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Journal articles on the topic 'Andean fold-thrust'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

McQuarrie, Nadine, Brian K. Horton, George Zandt, Susan Beck, and Peter G. DeCelles. "Lithospheric evolution of the Andean fold–thrust belt, Bolivia, and the origin of the central Andean plateau." Tectonophysics 399, no. 1-4 (2005): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.12.013.

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2

PEREZ, NICHOLAS D., BRIAN K. HORTON, NADINE McQUARRIE, KONSTANZE STÜBNER, and TODD A. EHLERS. "Andean shortening, inversion and exhumation associated with thin- and thick-skinned deformation in southern Peru." Geological Magazine 153, no. 5-6 (2016): 1013–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816000121.

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AbstractA balanced cross-section spanning the Eastern Cordillera and Subandean Zone of southern Peru (13–15°S) constrains ~130 km (38%) of Cenozoic orogen-normal SW–NE Andean deformation accommodated by thick- and thin-skinned retro–arc fold–thrust belt shortening that overprinted pre-Andean Triassic normal faults. Zircon and apatite (U–Th)/He ages demonstrate continuous Oligocene to Miocene cooling of the Permo-Triassic Coasa pluton in the Eastern Cordillera. Zircon (U–Th)/He ages (~34–18 Ma) are reset and define a steep age versus elevation relationship. Apatite (U–Th)/He results reveal reset ages that define two spatially separated groups with ages of ~30–26 Ma and ~17–11 Ma. Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronologic results from Cretaceous–Cenozoic siliciclastic rocks from the Altiplano/Eastern Cordillera record Andean fold–thrust belt and magmatic-arc sediment sources. Correlative Subandean Zone rocks preserve a cratonic sediment contribution, with minor Andean sediment appearing in some Cenozoic rocks. We propose that earliest Andean deformation and structural compartmentalization of the Eastern Cordillera was linked to selective inversion of inherited Permo-Triassic basement-involved normal faults that guided subsequent thick- and thin-skinned deformation. Provenance variations between the hinterland and foreland depocentres reveal competing eastern and western sediment sources, reflecting an axial zone in the Eastern Cordillera that coincided with the inherited Triassic graben and impeded sediment source mixing. Our zircon and apatite (U–Th)/He ages are consistent with published constraints along strike and support pulses of Eocene to late Miocene exhumation that were likely driven by normal fault reactivation and protracted Eastern Cordillera deformation.

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3

Jackson, Lily J., Brian K. Horton, and Cristian Vallejo. "Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of modern Andean rivers in Ecuador: Fingerprinting tectonic provinces and assessing downstream propagation of provenance signals." Geosphere 15, no. 6 (2019): 1943–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02126.1.

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Abstract Recognizing detrital contributions from sediment source regions is fundamental to provenance studies of active and ancient orogenic settings. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of unconsolidated sands from modern rivers that have source catchments with contrasting bedrock signatures provides insight into the fidelity of U-Pb age signatures in discriminating tectonic provenance and downstream propagation of environmental signals. We present 1705 new detrital zircon U-Pb ages for 15 samples of unconsolidated river sands from 12 modern rivers over a large spatial extent of Ecuador (∼1°N–5°S and ∼79°–77°W). Results show distinctive U-Pb age distributions with characteristic zircon age populations for various tectonic provinces along the Andean convergent margin, including the forearc, magmatic arc, and internal (hinterland) and external (foreland) segments of the fold-thrust belt. (1) Forearc and magmatic arc (Western Cordillera) river sands are characterized by Neogene–Quaternary age populations from magmatic sources. (2) Rivers in the hinterland (Eastern Cordillera) segment of the Andean fold-thrust belt have substantial populations of Proterozoic and Paleozoic ages, representing upper Paleozoic–Mesozoic sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks of ultimate cratonic origin. (3) River sands in the frontal fold-thrust belt (Subandean Zone to Oriente Basin) show distinctive bimodal Jurassic age populations, a secondary Triassic population, and subordinate Early Cretaceous ages representative of Mesozoic plutonic and metamorphic bedrock. Detrital zircon U-Pb results from a single regional watershed (Rio Pastaza) spanning the magmatic arc to foreland basin show drastic downstream variations, including the downstream loss of magmatic arc and hinterland signatures and abrupt introduction and dominance of selected sources within the fold-thrust belt. Disproportionate contributions from Mesozoic crystalline metamorphic rocks, which form high-elevation, high-relief areas subject to focused precipitation and active tectonic deformation, are likely the product of focused erosion and high volumes of local sediment input from the frontal fold-thrust belt, leading to dilution of upstream signatures from the hinterland and magmatic arc.

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4

SUÁREZ, M., R. DE LA CRUZ, and C. M. BELL. "Timing and origin of deformation along the Patagonian fold and thrust belt." Geological Magazine 137, no. 4 (2000): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800004192.

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The Andean orogeny in the Patagonian Cordillera of southern South America reflects the consequences of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic subduction of an oceanic plate beneath the South American continental margin. The geological evolution of the region has been influenced by the Eocene collision and subduction of the Farallon–Aluk Ridge and the Miocene–Recent subduction of the Chile Ridge. Another aspect of plate interaction during this period was two intervals of rapid plate convergence, one at 50–42 Ma, and the other at 25–10 Ma, between the South American and the oceanic plates. It has been proposed that the collision of the Chile Ridge with the trench was responsible for the development, at least in part, of the Patagonian fold and thrust belt. This belt extends for more than 1000 km along the eastern foothills of the southern Andes between 46° and 54° S along the southwestern rim of the Austral Basin. The interpretation of a link between subduction of the ridge and formation of the fold and thrust belt is based on assumed time coincidences between contractional tectonism and the collision of ridge segments during Middle and Late Miocene times. The main Tertiary contractional events in the Patagonian fold and thrust belt took place during latest Cretaceous–Palaeocene–Eocene and during Miocene times. Although the timing of deformation is still poorly constrained, the evidence currently available suggests that there is little or no relationship between the timing of the fold and thrust belt and the collision of ridge segments. Most if not all of the contractional tectonism pre-dated the latest episodes of ridge collision. Collision of a ridge crest with the continental margin has been active for the past 14 to 15 million years. Contrary to the suggestion of a relationship between ridge subduction and compression, the main result of this collision has been fast uplift and extensional tectonism. The initiation of the Patagonian fold and thrust belt in latest Cretaceous or early Tertiary times coincided with a fundamental change in the tectonic evolution of the Austral Basin. Throughout the Cretaceous most of this basin subsided as a broad backarc continental shelf. Only in latest Cretaceous times, and coinciding with the initiation of the fold and thrust belt, the basin underwent a transition to a retro-arc foreland basin. This change to an asymmetrically subsiding foreland basin, with an associated foreland fold and thrust belt, was related to uplift of the Andean orogenic belt in the west.

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5

Husson, Laurent, and Isabelle Moretti. "Thermal regime of fold and thrust belts—an application to the Bolivian sub Andean zone." Tectonophysics 345, no. 1-4 (2002): 253–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(01)00216-5.

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6

Echavarria, L., R. Hernández, R. Allmendinger, and J. Reynolds. "Subandean thrust and fold belt of northwestern Argentina: Geometry and timing of the Andean evolution." AAPG Bulletin 87, no. 6 (2003): 965–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/01200300196.

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7

Zapata, T., and A. Folguera. "Tectonic evolution of the Andean Fold and Thrust Belt of the southern Neuquén Basin, Argentina." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 252, no. 1 (2005): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2005.252.01.03.

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8

BRANELLEC, M., B. NIVIÈRE, J. P. CALLOT, and J. C. RINGENBACH. "Mechanisms of basin contraction and reactivation in the basement-involved Malargüe fold-and-thrust belt, Central Andes (34–36°S)." Geological Magazine 153, no. 5-6 (2016): 926–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816000315.

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AbstractWe have conducted a structural study of both the basement-involved Malargüe fold-and-thrust belt (MFTB) and the active San Rafael Block (SRB), which are located in the Central Andes at latitude 34–36°S. Based on several field examples located both in the inner and frontal part of belt and from the distal foreland zone, we focus on the relationships between basement and cover deformation with respect to the known palaeogeography and structural inheritance. In several zones, we point out similarities in the structural and sedimentary responses to Andean shortening. The recent morphologic response has also been investigated through the analysis of active deformation along the eastern border of the SRB. We show that these structural and sedimentary processes are continuous in time and space since they can be applied in the various parts of the fold belt and also at different stages of fold-and-thrust-belt building as well. Finally, we propose the illustration of those mechanisms by complete cross-section along the Rio Grande valley and a possible kinematic scenario of deformation propagation.

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9

FUENTES, FACUNDO, BRIAN K. HORTON, DANIEL STARCK, and ANDRÉS BOLL. "Structure and tectonic evolution of hybrid thick- and thin-skinned systems in the Malargüe fold–thrust belt, Neuquén basin, Argentina." Geological Magazine 153, no. 5-6 (2016): 1066–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816000583.

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AbstractAndean Cenozoic shortening within the Malargüe fold–thrust belt of west-central Argentina has been dominated by basement faults largely influenced by pre-existing Mesozoic rift structures of the Neuquén basin system. The basement contractional structures, however, diverge from many classic inversion geometries in that they formed large hanging-wall anticlines with steeply dipping frontal forelimbs and structural relief in the order of several kilometres. During Cenozoic E–W shortening, the reactivated basement faults propagated into cover strata, feeding slip to shallow thrust systems that were later carried in piggyback fashion above newly formed basement structures, yielding complex thick- and thin-skinned structural relationships. In the adjacent foreland, Cenozoic clastic strata recorded the broad kinematic evolution of the fold–thrust belt. We present a set of structural cross-sections supported by regional surface maps and industry seismic and well data, along with new stratigraphic information for associated Neogene synorogenic foreland basin fill. Collectively, these results provide important constraints on the temporal and geometric linkages between the deeper basement faults (including both reactivated and newly formed structures) and shallow thin-skinned thrust systems, which, in turn, offer insights for the understanding of hydrocarbon systems in the actively explored Neuquén region of the Andean orogenic belt.

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10

Folguera, Andrés, Víctor A. Ramos, Tomás Zapata, and Mauro G. Spagnuolo. "Andean evolution at the Guañacos and Chos Malal fold and thrust belts (36°30′–37°s)." Journal of Geodynamics 44, no. 3-5 (2007): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2007.02.003.

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11

Lebinson, Fernando, Martín Turienzo, Natalia Sánchez, Vanesa Araujo, María Celeste D’Annunzio, and Luis Dimieri. "The structure of the northern Agrio fold and thrust belt (37°30’ S), Neuquén Basin, Argentina." Andean Geology 45, no. 2 (2018): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov45n2-3049.

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The Agrio fold and thrust belt is a thick-skinned orogenic belt developed since Late Cretaceous in response to the convergence between the Nazca and South American plates. The integration of new structural field data and seismic line interpretation allowed us to create two balanced cross-sections, which help to analyse the geometry of both thick and thin-skinned structures, to calculate the tectonic shortenings and finally to discuss the main mechanisms that produced this fold and thrust belt. The predominantly NNW-SSE structures show varying wavelengths, and can be classified into kilometer-scale first order basement involved structures and smaller second, third and fourth order fault-related folds in cover rocks with shallower detachments. Thick-skinned structures comprise fault-bend folds moving into the sedimentary cover, mainly along Late Jurassic evaporites, which form basement wedges that transfer the deformation to the foreland. Thus, shortenings in both basement and cover rocks must be similar and consequently, by measuring the contraction accounted for thin-skinned structures, is possible to propose a suitable model for the thick skinned deformation. The balanced cross-sections indicate shortenings of 11.2 km (18%) for the northern section and 10.9 km (17.3%) for the southern section. These values are different from the shortenings established by previous works in the region, reflecting differences in the assumed model to explain the basement-involved structures. According to our interpretation, the structural evolution of this fold and thrust belt was controlled by major basement-involved thrust systems with subordinate influence of inversion along pre-existing normal faults during the Andean compression.

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12

García Morabito, Ezequiel, and Víctor A. Ramos. "Andean evolution of the Aluminé fold and thrust belt, Northern Patagonian Andes (38°30′–40°30′S)." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 38 (October 2012): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2012.03.005.

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13

McQuarrie, Nadine. "The kinematic history of the central Andean fold-thrust belt, Bolivia: Implications for building a high plateau." Geological Society of America Bulletin 114, no. 8 (2002): 950–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0950:tkhotc>2.0.co;2.

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14

Riesner, M., R. Lacassin, M. Simoes, R. Armijo, R. Rauld, and G. Vargas. "Kinematics of the active West Andean fold-and-thrust belt (central Chile): Structure and long-term shortening rate." Tectonics 36, no. 2 (2017): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016tc004269.

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15

McQuarrie, Nadine, and George H. Davis. "Crossing the several scales of strain-accomplishing mechanisms in the hinterland of the central Andean fold–thrust belt, Bolivia." Journal of Structural Geology 24, no. 10 (2002): 1587–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(01)00158-4.

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16

Barnes, J. B., T. A. Ehlers, N. McQuarrie, P. B. O'Sullivan, and J. D. Pelletier. "Eocene to recent variations in erosion across the central Andean fold-thrust belt, northern Bolivia: Implications for plateau evolution." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 248, no. 1-2 (2006): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.018.

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17

Sánchez, Javier, Brian K. Horton, Eliseo Tesón, Andrés Mora, Richard A. Ketcham, and Daniel F. Stockli. "Kinematic evolution of Andean fold-thrust structures along the boundary between the Eastern Cordillera and Middle Magdalena Valley basin, Colombia." Tectonics 31, no. 3 (2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011tc003089.

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18

Siks, Benjamin C., and Brian K. Horton. "Growth and fragmentation of the Andean foreland basin during eastward advance of fold-thrust deformation, Puna plateau and Eastern Cordillera, northern Argentina." Tectonics 30, no. 6 (2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011tc002944.

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19

Mosolf, Jesse G., Brian K. Horton, Matthew T. Heizler, and Ramiro Matos. "Unroofing the core of the central Andean fold-thrust belt during focused late Miocene exhumation: evidence from the Tipuani-Mapiri wedge-top basin, Bolivia." Basin Research 23, no. 3 (2010): 346–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2010.00491.x.

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20

Mescua, José F., Laura B. Giambiagi, Andrés Tassara, Mario Gimenez, and Víctor A. Ramos. "Influence of pre-Andean history over Cenozoic foreland deformation: Structural styles in the Malargüe fold-and-thrust belt at 35°S, Andes of Argentina." Geosphere 10, no. 3 (2014): 585–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges00939.1.

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21

Capaldi, Tomas N., Brian K. Horton, N. Ryan McKenzie, Daniel F. Stockli, and Margaret L. Odlum. "Sediment provenance in contractional orogens: The detrital zircon record from modern rivers in the Andean fold-thrust belt and foreland basin of western Argentina." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 479 (December 2017): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.09.001.

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22

Hernandez, Juan I., Roberto M. Hernandez, Alejandra Dalenz Farjat, et al. "Multiple thermochronometers applied to the quantitative analysis of compressive systems: The southern sub-Andean fold and thrust belt of Bolivia. From source rock to trap." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 105 (January 2021): 102949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102949.

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23

MESCUA, JOSÉ F., LAURA GIAMBIAGI, MATÍAS BARRIONUEVO, et al. "Basement composition and basin geometry controls on upper-crustal deformation in the Southern Central Andes (30–36°S)." Geological Magazine 153, no. 5-6 (2016): 945–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816000364.

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AbstractDeformation and uplift in the Andes are a result of the subduction of the Nazca plate below South America. The deformation shows variations in structural style and shortening along and across the strike of the orogen, as a result of the dynamics of the subduction system and the features of the upper plate. In this work, we analyse the development of thin-skinned and thick-skinned fold and thrust belts in the Southern Central Andes (30–36°S). The pre-Andean history of the area determined the formation of different basement domains with distinct lithological compositions, as a result of terrane accretions during Palaeozoic time, the development of a widespread Permo-Triassic magmatic province and long-lasting arc activity. Basin development during Palaeozoic and Mesozoic times produced thick sedimentary successions in different parts of the study area. Based on estimations of strength for the different basement and sedimentary rocks, calculated using geophysical estimates of rock physical properties, we propose that the contrast in strength between basement and cover is the main control on structural style (thin- v. thick-skinned) and across-strike localization of shortening in the study area.

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24

Anderson, Ryan B., Sean P. Long, Brian K. Horton, Amanda Z. Calle, and Victor Ramirez. "Shortening and structural architecture of the Andean fold-thrust belt of southern Bolivia (21°S): Implications for kinematic development and crustal thickening of the central Andes." Geosphere 13, no. 2 (2017): 538–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges01433.1.

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25

Turienzo, M., N. Sánchez, L. Dimieri, F. Lebinson, and V. Araujo. "Tectonic repetitions of the Early Cretaceous Agrio Formation in the Chos Malal fold-and-thrust belt, Neuquén Basin, Argentina: Geometry, kinematics and structural implications for Andean building." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 53 (August 2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2014.04.004.

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26

Kendall, Jerome, Jaume Vergés, Renas Koshnaw, and Melanie Louterbach. "Petroleum tectonic comparison of fold and thrust belts: the Zagros of Iraq and Iran, the Pyrenees of Spain, the Sevier of Western USA and the Beni Sub-Andean of Bolivia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 490, no. 1 (2019): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp490-2018-102.

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27

Wiemer, Daniel, Steffen G. Hagemann, Nicolas Thébaud, and Carlos Villanes. "Role of Basement Structural Inheritance and Strike-Slip Fault Dynamics in the Formation of the Pataz Gold Vein System, Eastern Andean Cordillera, Northern Peru." Economic Geology 116, no. 7 (2021): 1503–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4839.

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Abstract New regional- to vein-scale geologic mapping and structural analysis of the Carboniferous Pataz gold vein system (~10 Moz Au) reveal critical insights into the structural control on gold mineralization along the Eastern Andean Cordillera of northern Peru. The Pataz basement comprises continental volcanic arc and marginal to marine sedimentary rocks, which experienced intensive D2 deformation associated with Late Famatinian northeast to southwest compressive fold-and-thrust belt development. The D2 event produced an E-NE–dipping structural grain, including (1) tilted and F2 folded S1 foliations, (2) local F2 axial planar S2 foliations, and (3) subparallel D2 thrust faults. Intrusions, constituting the ca. 342 to 332 Ma (Mississippian) Pataz batholith, were emplaced along strike of the prominent Río Marañón fault and inherited the D2 basement structures, as evident in the orientation of suprasolidus magmatic flow zones and intrusive contacts within the batholith. Progressive horst-and-graben development affecting the volcanic carapace of the Pataz batholith records late syn- to postmagmatic uplift and transition into a NW-SE–extensional regime. We show that the E-NE–dipping, batholith-hosted gold vein system formed through synchronous activation of two geometric fault-fill vein types, following (1) the moderately E-NE–dipping D2 basement-inherited competency contrasts within the batholith and (2) shallow NE-dipping Andersonian footwall thrusts, during NE-directed shortening (D3a). Both geometric vein types display an early paragenetic stage (I) of quartz-pyrite, progressing texturally from hydraulic breccia into crack-seal laminated shear veins. A second (II), undeformed quartz-pyrite-sphalerite-galena paragenetic stage is observed to fill previously established dilational sites adjacent to newly formed D3b normal faults, which likely formed during regional NW-SE–extensional horst-graben development. Kinematics and relative timing indicate that, upon batholith solidification, D3a transpressional dextral strike-slip ruptures along the Río Marañón fault superimposed a lower-order Riedel-type fault system. Fluid-assisted fault activation preferentially impinged on the D2 basement-inherited competency contrasts within the batholith. Subsequent transition into a transtensional regime led to the D3b normal faulting, providing a feeder system for stage II fluid influx. The tectonic switch may be explained either by increasing tensile strain accommodation upon progressive strike-slip movement within a regional dilational jog or by larger-scale crustal relaxation of the late Gondwana margin upon final Pangea assembly. Our new structural model for the Pataz vein system evolution highlights the importance of basement structural inheritance in controlling the localization of gold mineralization along polycyclic supercontinent margins. We provide valuable insights for exploration targeting of complex vein arrays within rheologically heterogeneous host rocks.

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28

Cruset, David, Jaume Vergés, Nuno Rodrigues, et al. "U–Pb dating of carbonate veins constraining timing of beef growth and oil generation within Vaca Muerta Formation and compression history in the Neuquén Basin along the Andean fold and thrust belt." Marine and Petroleum Geology 132 (October 2021): 105204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105204.

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29

JAPAS, MARIA SILVIA, GUILLERMO HÉCTOR RÉ, SEBASTIÁN ORIOLO, and JUAN FRANCISCO VILAS. "Basement-involved deformation overprinting thin-skinned deformation in the Pampean flat-slab segment of the southern Central Andes, Argentina." Geological Magazine 153, no. 5-6 (2016): 1042–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675681600056x.

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AbstractIn the southern Central Andes, the Andean foreland was deformed due to Neogene shallowing of the Nazca slab beneath the South America plate. In this 27–33ºS Pampean flat-slab segment, the N-trending Argentine Precordillera transpressional fold-and-thrust belt and the Sierras Pampeanas broken foreland developed as a consequence of inward migration of the orogenic front. At 28ºS, a NNE-trending westward-dipping, thick Neogene synorogenic sequence is exposed in the Sierra de los Colorados, which shares deformation features of the Precordillera and the Sierras Pampeanas. Integration of new structural and kinematic data and available structural, kinematic, geophysical and palaeomagnetic information allows consideration of the Sierra de los Colorados area as part of the northern sector of the Precordillera during the middle Neogene. Atc. 9 Ma, basement block exhumation started with the uplift of the Sierra de Umango-Espinal that was triggered by deformation along the NE-trending Tucumán oblique belt. This stage marked the beginning of compartmentalization of the incipiently deformed Vinchina foreland. Sincec. 6.8–6.1 Ma, basement block uplift linked to the Miranda–Chepes and Valle Fértil NNW-trending sinistral transpressional belts, as well as kinking of the Neogene sequence by localized WNW-striking cross-strike structures, resulted in multiple segmentation that produced a complex mosaic of basement-block pieces. The overprint of these regional, basement-involved, oblique, brittle–ductile transpressional and cross-strike megazones could be related to high interplate coupling. Localized mechanical and rheological changes introduced by magmatism favoured this thick-skinned deformation overprint.

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30

A. Schulz, M. Alarcon, F. Aramayo,. "Exploration in the Sub Andean Thrust/Fold Belt of North West Argentina: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 80 (1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/64ed981c-1724-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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31

CHUCHLA, RICHARD J., and CARLOS A. "Abstract: Tectonic and Stratigraphic Controls of Hydrocarbon Systems of the Sub-Andean Fold-Thrust Belt and Associated Basins of South America ." AAPG Bulletin 81 (1997) (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/522b51e9-1727-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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32

Montes, C., C. A. Silva, G. A. Bayona, et al. "A Middle to Late Miocene Trans-Andean Portal: Geologic Record in the Tatacoa Desert." Frontiers in Earth Science 8 (January 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.587022.

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Integration of several geologic lines of evidence reveals the prevalence of a lowland trans-Andean portal communicating western Amazonia and the westernmost Andes from at least middle Miocene until Pliocene times. Volcanism and crustal shortening built up relief in the southernmost Central and Eastern Cordilleras of Colombia, closing this lowland gap. Independent lines of evidence consist first, of field mapping in the Tatacoa Desert with a coverage area of ∼381 km2, 1,165 km of geological contact traces, 164 structural data points, and 3D aerial digital mapping models. This map documents the beginning of southward propagation of the southernmost tip of the Eastern Cordillera’s west-verging, fold-and-thrust belt between ∼12.2 and 13.7 Ma. Second, a compilation of new and published detrital zircon geochronology in middle Miocene strata of the Tatacoa Desert shows three distinctive age populations: middle Miocene, middle Eocene, and Jurassic; the first two sourced west of the Central Cordillera, the latter in the Magdalena Valley. Similar populations with the three distinctive peaks have now been recovered in western Amazonian middle Miocene strata. These observations, along with published molecular and fossil fish data, suggest that by Serravallian times (∼13 Ma), the Northern Andes were separated from the Central Andes at ∼3°N by a fluvial system that flowed into the Amazon Basin through the Tatacoa Desert. This paleogeographic configuration would be similar to a Western Andean, or Marañon Portal. Late Miocene flattening of the subducting Nazca slab caused the eastward migration of the Miocene volcanic arc, so that starting at ∼4 Ma, large composite volcanoes were built up along the axis of today's Central Cordillera, closing this lowland Andean portal and altering the drainage patterns to resemble a modern configuration.

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COWARD, MIKE and ALISON RIES. "Abstract: Thick-skinned Versus Thin-skinned Fold and Thrust belts, Alternative Models for the Interpretation of Structures in the Sub-Andean Basins and their Significance in Terms of Basin Modelling." AAPG Bulletin 83 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/e4fd3595-1732-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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34

Carrillo, Emilio, Roberto Barragán, Christian Hurtado, et al. "Depositional Sequences in Northern Peru: New Insights on the Palaeogeographic and Palaeotectonic Reconstruction of Western Gondwana During Late Permian and Triassic." Journal of the Geological Society, March 25, 2021, jgs2020–186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-186.

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Abstract:

Late Permian to Early Jurassic strata in northern Peru allows us to carry out a seismo-stratigraphic, litho-tectonic and chemostratigraphic analysis connecting the Andean-Amazonian foreland basins of Huallaga, Ucayali, southern Marañón, and the Eastern Cordillera. This analysis and data integration from Ecuador to western Brazil and southern Peru and Bolivia, allow us to redefine the timing of the major documented tectonic phases and corresponding palaeogeographies of western Gondwana from the late Permian to Triassic. Three litho-tectonic sequences and four associated deformation stages are recognized: 1) A sequence, tectonic relaxation, during late Permian; 2) A-B intra-sequence, folding-and-thrusting attributed to a continuation in time of the Gondwanide Orogeny, during the Early to Middle Triassic; 3) B sequence, rifting, attributed to Gondwana breakup during the Middle and Late Triassic; and 4) C Sequence, thermal sag, during the Late Triassic. Evaporites and carbonates (A sequence) dominated a low subsidence basin with southern restricted marine inflow at the Permian-Triassic boundary. A novel palaeogeographic model for these evaporites suggests that this saline basin extended up to 50,000 km2 in a restricted environment area with a potential bullseye pattern. The last pulse of the Gondwanide Orogeny and associated fold and thrust belt (A-B intra-sequence) exhumed previous the sequence generating emerged areas with little to no sedimentation. Red beds (B sequence) characterize the rifting stage, representing the syn-depositional infill of continental grabens, likely extending to the Acre Basin in Brazil. Finally, during the thermal sag, a marine inflow likely from the northwestern part of Peru generated sedimentation of carbonates and evaporites (C Sequence) to the west and east of the Peruvian margin. This sediment differentiation was, in part, controlled by the existence of pre-existing grabens associated to the previous rifting stage. This interpretation, together with other evaporitic occurrences attributed here to a Late Triassic epoch in south and north Peru and west Brazil, suggest the existence of an evaporitic basin filling an undeformed area of probably ca. 170,000 km2. It is therefore suggestive of the existence of a Late Triassic (Norian to Rhaetian; 217 to 204 Ma) salt giant controlled by thermal sag in western Gondwana. Our results are of great relevance for any future interpretation related to mass extinctions, paleoclimatic analysis and ocean dynamics during the Permian and Triassic as well as natural resources distribution between Ecuador and Bolivia.

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