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2023): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061134.

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The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami significantly impacted the coastal shoreline of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, causing widespread destruction of infrastructure and ecological damage. This study aims to analyze the short- and long-term shoreline changes in South Andaman, focusing on 2004–2005 (pre- and post-tsunami) and 1990–2023 (to assess periodic changes). Using remote sensing techniques and geospatial tools such as the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), shoreline change rates were calculated in four zones, revealing the extent of the tsunami’s impact. During the pre- and post-tsunami periods, the maximum coastal erosion rate was −410.55 m/year, while the maximum accretion was 359.07 m/year in zone A, the island’s east side. For the 1990–2023 period, the most significant coastal shoreline erosion rate was also recorded in zone A, which was recorded at −2.3 m/year. After analyzing the result, it can be seen that the tsunami severely affected the island’s east side. To validate the coastal shoreline measurements, the root mean square error (RMSE) of Landsat-7 and Google Earth was 18.53 m, enabling comparisons of the accuracy of different models on the same dataset. The results demonstrate the extensive impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on South Andaman’s coastal shoreline and the value of analyzing shoreline changes to understand the short- and long-term consequences of such events on coastal ecosystems. This information can inform conservation efforts, management strategies, and disaster response plans to mitigate future damage and allocate resources more efficiently. By better understanding the impact of tsunamis on coastal shorelines, emergency responders, government agencies, and conservationists can develop more effective strategies to protect these fragile ecosystems and the communities that rely on them.

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Bahuguna, Anjali, Shailesh Nayak, and Dam Roy. "Impact of the tsunami and earthquake of 26th December 2004 on the vital coastal ecosystems of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands assessed using RESOURCESAT AWiFS data." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 10, no. 2 (June 2008): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2008.02.010.

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Alam, Snehashis, M. Vijaya Sunanda, Kajal Kumar Mandal, and Shoaib Rassel. "Characteristics of the Earthquake Swarms in the Andaman Sea Region, India, from 1960 – 2020." Disaster Advances 15, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1503da2128.

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The Andaman Sea region is the highly tectonically and seismically active region in India. This is the perfect site for studying earthquake swarms and how the swarms are reacting with the volcanic activities and tectonic processes. Using the International Seismological Centre (ISC) catalogue and USGS NEIC catalogue, we documented 17 earthquake swarms from 1960 to 2020. The hypocentre of the earthquake swarms was reported at 5 km. to 50 km and most of the incidents occurred below 20 km. depth. We examined the seismotectonic characteristics of these swarms. The moment tensor solutions of 6 swarms showing these events are controlled by pure normal faults with a significant strike-slip component, few are dominated by strike-slip faults but no thrust mechanisms are recorded. The b value distribution for the Andaman Sea region was calculated from the swarms’ data and the b value significantly varied between 1.4 –2.17. We conclude that the earthquake swarms in the Andaman and Nicobar Island region are probably the result of magma intrusion in the thin and hot oceanic crust. High b values, active volcanoes and cratered seamount support the volcanic background of these swarms.

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SRIVASTAVA, HN, and RS DATTATRAYAM. "Study of return periods of earthquakes in some Selected Indian and adjoining regions." MAUSAM 37, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v37i3.2437.

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Recurrence intervals for earthquakes of magnitudes from 5.0 to 8.5 have been worked out using Gumbers extreme value theory and compared with those determined by Gutenberg-Richter’s frequency-magnitude relationship for SIX regions, namely, (A) Hindukush, (B) Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, (C) India-western Nepal border, (0) Nepal-Sikkim border, (E) Northeast India and (F) Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A data sample for the period 1962 to 1976 and another for a longer period have been used for the purpose and limitations of the results obtained are discussed, Gumbel's extreme value theory gives better estimates of the return period of the maximum magnitude earthquakes when data for longer period is taken. The recurrence intervals thus estimated for earthquakes of magnitude 8/6 for the six regions are 22/2, 203/10, 222/11, 160/9, 34/4 and 58/4 years respectively.

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Prabakaran, Nehru. "Mangrove community response to subsidence inflicted sea level change in Car Nicobar Island, India." Botanica Marina 63, no. 5 (October 25, 2020): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2019-0088.

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AbstractThe inter-specific resilience among mangrove species to sea level rise (SLR) is a key to design conservation strategies for this economically important ecosystem that is among the most vulnerable to SLR. Tectonic processes can cause sudden increases or drops in sea level due to subsidence or uplift of the land surface, which can also provide insights for the mangrove community responses to rapid sea level change. This study aimed to investigate the responses of mangrove species to rapid SLR caused by land subsidence of 1.1 m during the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake at Car Nicobar Island. The Rhizophora spp. showed remarkable resilience to this rapid SLR, while the landward mangrove vegetation comprising Bruguiera spp., Lumnitzera spp., Sonneratia spp. etc., were unable to survive. Also, Rhizophora spp. establishment in the previous landward mangrove zones was more rapid than the landward mangrove species establishment in the previous terrestrial zones. The observed resilience of Rhizophora spp. may be due to the local specific geological legacy and species-specific ecological processes. However, further studies focusing on microcosm experiments to understand the Rhizophora spp. resilience to rapid SLR at the study site is required to strengthen these observations.

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S, Prakash Pillai. "How to Predict Earthquakes by Using Simple and Reliable Method? Peru, Chile, Italy, Greece, New Zealand, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India." Austin Environmental Sciences 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26420/austinenvironsci.2021.1059.

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This paper intended to highlight the simple, quick and reliable method to detect impending earthquake�s location. Volcanic eruption precursors are originated only around the volcanos, like that the onshore earthquake precursors are originated only from earthquake epicenter zones. Epicenter zones are earthquake zones, a little variation of fault zone, it comprises movable tectonic plates. Due to the orbital motion of the earth, centrifugal force generated, this centrifugal force is the major driving force of tectonic plates. The position of the orbital motion of the earth generated seasonal variations/atmospheric weather anomalies as onshore earthquake precursors and earthquakes, year after year repeating at same places. The generation process of seasonal weather anomalies is the part of generation process of earthquakes at epicenter zones. Both seasonal weather anomalies and seismic anomalies are not continued all through the year at same places. When earth comes to particular position, tectonic plates of particular epicenter zones are set to more active and becomes unstable epicenter zones, causes identifiable, observable, recordable and testable onshore earthquake precursors 1-15 days prior to earthquakes occur.

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Htun, Kyaw. "THE GEO-DISASTER MITIGATION MEASURES IN MYANMAR." Journal of Applied Geology 2, no. 3 (September 5, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jag.7257.

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Myanmar has frequent geological disasters including earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, and subsidences in karst area. Myanmar indeed is an earthquake-prone area as it lies in one of the two main earthquake belts of the world, known as the Alpide Belt that extends from the Mediterranean through Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan the Himalayas and Myanmar to finally Indonesia. Therefore, Myanmar is vulnerable to hazards from moderate and large magnitude earthquakes, including tsunami hazards along its long coastal areas. The seismotectonics of the region indicate that earthquakes in Myanmar mostly originates along an active subduction zone (Andaman Megathrust Zone) in the West and along a large active transform fault zone (Sagaing Fault Zone) in the middle part of the country. Local historic records and legends also confirmed the fact that intermittent jerks along these major active faults have caused the majority of earthquakes in Myanmar. These seismotectonic processes are still going on. Along these fault zones stand many large urban cities where thick populations live in. Liquefaction is a very considerable factor according to the past events in the water saturated area near the fault zones. Geomorphologically, Myanmar has two mountainous provinces: namely, the Western Ranges and the Eastern Highland. These provinces have inherently unstable nature among the areas of the country. The steep slopes, unstable geologic conditions and heavy rains combine together to make the mountainous regions one of the most hazard-prone areas in Myanmar. Landslides frequently happens in these regions, disturbing the connection roads and infrastructures rather than rural houses. Moreover, there has been an increase in human settlement in hazard-prone areas as a result of rapid population growth, as well as improvement in accessibility by road and the onset of other infrastructure development. Consequently, natural and man-made disasters are on the increase and each event affects people more than before. Even in central low land between the two mountainous ranges, landslide features occur along the bank of Ayeyarwady River and its tributaries. There were also records of moderate tsunami generated by two large magnitude earthquakes, which originated in the Andaman-Nicobar Islands. Of course, the tsunami generated by the giant 2004 Sumatra Earthquake also caused moderate causalities in some parts of the Myanmar coast. Thus, it is evident that Myanmar is vulnerable to disaster from moderate and large tsunamis along its long coastal line. To mitigate loss of lives and damages of properties, the Natural Disaster Mitigation Committee of Myanmar has been formed since 2004. Moreover, Seismic Hazard Zonation Map of Myanmar has already been prepared with the collaboration of engineering geologists, geoscientists and engineers since 2006. During the year of 2006 to 2008, the Myanmar Geosciences Society (MGS) in collaboration with MEC has prepared the preliminary deterministic seismic zonation maps for four seismically hazardous cities. Although modern seismological instruments and technical improvement are very essential, earthquake resistant design code shall be enhanced by the cooperative works among the scientists and engineers from various organizations. Landslide potential map and tsunami inundation map are going to be established this year. Moreover, to increase the awareness of the geo-disaster, education and knowledge have been given to those who live in hazardous-prone areas by the collaboration of DMH, RRD, MES, MGS, ADPC and Universities in Yangon. Besides, landslide mitigation technology applied in Myanmar and construction of tsunami shelter in coastal areas are also discussed in this paper. Keywords: Earthquake, tsunamis, active fault, landslide, liquefaction

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Journal articles on the topic 'Andaman-Nicobar Islands - Earthquake'

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