Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Androcentrisme'

L’androcentrisme, construction sociale et sociétale de nombreuses sociétés humaines à travers le temps et le monde, a conduit à la définition historique des rôles sociaux des femmes et des hommes tout en promouvant les actions et activités de ces derniers au détriment des premières. Le manque de visibilité s’applique à ce qu’elles ont pu ou peuvent réaliser pour une plus grande résilience des sociétés face aux difficultés et défis, passés, présents et à venir. La notion de résilience, utilisée dans les médias et dans différents domaines scientifiques, est définie ici comme processus dynamique regroupant la succession, si nécessaire et si adoptée, de trois temps : le maintien, l’adaptation avec des ajustements et la transformation. La résilience des sociétés humaines est un processus intégrant des interactions multiples avec l’environnement et le temps. La modélisation des expériences de vie de femmes dévoile des éléments spécifiques pour la réussite des transformations de vie. Ainsi, l’existence d’une quête de projet de vie amène à une détermination à poursuivre injustice ou difficulté ressenties. Une autre similarité est l’existence d’un élément déclencheur découlant d’une intervention pour la poursuite de la transformation de vie. Ces similitudes et différences sont intégrées dans une analyse comparative. Du fait de l’androcentrisme historique, les actions des femmes pour améliorer leur résilience, celle de leurs proches, et de leurs sociétés manquent toujours de visibilité. Ce rapport propose des pistes de recherches afin que ces actions soient mieux observées, voire, répliquer plus globalement
Androcentrism, a social and societal construct of many human societies throughout time and the world, has led to the historical definition of the social roles of women and men while promoting the actions and activities of the latter at the expense of the former. The lack of visibility also applies to what they have been able to achieve or can achieve for a greater resilience of human societies in the face of difficulties and challenges, past, present and future. The notion of resilience, used in the media and in different scientific fields, is defined here as a dynamic process involving the succession, if necessary and if adopted, of three phases: maintenance or conservation, adaptation with minor adjustments, and transformation. The resilience of human societies is a process integrating multiple interactions with the environment and time. The modeling of women's life experiences reveals specific elements for a successful transformation of their lives. Thus, the existence of a quest for a life project and a determination to pursue it in the face of perceived injustice or difficulty. Another similarity is the existence of a trigger resulting from an intervention to pursue the life transformation. These similarities and differences are integrated into a comparative analysis. Due to historical androcentrism, women's actions to improve their own resilience, that of their loved ones, and their societies, still lack visibility. This report proposes avenues paths for future research to better observe or even replicate these actions more globally

Judith Butler’s writings on gender ostensibly changed the way gender is considered with regard to an individual’s subjectivity. Her writings expressed a discursive parameter that changed the theoretical standpoint of gender from that of performance, to that of performativity. In short, the notion of gender became understood as a power mechanism operating within society that compels individuals along the heteronormal binary tracts of male or female, man or woman. Within the strata of popular culture, this binarism is seemingly ritualized and repeated, incessantly. This treatise examines how rock music, as a popular and widespread mode of popular music, exemplifies gender binarism through a notable ndrocentrism. The research will examine how gender performativity operates within the taxonomy of rock music, and how the message communicated by rock music becomes translated into a listener’s subjectivity.

[EN] From ancient civilizations has been built a patriarchal system based on an imbalance between the domain of the masculine over the feminine. From Aristotle who settled view as the perfect masculine and feminine as its imperfect version, adopted this idea until the enlightenment. From this moment spent imperfect woman to womb women, and female biology becomes the engine of all «evil». In this long journey of education and cultural assimilation of the inequality in the 19th century, is based on the advances scientists and this differentiation becomes an open misogyny. In art this misogyny is transformed into the representation of unconscious women, crucified and killed. This representation of selflessness through death becomes the representation explicit violence against women, establishing a kind of cult to the sexual murderers. Artists depict murdered and raped women where attacks have a patent sexual anger. But as the second law of Newton every action has its opposite and opposite reaction and women artists recover her body, using it to reverse the phallocentric discourse.
[ES] Desde las civilizaciones antiguas se ha construido un sistema patriarcal basándose en un desequilibrio entre el dominio de lo masculino sobre lo femenino. Desde Aristóteles que asentó la visión de lo masculino como lo perfecto y lo femenino como su versión imperfecta, se adoptó esta idea hasta la Ilustración. A partir de este momento se pasó de la mujer imperfecta a la mujer útero, y la biología femenina se convierte en el motor de todos los «males». En este largo camino de educación e interiorización cultural de la desigualdad, a partir del siglo XIX, se fundamenta en los avances científicos y ésta diferenciación se convierte en una misoginia abierta. En el arte esta misoginia se transforma en la representación de mujeres inconscientes, crucificadas y muertas. Esta representación de abnegación a través de la muerte se convierte en la representación la violencia explícita hacia las mujeres, estableciéndose una especie de culto a los asesinos sexuales. Los artistas representan mujeres asesinadas y violadas donde los ataques tienen una patente ira sexual. Pero como reza la segunda Ley de Newton toda acción tiene su reacción contraria y opuesta y las mujeres artistas recobran su cuerpo utilizándolo para invertir el discurso falocéntrico.
[CAT] Des de les civilitzacions antigues s'ha construït un sistema patriarcal basant-se en un desequilibri entre el domini de lo masculí sobre lo femení. Des d'Aristòtil que va assentar la visió de lo masculí com lo perfecte i lo femení com la seua versió imperfecta, es va adoptar aquesta idea fins a la Il¿lustració. A partir d'aquest moment es va passar de la dona imperfecta a la dona úter, i la biologia femenina es converteix en el motor de tots els «mals». En aquest llarg camí d'educació i interiorització cultural de la desigualtat, a partir del segle XIX, es fonamenta en els avanços científics i aquesta diferenciació es converteix en una misogínia oberta. En l'art aquesta misogínia es transforma en la representació de dones inconscients, creuxificades i mortes. Aquesta representació d'abnegació a través de la mort es converteix en la representació la violència explícita cap a les dones, establint-se una espècie de culte als assassins sexuals. Els artistes representen dones assassinades i violades on els atacs tenen una palesa ira sexual. Però com resa la segona Llei de Newton tota acció té la seua reacció contrària i oposada i les dones artistes recobren el seu cos utilitzant-ho per a invertir el discurs falocéntric.
Lenaers Cases, S. (2016). Dominación androcentrista y encierro en el arte contemporáneo [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61953
TESIS

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This research is inserted in the line of research New technologies in the education of the program of Post-Graduation in Education: Curriculum, of the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo. Since the 1980s, women have advanced quantitatively in academia and the labor market. However, in the courses and professions of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics ( STEM) the female presence does not exceed twenty percent. This research aims to reflect on the causes of this gender inequity. This research started with the question: What are the causes of gender inequity in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), according to the activists' view of women's inclusion in technology development? It was based on an author-based framework with approaches on the role of gender as an element of analysis of interpersonal relationships such as Scott and Colling. The authors Boix and Natansohn were fundamental for the reflection on gender and technology. Other authors have contributed to the approach of gender relations in basic education such as Auad, Moreno and Lins Machado e Escoura, who analyze the role of education in the construction of a culture in basic education that establishes hierarchies and barriers in gender relations. Vieira-Pinto discusses the use of technology as an instrument of power and Paulo Freire points to the issue of education as an instrument of empowerment in a perspective of deconstructing injustices in gender relations. The methodological trajectory followed the qualitative approach of an interpretative nature. To answer the problem question of this research were conducted interviews with teachers of educational institutions of various STEM courses involved in the Digital Girls Program, an organization that develops training actions, aiming to bring girls closer to the context of computer programming and the STEM area. Research on the interrelationships between gender, technology and curriculum made it possible to identify, among the coincidences of the limitations to the participation of girls as technology developers, patterns of behavior present in the narratives of the research subjects. These patterns were categorized into concrete expressions of gender relations: sexism, misogyny, stereotypes, and gender expectations. A relation was established about the presence in the hidden curriculum of the basic education of a learning of the separation, through daily situations that reproduce the categorized expressions. We conclude through the data collected cultural aspects of gender relations as conditioners of the non-academic and professional choice of women in the area of technology. We point out the need for consideration by public and social policies, as well as the formative processes of educators, the reflection of gender relations in the basic education curriculum
Esta pesquisa se insere na linha de pesquisa Novas tecnologias na educação do programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação:Currículo, da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. A partir da década de 1980, as mulheres avançaram quantitativamente nos espaços acadêmicos e no mercado de trabalho. No entanto, nos cursos e profissões da área de Ciências, Tecnologia, Engenharia e Matemática (CTEM ou STEM) a presença feminina não ultrapassa vinte por cento. Esta pesquisa objetiva refletir sobre as causas dessa iniquidade de gênero. Esta pesquisa partiu da questão: Quais são as causas da iniquidade de gênero na área de Ciências, Tecnologia, Engenharia e Matemática (CTEM ou STEM), segundo o olhar de ativistas pela inclusão feminina no desenvolvimento de tecnologia? Foi fundamentada em um referencial baseado em autores com abordagens sobre o papel do gênero como elemento de análise das relações interpessoais como Scott e Colling. As autoras Boix e Natansohn foram fundamentais para a reflexão sobre gênero e tecnologia. Outros autores contribuíram na abordagem das relações de gênero na educação básica como Auad, Moreno e Lins Machado e Escoura, que analisam o papel da educação na construção de uma cultura na educação básica que estabelece hierarquias e barreiras nas relações de gênero. Já Vieira-Pinto aborda a questão do uso da tecnologia como instrumento de poder e Paulo Freire aponta a questão da educação como instrumento de empoderamento em uma perspectiva de desconstrução de injustiças nas relações de gênero. A trajetória metodológica seguiu a abordagem qualitativa de natureza interpretativa. Para responder a questão problema desta pesquisa foram realizadas entrevistas com docentes de instituições de ensino de diversos cursos da área de STEM envolvidos no Programa Meninas Digitais, organização que desenvolve ações formativas, objetivando aproximar meninas do contexto da programação de computadores e da área de STEM. A investigação sobre as inter-relações entre gênero, tecnologia e currículo possibilitou identificar, entre as casualidades das limitações à participação de meninas como desenvolvedoras de tecnologia, padrões de comportamento presentes nas narrativas dos sujeitos da pesquisa. Estes padrões foram categorizados em expressões concretas de relações de gênero: sexismo, misoginia, estereótipos e expectativas de gênero. Foi estabelecida uma relação sobre a presença no currículo oculto da educação básica de um aprendizado da separação, através de situações cotidianas que reproduzem as expressões categorizadas. Concluímos através dos dados colhidos aspectos culturais das relações de gênero como condicionantes da não escolha acadêmica e profissional pelas mulheres pela área de tecnologia. Apontamos a necessidade da consideração pelas políticas públicas e sociais, bem como os processos formativos de educadores a reflexão das relações de gênero no currículo da educação básica

Esta dissertação trata das relações de poder que marcam a produção científica ocidental moderna a partir da abordagem dos estudos sobre Gênero e Ciência da feminista historiadora da ciência estadunidense Donna Haraway. Esta autora propõe a concepção de toda a produção de conhecimento como pratica política, assumindo a perspectiva parcial como fundamento para uma ciência objetiva e apontando a perspectiva de objetividade calcada na ideia de imparcialidade como produtora de um tipo de saber que historicamente serviu como instrumento de dominação: o conhecimento que se propõe como universal. Em sua narrativa, o androcentrismo, o etnocentrismo, o racismo e as divisões de classe operam na conformação e nas transformações desta ciência a partir da construção de um sujeito privilegiado do conhecimento, o cientista, figura constituída a imagem e semelhança do homem branco ocidental independente. Meu recorte de sua obra são as reformulações dessas relações ao longo da historia da ciência ocidental moderna observadas por ela na emergência e nas produções de um conjunto especifico de disciplinas do campo das ciências naturais biológicas, fortemente marcadas pelas teorias e tecnologias da informação e da comunicação produzidas no campo da cibernética. Na construção de um discurso critico sobre os saberes / poderes hegemônicos, Haraway traz para a cena da ciência figuras monstruosas, entre elas o ciborgue, tanto como meio de revelar categorias culturais atuando na produção do conhecimento como para materializar novos significados para natureza, os corpos e as relações de diferença. Em conexão com esses monstros, refigurados em suas narrativas, a autora defende uma relação de conexão, e não de divisão, entre sujeito e objeto do saber.
This dissertation abords the power relations that mark the modern occidental scientific production from the point of view of the Gender and Science studies of the north-american feminist and historian of science Donna Haraway. The author proposes a conception of all the knowledge production as a political practice, assuming a partial perspective as a fundament to an objective science and pointing the objectivity perspective based on the idea of impartiality as a producer of a type of knowledge that historically served as an instrument of domination: the knowledge that proposes itself as universal. In her narrative, the androcentrism, ethnocentrism, racism and the class divisions operate on the conformation and the transformations of this science from the construction of a knowledge privileged persona, the scientist, character developed from the image and similarity of an independent western white man. My extract of the book is the reformulations of these relationships along with the modern western science observed by the author in the emerging and in the productions of a specific group of disciplines in the field of biological natural science, which were strongly marked by the theory and technology of information and communication produced in the cybernetic science. In the construction of a critic discussion about the hegemonic nowerpowers, Haraway brings monstrous characters to light, among them a cyborg, as much as a way to revel cultural categories acting in the knowledge production as to materialize new meanings to the nature, bodies and the differences relationships. Compromised with these monsters, human figures and non-human redefined in her narratives, the author defends a relationship of connection, and not of division, between the subject and the object of knowledge.

palamansa@um.es;
Introducción La A/MGF,está considerada internacionalmente como un atentado contra los derechos humanos y un acto de violencia contra las mujeres y las niñas. Además, jerarquiza y perpetúa las relaciones en clave de desigualdad y niega el derecho a la integridad física y psicosexual de estas mujeres y niñas. Según datos de UNICEF, afecta a una población mundial aproximada de 120 millones de mujeres y niñas. Y aunque se realiza principalmente en 29 países del África subsahariana, así como en Yemen, Irak, Malasia, Indonesia y en ciertos grupos étnicos de América del Sur; los flujos migratorios actuales, hacen que se den casos en todo el mundo industrializado. Objetivo Analizar las perspectivas masculinas sobre la A/MGF con el fin de comprender sus argumentaciones e iniciar el desarrollo de intervenciones enfermeras para su erradicación. Método Se utiliza una metodología cualitativa enfocada a través de la etnometodología, que supone la base principal de la etnoenfermería de M. Leininger. Los instrumentos utilizados son: análisis documental, conversaciones informales, y entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales y grupales. La muestra final es de 25 hombres que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, entre los que se incluyen participantes a favor y en contra de la A/MGF. La muestra se obtuvo mediante un triple muestreo intencionado y posteriormente, en bola de nieve. La información fue grabada, transcrita y analizada con Atlas. Ti 7. El proceso de categorización y codificación siguió una doble lógica, en primera instancia se aplicaron una serie de códigos pre-análisis, para posteriormente ser completados con el resto de códigos que fueron emanando del análisis de las conversaciones. En todo momento, se respetó el anonimato de los participantes y se aplicaron las medidas éticas correspondientes. Resultados Los participantes describen las justificaciones que ellos mismos y su comunidad le otorgan a la A/MGF. Estas argumentaciones son llamadas factores, y conforman un sistema de cuidados tradicional. De entre estos factores destacan, los sexuales y religioso-espirituales, aunque la A/MGF también se muestra amparada por justificaciones de índole higiénico-estética, relacionadas con la salud, socio-culturales y económicas. Además se ha creado un prototipo de reorientación de la A/MGF, en el que se señalan una serie de claves para la abolición, además de una tabla comparativa como herramienta de desmitificación. Finalmente, se presenta un modelo conceptual para el estudio de los factores de perpetuación de la A/MGF, mediante la adaptación del Modelo del Sol Naciente de Leininger. En él, se esquematizan los conceptos de persona, entorno, salud y acciones de enfermería, para modificar el entendimiento de esta práctica como un cuidado cultural. Conclusiones Proporciona una perspectiva masculina sobre la A/MGF esencial para su erradicación, dado que los hombres juegan un papel importante en el mantenimiento de la práctica. Los factores sexuales y los religioso-espirituales cobran un mayor peso en las justificaciones. Estos factores suelen estar enfocados a concepciones androcéntricas, jugando un papel primordial en el mantenimiento de la poligamia. La adaptación del Modelo del Sol Naciente a los factores de perpetuación de la práctica facilita la compresión de la estructura interrelacionada de los mismos, y plasma la forma de actuación de Enfermería, mediante la sensibilización en factores obstaculizadores y en el desmontaje de las falsas premisas que rodean la justificación de la A/MGF.
Nursing and Culture: the Role of Androcentricity in Ablation/Female Genital Mutilation Introduction Ablation/Female Genital Mutilation (A/FGM) is considered internationally as a violation of human rights and an act of violence against women and girls. What is more, it creates a hierarchy and perpetuates unequal relationships which deprive these women and girls of their right to physical and pyschosocial integrity. According to data from UNICEF, it affects a population around the world of approximately 120 million women and girls. Although it is mainly carried out in 29 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as Yemen, Irak, Malasia, Indonesia and in certain ethnic groups in South America; current migratory flows mean that cases are occurring all over the industrialized world. Objective To analyse male perspectives on FGM in order to understand their points of view and to start to develop nursing interventions which could lead to its eradication. Method A qualitative methodology has been used focusing on ethnomethodology, following M. Leininger's basic ethnonursing research methods. The following instruments were used: a document analysis, informal conversations, and semi-structured interviews of individuals and groups. The sample consisted of 25 men who met the inclusion criteria and included those that were either in favor or against FGM. In order to obtain the sample, intentional sampling was used, followed by snowballing sampling. The information was recorded, transcribed and analysed using Atlas. Ti 7. The categorization and coding process was carried out in two stages, firstly by applying a series of pre-analysis codes, and afterwards, completing these using the rest of the codes that came out of the conversation analysis. At all times the anonymity of the participants was respected and the appropriate ethical measures were applied. Results The participants reported the reasons why they and their communities give their consent to FGM. These arguments are called factors and make up a system of traditional healthcare. Among these factors we should highlight the sexual and religious/spiritual ones, although FGM is also defended by hygienic or esthetic-type arguments, related to health, sociocultural and economic factors. In addition, a prototype for changing FGM has been created suggesting a series of steps for its abolition, as well as a comparative table as a demystification tool. Finally, a conceptual model has been presented for studying the factors that perpetuate FGM, by adapting Leininger's Sunrise Model. In this model, the concepts of person, setting and nursing actions have been outlined, in order to modify the understanding of this practice as a cultural aspect of healthcare. Conclusions This study provides a male perspective on FGM which is essential for its eradication given that men play a vital role in keeping this practice alive. Sexual and religious/spiritual factors have a greater influence on the reasons given. These factors are usually focused on androcentric concepts that play a fundamental role in maintaining polygamy. Adapting the Sunrise Model to the factors perpetuating this practice makes it easier to understand the interrelated structure of these factors and to express the actions carried out by the nursing sector. By doing this we can raise awareness about the limitations of these factors and dismantle the false assumptions surrounding the reasons behind FGM.

Denna uppsats belyser könsstrukturer på universitetsfältet, med syfte att undersöka om och varför detspråkliga begreppet forskare tillskrivs manligt kön av studenter som läser forskningsreferat i kurslitteraturen.Metoden som använts är experimentell och består av en könsneutral provtext, där en refererad forskare enbartnämns vid efternamnet Björk, och ett frågeformulär där 92 studenter har fått tillskriva denna forskare ett kön.Resultatet visar att 71 procent av de studenter som besvarat frågan tror att den refererade forskaren är enman. Det finns även en tendens till att de äldre studenterna har en större benägenhet att tillskriva forskarenmanligt kön än vad de yngre studenterna har.

Resultatet har utifrån Simone de Beauvoir tolkats som att kvinnan fortfarande betraktas som det Andra iförhållande till mannen, som utgör normen inom akademien. Att begreppet forskare tillskrivs ett visst könhar, utifrån Pierre Bourdieu, tolkats som att studenterna besvarat frågan utifrån föreställningar som finnsinternaliserade i deras habitus, som i sin tur står under stark påverkan från de inre strukturer påuniversitetsfältet som framhäver mannen som det dominerande könet.

This bachelor thesis examines gender structures in the university field. The aim is to study whether, and if sowhy, students attribute male gender to a researcher referred to in the course literature. The researcher is onlymentioned by the last name Björk, in order to be regarded as gender neutral.

An experimental method was used to test the hypothesis that the conception of “researcher” is male-biased. A gender neutral sample text and a survey were handed out to 92 university students. Therespondents were asked to attribute gender to the researcher Björk. The results confirmed the hypothesis andshowed that 71 percent of the students attributed male gender to the researcher. There was also a tendencythat the older students attributed male gender more often than the younger students did.

The analysis of the results shows that male gender is viewed as normative in the academy. Thisinterpretation is based on Simone de Beauvoir's theory about women as the Other in relation to men. Thegender specific attribution to a researcher is interpreted, in the words of Pierre Bourdieu, as internalizedconceptions in the student's habitus. The students answer the question about Björk's gender according to theirhabitus, which is based on the internal structures of the university field, where the male gender is seen as thedominant sex.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito.
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O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido valendo-se da metodologia de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, contando com dados coletados junto ao Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e a grupos informais, pessoas e organizações não-governamentais que trabalham com o tema do homoerotismo em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Partindo da contribuição teórica trazida pela epistemologia feminista, tomamos como marco teórico principal a formulação de Michel Foucault - sobre os saberes, a busca da verdade em torno da sexualidade humana, e o exercício de poder e controle sociais aí implicados - bem como a metodologia proposta por Alda Facio para análise do fenômeno jurídico. Procuramos desvendar, a partir daí, nos marcos da filosofia do direito, os reflexos produzidos pela postura androcêntrica sobre a ciência jurídica, que historicamente conduziram à segregação não apenas das mulheres como sujeitos de direito, mas excluíram a expressão homoerótica da esfera protetiva que o moderno estado de direito propôs. Destacamos, para tanto, o questionamento que a jurisprudência obtida no Rio Grande do Sul atualmente tem provocado a esta impostura excludente, à luz do princípio de igualdade, bem como a mobilização social que tem sido catalisadora deste processo de renovação, também em nível legislativo.

Mitt syfte är att analysera hur ett urval läroböcker behandlar genus i avsnitten om judendomen jämfört med avsnitten om kristendomen, i både text och bild. De värderingar och normer som framkommer ska dessutom sättas i förhållande till Lpf 94. Metoden jag använder mig av för att analysera texterna och bilderna är Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys. Till Faircloughs modell har jag även tillfogat två av Raewyn Connells fyra dimensioner av genus för att på ett enkelt sätt kunna se om genus exkluderas i text och bild. Jeanette Sky bok Genus och religion spelar en central roll i uppsatsen. Analysen visar att judendomen framställs som en mansdominerad religion där kvinnor är underordnade männen. I framställningen av kristendomen är det en jämställd bild som framkommer. Judendomen framställs med en mansnorm medan kristendomen framställs med en jämställdhetsnorm. De normer och värderingar som framkommer i avsnitten om judendomen överensstämmer inte med det som Lpf 94 förespråkar. I avsnitten om kristendomen stämmer normerna och värderingarna dock överens med Lpf 94.

The aim of this study is to show how the ideas of gender equality in the late 1970 ́s and early 80 ́s were expressed in Swedish medical discourse. The questions asked are primarily how the ideas came to matter in medical discourse as well as the resistance against these ideas. The primary method used is a modified form of discourse analysis, to suit the aim of this study. The study draws upon three Official Reports of the Swedish Government. Prior research has found that ideas of female submission were a dominant part of the medical discourse, as well as the image of the caring mother. Research has also found that the traditional image of male and female as different species were in a profound reform process, due to, for example, the feminist revolutions, in which gender equality became a prioritized part of the international political agenda. This study shows that the resistance to the ideas of gender equality within the medical discourse was still hard to break trough in the early 1980 ́s. The women that were represented in medical studies, as scientists or as a target for research, were minimal or not represented at all – but they who did illustrates how the androcentric ideals of the medical discourse dominated the selection of objects to research, as well as the research itself. This study also shows that, even though the ideas of gender equality were politically accepted, and academic expressions of the opposite opinion were not, the expectations of men and women were still rooted in older ideas of the rational working man and the emotional house wife. Keywords: Gender, Medicine, Androcentrism, Discourse, Official Reports of the Swedish Government

[EN] ABSTRACT A Critical Analysis of Valencian public discourses from a gender perspective In the present thesis three highly relevant public spheres within the autonomous community of Valencia are the focus of this critical research on discrimination in public discourses: the public administration, education and the media. More specifically we examine texts produced by the Justice Department of Valencia, school textbooks from both primary and secondary schools and the news programmes from Canal 9, the regional television station which was closed down in 2013. In spite of the fact that the Valencian region of Spain, had passed an Equality Law in 2003, four years before the Spanish state law was passed in 2007, the results from this study would indicate that these discourses lack an inclusive perspective and a rigorous use of non-discriminatory language. Therefore, the objective that we pursue in this thesis is to demonstrate how these discriminatory stereotypes are reproduced in these three contexts, and in turn, raise public awareness among citizens and their political representatives so that this situation of language discrimination may be rectified. We also suggest a number of educational proposals which could help to bring this about, because we understand that equality begins in schools where, among other things, students are also taught to think freely and autonomously. With regard to the eminently critical nature of our work and the existing overlap between language and its social use, the methodological tool used in our study is critical discourse analysis and also Van Leeuwen's (1996) analysis of social roles; thus, through this methodology we not only criticize, but also make proposals, from a positive philosophy perspective, and propose alternatives to help us neutralize this inequality. One of these is what is called action research, which is put into practice through the publication of critical articles in the press, and in this way we strive to carry out a type of pedagogy that we consider necessary to reflect on this issue. The results of the study show that, in the Administration of Justice, despite being mostly made up of women, there is a manifestly exclusively-male dominated type of language to be observed under the pretext of the effectiveness of the male generic form. There is also discrimination to be found in the school textbooks where, for example, history textbooks can be seen to tell only one part of the story of humankind, mainly from a male perspective while women, remain invisible, or at least underrepresented. The news items studied from the now defunct Channel-9 RTVV reveal the under-representation of women as news subjects in a very high percentage, and on occasions, not appearing a single female during the whole of the news programme. Thus, the constant contradiction between what the law proposes and what takes place in reality, the policies with regard to the visibility of women concerning the school curricula for compulsory education, accompanied by the strong influence of ecclesiastical powers, which constantly appears to expel women from the modern world, are factors that override the rights of women, perpetuating on a daily basis, in everyday situations, inequality in subjugation to patriarchal power. Finally, we develop some linguistic and educational proposals for action with a view to changing the status quo as only positive and active pedagogies can change these attitudes in society.
[ES] RESUMEN ANÁLISIS CRÍTICO DEL DISCURSO EN LA ESFERA PÚBLICA VALENCIANA DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO La tesis doctoral que presentamos analiza los usos discriminatorios del lenguaje en tres esferas públicas de la Comunitat Valenciana: el lenguaje administrativo, los libros de texto y los medios de comunicación. Nuestra Comunitat, a pesar de ser pionera en la aprobación de la Ley de Igualdad de 2003 en relación con la ley estatal de Igualdad de 2007, no ha experimentado, como demostraremos en nuestro estudio, un uso riguroso del relato inclusivo y no discriminatorio. Los tics discriminatorios y los relatos excluyentes no solamente son habituales sino que, en general, la sociedad no los percibe como algo negativo. Por esta razón, tenemos interés en destacarlos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo que perseguimos es demostrar cómo estos estereotipos discriminatorios se reproducen, a pesar de todo, en la esfera pública y, a su vez, concienciar a la sociedad y a los poderes públicos para que, a través de su influencia y de su eco en la sociedad, reconduzcan esta situación. También sugerimos una serie de propuestas didácticas porque entendemos que el trabajo igualitario comienza necesariamente en la escuela donde, entre otras cosas, también se enseña a pensar. Visto el carácter eminentemente crítico de nuestro trabajo y la imbricación existente entre el lenguaje y su uso social, la herramienta usada en nuestro estudio es el análisis crítico del discurso y el análisis de los actores y actoras sociales; así pues, a través de esta metodología criticamos y proponemos desde una filosofía solidaria, alternativas que nos ayuden a neutralizar la desigualdad. Una de ellas es la que llamamos investigación-acción, y que, a través de la denuncia o de la publicación en prensa de artículos críticos, ejercemos un tipo de pedagogía que consideramos necesaria para reflexionar sobre esta cuestión. Los resultados del estudio nos muestran que, efectivamente, en la Administración de Justicia, a pesar de estar formada mayoritariamente por mujeres, perdura un lenguaje excluyente bajo el pretexto de la eficacia del masculino genérico, hecho que también ocurre en los libros de texto donde, además, los manuales de Historia relatan sólo una parte de la historia, la de los hombres, mientras que la otra parte, la de las mujeres, permanece oculta. Los informativos estudiados de la desaparecida Canal-9 RTVV nos revelan la infra-representación de la mujer como sujeto noticioso en un porcentaje muy elevado y, en ocasiones, no aparecemos a lo largo de todo el informativo. Así pues, las constantes contradicciones entre lo que la ley promulga y lo que se lleva a cabo en el ámbito oficial, por una parte, y las políticas reaccionarias sobre los derechos de las mujeres y sobre los curricula escolares durante la escolarización obligatoria, acompañadas de una fuerte influencia de los poderes eclesiásticos, que constantemente sitúan a las mujeres fuera de la modernidad, por otro lado, son factores que anulan los derechos de las mujeres, situándonos, diariamente, en una desigualdad interesada e inmovilista del poder patriarcal. En esta tesis, pues, hemos querido evidenciar un sexismo novedoso, más sutil y casi imperceptible, y denunciar las contradicciones entre lo que se legisla por los poderes públicos y lo que finalmente se lleva a cabo. También hacemos algunas propuestas lingüísticas, didácticas y de acción, porque consideramos que la vertiente pedagógica es necesaria para comenzar a cambiar aquellas actitudes y maneras de pensar que son inadmisibles.
[CAT] RESUM ANÀLISI CRÍTICA DEL DISCURS EN L'ESFERA PÚBLICA VALENCIANA DES D'UNA PERSPECTIVA DE GÈNERE La tesi doctoral que presentem analitza els usos discriminatoris del llenguatge en tres esferes públiques de la Comunitat Valenciana: el llenguatge administratiu, els llibres de text i els mitjans de comunicació. La nostra Comunitat, tot i ser pionera en l'aprovació de la Llei d'Igualtat de 2003 respecte a la llei estatal d'Igualtat de 2007, no ha experimentat, com demostrem al nostre estudi, un ús rigorós del relat inclusiu i no discriminatori. Els tics discriminatoris i els relats excloents no solament són habituals sinó que, en general, la societat no els percep com una cosa negativa. Per això el nostre interès en destacar-los. Per tant, l'objectiu que perseguim és demostrar com aquests estereotips discriminatoris es reprodueixen, malgrat tot, dins de l'esfera pública i, alhora, conscienciar la societat i els poders públics perquè, a través de la influència i del ressò social que tenen, reconduesquen aquesta situació. Suggerim també una sèrie de propostes didàctiques perquè entenem que la tasca igualitària comença necessàriament des de l'escola on, entre altres coses, també s'ensenya a pensar. Atés el caràcter crític del nostre treball i la imbricació existent entre el llenguatge i el seu ús social, l'eina usada a l'estudi és l'anàlisi crítica del discurs i l'anàlisi dels actors i actores socials; així, a través d'aquesta eina metodològica critiquem i proposem des d'una filosofia solidària, alternatives que ajuden a neutralitzar la desigualtat. Una d'elles és la que anomenem investigació-acció, i que, a través de la denúncia o de la publicació en premsa d'articles crítics, exercim un tipus de pedagogia, creiem que necessària, perquè se'n reflexione. Els resultats de l'estudi ens mostren que, efectivament, en l'Administració de Justícia tot i estar formada majoritàriament per dones, perdura un llenguatge excloent sota el pretext de l'eficàcia del masculí genèric, cosa que també ocorre als llibres de text on, a més a més, els llibres d'Història relaten només una part de la història, la dels homes, mentre que l'altra part, la de les dones, roman oculta. Els informatius estudiats de l'extinta Canal-9 ens revelen la infrarepresentació de la dona com a subjecte noticiós en un percentatge molt elevat i, en ocasions, sense cap representació femenina. Així doncs, les constants contradiccions entre allò que promulga la llei i allò que es duu a terme en l'àmbit oficial, d'una banda, i les polítiques reaccionàries sobre els drets de les dones i sobre els curricula escolars durant l'escolarització obligatòria, acompanyades pel fort influx dels poders eclesiàstics, que constantment treuen les dones fora de la modernitat, són factors que anul·len el dret de les dones situant-nos, diàriament, en una desigualtat interessada i immobilista del poder patriarcal. En aquesta tesi, doncs, hem volgut evidenciar un sexisme nou, més subtil i quasi imperceptible i denunciar les contradiccions entre el que es legisla pels poders públics i el que finalment es fa. També fem algunes propostes lingüístiques, didàctiques i d'acció, perquè considerem que la vessant pedagògica és necessària per començar a canviar aquelles actituds i maneres de pensar que són inadmissibles.
Navarro Tomás, C. (2016). Anàlisi crítica del discurs en l'esfera pública valenciana des d'una perspectiva de gènere [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63263
TESIS

The essay is based on textbook analysis with a qualitativ method from a gender perspective. The essay analyzes three selected textbooks which are all written after the latest release of the curriculum named GY11. In the essay have I been using a analysisinstrument called ”the genderstaircase”. The purpose of the study have been to examine what point of gender awarness the selected learning materials has with the help of the genderstaircase. My ambition is to complete the genderstaircase with other theories to enhance the results. The result showed that two of three textbooks passed the demands of the curriculum GY11.

Jakttraditionen är ett exempel på speciesism – diskriminering av en individ på grund av dess arttillhörighet. Jakten rättfärdigas helt enkelt av att djurens liv inte antas ha samma värde som människans. Men jakten är också ett till synes mycket mansdominerat och heteronormativt fält. Denna text är en diskussion kring parallellerna mellan heteronormativa strukturer och jakttraditionen, baserat på en undersökning av språket och attityderna i jakttidskrifter och analyserat ur ett queerteoretiskt och antispeciesistiskt perspektiv.

Jag har undersökt jakttidskrifternas texter utifrån kategorierna kontroll, objektifiering och kategorisering, maskulinitetsnormering, våldsglorifiering, och hierarkistrukturering, som alla bidrar till ett speciesistiskt förhållningssätt, och som därmed är förutsättningar för jaktens varande och rättfärdigande. I dessa kategorier har jag så letat efter paralleller till heteronormativa och androcentriska traditioner.

Parallellerna visade sig vara många och ofta tydliga, och fanns inom samtliga de undersökta områdena – alla de undersökta områden som möjliggör jakttraditionen, är också grundläggande för en androcentrisk samhällsstruktur och för ett fortsatt förtryck av icke-heteronormativa personer.

Slutsatsen blir att traditioner som gynnar förhärskande strukturer och som leder till förtryck och ofrihet för en grupp också riskerar att automatiskt drabba andra förtryckta grupper. Och omvänt, kan därmed vunna rättigheter för en förtryckt grupp försvaga de förhärskande strukturerna överlag, och på det sättet också ge ökade möjligheter för andra förtryckta grupper att hävda sin rätt.

The hunting tradition is an example of speciesism – discrimination of an individual on the grounds of to which species it belongs. Hunting is justified by the presumption that the life of an animal is of a lesser value than the life of human being. But hunting is also a seemingly very male dominated and hetero-normative field. This text is a discussion around the parallels between hetero-normative structures and the hunting tradition, based on an examination on the language and attitudes in hunting magazines, and analyzed from a queer theoretic and antispeciesist perspective.

The examination of the texts are made from the categories of control, objectification and categorization, masculinity standardization, glorification of violence, and hierarchic structuring, which are all of them contributing to a speciesist view, and by such are crucial for the being and justification of hunting. Within these categories, I have then looked for parallels with hetero-normative and androcentric traditions.

The parallels proved to be many and often obvious, and were found within all of the examined fields – all of the examined fields which give possibility for the hunting tradition, are also fundamental for an androcentrically structured society and a continued oppression of non-hetero-normative persons.

In conclusion, traditions which are favouring predominant structures and which leads to oppression and lack of freedom for one group also risk to automatically affect other oppressed groups. And in reverse, rights won for one oppressed group may weaken the predominant structures overall, and by such also bring increased opportunities for other oppressed groups to claim their rights too.

Detta examensarbete i religionsvetenskap undersöker vilka uppfattningar fyra kvinnor med kristen och muslimsk religionstillhörighet har om sin religion och religionens roll i Sverige,samt vilka upplevelser vederbörande kvinnor har av exkluderande och marginaliserande behandling, grundat i sin religion och sitt kvinnliga kön. Det genomfördes fyra kvalitativa intervjuer med två kvinnor med muslimsk religionstillhörighet och två kvinnor med kristen religionstillhörighet. Studiens resultat pekar på att kvinnor med kristen och muslimsk religions tillhörighet upplever exkluderande och marginaliserande behandling både av agenter inom samhällsinstitutioner, främst inom skolan, samt inom den religiösa grupp de tillhör.Studiens resultat visar också på att det finns upplevelser av en okunskap bland människor i Sverige om hur religionernas ideologi talar för män och kvinnors jämlikhet och jämställdhet,där religiös fundamentalism, och extremistiska värderingar att kvinnan är underordnad mannen, uppmärksammas mer än religionens ”sanna” värderingar.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att belysa på vilket sätt genusperspektivet synliggörs i gymnasiekursen Svenska B. Studien fokuserar på hur lärare upplever sitt urval av författare ur ett genusperspektiv samt hur genusperspektivet belyses i den egna undervisningen. Detta sätts i relation till den diskurs läraren befinner sig i, det vill säga det kulturella och pedagogiska kapital läraren har med sig och klimatet på den skola där läraren arbetar. Studien har utgått från en induktiv forskningsstrategi, där det empiriska materialet har legat till grund för teorin, i motsats till ett deduktivt arbetssätt där en teori ska undersökas och om möjligt bekräftas. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten består därför endast av genusteori och genuspedagogik samt teorin gällande diskursanalys. I undersökningen ingår intervjuer med fem gymnasielärare som undervisar i kursen Svenska B. Intervjumaterialet har analyserats i temastrukturer som sedan legat till grund för en diskursanalys. Temastrukturanalysen lyfter fram fem olika teman: den dolda kanons diskurs, genusfrågorna som separat diskussion, genus som en kvinnofråga och ett kvinnligt ansvar, motstånd mot genusdiskussionen samt avsaknad av genusperspektivet i utbildningen. Diskursanalysen visar att informanterna och deras inställning till genus är beroende av den diskurs de befinner sig i, både lokalt och offentligt, och deras förhållningssätt gentemot dessa diskurser. I analysen ingår även en fördjupad teoretisk förankring.Slutsatsen är att genusperspektivet har varit osynligt under informanternas utbildning samt att genusarbetet på skolorna där de är yrkesverksamma hålls på en alldeles för generell och abstrakt nivå. Detta resulterar i att de lärare som är intresserade av genusaspekten och genuspedagogik och därför själva söker upp genuspedagogiska arbetssätt är de enda som får med sig perspektivet i sin praktiska undervisning.
A discourse analysis of gender perspectives in the teaching of the High School Course Swedish B.

Högt presterande tjejer i gymnasieskolan erbjuds positioner som ger dem ett högt feminiserat kulturellt kapital men att de presterar bra behöver inte betyda att de är fria från sitt könshabitus och därmed mer jämställda. Jag har följt tretton tjejer på gymnasiekolans språkliga inriktning och studerat deras vardag i undervisningssituationer samt lyssnat till deras egen syn på sina prestationer. De aspekter jag särskilt lagt vikt vid är hur det feminina kapitalet reproduceras genom könshabitus, symboliskt våld samt det androcentriska synsättet. För att studera deras livsvärld har jag använt den etnografiska metoden och presenterar min empiri i form av en narrativ berättelse. Mitt resultat visar att tjejerna är framgångsrika och kompetenta men eftersom de erbjuds vissa subjektspositioner utifrån skolans förväntningar och utifrån det androcentriska heteronomin är deras höga prestationer dock ett feminiserat kapital.

High achieving girls at upper secondary school are given positions that give them a high feminized cultural capital, however, their high achievement does not translate into a position free from gender habitus. I followed thirteen girls at upper secondary school with language as major in their lifeworld in the classroom. I have also been listening to their own stories about their achievements. I have especially put notice into how the feminine capital is reproduced thru gender habitus, symbolic violence and the androcentric heteronomy. Furthermore, I have used the ethnographic method in order to study their everyday life in school and I present my data as a narrative story. My result shows that high achieving girls are highly competent and successful in the discourse of the school, however, the expectations of the school and the androcentric heteronomy offer them certain subject positions which make their high achievements a feminized capital.

Our western society and lifestyle is to a considerable extent depended on the way we perceive and treat our co-existing non-human species. Industrial farming, vivisection, sports, circuses etcetera are just a few examples of how human use and exploit animal bodies for own gain. A phenomenon that in many ways, is perceived, as natural and normal, and therefore seldom discussed. The thesis purpose is to problematize this phenomenon by examine, what I call “The Speciesism Gaze”, through analysis of posters that promote animal rights, selected online, through the search domain Google. The theoretical framework used, are theories focusing on intersectionality, derived within postcolonial-, eco-critical and new materialist feminism. A brief introduction of animal right movements, its linking to feminism activism and theories derived within affect theory is presented as background for the analysis. As method, I use critical discourse analysis, focusing on intertextuality of the posters context. Asking what discourses emerge, challenging the anthropocentric and androcentric western dualistic hierarchy, whilst displaying mutually reinforced structures of sexism, racism and speciesism? I discuss the western historical and cultural human idea that the human species is separated from nature and animal, and where the “right” human subject standard is perceived as male, white, heterosexual and western in the Anthropocene age. I found that, this standard is displayed, played on, and questioned in the posters selected, in relation to animal materiality, grievability, killability, species necropolitics, sexism and racism. I discuss in my conclusion that oppression based on speciesism is not a power relation discussed in society today to the same extent as expressions of sexism and racism are. It is however an oppression that we all take part in every day and that affect all of us, despite species belonging. In that context, I hope the theorization and meaning of the speciesism gaze will have significance within the field of feminist theorizations and practices.

The general aim of this thesis is to use foodwork and cooking in Sweden as a way to better understand theoretical questions about men and masculinities. Paper I discusses how an increased public interest in elaborate cooking and gastronomy in Sweden, a country with a cultural idealization of gender equality, could explain why men in Sweden assume responsibilities for domestic cooking without feeling emasculated. Papers II, III and IV draw on interviews with 31 men from 22 to 88 years of age and with different levels of interest in food. Paper II shows how domestic foodwork and cooking are associated with ideas of Swedish progress in terms of gender equality and culinary skills. Paper III demonstrates further that domestic cooking is not only a responsibility which men assume, but also a way of being sociable with friends, partners and children. Thus, both papers II and III challenge the idea that men only cook at home if they enjoy it. The data rather indicate that domestic foodwork responsibilities are a cultural expectation of men in Sweden, ingrained in desirable masculine practices. Paper IV explores men’s responses to media representations of food. The interviewed men responded to these representations with indifference, pragmatism, irony, and at times even hostility. In general, the responses are based on gender and age-differentiated taste distinctions and notions of masculine and culinary excess. Paper V uses a mix of texts (81 online texts and two magazines) and observations from the food fairs GastroNord (2014 and 2016), Mitt kök-mässan (2014) and the chef competition Bocuse d’Or Europe (2014) complemented with pictures and videos. I argue that a Swedish culinary community that promotes Swedish culinary excellence is constructed by drawing on preestablished national (self-)images. This culinary community is constructed as open and tolerant, with ethical concerns for the environment and for nonhuman animals. Its culinary icons are represented by chefs in whites and the leading restaurants. In sum, this dissertation provides empirical and theoretical contributions to both food studies and gender studies that critically scrutinize men and masculinities. Food-issues are permeated by gender, both in people’s everyday life and in the gastronomic elite.

Denna studie handlar om genusskapande bland elever i årskurs 4 och 5 i deras klassrum. Jag har undersökt hur genus skapas i en social språklig interaktion mellan lärare-elev samt elev-elev i ett klassrum. Intresset för att problematisera genusskapandet bland elever har vuxit sig starkare under min utbildning vid fakulteten för Lärande och samhälle och under utbildningens verksamhetsförlagda tid. Som blivande svensk- och svenska som andraspråkslärare har studien fått ett naturligt språkfokus. Studiens fokus ligger på verbala och icke-verbala performativa handlingar som kan påverka elevers genusskapande. Ett andra fokus har lagts på handlingar som kan fungera språkutvecklande eller hämmande.Denna studie handlar om genusskapande bland elever i årskurs 4 och 5 i deras klassrum. Jag har undersökt hur genus skapas i en social språklig interaktion mellan lärare-elev samt elev-elev i ett klassrum. Intresset för att problematisera genusskapandet bland elever har vuxit sig starkare under min utbildning vid fakulteten för Lärande och samhälle och under utbildningens verksamhetsförlagda tid. Som blivande svensk- och svenska som andraspråkslärare har studien fått ett naturligt språkfokus. Studiens fokus ligger på verbala och icke-verbala performativa handlingar som kan påverka elevers genusskapande. Ett andra fokus har lagts på handlingar som kan fungera språkutvecklande eller hämmande.Syftet med studien är öka kunskapen om och förståelsen för hur elever gör genus och hur genus blir gjort. Studien är således ett försök att studera hur genus kan skapas i den sociala språkliga interaktionen i ett klassrum. Den observerade interaktionen visar att det finns tecken på att det mellan lärare och elever utförs handlingar som bidrar till att elevers genusskapande inte förändrats i någon större utsträckning sen tidigt 1980-tal. Det som möjligen skulle kunna ses som en förändring är flickornas verbala och icke-verbala handlingar som eventuellt påverkar de observerade flickornas och pojkarnas genusskapande. En slutsats som kan dras av studien är att det finns elever som använder sig av verbala och icke-verbala performativa handlingar som redskap för sitt genusskapande i den sociala språkliga interaktionen i ett klassrum.

The concept of vocation is central to the Christian tradition and views of life. In the Lutheran tradition vocation is understood as a word describing how man’s view of himself as well as his view of his duties are shaped in relation to God. Although not meant to exclude women, the concept of vocation has been clearly gendered. The references to vocation are manifold, ranging from the realms of individual life choices to life in communities and in the church.

The purpose of this study is to examine the concept of vocation in the perspective of Scriptural Criticism in order to contribute to an understanding of the ambiguous and shifting usage of the term, and to analyse the relationship between vocation and gender, historically and in relation to the Gospel of Matthew, thus also contributing to the construction of a gender aware theology of vocation. In the study Scriptural Criticism, a model for interpretation developed by Cristina Grenholm and Daniel Patte, in which text, theology, and life are combined in mutual and critical interaction, is used as a theoretical frame and interpretative method. Patriarchal and androcentric patterns are fundamental analytical concepts.

The study shows that the pattern of vocation changed during the 19th century from being a patriarchal pattern to an androcentric pattern. These patterns are apprehended as theological interpretations that have come to a stop, and thus applied to new contexts without reinterpretation. In common language the word vocation (or calling) is used as a fixed pattern without reinterpretation, and so mediating a life interpretation that is not renewed in relation either to individual life or to life in social community. By rereading vocation in relation to the narratives of the Gospel of Matthew and contemporary views of men’s and women’s shared life conditions, its fixed patterns can be reevaluated and reinterpreted. The connection between patterns of gender and patterns of vocation can be dissolved, so that vocation as a concept loses its association with the enforced subordination of women.

The study draws attention to the fact that vocation can neither be unequivocally understood as a concept of theology, nor as textually mediated, nor as a life experience. Rather, it is a word that serves as a powerful tool for understanding life, bringing together experiences, narratives, and conceptions of God and the human being. Two patterns of vocation are revealed through the scriptural critical reading of the Gospel of Matthew. These patterns are related to different hierarchical positions, but are not univocally based on gender. The interpreter is underscored to have an important role. The gendered stereotypes of vocation are possible but not necessary to reproduce. In the process of interpretation there are opportunities to reconsider earlier interpreters ways of understanding the relation between vocation and gender. This is a challenging and empowering responsibility.

The essay draws on Angela Standhartingers article ”Frauen in Mahlgemeinschaften. Diskurs und Wirklichkeit einer antiken, frühjüdischen und frühchristlichen Mahlpraxis” which examines the representation of women in the ancient tradition of symposia. This thesis studies how Luke and Paul represent women at The Last Supper τὸ πάσχα and the Lord’s Supper κυριακὸν δεῖπνον, and therefore focusses on the pericopes Luke 22:7-30 as well as 1 Cor. 11. Even though these biblical texts are written by men from an androcentric perspective, they show spaces - gaps which are opposed to what the texts seem to convey. Thus, it is possible to break through the patriarchal discourse to render women visible in the texts.   I argue that Luke and Paul represent women in their roles and positions both out of their personal experiences and social ideology. Yet, reflecting on a Christan social order, there can be noticed an earthly approach, relating to the cultural order, in Luke 22:7-30 in distinction from a cosmic approach in 1 Cor. 11.

Bibeln är skrivet med ett androcentriskt synsätt. Den är skriven av män, om män och för män. Detta leder till att kvinnorna i biblen är beskrivna utifrån ett manligt perspektiv. I denna uppsats undersöks hur kvinnorna i Lukasevangeliet porträtteras samt hur kvinnobilden som framträder gestaltas i kvinnan som tvättar Jesus fötter i Luk 7:36-50. Detta görs utifrån ett feministiskt synsätt och med en kritiskt granskning av hur detta har uttryckts i tolkningen av perikopen i och med att kvinnan tolkas som prostituerad, trots att detta inte nämns i texten. uppsatsen undersöker frågorna "Hur ser kvinnobilden ut i Lukasevangeliet och hur gestaltas detta i Luk 7:36-50?" samt "Varför har kvinnan i Luk 7:36-50 tolkats som prostituerad?"

This essay contains own collected material wherein seven religious women are interviewed. Theprincipal focus in this work is about god pronoun in relation to a social constructionist analyticalframe circling around androcentric language. In the research overview and in the theory section ofthis work you can find the feminist and social constructionist theories that represents thegroundwork of this essay. "To name god with masculine pronoun influence individuals and theirgodrepresentation" is my main hypothesis of this work. The social constructionist analytical frameof pronoun the interviewed women use proves my feminist point of view that androcentric languagepermeate the interviewing persons speech about god and their god representation.
Denna uppsats innehåller eget insamlat intervjumaterial där sju religiösa kvinnor intervjuats.Huvudfokus i arbetet kretsar kring gudspronomen med en socialkonstruktivistisk analys avandrocentriskt språk. Under forskningsöversikten och i teoriavsnittet presenteras mer utförligt defeministiska och socialkonstruktivistiska forskningsunderlag som använts till grund för arbetet. "Attbenämna gud med maskulina pronomen påverkar individer och deras gudsrepresentation" ärhuvudhypotesen till denna uppsats. Den socialkonstruktivistiska analysen av de pronomenintervjupersonerna använder samt hur de talar om gud bevisar min feministiska utgångspunkt attandrocentriskt språk genomsyrar de intervjuades tal om gud och gudsrepresentation.

Висвітлено проблемні питання методологічних підходів до розуміння «гендеру» як одного із центральних і фундаментальних понять сучасного суспільства, складнощі застосування гендерного підходу в юридичній науці. Надана авторська дефініція «гендеру» як правової категорії. Доведено, що конструювання гендеру завжди пов’язано з індивідуальною гендерною ідентичністю. Запропоновано право на гендерну ідентичність розглядати в об’єктивному і суб’єктивному значенні. Досліджено принцип гендерної рівності як складової загального конституційного принципу рівності прав і свобод, запропоновано авторське визначення гендерної рівності. Здійснено порівняльно-історичний аналіз процесів становлення та розвитку ідеї гендерної рівності, механізмів інтеграції принципів гендерної рівності в міжнародно-правових документах і діяльності міжнародних організацій у структурі ООН, Ради Європи та ЄС, забезпечення гендерної рівності в окремих європейських країнах. Розглянуто теоретико-методологічні засади формування гендерної політики, організаційно-правове забезпечення гендерної рівності та механізми її реалізації в Україні. Сформульовано змістовні пропозиції та рекомендації щодо удосконалення і модернізації нормативно-правового та інституціонального забезпечення ґендерної рівності в Україні. Освещаются проблемные вопросы методологических подходов к пониманию «гендера» как одного из центральных и фундаментальных понятий современного общества, сложности применения гендерного подхода в юридической науке. Дается авторская дефиниция «гендера» как правовой категории. Доказывается, что конструирование гендера всегда связано с индивидуальной гендерной идентичностью, предлагается право на гендерную идентичность рассматривать в объективном и субъективном смысле. Исследован принцип гендерного равенства как составная общего конституционного принципа равенства прав и свобод, предлагается авторское определение гендерного равенства. Осуществлен сравнительно-исторический анализ процессов становления и развития идеи гендерного равенства, механизмов интеграции принципов гендерного равенства в международно-правовых документах и в деятельности международных организаций в структуре ООН, Совета Европы и ЕС, обеспечение гендерного равенства в отдельных европейских странах. Рассматриваются теоретико-методологические основы формирования гендерной политики, организационно-правовое обеспечение гендерного равенства и механизмы его реализации в Украине. Сформулированы содержательные предложения и рекомендации по совершенствованию и модернизации нормативно-правового и институционального обеспечения гендерного равенства в Украине. The dissertation is one of the first in Ukraine comprehensive research on the essence of the right to gender identity of a human, in the light of modern developing trends of society. The dissertation contains theoretical conclusions and suggestions 19 for improving the legal regulation of gender equality, as well as mechanisms for its implementation. The problems of methodological approaches to understanding «gender» as one of the central and fundamental concepts of modern society, the complexity of applying the gender approach in legal science are highlighted. It is argued that the development of legal science requires mastering new progressive theoretical and methodological approaches to gender issues. The analysis of the category «gender» revealed the pluralism of approaches to the definition of the concept of «gender», which in a broad sense is a complex conceptual construction. Gender is one of the characteristics that most fully reveal the essence of an individual in society, and gender identification is the most important aspect of its formation. As a social institute, gender is developed on the basis of the ideology of humanism, whose essence at all times remains a person, his needs and interests, which are viewed through the prism of the self-worth of human life. The definition of «gender» from the axiological point of view is justified as an integral part of a person’s bio-social value, a personal non-pecuniary good, which is an integral component of the individual essence and human right. It is argued that gender as a legal category is a deep internal awareness of a person of his or her gender affiliation, which can both coincide and not coincide with gender by birth, which determines the pattern of behavior in interpersonal relationships and relations in major institutions of society. The acquirer argues that the concept of «right to gender identity» should be considered in an objective and subjective sense. In an objective sense, the human right to gender identity is a constitutional-legal institute, which is a set of legal norms that consolidate and regulate social relations in the sphere of the implementation of socio-gender self-identification of a person, based on the principles of freedom, dignity and autonomy, within a single the legal field; in a subjective sense, it is a natural, inalienable personality and guaranteed by the Constitution and laws the possibility of independent and free awareness of oneself as a representative of a certain socio- cultural gender and, if necessary, the application of law enforcement measures in the manner prescribed by law. From the standpoint of a comprehensive system-analytical approach, the concept of gender equality is formulated as a complex legal structure with a multilevel structure. The demands of modern life have intensified legal studies of the principle of gender equality, which in the legal plane functions as a component of the general constitutional principle of equality of rights and freedoms, which is one of the basic principles of the constitutional status of a person and citizen and the principles of democratic construction of society. Therefore, for the accuracy of understanding of the subject of the dissertation, the main methodological approaches and some opinions of scientific discourse on the general legal concept of «equality» in legal thought were considered. According to the author, the theory of gender equality is reduced not only to the idea of equal rights of men and women, but also to a comprehensive study and consideration of the peculiarities of the functioning of each gender and gender. That is, gender equality, being a component of the general principle of equality, is related to the idea that all persons of any gender and gender identity have the right to freely develop their personal abilities and to make choices without restrictions based on stereotypes, gender mainstreaming and prejudice. Only the comprehensive provision of equal rights and opportunities for people with different gender identities guarantees a balanced development of society and the achievement of the common welfare. The European experience of promoting and ensuring gender equality is characterized; the activities of the European institutions regarding the achievement of gender parity in society are analyzed. The analysis of the evolution and formulation of gender equality within the Council of Europe and the European Union shows the transformation of the shift of the concept of gender from a scientific discourse into a legal field and presentation in the form of a comprehensive and clearly structured system of programs, strategies and regulatory mechanisms formed on the basis of the concept of gender approach. The study concluded that the main focus of the Council of Europe’s work on gender equality is the issue of: combating gender stereotypes and sexism; preventing and combating violence against women; ensuring balanced participation of women and men in decision-making in political and public life; promoting gender mainstreaming in all Council of Europe strategies and activities, developing an integrated approach to gender equality. Based on the preliminary analysis of actions and trends in the field of gender equality in Ukraine, meaningful proposals and recommendations for improving and modernizing the legal and institutional framework for gender equality in Ukraine have been formulated to bring Ukraine closer to European gender standards.

Feministische Staatstheorie analysiert den Staat in seinen vergeschlechtlichten und vergeschlechtlichenden Dimensionen. Konzepte des Kanons der Politikwissenschaft (wie Gesellschaftsvertrag, Staatsbürgerschaft, Recht, Gewalt) werden erweitert, indem deren Vergeschlechtlichung sichtbar gemacht wird. Ebenso werden neue Konzepte wie bspw. Maskulinismus, Privatheit, Reproduktions- und Verwandtschaftspolitiken in die Staatstheorie aufgenommen, um staatliche Machtausübung umfassend theoretisieren zu können.

This thesis investigates the social construction of sex/gender in 116 upper primary school students. Particular attention is paid to the Gender Myth - a belief that the manifestation of sex/gender is polarized, that the male half of such a dualism is superior to the female half, that such differentiated sex/gender is grounded in essential biological difference between males and females; and the way that it impacts on these school children, in reference to their internalization of discourses and practices associated with sport, work and domesticity, and sexuality.

The comparison of ČT1 and TV Nova evening newscasts from a gender perspective Study is focused on the comparison of ČT1 (Události) and TV Nova (Televizní noviny) evening newscasts from a gender perspective. In my diploma thesis I follow some feminist studies that were done mainly in the anglo-american context - I try to verify if western theories about androcentrism in television newscast are valid in the czech context. My study is primarily based on the quantitative content analysis of the news - I am interested in aspects like gender inequality, representations of men and women (alternatively of transgender people), gender roles, gender stereotypes (reproduction or subversion) and reflection of the feminist thought by these media. The main aim of reasearch is to compare evening newscasts of leading czech public television (ČT1) and leading czech commercial television (TV Nova) - I try to find out if the commitment of public service has an influence on the gender aspects of these newscasts.

The present thesis deals with the frequency and ways of using gender-specific and gender- neutral occupational labels and attempts to show if there is a tendency towards a more balanced representation of men and women in the contemporary spoken British English. The theoretical part describes the approaches to the study of language from the perspective of gender and summarises the previous research in the area of gender linguistics, focusing on the representation of men and women through language, linguistic androcentrism and sexism, language reforms proposed within the framework of equality movements and the impact of these reforms. The empirical part examines the frequencies and ways of using occupational -man compounds and compares them to their female and gender-neutral alternatives in the British parliamentary speeches, using the data from the Hansard corpus. The compounds with -man can be viewed as problematic since, from a feminist viewpoint, they contribute to linguistic invisibility of women, therefore efforts have been made to eliminate their usage. This thesis shows that overall the occupational -man forms tend to prevail over -woman, -person and other alternatives in the British parliamentary debates. However, it appears that with some occupations gender-neutral forms are becoming...

This thesis deals with the issue of gender equality in motorsport. It aims to carry out two main tasks. The first is based on description and explanation of the current position of female racers in motorsport (are they considered a regular part of motorsport and do they constitute a competition for male racers, or are they just decorative anomalies?). Motorsport is one of the very few mixed sports. The second task is to answer the question whether it would be useful to establish separated women-only categories, which might attract more racers. The thesis consists of two key parts. The explanatory section of this text presents a theoretical explanation of the contemporary situation (using the theory of the lenses of gender). The empirical part is derived from expert interviews and interviews with top Czech female racers. The conclusion of the thesis is a compilation of findings provided by both parts of the text. The essential result is the need to preserve mixed competition which would be free of socio-cultural barriers which hinder the beginnings of women in motorsport.

Este projeto estuda o paradigma organizacional das empresas do distrito de Viseu, visto que conhecer o quadro administrativo é conhecer a gestão que essa empresa apresenta ao público. A liderança é impregnada de caraterísticas que a sociedade, intuitivamente, perceciona graças a referências que coabitam nas esferas das nossas vidas, nomeadamente a de o líder masculino, que é um estereótipo. O estereótipo criado é preconceituoso para com as mulheres que, mesmo representando a fração maioritária no Ensino Superior, quer no ingresso, quer na conclusão dos estudos, tal evidência não é refletida no espectro profissional. Além disso, a ocupação num cargo de liderança poderá ser desafiadora e, muitas vezes, implica priorizar os objetivos profissionais face aos objetivos de cariz pessoal. O objetivo deste trabalho é perceber três pontos essenciais: a) as caraterísticas que as mulheres em cargos de direção executiva do distrito de Viseu consideram como fatores-chave para a ascensão feminina e o que poderá estar a influenciar o facto de não haver mais mulheres nestas posições, b) se a opinião das líderes é congruente com a literatura de liderança feminina e c) avaliar se as mesmas são alvos de discriminação pelo simples facto de serem mulheres “num mundo de homens” e o papel cultural que poderá estar implicado.
This project aims to study the organizational paradigm within businesses in Viseu, given that it is necessary to know the organizations’ administrative boards to acknowledge the management these enterprises present to the public. Leadership is full of expectations that are influenced by stereotypes generated by what society believes in, namely the image of the “male leader”. This stereotype is detrimental to women although they represent the greater part of students in universities, but this does not mean they will be as successful in their professional path. Besides, having a leadership role may be challenging and female leaders may face some adversities that their male counterparts do not, especially when it comes to prioritizing professional goals instead of their personal needs. The main goal of this project is to understand three main points: a) characteristics women in executive roles identify as key to improve female ascent and what may be hindering women from occupying more of these positions, b) understand if the leader’s opinion is coherent with female leadership literature and, c) evaluate if these women are targets of discrimination because they are women in a “man’s world” and the cultural background that may be implied.
Mestrado em Línguas e Relações Empresariais

This study is an exploration into female discipleship. Its primary aim is to compare and contrast Mark's portrayal of male and female followers of Jesus respectively, while its secondary aim is to establish what lessons there may be for the social status of Christian women in the kingdom of Swaziland. These ends will be pursued by looking at Mark's portrayal of male disciples and the contrast he draws between them and the female followers of Jesus. This study then concludes that Mark has a more positive view of female followers than he has of male disciples, and this may stem from the conduct of male disciples he has observed in the Church of his time.
New Testament
M.TH. (New Testament)