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Eichstaedt, Christina Alessandra. "Adaptations in Andean populations : the genetics of hypoxia protection." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648561.
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Rhode, Matthew P. "Habitual subsistence practices among prehistoric Andean populations fishers and farmers /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4374.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 7, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Uhrig, Megan Nicole. "The Andean Exception: An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Absence of Large-Scale Indigenous Social Mobilization in Peru." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1365603733.
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Gayà-Vidal, Maria Magdalena. "Genetic characteristics of the two main native groups in Bolivia : Aymaras and Quechuas." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1425/.
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Deux populations appartenant aux groupes linguistiques principaux de la Bolivie, Aymaras et Quechuas, ont été étudiées par différent marqueurs génétiques pour fournir information sur leurs relations génétiques et processus démographiques qui pourraient avoir souffert pendant leur histoire. Ce travail comprend trois parties: l'étude i) de marqueurs génétiques autosomiques (insertions Alu), ii) uniparentaux, l'ADN mitochondrial (ADNmt) et le chromosome Y, et iii) d'une région du chromosome 19 avec le gene cluster des apolipoproteins APOE/C1/C4/C2. Dans le premier travail, trente-deux insertions Alu polymorphiques (PAIs), 18 autosomiques et 14 du chromosome X, ont été étudiées. L'objectif principal de l'étude était d'aborder les relations génétiques entre ces deux populations et d'éclaircir d'après ces données génétiques si l'expansion de la langue Quechua dans la Bolivie pouvait être attribuée à des processus démographiques (migrations Incas de parlants Quechua de Pérou vers la Bolivie) ou culturel (imposition de la langue Quechua par les Incas). La relation génétique très proche observée entre les deux populations boliviennes ainsi que leur différentiation des Quechuas du Pérou suggère que l'expansion de la langue Quechua dans la Bolivie eu lieu sans une contribution démographique importante. La deuxième partie concernant a été réalisé pour évaluer les possibles différences dépendant du genre et fournir plus de données pour éclaircir les processus démographiques de la région andine. Dans ce cas, les deux populations Boliviennes ont montré plus de différences génétiques pour l'ADNmt que pour le chromosome Y. Concernant l'ADNmt, les Aymaras semblent avoir été plus isolés au cours de leur histoire, fait qui aurait entrainé la conservation de certaines caractéristiques génétiques, tandis que les Quechuas aurait été plus perméables à l'incorporation des femmes étrangères et à l'influence péruvienne. Néanmoins, la mobilité des homes aurait été généralisée dans toute la région andine d'après l'homogénéité trouvée dans cette zone. L'étude d'une région autosomique d'environ 108kb incluant le groupe de gènes APOE/C1/C4/C2 et les régions adjacentes, dans laquelle, vingt-cinq polymorphismes (10 STRs et 15 SNPs) ont été analysés pour éclaircir l'histoire évolutive de cette région génomique dans les populations andines. Une partie de cette diversité réduite pourrait être attribuée à l'effet de la sélection qui pourrait être due à son importance physiologique, mais aussi du à leur histoires démographiquesTwo populations belonging to the two main Native linguistic groups of Bolivia, Aymaras and Quechuas, have been analysed for different genetic markers in order to provide relevant information about their genetic relationships and demographic processes. This work comprises three parts: the study of i) autosomal markers (Alu insertions), ii) uniparental markers, both mtDNA and Y-chromosome, and iii) a region including the APOE/C1/C4/C2 gene cluster that code for apolipoproteins that can have epidemiological implications. In the first part, thirty-two polymorphic Alu insertions (18 autosomal and 14 from the X chromosome) were studied. The main objective was to determine from genetic data whether the expansion of the Quechua language into Bolivia could be associated with demographic (Inca migration of Quechua-speakers from Peru into Bolivia) or cultural (language imposition by the Inca Empire) processes. Our results indicated that the two Bolivian samples showed a high genetic similarity for both sets of markers and were clearly differentiated from the two Peruvian Quechua samples available in the literature. Additionally, our data were compared with the available literature to determine the genetic and linguistic structure, and East-West differentiation in South America. The close genetic relationship between the two Bolivian samples and their differentiation from the Quechua-speakers from Peru suggested that the Quechua language expansion in Bolivia took place without any important demographic contribution. The second part, mtDNA and Y-chromosome uniparental markers were studied to evaluate sex-speci?c differences and give new insights into the demographic processes of the Andean region. In that case, the two Bolivian samples showed more genetic differences for the mtDNA than for the Y-chromosome. For the mtDNA, 81% of Aymaras and 61% of Quechuas presented haplogroup B2. Native American Y-chromosomes were found in 97% of Aymaras (89% hg Q1a3a and 11% hgQ1a3*) and 78% of Quechuas (100% hg Q1a3a). Our data revealed high diversity values in the two populations, in agreement with other Andean studies. The comparisons with the available literature for both sets of markers indicated that the central Andean area is relatively homogeneous. For mtDNA, the Aymaras seemed to have been more isolated throughout time, maintaining their genetic characteristics, while the Quechuas have been more permeable to the incorporation of female foreigners and Peruvian influences. On the other hand, male mobility would have been widespread across the Andean region according to the homogeneity found in the area. Particular genetic characteristics presented by both samples support a past common origin of the Altiplano populations in the ancient Aymara territory, with independent, although related histories, with Peruvian (Quechuas) populations. The study of the autosomal region of 108kb, including the APOE/C1/C4/C2 gene cluster and the flanking region in which twenty five polymorphisms (10 STRs and 15 SNPs) were analysed to give new insights into the evolutionary history of this genomic region in Andean populations. In general, diversity in Bolivians was low, with nine out of 15 SNPs and seven out of 10 STRs being practically monomorphic. Part of this reduced diversity could be attributed to selection since the APOE/C1/C4/C2 region presented a high degree of conservation compared to the flanking genes in both Bolivians and Europeans, which may be due to its physiological importance. Also, the lower genetic diversity in Bolivians compared to Europeans for some markers could be attributed to their different demographic histories
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Torres, Jiménez María Fernanda. "Effects of Andean geographic dynamics on the population history of Tococa-associated Azteca ants." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33066.
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Myrmecophytic plant species form associations where the ant colony inhabits structures in the plant and offers protection against herbivory in exchange for food and shelter. Widely distributed across the tropics, myrmecophytic mutualisms are particularly diverse in the Neotropics, a region characterized by the rapid and recent uplift of the Andean mountain range. It has been suggested that the abrupt change in terrain triggered the emergence of new niches, new barriers to gene ow and speciation. Studying ant-plant associations in the Neotropics not only provides insight into how associations evolve in time but also the impact that external factors, such as geographic changes, have in the evolution of mutualisms. Because of its wide distribution on both sides of the Andes, The Tococa guianensis- Azteca system is useful to explore the effects the Andean uplift had on the evolution of mutualisms. This thesis aims to 1. Identify the ants associating with T. guianensis and the lineages of ants and plants involved in the mutualisms in different populations on both sides of the Andes, 2. generate genomic data for both ants and plants to increase sampling of loci, and 3. estimate and calibrate the species trees to compare patterns of phylogenetics and temporal congruence between ants, plants and the Andean uplift. Most ant-plant studies focus on only one partner or study both partners by using already collected data for one of them. This project is the first study inferring the evolutionary history of both partners associated at that point in time and across a large area. This thesis identifies two main Azteca lineages associated with T. guianensis, each one distributed on different sides of the Andes. It addresses the monophyly of T. guianensis (and related species) and why such monophyly cannot be confirmed. Results show how both plants and ants were geographically structured congruent with timing of a split of populations coinciding with the Andean uplift. Moreover, four plants and fifteen ant genomes were assembled and used to estimate gene and species trees. For Tococa, candidate markers were selected for future resolution of the plant's phylogeny. Different histories but similar divergence times between ants and plants suggest that the mutualism has evolved in response to geographic changes rather than through codiversication, but that the mutualism persists thanks to the availability of the host. The information generated during this study provides the basis to understand the evolution of mutualisms, the genomic features of ants and plants and opens the possibility for Tococa and Azteca to become a model system.
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Paux, Samson Chloé. "L’intégration régionale en quête de sens : impliquer les populations dans la Communauté Andine : réflexion à partir du cas de la communication institutionnelle du SGCAN." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20041/document.
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Construite, dans un premier temps, de façon économique et commerciale, l’intégration régionale, en tant qu’avatar politique ne saurait se passer du soutien des populations. La Communauté Andine, regroupant la Bolivie, la Colombie, l’Equateur et le Pérou, a déclaré 2011 année andine de l’intégration sociale, et a mis au centre de son agenda les défis de la politique, de l’égalité, de la participation et de l’identité. Ce parti pris est révélateur d’une prise de conscience des enjeux de l’implication des populations dans les processus régionaux et s’inscrit dans une tendance plus générale à l’ouverture du dialogue avec les citoyens andins depuis le milieu des années 2000. Le Secrétariat Général de la CAN a en particulier développé une communication institutionnelle valorisant le sens d’une identité et d’une citoyenneté andine comme vecteurs d’implication et de participation des populations dans le jeu régional. A partir de cette expérience, la présente thèse entend interroger les modalités de mobilisation d’un sentiment d’appartenance des populations dans l’intégration régionaleFormerly constructed on economic and commercial ambitions, regional integration, as a political level, should relay on popular support. The Andean Community that involves Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, declared 2011 as the Andean year of social integration, and put a major focus on the politic, equality, participation and identity challenges. Such a commitment reveals a growing awareness of the popular involvement issues, and is part of a global trend toward a broader dialogue with the populations since the mid-2000s. The CAN General Secretariat developed in particular an institutional communication enhancing the sense of an Andean identity and citizenship as vectors for the involvement and participation ofthe populations in the regional game. From this particular case study, this thesis intends to question the modalities of the mobilization of a sense of belonging in regional integration
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Vedrenne, José Damien. "Les populations des Andes centro-méridionales, et leur situation alimentaire." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11181.
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Pino, Zambrano Victor Vidal. "Population et territoires du centre sud andin péruvien : couloirs d'intégration de 1876 à 2005." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05H063.
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Cette recherche a pour but de comprendre et d'expliquer la manière dont l'espace a été occupé dans le Centre Sud du Pérou, depuis 1532, année de la conquête espagnole, jusqu'à nos jours en mettant I accent sur l'année 1876, date du premier recensement. Notre travail comprend trois parties. Il commence par une revue générale de la dynamique démographique pendant toute la période coloniale (1532-1821), en montrant la rupture avec le modèle pré-hispanique qui base I utilisation de I espace sur l'organisation de grands royaumes, ainsi que sur l'usage et l'accès à différents niveaux agro écologiques complémentaires. Le système colonial, en suivant une logique de rente, de contrôle des contributions et d'évangélisation, construit un modèle basé sur les réductions indigènes", puis sur les "intendances" qui sont à l'origine des départements. Depuis 18/b, sur la base de six recensements, on remarque l'importance des pôles principaux (supérieurs a cent mille habitants) et secondaires (entre cinquante mille et cent mille habitants) en tant qu organisateurs importants de l'espace exerçant une fonction d'attraction et d'influence sur es zones proches (intégration) et générant en même temps un processus de fracture territoriale (dualité) qui s exprime dans les sous régions de coopération et complémentaire. En définitive ces sous régions forment des méga-espaces très «articulés» dont la nature et I'"échelle" diffèrent énormément de la division politique départementale. Une approche basée sur cette construction à partir des acteurs locaux et du rôle de l'agriculture serait utile pour la décentralisationThe manner of this investigation is to better understand and explain the way in which the space in central and southern Peru has been occupied since 1532, the year of the Spanish conquest up until the present day; stressing the year 1876 the date of the first census. Our work has three parts. Beginning with a general view of the changing demographics during the colonial period of 1532 to1821, displaying the break down of the pre-Hispanic model, which was based on the use of the great kingdoms and the access to and use of different yet complimentary agro-ecological land. The colonial system using the capitalistic logic of income and thus control through taxation as well as evangelization, created a model based on the "reduction of the indigenous peoples" and then on "administrative divisions" which gave origin to the current political departments. Since 1876, based on six censuses, the importance of the principal poles has become obvious as originally more than 100,000 inhabitants occupied the land and by the second census there was a dramatic drop to between only 50,000 to100,000 inhabitants. Thus these primary poles have been understood as the great organizers of space, exercising a function of attraction and influence on their closely interconnected areas through integration while dually engendering a simultaneous process of territorial fracturing, which was expressed through the cooperation of complementary sub-regions. In short, through the creation and division of political departments these sub-regions form mega-spaces, which are very articulated and differ enormously in their natural resources and scale. The focus based on this construction, starting with the local actors and the role of agriculture, will be useful for further decentralization
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Moreno, Durán Álvaro. "Les déplacements forcés de population colombiennes et leurs effets à la frontière équatorienne." Paris 8, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA082509.
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En étudiant les déplacements de populations colombiennes et leurs effets à la frontière équatorienne cette thèse analyse à la fois l'intensification des déplacements transfrontaliers suite aux politiques nationales dérivées du “Nouvel Ordre Mondial”. Et la manière dont les populations colombiennes regroupées dans une bourgade équatorienne s'engagent dans des stratégies de survie qui les conduisent à restructurer leurs stratégies identitaires, individuelles et collectives, sur base d'auto- reconnaissance, de reconnaissance de l'autre et d'identification des éléments de l'habitus primaireThe study´s time frame is 2002-3. How does the phenomenon of the forced transborder displacement of Colombian people to Sucumbíos (Ecuador) manifest itself? What is the social, economic and political impact among the displaced as well as the local (Ecuadorian) population? Are there basic elements of collective identity that influence its restructuring among the displaced and their livelihood strategies in the new milieu? The research uses two theoretical strands: one regarding international relations and the wider political arena; and sociological perspective focussing on livelihood patterns and a qualitative fieldwork method of observation, classification, comparison and analysis, selecting primary written sources and field interviews to collect fragments of life histories. The thesis concludes that: (a) the increase of the forced displacement phenomenon across the border is directly influenced by government policies derived from international plans in the context of the New World Order, and (b) the displaced are able to re-structure their collective identity in the new mileu on the basis of their strategy of self-recognition and recognition of the other, both expressed in social practices, with reference to their life paths and identifying the elements of the primary habitus
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Ercole, Robert d'. "Vulnérabilité des populations face au risque volcanique : le cas de la région du volcan Cotopaxi (Equateur)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE19018.
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A partir du cas equatorien dont le choix est en grande partie lie a la catastrophe colombienne du 13 novembre 1985 (eruption du nevado del ruiz), nous proposons une etude de la vulnerabilite des populations face au risque volcanique. L'approche de cette vulnerabilite se veut globale. La composante physique du risque ne constitue pas une fin en soi mais la base d'une recherche, fondee sur une longue campagne d'enquetes, qui privilegie la composante humaine, cette derniere passant generalement au second plan dans les travaux de planification preventive. Le poids des facteurs de vulnerabilite diverge selon le lieu ou le groupe social considere. Cependant si celui des facte urs cognitifs (perception du risque, connaissance des moyens de protection) est loin d'etre negligeable, ce sont surtout les facteurs economiques, sociaux, culturels et logistiques qui semblent devoir surtout influencer les comportements humains lors d'une eventuelle situation d'urgence. En depit de ces contraintes, la these tend a montrer que le risque dit "naturel" n'est pas une fatalite, meme dans les pays en voie de developpement, des lors que se manifeste une veritable volonte politique appuyee par des outils de decision appropries. Pour cela, un effort particulier a ete place sur le plan methodologique, notamment sur une cartogra phie destinee a mettre en evidence des types et des niveaux de vulnerabilite de la population exposee au cotopaxi, dont la connaissance est indispensable avant de s'engager dans des actions preventives localesWe are proposing a study on the vulnerability of populations in the face of volcanic hazards primely based on the ecuadorian area case, mainly chosen because of its relation to the colombian catastrophe of nov. 13th 85 (e ruption of nevado del ruiz volcano). We aimed to a global approach of this vulnerability. The physical component of the risk doesn't make up an end in itself , but the first element of a research based on an investigation campain regarding mainly the human component, this latte r beeing generally put in low priority in preventive planification studies. The vulnerability factor weight varies upon the location, or the social group considered. However if the cognitive facto r (hazard perception and assessment of protection means) is far from beeing negligeable, it's mainly the economic, socia l, cultural and logistic factors that seem to influence the human behaviour in the event of an emergency situation. In spite of these constraints, research study tends to show that the so called "natural" risk is not a fatality, even in third world countries as long as there is a true political concern for it, backed up with the proper means of decision. In that view, particular effort has been put on the methodological aspects, and specially on a cartography that put int o light various types and levels of vulnerability of population exposed to the risk of cotopaxi volcano, elements that seems indispensable to be known before starting to get involved with preventive local actions
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Mera, Jorge Fernando Navarrete. "Análise da situação genética do condor-dos-andes (Vultur gryphus) no Equador." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-17042018-163300/.
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O condor-dos-andes (Vultur gryphus) é uma ave carniceira da família dos abutres do novo mundo (Cathartidae) que habita ao longo da cordilheira dos Andes, cuja população tem diminuído no último século até ser considerada como espécie ameaçada. No Equador tem sido registrado aproximadamente 100 indivíduos em liberdade. Para evitar a extinção da espécie no país tem sido iniciado um programa de conservação envolvendo várias áreas das Ciências Biológicas, entre essas a genética de populações. Para descrever a situação genética do condor no Equador, amostras de sangue e penas de condores em cativeiro e silvestres, mais várias amostras de penas de muda de distintos locais onde habitam, foram coletadas e analisadas através de sete microssatélites heteroespecíficos amplificados no genoma do condor por PCR. Os resultados indicam que o grupo de 72 amostras, apresenta uma diversidade genética moderada a baixa nos loci estudados, apesar das grandes áreas onde está distribuído, porém as análises de variância molecular AMOVA e Hardy-Weinberg considerando como hipótese alternativa a deficiência de heterozigotos, indicam que não constituem uma população endogâmica. Estudos de estruturação populacional sugerem a falta de subpopulações inclusive entre amostras de lugares distantes. Sugere-se que se existir estruturação populacional esta deve ser do tipo isolamento por distância, para poder comprovar esta hipótese se propõe estender a pesquisa no futuro incluindo amostragem de locais muito distantes através da América Andina e diferentes marcadores. O grupo de marcadores foi também altamente útil para identificação genética de indivíduos através das penas anônimas coletadas no habitat, porém não resulta muito forte como prova de paternidade, precisando de marcadores mais polimórficos e melhor distribuídos pelo genoma.The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) is a scavenger bird of the New World vultures (Cathartidae) that lives along the Andes Mountains. Its population has declined in the last century until being considered an endangered species. In Ecuador, approximately 100 birds have been registered in freedom. To avoid extinction in this country has been initiated a conservation program involving several areas of biological sciences, one of these, population genetics. In order to describe the genetic situation of the condor in Ecuador, blood and feather samples from captive and wild condors, plus several samples of molted feathers from different locations were collected and analyzed through seven heteroespecific microsatellite amplified in the condor genome by PCR. The results show that the group of 72 samples had a moderate to low genetic diversity in the amplified loci, despite the large areas where it is distributed. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Hardy-Weinberg with heterozygote deficiency as alternative hypothesis denotes that sampled condors do not constitute an inbred population. Structuring analyzes suggest there is not subpopulations even among samples from distant places. If exist some kind of pop0ulation structure in the species, it could be like isolation by distance structured, but in order to prove this hypothesis, it is recommended to extend the research including samples from distant locations through Andean America and more powerful genetic markers. Those markers was also highly useful for the genetic identification of not assigned feathers collected in the habitat, but as paternity test require more polymorphic markers and better distributed throughout the genome.
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Freitt, Jenny Katrin. "Är populationsstorlek av guldsandbi (Andrena marginata) relaterad till förekomst av ängsvädd (Succisa pratensis)?" Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-33846.
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Vildbiet guldsandbi (Andrena marginata F.) har en central roll i jordbrukslandkapet som en viktig pollinatör av grödor och vilda växter. I Sverige hotas artens fortlevnad av biotopförlust, habitatfragmentering och födobrist. En av de viktigaste näringskällorna är växten ängsvädd (Succisa pratensis M.) som tidigare var vanligt förekommande men som nu minskar i sin utbredning. Syftet med denna studie var att utreda om populationsstorlekarna av guldsandbi och ängsvädd är relaterade. Guldsandbinas observationsbaserad populationsstorlek uppskattades samt att ängsväddens bestånd inventerades vid fyra lokaler i Övre Klarälvsdalen, i norra Värmland. Binas populationsstorlek uppskattades genom transektinventeringar mellan 30 juli och 11 augusti 2013. Under perioden observerades totalt 286 honor och per observationsdag noterades ett medelvärde på 40,86 (± 8,1 SE, 95% konfidensintervall; n=7) honor. Ängsväddpopulationen uppskattades till totalt 2328 växter från alla fyra områden. Det fanns inget statistiskt samband mellan populationsstorlekarna av ängsvädd och guldsandbin. En jämförelse mellan den för biet förväntade populationsstorleken, baserad på förekomst av näringsväxten, och den observerade populationsstorleken, korrigerad för inventeringsbias, visade bra överensstämmelse vid två av fyra områden (8,4% respektive 5,7% från det teoretiska värdet) och dålig överensstämmelse vid de andra två områdena. Det kan mycket väl vara så att det finns en relation mellan populationerna i Övre Klarälvsdalen, men man måste öka antalet lokaler och ta hänsyn till ytterligare miljöfaktorer som påverkar både bina och växterna för att kunna dra säkrare slutsatser om ett samband.The wild-bee Andrena marginata has a key function as an important pollinator of crops and wild plants in agriculture landscapes. The species’ persistence is threatened in Sweden due to loss of habitat, fragmentation and food scarcity. One of the most important food sources is the plant Succisa pratensis, which previously was very common but now has declining populations. The purpose of this study was to analyse if there was a relation between the population sizes of A. marginata and S. pratensis. The population size of the bees was estimated and the plant population was surveyed at four sites in the upper valley of the River Klarälven, Värmland. Bee population size was estimated by visual transect surveys conducted between 30 July and 11 August 2013. In this period a total of 286 females was observed, with a mean of 40,86 (± 8,1 SE, 95% confidence interval; n=7) per day. The total population size of S. pratensis from the four sites was estimated to 2328 plants. There was no significant correlation between the population sizes of the bees and the host plant. A comparison between the bee’s predicted theoretical population size, based on the number of host plants, and the observed population size, corrected for observer bias, showed good agreement for two of the sites (within 8,4% and 5,7% of the theoretical value) and poor agreement at the other two sites. There may well be a relation between the bee and plant populations in the upper valley of Klarälven, but one needs to increase the number of sites and take into account additional environmental factors that affect both the bees and the plants to draw a firmer conclusion about such a relationship.
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García-Meneses, Paola M. "Landscape-scale population dynamics : field observations and modelling of Puya hamata, a flagship plant from the Andes." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1042.
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Important ecological processes happen over long periods of time and at the landscape scale. Effective conservation of biodiversity and management of natural resources and ecosystem services requires an understanding of these processes. Unfortunately, it is often impractical to conduct appropriate long-term, landscape-scale studies. Modelling offers an alternative approach. Complete ecosystems are too complex to model practically, but simulations of simplified systems provide useful insights of practical value. LandBaSE-P is an individual-based model for Puya hamata that provides information about impacts of fire on ecological processes in the páramo of the Reserva Ecológica El Ángel, Ecuador. Puya hamata is a flagship plant affected by fires and plays a key role in a number of ecological processes. This research found Puya hamata germinated much more frequently after fires, can form large aggregations of single recruitment cohorts, suffers very low mortality (with and without fires) once established, and lives up to 28 years. The spatial aggregation of Puya hamata plants reduced effective reproductive output, consistent with the theory that pollinator behaviour around large groups of Puya plants reduces cross-pollination, leading to inbreeding depression and poorer seed viability and germination. Puya hamata’s population structure can be an indicator of recent fire regime. LandBaSE-P simulations showed that population size is not affected by rare, long-distance seed dispersal. However, in the simulations of páramo grasslands, Puya relative germination is maintained in high numbers by burning. Puya hamata has an important role in ecology and biodiversity. The model LandBaSE-P is a complementary tool for conservation and sustainable land management. This thesis shows how fieldwork combined with laboratory studies and modelling, can provide a good understanding of complex dynamics of real-world populations, and generate ideas for management and future research.
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Oleas, Nora. "Landscape Genetics of Phaedranassa Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) in Ecuador." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/443.
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Speciation can be understood as a continuum occurring at different levels, from population to species. The recent molecular revolution in population genetics has opened a pathway towards understanding species evolution. At the same time, speciation patterns can be better explained by incorporating a geographic context, through the use of geographic information systems (GIS). Phaedranassa (Amaryllidaceae) is a genus restricted to one of the world’s most biodiverse hotspots, the Northern Andes. I studied seven Phaedranassa species from Ecuador. Six of these species are endemic to the country. The topographic complexity of the Andes, which creates local microhabitats ranging from moist slopes to dry valleys, might explain the patterns of Phaedranassa species differentiation. With a Bayesian individual assignment approach, I assessed the genetic structure of the genus throughout Ecuador using twelve microsatellite loci. I also used bioclimatic variables and species geographic coordinates under a Maximum Entropy algorithm to generate distribution models of the species. My results show that Phaedranassa species are genetically well-differentiated. Furthermore, with the exception of two species, all Phaedranassa showed non-overlapping distributions. Phaedranassa viridiflora and P. glauciflora were the only species in which the model predicted a broad species distribution, but genetic evidence indicates that these findings are likely an artifact of species delimitation issues. Both genetic differentiation and non-overlapping geographic distribution suggest that allopatric divergence could be the general model of genetic differentiation. Evidence of sympatric speciation was found in two geographically and genetically distinct groups of P. viridiflora. Additionally, I report the first register of natural hybridization for the genus. The findings of this research show that the genetic differentiation of species in an intricate landscape as the Andes does not necessarily show a unique trend. Although allopatric speciation is the most common form of speciation, I found evidence of sympatric speciation and hybridization. These results show that the processes of speciation in the Andes have followed several pathways. The mixture of these processes contributes to the high biodiversity of the region
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Sutter, Richard C. "Dental variation and biocultural affinities among prehistoric populations from the coastal valleys of Moquegua, Peru, and Azapa, Chile /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841338.
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Mendisco, Fanny. "Apports de la paléogénétique à l'histoire du peuplement précolombien des Andes méridionales (Vème – XVème siècles)." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1542/.
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Le principal objectif de ce travail de thèse était de reconstruire la dynamique de peuplement des Andes méridionales grâce à une étude diachronique (entre le Ve et le XVe siècle) de groupes anciens issus de différents étages écologiques de la région (hauts-plateaux, vallées tempérées et piedmont andin). Pour appréhender cette problématique, nous avons étudié directement les populations anciennes grâce à l'ADN ancien. Des analyses génétiques ont été menées sur des échantillons correspondant à 103 individus anciens. Pour cela, une approche originale, combinant l'étude de différents marqueurs génétiques à l'aide de méthodes classiques et innovante, a été mise en place. Nous avons pu démontrer que si d'un point de vue biologique une certaine unité se dégage de l'ensemble de la région, laissant supposer une origine commune, d'un point de vue culturel, des disparités sont évidentes, notamment au niveau des pratiques funéraires. La comparaison de ces résultats avec les données génétiques contemporaines démontre que les habitants des Andes méridionales semblent former une entité homogène légèrement différenciée du reste du complexe andin. Il est donc possible que l'influence des grandes civilisations n'ait été qu'indirecte dans cette région méridionale. Seul l'empire Inca a eu un impact significatif sur le pool génétique des populations autochtones. De manière générale, la structure génétique actuelle de l'ensemble des populations de l'aire andine ne semble pas être le résultat de la colonisation initiale, mais plutôt le résultat d'un renouvellement, débuté avec l'expansion Inca et accentué par la colonisation européenneThe main goal of this thesis was to reconstruct the peopling of the southern Andes, thanks to a diachronic study (between the 5 and 15 centuries AD) of ancient groups from different subareas of the region (highlands, upper valleys and Andean foothills). To address this issue, we chose to directly study ancient populations thanks to ancient DNA. Genetic analyses were carried out on biological samples from 103 ancient individuals. An original approach, combining the study of various genetic markers using conventional and innovative, was established. On the one hand, the analyses revealed that all the studied populations are genetically homogeneous, suggesting a common origin. On the other hand, from a cultural point of view, disparities are evident, in particular in terms of burial practices. The comparison of these results with the available contemporary data demonstrates that the inhabitants of the southern Andes seem to form a homogeneous entity slightly differentiated from the rest of the Andean complex. It is possible that the influence of the Andean civilizations was only indirect in this southern region. Only the Inca Empire had a significant impact on the gene pool of the autochthonous populations. In a general way, the genetic structure of all the current populations of the Andean area does not seem to be the result of the initial colonization. It rather seems to be the result of a replacement of population, which began with the Inca expansion and which was increased by the European colonization
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Behrendt, Christoph [Verfasser], Astrid [Akademischer Betreuer] Petersmann, Astrid [Gutachter] Petersmann, and Anders [Gutachter] Kallner. "Die Ermittlung von Referenzintervallen für das enzymatische Kreatinin und die geschätzte glomeruläre Filtrationsrate basierend auf einer großen dänischen Population / Christoph Behrendt ; Gutachter: Astrid Petersmann, Anders Kallner ; Betreuer: Astrid Petersmann." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1185069763/34.
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Behrendt, Christoph [Verfasser], Astrid Akademischer Betreuer] Petersmann, Astrid [Gutachter] Petersmann, and Anders [Gutachter] [Kallner. "Die Ermittlung von Referenzintervallen für das enzymatische Kreatinin und die geschätzte glomeruläre Filtrationsrate basierend auf einer großen dänischen Population / Christoph Behrendt ; Gutachter: Astrid Petersmann, Anders Kallner ; Betreuer: Astrid Petersmann." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1185069763/34.
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Behrendt, Christoph [Verfasser], Astrid [Akademischer Betreuer] Petersmann, Astrid Gutachter] Petersmann, and Anders [Gutachter] [Kallner. "Die Ermittlung von Referenzintervallen für das enzymatische Kreatinin und die geschätzte glomeruläre Filtrationsrate basierend auf einer großen dänischen Population / Christoph Behrendt ; Gutachter: Astrid Petersmann, Anders Kallner ; Betreuer: Astrid Petersmann." Greifswald : Universität Greifswald, 2019. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:9-opus-26026.
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Charbonneau, Marion. "Gestion des ressources et peuplement des espaces pastoraux au défi de la modernité : le cas des pasteurs de la puna péruvienne." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00457546.
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Dans les Andes, des sociétés pastorales spécialisées dans l'élevage multi-espèces d'alpagas, de lamas, d'ovins et de bovins occupent la puna, étage situé au-dessus de 4300 mètres d'altitude, où les contraintes bioclimatiques interdisent toute culture. La production de fibre d'alpaga destinée au marché international constitue la principale ressource de populations peu denses, dispersées auprès de leurs troupeaux. L'obligation de circuler s'impose à tous, pour accéder aux ressources fourragères comme pour échanger les produits ou acquérir des denrées alimentaires. Ces sociétés, en pleine transition démographique et exposées au réchauffement climatique, se trouvent aujourd'hui confrontées à une raréfaction des ressources disponibles par personne alors qu'en parallèle un désenclavement progressif favorise la diffusion de la modernité. Adopter des pratiques optimisant les systèmes d'élevage sans mettre en péril les ressources et concilier les impératifs pastoraux de dispersion avec les nécessités de densification et de regroupement dans les centres constituent les principaux dilemmes qu'elles doivent affronter. Cette thèse étudie donc les conditions de la flexibilité des sociétés pastorales, c'est-à-dire leur capacité à répondre à ces nouvelles tensions. Les données, issues d'une longue enquête de terrain dans le sud du Pérou, sont adossées au concept de système de peuplement. Il intègre dans une même interprétation systémique l'étude des modalités d'utilisation des ressources, celle des relations sociales, les conditions de mobilité et celles de résidence. La mise en lumière de ses ressorts dévoile d'une part que de nouvelles pratiques d'élevage optimisantes, issues de modèles de développement importés ou de l'inventivité des groupes locaux sont adoptées. La création de nouveaux réseaux de collaboration favorise, d'autre part, les économies d'échelle et permet, par une multirésidentialité et une multiplication des déplacements basés sur un éclatement familial, d'accéder à de nouvelles ressources. L'étude comparative que l'on conduit souligne la diversité des formes de flexibilité. Elle met en évidence l'augmentation des possibles techniques et analyse les facteurs conduisant les pasteurs à n'employer que telle ou telle partie de la panoplie.
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Jalal, Barwa, and Bawar Ahmed. "Att vandra mellan två kulturella världar : En kvalitativ studie om andra generationens invandrares etniska identitet." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Socialt arbete, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-37665.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate and gain an understanding of the second-generation immigrant's ethnic identity. To carry out our survey, we used the qualitative approach, more specifically interrogations. In total, 6 people were interviewed between the ages of 18–29 years. All participants were born and raised in Sweden with one or both of the parents born abroad. The theoretical basis of the essay is socialbehaviorism and social constructivism. Previous research, also our results show that the mother tongue, parents, residential area and social circle are recurring aspects that are important for the design of the ethnic identity. Our result, unlike previous research, shows that the appearance is also an important factor for the design of the ethnic identity. Our conclusion is that there is an ambivalence and rootlessness among the respondents, which is due to the lack of being part of a larger whole.Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka och få en förståelse för andra generationens invandrares etniska identitet. För att genomföra vår undersökning använde vi oss av den kvalitativa ansatsen, närmare bestämt interjuver. Sammanlagd intervjuades 6 personer i åldrarna 18–29 år. Samtliga deltagare var födda och uppväxta i Sverige med en eller både föräldrarna födda utomlands. Uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkter är socialbehaviorismen och socialkonstruktionivsmen. Tidigare forskning och även vårt resultat visar att modersmålet, föräldrarna, bostadsområde och umgängeskrets är återkommande aspekter som har betydelse för konstruerandet av den etniska identiteten. Vårt resultat till skillnad från tidigare forskning visar att även utseendet är en viktig faktor för skapandet av den etniska identiteten. Vår slutsats är att det finns en ambivalens och rotlöshet hos respondenterna som beror på avsaknaden av att vara en del av en större helhet.
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Martin, Ceydric. "Complexe migratoire et distribution spatiale de population dans le Sud bolivien Enquêtes en milieux rural et urbain dans le département du Tarija." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00492517.
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Monasterio, Sarmiento Maximina. "Recherches écologiques sur les Espeletia du Paramo désertique des Hautes Andes tropicales du Venezuela." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066320.
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On étudie les caractéristiques morphologiques individuelles : une rosette de feuilles épaisses à l'extrémité d'un tronc que protège la litière des feuilles mortes depuis la formation de la plante, c'est à dire plus de 150 ans chez les plus âgées. On analyse ensuite les caractéristiques démographiques de la population, sa répartition par classes d’âge, son taux de renouvellement, sa production biologique.
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Mokhtar, Rana Redha. "Vitamin D status, growth, and pneumonia in a pediatric Andean population." Thesis, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/16742.
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Vitamin D is known to benefit skeletal bone health and prevent rickets in children. Limited evidence exists to support a role of vitamin D in linear growth and stunting, especially in children at high risk for growth faltering, e.g. undernourished low socio-economic status children <5 years. Also, it is unclear if the immunomodulatory benefits of vitamin D impact childhood pneumonia. It is critical to determine whether vitamin D ameliorates stunting and pneumonia, as these conditions are responsible for a high burden of child mortality and morbidity.
A secondary analysis of two studies in Ecuador was undertaken to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and the effect of vitamin D status on growth (height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) z-scores) (n=516) and illness duration in children hospitalized for severe pneumonia (n=348). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations of children who participated in a community-based trial (ages 6-36 months) and hospital-based trial (ages 2-59 months) were determined at baseline.
Overall, 18.6% of children had serum 25(OH)D levels <17 ng/ml (n=516), 62.2% were stunted (HAZ≤-2), and 65.5% were underweight (WAZ≤-1). Children with 25(OH)D concentrations <17 ng/ml had a higher risk of stunting (HAZ≤-2) than those with concentrations ≥17 ng/ml (ORadj: 2.8; 95%CI: 1.6, 4.7) in logistic regression models. Underweight (WAZ≤-1) children were twice as likely to have 25(OH)D concentrations <17 ng/ml than normal weight children (WAZ>-1) (ORadj: 2.0; 95%CI: 1.2,3.3).
Vitamin D deficiency (≤20 ng/ml) did not affect pneumonia duration among hospitalized children in Cox proportional hazard models (HRadj: 1.2; 95% CI: 0.93,1.5). Younger children (2-12 months), underweight children (WAZ≤-2), and children with higher respiratory rates had a longer duration of illness (HRadj: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.43,0.86; HRadj: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.59,1.0; HRadj: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96,0.99, respectively).
Underweight Ecuadorian children are at increased risk for lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Low vitamin D status is associated with stunting among undernourished children but not with the duration of pneumonia illness. This indicates that vitamin D may be a modifiable risk factor for stunting, which, if validated in further research, can potentially impart beneficial effects on growth among stunted children in resource limited settings.2020-06-30T00:00:00Z
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IBARGUCHI, GABRIELA. "BIOGEOGRAPHY AND DIVERSIFICATION OF THE ANDEAN SEEDSNIPES (Thinocoridae): AN ANTARCTIC AVIAN LINEAGE ?" Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/6653.
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South America and the Andes harbour a rich biodiversity. High levels of in-situ speciation, survival of relict lineages into modern times, and mixing of biotas (Gondwanian and North American), have been demonstrated to contribute to the extant biodiversity. Here I examined the four species in the shorebird family Thinocoridae (seedsnipes) as a test case of complementary hypotheses about the origins of this diversity: 1) that some lineages arose from cold-adapted Antarctic ancestors (post-Gondwana), and 2) that the Andes have promoted diversification through vicariance and via the creation of novel alpine niches.
First, I reviewed the tectonic and environmental history of the Andes, and the major biogeographic patterns in South America. Second, I reviewed Antarctic and Southern Hemisphere paleoenvironments, putative refugia, colonisation routes, molecular and biogeographic studies, and found strong evidence supporting the role of Antarctica as a source of global cold-hardy biodiversity. Third, I developed universal protocols to purify mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Using these methods, I uncovered nuclear pseudogenes, true mtDNA heteroplasmy, and possible hybridisation between seedsnipe lineages. Fourth, I investigated geographic patterns in seedsnipe morphology in four species. I also investigated the relationships of ecogeographic variables related to cold on morphology. I found strong and significant regional differences particularly in the smaller Thinocorus species, including an effect of the high Central Andes. Altitude, latitude, and wind (the effect of cold) have shaped seedsnipe morphology; Thinocoridae as a group generally support Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules. Fifth, based on phylogeographic and phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA and hemoglobin sequences, a putative southern origin for seedsnipes was supported, and an early origin in alpine habitats is suggested. Sixth, I compared data on Andean uplift and glaciation in South America, and found concordance between seedsnipe diversity, known areas of endemism in other taxa, and paleoenvironmental history. Finally, I briefly examined molecular evolution in hemoglobins and mtDNA and found preliminary evidence of adaptations to high altitude (hemoglobins) and to cold (mtDNA and hemoglobins). In summary, an Antarctic ancestor for seedsnipes, pre-adapted for life in the Andes, is supported. Antarctica may have contributed a great proportion of cold-hardy biodiversity to the South and globally.Thesis (Ph.D, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2011-08-17 23:30:31.324
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Hendrickson, Sher L. "Natural history, population decline and mitochondrial gentics of cathartids (aves: ciconiiformes) with special focus on the Andean condor (vultur gryphus)." 2003. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Kopmann, Andreas [Verfasser]. "Diskrete Wachstumsmodi in synchroner kontinuierlicher Kultur von Mikroorganismen : Erweiterung eines Populations- und Zellzyklusmodelles / von Andreas Kopmann." 2000. http://d-nb.info/961252723/34.
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Meyers, Julia Luba. "The relationship between proximal long bone shape and activity among four hunter-gatherer populations." Thesis, 2017. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/8460.
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There is an understanding among biological anthropologists that long bone epiphyseal shape is highly regulated by genetic and biomechanical factors. Conversely, long bone diaphyseal geometry and robusticity have been shown to respond to activity in life. The current study examined the assumption of epiphyseal consistency by exploring the relationship between a well established bony response to activity (Cross-Sectional Geometry) and shape change among the proximal humerus and femur. Long bone samples were taken from four hunter-gatherer populations: the Andaman Islanders, the Indian Knoll, Point Hope Alaskans, and the Sadlermiut. Shape was measured through landmark configurations placed on the proximal end of a total of 91 humeri and 84 femora. Cross-sectional Geometry measures (J) were taken from each specimen, as well. Principal Component Analyses were conducted on the landmark shape data to determine where the shape variation was occurring among the sample. These Principal Components were then compared via Bivariate Regression to the J values taken from the diaphysis.
Significant relationships occurred between the development of the lesser tubercle and an increase in J among the humerus sample. Significant relationships were also found among the femur sample; as when J increased the proximal epiphyses were more likely to be more gracile, and the space between the femoral head and the greater trochanter increased. The humerus results indicated a more robust proximal epiphysis in groups with activities that rely heavily on the upper body, such as rowing, swimming, and harpooning. The femur results were more complex, as the relationship between activity and proximal shape is likely heavily influenced by a genetically predetermined body shape. These results indicated that there is a relationship between activity and proximal epiphyseal shape, but that it, like all relationships, is complex, and comprised of multiple factors. Ultimately, proximal long bone shape is the result of multiple influences including, activity, genetics, population adaptation, health, and many more. Future research should focus on determining if the relationship between activity and shape exists among other populations, and when and where it begins during growth and development.Graduate
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Daims, Holger [Verfasser]. "Population structure and functional analyses by in situ techniques of nitrifying bacteria in wastewater treatment plants / Holger Daims." 2001. http://d-nb.info/963771582/34.
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Kodejš, Karel. "Populační genetika a speciační mechanizmy u řasníků rodu Stylops (Strepsiptera)." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-368067.
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This thesis is focused to population genetics of selected species of genus Stylops in Europe. Within this genus, five species was analysed by usage of two approaches - microsatellite analysis in Stylops ater and analysis of mitochondrial DNA in all five species. Mitochondrial gene for cytochome c oxidase (1st subunit) was used. For microsatellite analysis was performed bayesian clustering analysis and ABC approach (Aproximate Bayesian Computation). Mitochondrial markers were processed by making haplotype networks and demography analysis by computing Bayesian skyline plots. For Stylops ater, surprisingly low lewel of population subdivision was detected, yet with clearly differentiated population clusters from Scandinavia and baltic coast of Europe, which may imply period of isolation of these populations or relativelly recent population expansion and genetic differentiation due to lower population sizes. Next, hypotesis of possible temporal segregation of subpopulations of Stylops nevinsoni based on different aktivity period of their host species groups, was supported. In other three species, population subdivision was observed to be related either due to host specialisation (Stylops mellitae) or geographic consequences (S.nassonowi, S.spreta). Interesting finding is also detection of population...