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Grigoriev, Stanislav. "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0123.
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Abstract Andronovo culture is the largest Eurasian formation in the Bronze Age, and it had a significant impact on neighboring regions. It is the important culture for understanding many historical processes, in particular, the origins and migration of Indo-Europeans. However, in most works there is a very simplified understanding of the scientific problems associated with this culture. The history of its study is full of opposing opinions, and all these opinions were based on reliable grounds. For a long time, the existence of the Andronovo problem was caused by the fact that researchers supposed they might explain general processes by local situations. In fact, the term “Andronovo culture” is incorrect. Another term “Andronovo cultural-historical commonality” also has no signs of scientific terminology. Under these terms a large number of cultures are combined, many of which were not related to each other. In the most simplified form, they can be combined into two blocks that existed during the Bronze Age: the steppe (Sintashta, Petrovka, Alakul, Sargari) and the forest-steppe (Fyodorovka, Cherkaskul, Mezhovka). Often these cultures are placed in vertical lines with genetic continuity. However, the problems of their chronology and interaction are very complicated. By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures (except for its early stage); however, it is better to avoid the use of this term.
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I., Savko. "Technology of Production of Ceramics of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) Culture of the Steppe and Forest-Steppe Altai (on the materials of research of the historical and cultural approach)." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 33, no. 2 (2021): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2021)33(2).-11.
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Based on the analysis of publications devoted to the study of ceramics of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture of the steppe and forest-steppe Altai, the article considers the peculiarities of pottery production, studied within the framework of the historical and cultural direction developed by A. A. Bobrinsky. Using the historical and cultural approach, the researchers studied the ceramic complexes of twelve settlements and two burial grounds of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture of Altai, totaling 559 vessels. On the basis of the published studies, the article gives a general characteristic of the technology for the manufacture of Andronovo ceramics of Altai is given, and identifies the main directions of research work reflecting the approaches to the analysis of the material considered. The available data on the technology of making dishes of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture allow us to say about the prospects of studying this topic from the standpoint of the historical and cultural direction. A. A. Bobrinsky’s approach makes it possible to draw conclusions about cultural traditions in pottery, reconstruct the directions of migration and reveal the mixing of population groups, which will contribute to solving the issues of the origin and periodization of the Fedorov culture not only of the steppe and forest-steppe Altai, but also of the entire area of distribution of the Andronovo cultural and historical community. Key words: Andronovo culture, Fedorovo culture, ceramics, historical and cultural approach, history of study Acknowledgments: This work was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 20–18–00179 “Migration and the Processes of Ethnocultural Interaction as Factors in the Formation of Multiethnic Societies on the Territory of the Greater Altai in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Interdisciplinary Analysis of Archaeological and Anthropological Materials”.
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Molodin, V. I., Z. V. Marchenko, Y. V. Kuzmin, A. E. Grishin, M. van Strydonck, and L. A. Orlova. "14C Chronology of Burial Grounds of the Andronovo Period (Middle Bronze Age) in Baraba Forest Steppe, Western Siberia." Radiocarbon 54, no. 3-4 (2012): 737–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047391.
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This paper focuses on the chronology of Middle Bronze Age complexes in the Baraba forest steppe (western Siberia). Three sites were radiocarbon dated, Stary Tartas 4, Sopka 2, and Tartas 1. The Late Krotovo culture was dated to the 18–19th centuries BC, the Andronovo complex (Fedorovo stage) to the 15–18th centuries BC, and the Mixed Andronovo complex dated to the 15–17th centuries BC. These values are some 300–500 yr older than previously thought, and the new results are consistent with14C dates of the Andronovo cultural complex in northern Eurasia. Based on these data, the 15th century BC is the upper chronological limit of the Andronovo period.
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I.V., Kovtun. "Tanay Culture and Transition Time from the Developed to the Late Bronze Age in Northern-Western Asia." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 32, no. 4 (December 2020): 20–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2020)4(32).-02.
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The article is devoted to the ornament and chronology of the Tanai culture and the characteristics of the inter-age transitional period in North-West Asia in the 2nd third of the 2nd millennium BC. The identification of the early Andronoid Tanai culture is substantiated, its area is outlined and an absolute chronology is established. The foundations of the typology of the Tanai ornamentation has been developed and its differences from the Korchazhkin decor have been traced. The sources of popular Tanai motifs, dating back to the Nurtai and Atasu antiquities of Central Kazakhstan, have been established. A suite of early Andronovo cultures, which constituted the historical content of the transitional period, is identified, and a series of dating confirming the unity of this cultural-chronological horizon is presented.
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Savko, I. A. "Cultural and chronological features of the metallocomplex of the territories of the andronovsky (fedorovsky) culture of the north-western foothills of the Altai." Field studies in the Upper Ob, Irtysh and Altai (archeology, ethnography, oral history and museology) 15 (2020): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2687-0584-2020-15-75-83.
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The Andronovo necropolises of the northwestern foothills of Altai are located in the contact zone of steppes and mountains, which is of great interest for studying the processes of ethnocultural interaction in the era of developed bronze. All objects of the metal complex were divided into five cultural and chronological levels: transcultural objects, epoch-making, general andronovo, fedorovo and local. The most common artifacts made of metal are artifacts of the common Andronovo and Fedorovo circle: bimetal cages with bent ends; pendants in a half turn, pendants with bracelets.
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Jianjun, Mei, and Colin Shell. "The existence of Andronovo cultural influence in Xinjiang during the 2nd millennium BC." Antiquity 73, no. 281 (September 1999): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00065121.
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Previously considered a Bronze Age lacuna, the Northwest Xinjiang region of China has new archaeological finds, showing significant relationships between it and Kazakhstan and Kirghizia. The new Bronze Age culture of Xinjiang shows close affiliation with the Andronovo culture.
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Molodin, Vyacheslav I., and Liliya S. Kobeleva. "Children’s Burial Ground of Andronovo (Fedorovo) Culture in the Baraba Forest-Steppe." Archaeology and Ethnography 20, no. 5 (2021): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-5-82-95.
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Purpose. The materials from the Preobrazhenka-3 children’s burial ground of Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture of the Bronze Age, located in the Baraba forest-steppe, are introduced into scientific circulation. Results. During the research process, results of the planigraphic analysis of the site were obtained. The necropolis is quite clearly localized. Subsequently, already in the Late Bronze Age (Irmen culture), earthen structures (mounds) were constructed on its surface. In turn, the bearers of Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture built their necropolis on the territory of a previously existing and no longer visible settlement of Krotovo culture. The study of the burial complexes revealed groups of burials containing complete and incomplete skeletons of children. There are also graves with only a vessel without either a corpse or other equipment. Analysis of ceramic vessels from burials made it possible to divide them into two groups. The first group consists of elegant vessels made with the classical canon. The ornament is represented by complex compositions containing rows of oblique shaded triangles, meanders, cannelures. The second group of vessels was made extremely carelessly. The ornament is applied unevenly, frequently with traces of smudged parts. It has been suggested that some of the ceramic vessels placed in the graves were made by children. Conclusion. The Preobrazhenka-3 burial ground provides researchers with all types of children’s burial practices and serves as a kind of model for its implementation by the bearers of Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture.
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P., Ankusheva. "The Origins and Development of Textile Culture in the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Urals." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 32, no. 4 (December 2020): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2020)4(32).-03.
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At the turn of the 3rd / 2nd millennium BC textile artifacts (fabric impressions on ceramics and organic samples) were widespread in the Southern Urals. The paper is devoted to identifying the possible origins of the Sintashta and Alakul textile technologies by comparing them with the data about the products from adjacent territorial and chronological frames. The comparison criteria are the components of the textile culture (raw materials, technology, decoration and application), according to which the sources of the Trans-Ural Eneolithic, Yamnaya, Catacomb, Andronovo communities are systematized. Such innovative technologies as weaving, woolen threads, madder dyeing were first noted in the South Trans-Urals in the Sintashta materials and find their closest parallels in the catacomb materials. The Sintashta, Petrovka and Alakul antiquities demonstrate a single textile technology, organically integrated into the Srubno-Andronovo “world” of steppe and forest-steppe cattle-breeding cultures of Northern Eurasia.
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Savinov, Dmitrij, and Vladimir Bobrov. "Reference site of the Andronovo culture in the Kemerovo oblast." Transactions of the Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, no. 19 (2018): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/2310-6557-2018-19-70-79.
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Durakov, I. A., and V. I. Molodin. "Casting Mold for Producing Socketed Bronze Axe of the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) Culture." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0408-0413.
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This article presents a ceramic casting mold for producing socketed bronze axe, found in the burial of the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) caster at the Sopka-2/5 burial ground located in the Baraba forest-steppe. The mold included the fragments of two halves, aligned along the dividing line. A part of working chamber with cavities for fastening the core has survived. The mold was made of a mixture of clay, fine calibrated sand, and organic matter. The axe had an L-shape, rhomboid crosssection of the working part, and round socket with straight upper edge. The working chamber shows traces of thermal impact from repeated use. It could have become destroyed during its use and was placed in the grave as a replacement for a whole object, as a necessary tool of a caster. This type of axe is considered to be imported for the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) culture, manifesting the Andronovo (Fedorovo) influence. Thus, socketed axes which significantly changed the capacity of the syncretic culture, should be added to previously identified set of bronze objects introduced into autochthonous Krotovo environment by the carriers of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture, who migrated from the west. This set also includes daggers of the Srubno-Andronovo type and bracelets with spiral ends. In the meantime, a casting mold for producing axes from the Late Krotovo burial is indisputable proof that such axes were manufactured by the local casters. There was a large amount of metal implements accompanying the deceased caster, and the presence of weapons (dagger and celt axe) indicated his privileged position. Apparently, the Late Krotovo (Cherno-Ozerye) society had a large property differentiation, and casters might have had a special status.
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Poliakov, Andrei V., and Svetlana Svyatko. "Modern Data on the Bronze Age Radiocarbon Chronology in the Minusinsk Basins." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 3 (2021): 934–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.314.
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In 2009, the first radiocarbon chronology of the Bronze Age and Scythian period of the Minusinsk Basins was published, which laid foundation for a system analysis of further results. Over the past decade, the total number of radiocarbon definitions has further increased by almost a quarter. The most important changes have affected the chronological frames of Afanasyeva Culture. A vast series of new AMS dates obtained from the Altai Mountains sites showed that a significant number of the earlier age estimates erroneously suggested the sites to be considerably older. This phenomenon probably affected the Minusinsk Basins as well. The new dates shifted the boundaries of the Afanasyeva Culture in the Middle Yenisei Region to the 30th–25th c. BC, and the timing of the earliest Okunev Culture burials to the end of the 26th c. BC rather than the beginning of the 25th c. BC. This suggests a 100-year period of coexistence of the Afanasyeva and Okunev Cultures. Moreover, the new dates filled the “hiatus” between the end of the Okunev and beginning of the Andronovo Culture, discussed in 2009. The end of the Okunev can now be attributed to the 17th c. BC. The new dates fully confirm the narrow chronology of the Andronovo (Fedorov) Culture on the Middle Yenisei — 17th–15th c. BC. Minor changes are seen at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age in the Minusinsk Basins, previously called the Karasuk Culture. The new determinations suggest the end of the 15th c. BC as the beginning of this period, which is somewhat older than previously thought. The end of the Bronze Age is still dated to the end of the 9th c. BC.
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Molodin, Vyacheslav I., and Liliya S. Kobeleva. "Stratigraphy at the Tartas-1 Neolithic Site (Baraba Forest-Steppe). The Characteristics of the Burials Cutting Through the Early Cultural Layer." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 462 (2021): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/462/17.
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Burial complexes dating back from the Neolithic era to the early-developed Bronze Age have been analyzed. The complexes were revealed at the Early Neolithic site of the Tartas-1 area in the Baraba forest-steppe. The site is represented by two housing buildings and a set of special pits intended for fish fermentation. The peculiar dishes, stone and bone tools, as well as the ritual burials of animals (treasure troves/offerings), made it possible to speak about a previously unknown culture of the Neolithic era called the Baraba Neolithic culture. The necropolises of various chronological periods were periodically constructed in the settlement area. The primary aim of the study was to compile the most complete summary of these burials showing the relative chronology of these objects. The Neolithic burial is the earliest. According to the radiocarbon dating, it dates back to the middle of the 5th millennium BC. This date is much later than the set of early dates received at the Neolithic site, the layer of which the burial cuts. The specificity of the burial practice does not allow making direct analogies with the famous Neolithic burial grounds. This may indicate the future identification of a special cultural and chronological layer, which may have occurred in the Neolithic era of this region. One burial is related to the early-developed Bronze Age (the Odinov culture), as evidenced by the specifics of the burial practice and the inventory. The relative chronology of this burial is clearly emphasized by the fact that the grave was cut by the burial of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture. The remaining 18 burials belong to the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture. Two funeral complexes belong to the same period. Two rows of graves are traced; they are located along the edge of the terrace, parallel to each other. Two funeral complexes, in which the grave was surrounded by an intermittent ring-shaped ditch, are integrated in the upper row system. A distinctive feature of this area of the Andronovo cemetery is the presence of children’s and adults’ graves at the same time. Children’s burials are not planographically differentiated. There are both single and collective tombs. The accompanying inventory found in the graves is common to the Andronovo (Fedorovo) complexes; these are ceramic vessels, bronze cast biconical beads, temple rings, sewn plaques, as well as drilled astragali. The investigated funeral complexes include 20 burials and architectural structures (ditches) accompanying individual burials. To varying degrees, these complexes cut the cultural layer of the Neolithic site and have a later chronological position.
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I., MERTS, KUKUSHKIN I., and DMITRIEV E. "SENKIBAY-2 - NEW LOCATION OF CERAMICS OF ELUNINO IN CENTRAL SARYARKA." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 27 (2021): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2021.27.36.
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The article describes the location where the Early Bronze Age ceramics was discovered during the study of the Petrovka Culture mound-enclosure in the Singkibay-2 burial ground in Central Saryarka. Based on analogies and a series of radiocarbon dates from the sites of the region, the analysed pottery can be attributed to the Elunino archaeological culture, and dated to the second half of the 3rd mil. BC. At the present state of the source base, the question of the nature of the location still remains open. Perhaps, it represents the evidence of the funeral-commemorative activities of the pre-Andronovo “population”, or a part of the destroyed cultural layer of the settlement. Only further field work will could address this issue. In general, this find significantly expands the distribution of the Elunino Culture to the south, which over time will possibly be extended further all the way to the northern coast of the Lake Balkhash. The recorded joint positioning of the Elunino and Petrovka materials provides the additional topographical information for the area of the pre-Andronovo complexes and puts forward the issue of the relationship between these two cultural formations. Keywords: Central Saryarka, Taldy River, early Bronze Age, Elunino Culture, location, ceramics, migrations
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I., MERTS, KUKUSHKIN I., and DMITRIEV E. "SENKIBAY-2 - NEW LOCATION OF CERAMICS OF ELUNINO IN CENTRAL SARYARKA." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 27 (2021): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2021.27.36.
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The article describes the location where the Early Bronze Age ceramics was discovered during the study of the Petrovka Culture mound-enclosure in the Singkibay-2 burial ground in Central Saryarka. Based on analogies and a series of radiocarbon dates from the sites of the region, the analysed pottery can be attributed to the Elunino archaeological culture, and dated to the second half of the 3rd mil. BC. At the present state of the source base, the question of the nature of the location still remains open. Perhaps, it represents the evidence of the funeral-commemorative activities of the pre-Andronovo “population”, or a part of the destroyed cultural layer of the settlement. Only further field work will could address this issue. In general, this find significantly expands the distribution of the Elunino Culture to the south, which over time will possibly be extended further all the way to the northern coast of the Lake Balkhash. The recorded joint positioning of the Elunino and Petrovka materials provides the additional topographical information for the area of the pre-Andronovo complexes and puts forward the issue of the relationship between these two cultural formations. Keywords: Central Saryarka, Taldy River, early Bronze Age, Elunino Culture, location, ceramics, migrations
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Molodin, V. I., L. S. Kobeleva, S. Reinhold, M. S. Nesterova, D. V. Selin, S. Hansen, J. Eger, and D. N. Bobin. "Settlement Complex of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) Culture in the Tai Locality in Baraba Forest-Steppe." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0535-0541.
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This article describes first results of studies at the Tartas-5 settlement (Vengerovsky District, Novosibirsk Region), located on the collapsing part of the floodplain terrace of the left bank of the Tartas River, in the Tai locality, which, both in ancient times and nowadays, is completely flooded. This circumstance makes it extremely difficult to identify cultural layers. The upper out of two cultural layers at the site contained the finds tentatively attributed to the Early Iron Age. The lower cultural layer and adjacent layers contained cultural remains of the Advanced Bronze Age. Thick, archaeologically sterile deposits were between the two cultural layers. Preliminary analysis has revealed extremely insignificant finds in the upper layer, represented by finely fragmented pottery fragments undecorated with ornamental patterns. Several weakly protruding rims were decorated with the row of pearls or were left undecorated. When studying the lower cultural layer of the Bronze Age, the remains of several post pits cut into the sterile soil have been found. In addition, there were traces of two smallfireplaces containing pottery fragments and crushed vessels. A large amount ofpottery and animal bones with traces of cutting were in the cultural layer and especially in the ash pit. According to preliminary identification, the bones belonged to domestic animals, including cow, sheep and, to a lesser extent, horse. The shapes and ornamentation of vessels was typical of classic Andronovo (Fedorovo) pottery. This complex did not differ in any way from the funeral pottery of Baraba, well known from excavations at numerous Andronovo (Fedorovo) burial grounds.
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Valkov, I. A., V. O. Saibert, and V. E. Alekseeva. "Results of field research of the settlement Firsovo-15 in 2020." Field studies in the Upper Ob, Irtysh and Altai (archeology, ethnography, oral history and museology) 16 (2021): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2687-0584-2021-16-66-71.
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The article is devoted to the results of field research in the autumn of 2020 at the settlement Firsovo-15. This archaeological site located in the in the Upper Ob region. The studied settlement complexes are mainly correlated with the Andronovo and Irmen cultures of the Bronze Age, as well as the Staroaleisk culture of the early Iron Age. For the first time, artifacts dating back to the Neolithic period were discovered on the settlement. The emergency condition of the settlement and the significant value of the materials obtained for the reconstruction of cultural and historical processes on the territory of the Upper Ob region allow us to consider the settlement Firsovo-15 promising for further research.
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Molodin, V. I., S. A. Komissarov, and A. L. Nesterkina. "Materials from the Vicinity of Lake Lop Nor in the Funds of the Central National Museum of Korea and Their Understanding in the Context of Contemporary Archaeological Studies in Xinjiang." Archaeology and Ethnography 18, no. 5 (2019): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-5-69-86.
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Purpose. The article introduces and analyzes in detail the materials of the Bronze Age from the vicinity of Lake Lop Nor (Xinjiang, China), which are stored in the funds of the National Museum of Korea. The artifacts were obtained by the expedition to Xinjiang under the general guidance of the Japanese explorer and religious public figure, count Otani Kodzui. They are part of a special section of the famous “Otani Collection”. The Korean segment of this collection was completely described in the Republic of Korea in 2016, and now its analysis is presented in Russian for the first time. The materials of the Bronze Age constitute the most archaic part of the Xinjiang collection. This group includes 12 items: 4 woven baskets, 3 wooden masks with carvings of human faces, 2 ritual staves, 2 felt hats and one boot from a pair of leather footwear. Results. Analysis of the artifacts demonstrates analogies with the eponymous and most famous site of Xiaohe culture on the territory of Xinjiang – the Xiaohe burial ground at Lake Lop Nor. However, there were other complexes like Xiaohe which existed in ancient Xinjiang (for example, Beifang burial ground on the Keriya River). The authors note that the ornamental composition on the surface of woven baskets demonstrates similarity to the decor of the Andronovo culture’s ceramic vessels, and the iconography of wooden carvings of human faces is close to the images on the steles and plates of the Okunevo culture of Southern Siberia. Separate objects similar to both Andronovo and Okunevo cultures are also known to have been found on other sites of Xinjiang. Conclusion. The closest analogy to the described items from the funds of the National Museum of Korea is the Xiaohe culture materials. The question about the exact location of the site where the items of Xinjiang collection in Korea come from is still open. It requires additional research.
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Nordqvist, Kerkko, and Volker Heyd. "The Forgotten Child of the Wider Corded Ware Family: Russian Fatyanovo Culture in Context." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 86 (November 12, 2020): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2020.9.
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The Fatyanovo Culture, together with its eastern twin, the Balanovo Culture, forms part of the pan-European Corded Ware Complex. Within that complex, it represents its eastern expansion to the catchment of the Upper and Middle Volga River in the European part of Russia. Its immediate roots are to be found in the southern Baltic States, Belarus, and northern Ukraine (the Baltic and Middle-Dnepr Corded Ware Cultures), from where moving people spread the culture further east along the river valleys of the forested flatlands. By doing so, they introduced animal husbandry to these regions. Fatyanovo Culture is predominately recognised through its material culture imbedded in its mortuary practices. Most aspects of every-day life remain unknown. The lack of an adequate absolute chronological framework has thus far prevented the verification of its internal cultural dynamics while overall interaction proposed also on typo-stratigraphical grounds suggests a contemporaneity with other representations of the Corded Ware Complex in Europe. Fatyanovo Culture is formed by the reverse movement to the (north-)east of the Corded Ware Complex, itself established in the aftermath of the westbound spread of Yamnaya populations from the steppes. It thus represents an important link between west and east, pastoralists and last hunter-gatherers, and the 3rd and the 2nd millennia bc. Through its descendants (including Abashevo, Sintashta, and Andronovo Cultures) it becomes a key component in the development of the wider cultural landscape of Bronze Age Eurasia.
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Sotnikova, Svetlana. "Paired burials of different sexes from Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture in the south of Western Siberia." Archaeological News 26 (2020): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2020-26-111-116.
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Bonora, Gian Luca. "A General Revision of the Chronology of the Tagisken North Burial Ground." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 24, no. 1-2 (November 5, 2018): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341334.
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AbstractThe burial ground of Tagisken North, characterised by seven monumental mausolea and other adjoining structures made of mud brick and rammed earth, was excavated and studied by members of the “Khorezm Expedition” (KhAEE) in the 60’s and dated to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC (9th-8th centuries BC). This cemetery boasts a significant amount of artefacts pertaining to the Late Andronovo period.In light of new archaeological findings and recent chronological refinements, and thanks to improved scientific cooperation within the academic world, greater accuracy in determining the chronology of steppe cultures through abundant radiocarbon dating and better research standards, the time has now come for a general revision of the chronology of this burial ground.The radiocarbon sequence for the Andronovo culture is notably a subject of heated debate, due to the wide range of absolute dating. The differences between the chronological frames of Central Asia proposed by Russian-Central Asian and foreign archaeologists are considerable. Calibrated dates have, of course, extended the traditional periodization leading to alternative “high” chronologies, i.e. 300-500 years earlier than the traditional chronologies based on cross-cultural analogies and formal comparisons. Steppe and Pre-Aral materials may now be unquestionably linked to artefacts from Middle Asia. In the best of circumstances, the latter may in turn be linked to historical chronologies established for the Ancient Near and Middle East.In light of this evidence, this paper proposes that the northern part of the Tagisken plateau was used as a burial ground as far back as the mid-2nd millennium BC, if not earlier, and continued to be used as such until the 13th century BC.
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Korochkova, Olga N., and Emma R. Usmanova. "SIGN OF THE WAY IN THE SYMBOLISM OF THE FEDOROVO CULTURE." Ural Historical Journal 69, no. 4 (2020): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2020-4(69)-74-83.
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The authors offer an interpretation of one of the exclusive attributes of the Fedorovo culture such as clay containers known as dishes. Artifacts from two burial sites are considered as the main source: Urefty I (forest-steppe Trans-Urals, Chelyabinsk region) and Lisakovsky I (Northern Kazakhstan, Kostanay region). The analysis of contexts and analogies in the Bronze Age cultures of Central Europe makes it possible to regard clay dishes as wagon models. This symbolism corresponds to the dynamics of the Fedorovo culture, the bearers of which had a pronounced motivation to move. The Fedorovo culture has a widespread distribution of its sites within the Andronovo community. The main features of this culture are the complexity of the funeral rite, a significant influence on aboriginal cultures during the colonization of the lands to the North and East of the original migration territory. All of the above indicates the formation of an autonomous group in the hierarchy of local society, which had a high degree of mobility. The original core of the Fedorovo culture was formed in the steppe Trans-Urals and Kazakhstan in the status of the subculture of one of the local community elites, which was represented by sites of the Alakul culture. It was here that the original “chariot complex” had been formed, which reflected innovations in the field of transport and speed, representing an expressive form of ritual practice. The development of the “mobility sign” in the funeral rite from the chariot (the Sintashta culture) to its imitation (the Petrovka culture), and then to a more capacious expression in the form of a wagon model (the Fedorovo culture) corresponds to the symbol’s universal trajectory.
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Grigoriev, Stanislav A. "MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE SOUTHERN URALS DURING THE TRANSITION TO THE LATE BRONZE AGE." Ural Historical Journal 69, no. 4 (2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2020-4(69)-24-31.
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The article is devoted to the problem of identifying migrations on the base of archaeological and paleogenetic data during the transition from the Middle Bronze Age (MBA) to the Late Bronze Age (LBA) in the Southern Trans-Urals. It discusses the methodological problems of detecting migrations from archaeological sources. Their most reliable sign is the appearance in some area not of separate features, but a complex of features of material culture from some remote area, as well as those features that reflect the introduction of new social relations and religious ideas. Such a complex could not be borrowed, and it is a reliable sign of migration. During the transition to the LBA in the Trans-Urals, new cultures appeared (Sintashta, Petrovka, and Alakul) and the penetration of features is recorded that had previously been formed in the Near East and Eastern Europe. These features are irregularly distributed: those from the Near East — mainly in the Sintashta culture, and Eastern European and Near Eastern features form a mixture in the Petrovka and Alakul cultures. These archaeological data correspond exactly to the results of paleogenetic studies: a significant contribution of Anatolian farmers was revealed in the genes of the Sintashta population, and it decreases in the Andronovo genes in favor of the Yamnaya-Poltavka component.
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Molodin, V. I., I. A. Durakov, and L. S. Kobeleva. "Layouts of Funeral Complexes of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) Culture from Tartas-1 Gravel: to the Problem Statement." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 24 (2018): 290–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2018.24.290-292.
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A., Pilipenko, and Papin D. "Prospects for the Application of Paleogenetic Analysis Within the Bioarcheological Study of the Population of Andronovo Culture." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 28, no. 4 (December 2019): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2019)4(28).-08.
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D., Papin, and Svyatko S. "Structure of Paleodiets of Andronovo Culture Population in Altai By the Data of Isotopic Analysis (preliminary results)." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 30, no. 2 (June 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2020)2(30).-05.
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E., GIENKO, and Parshikov S. "PETROGLYPH WITH SYMMETRICAL SPIRALS IN THE AREA OF CHUI-OOZI." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 28 (2022): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2022.28.25.
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The article describes a compact petroglyph with symmetrical spirals (10 cm), discovered by E.P. Matochkin in 2012 near the confluence of the Katun and Chuya rivers (Kalbak-Tash-I and II). The petroglyph is a palimpsest in which horns in the form of symmetrical spirals are added to the original image of a hoofed animal. The different timing and technique of the drawings are noted. The parallels with the symbolism of the symmetrical spiralsin the bronze ornaments of the Andronovo culture are made. The high accuracy of the location of the symmetry axis of the drawing in the meridian (0.14 degrees) is demonstrated, which confirms the importance of the northern direction in ancient mythological representations. It is proposed to determine the orientation of petroglyphs and rock planes with drawings by fixing the moment of photographing a shadow and light picture.
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Evgen’ev, Andrey. "Archaeological Studies of M.G. Moshkova in Orenburg Region in the 1950–1960s and Their Significance for the Volga-Ural Region Archaeology." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 1 (July 2019): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2019.1.1.
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The article considers the activity on studying archaeological sites of the Bronze Age, the Early Iron Age and the era of the Middle Ages in the east of Orenburg region performed by M.G. Moshkova in the 1950th – 1960th. The group of the Southern Ural archaeological expedition under the leadership of M.G. Moshkova investigated Novo-Kumakskiy and Alandskoe I-III burial grounds. Studying the monuments of the east area of Sauromatian culture allowed to specify borders of their distribution and to reveal manifestations of fire cult in the funeral ceremony. The article introduces the idea of formation of the South Ural early Sarmatian culture on the basis of Sauromatian culture with participation of tribes of the forest-steppe Trans-Ural region and the Aral region in this process. Also M.G. Moshkova revealed and investigated burial and settlement sites of Alakul culture that allowed to make adjustments in the periodization of Andronovo cultural and historical community. Studying the burials of medieval nomads in Novo-Kumakskiy burial ground led to specification of the periodization of South Ural history in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. Thus, works of M.G. Moshkova in the east of Orenburg region promoted the solution of key problems of the Southern Cis-Ural and Trans-Ural history in the 2nd millennium BC – the 2nd millennium AD.
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Dodson, John, Peter Weiming Jia, Alison Betts, and Dexin Cong. "Environmental change and the timing of the settlement of the Bronze Age Andronovo culture, in far northwest Xinjiang, China." Holocene 32, no. 1-2 (October 7, 2021): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09596836211049974.
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The relationships between societal and environmental changes have long attracted strong interest amongst scientists. Each of these systems has their own internal dynamics such as the adaptability and social systems built by people; and the feedbacks and controls on environmental systems. North west Xinjiang presents a challenging topographic and climate setting for people. Yet existing evidence shows Bronze Age populations settled into the Bortala Valley as early as the third millennium BCE. The harshness of the region provides a test case for exploring how environmental changes and societal changes may have intertwined. Near the town of Wenquan there is an extensive wetland which contains a sedimentary record covering the last 10,400 years. The early to mid-Holocene is marked by desert and a lake at Wenquan, but there is little evidence for human activity. By 4500 cal year BP the climate became more humid and soon peak humidity occurred when a regional steppe was developed and small numbers of trees were present on the mountains, also the lake shallowed to become a marsh and peatland. The uplands saw a slight increase in tree cover after this, probably as a result of moisture increase due to some cooling. Later changes in the archaeological record seem to be independent of the timing of any environmental changes, and human impacts on the wetland were small until historical times. In short, the major change from desert to steppe may have enabled people to settle the region, but later changes in the environment were too small to be revealed in the Wenquan sediment data, with the adaptability of societies overcoming any environmental challenges and with land-use practices being too small or localized to impact the palaeoenvironmental record.
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I., Savko, and Fedoruk O. "Ceramics of the Burial Ground of the Andronovskaya (Fedorovskaya) Culture Chekanovsky Log-2 (comprehensive analysis)." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 32, no. 4 (December 2020): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2020)4(32).-06.
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The paper discusses the results of a comprehensive analysis of the ceramic complex of the Chekanovsky Log-2 burial ground of the Andronovskaya (Fedorovskaya) culture, located in the North-Western foothills of Altai. In the course of morphological analysis, three forms of vessels were identified: pots, jars, and pot-jars. The leading method of ornamentation was stamping. Seven basic elements of the ornament and 27 different motives were used for ornamenting. Some differences are recorded in the technique of ornamentation and compositional schemes of the two sections of the burial ground. A technical and technological analysis showed that for the production of crockery local potters preferred medium-iron clays, mostly medium-plastic. The leading recipe for the preparation of molding masses at the site was clay + grit + fireclay + organic matter. At the same time, in the north section, there are vessels made only with the addition of chamotte as a mineral admixture. Thus, the materials of the site demonstrate the process of mixing different traditions in pottery. Most likely, on the territory of the North-Western foothills of Altai during the developed Bronze Age, there was an active interaction and mutual influence of the population of different geographical zones: foothill and lowland, which probably belonged to various local variants of the Andronovo cultural and historical community: East Kazakhstan and Ob.
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Khokhlov, Alexander, Egor Kitov, and Yulia Kapinus. "To the Issue of Anthropological Contacts Between the Populations of the Srubnaya and Alakul Cultures of the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Urals and Western Kazakhstan Steppes." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (October 2020): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.4.4.
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Introduction. The work focuses on anthropological materials of the border between two areals: the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures of the Bronze Age. New data is based on the burial grounds of the Kozhumberdy type of the Alakul culture from Western Kazakhstan. Methods and materials. The authors compare the craniological series which are formed according to the geographical localization of the monuments and modern archaeological ideas about their cultural interpretation. Analysis. As a result of statistical analysis, the craniological series of the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures are morphologically quite close, but the latter show higher variability of characteristics. More close to each other are samples of female skulls which show that the formation of physical characteristics of these populations occurred on a single anthropological substrate. Initially, carriers of different caucasoid complexes, mainly of steppe origin, and in a small proportion of the uraloid ones took part in the process. The populations of the Srubnaya and Alakul cultures for a long time interacted with each other. This is reflected in the materials of syncretic Srubnaya-Alakul monuments, as well as in the craniological characteristics of the population of these cultural entities. Judging by morphological features of the skulls, the eastern group of the Alakul population also contacted the collectives of the Fedorovo version of the Andronovo culture of Kazakhstan. The participation of any groups of Central Asian origin in the composition of Alakul populations is not denied, but if it took place, it was most likely of a secondary nature due to the incorporation of certain representatives of a foreign population. Results. The results and conclusions of this work should be used in historical reconstructions of the processes of the formation, development and extinction of the Bronze Age archaeological communities in the area of the VolgaUrals and Western Kazakhstan.
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L.S., Marsadolov. "A. M. VINOGRADOVA — A RESEARCHER OF G. P. SOSNOVSKY’S EXPEDITION IN ALTAI IN 1936." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 34, no. 2 (2022): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2022)34(2).-15.
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In the archaeology of Siberia, as well as other regions, there are many names of little-known archaeologists, indispensable assistants in the field and cameral research. One of these archaeologists was Anna Mikhailovna Vinogradova, a researcher in the sector of pre-class society in the Department of the History of Primitive Culture of The State Hermitage Museum. Very little is known about her biography. She was born in 1895 and died during the blockade in 1942, that is, she lived less than 47 years. One of her main scientific interests in the Hermitage was the study of the sites of the Andronovo culture.This article discusses only one field season in 1936, when on the instructions of the The State Hermitage Museum A. M. Vinogradova participated in the expedition of G. P. Sosnovsky in Altai. In Ust’-Kuyum they investigated a Neolithic site, 8 barrows of the Afanasievo culture and 3 barrows of ancient nomads. Near the village of Srostki, the oldest in 1936 Upper Paleolithic settlement in the Altai krai was discovered. During the research of this expedition, A. M. Vinogradova performed a large amount of work. She not only cleared the objects, performed all the drawing work, but also recorded the objects found, compiled their descriptions and labels.
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Molodin, V. I., I. A. Durakov, N. S. Efremova, L. S. Kobeleva, D. V. Selin, Yu N. Nenakhova, L. N. Mylnikova, and K. A. Borzykh. "Studies of the Staryi Tartas-1 Multilayer Settlement (Vengerovsky District of Novosibirsk Region)." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0528-0534.
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This article presents the evidence obtained from traditional collecting surface materials at the Staryi Tartas-1 site located on the floodplain terrace on the left bank of the Om River opposite the village of the same name in Vengerovsky District of Novosibirsk Region. The works of 2021 enrich our knowledge about the site and elucidate the individual features of material culture among its inhabitants. A fundamentally new pottery form - a bowl - has been observed in the pottery complex which belongs to the Pit-Comb Ware culture. A rare flattened bottom decorated in a typical manner of that culture as well as wall fragments with traces of distinctive smoothing and false textile imprints, and clear imprints of the walking comb stamp have become available. The remains of a ruined workshop for producing stone artifacts with 47 items which may be described as production waste, have been found. In addition, cores, often converted into tools (27 items), knife-like blades (14 items), and scrapers (9 items) have been collected. All items were typical of the stone industry of the Early Metal Age. The collection included individual artifacts of the Odinov, Krotovo, and Andronovo (Fedorovo) cultures. Complexes related to the ethnographic period and associated with the eastern part of Fort Ust-Tartas included fragments of vessels made on the potter’s wheel, containers for storing and preparing food, such as pan, glazed dishes, two sandstone and shale abrasives, two massive sinkers for nets, made on fragments of primitive bricks with double crisscross notches for fastening to the net. These findings prove incorrectness of the attempts to dispute the location of Fort Ust-Tartas on the basis of written sources, which have appeared in the media.
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Cherdantsev, S. V., R. O. Trapezov, M. S. Pristyazhnyuk, M. A. Tomilin, A. A. Zhuravlev, and A. S. Pilipenko. "Genetic Composition of the Tagar Culture Population: Current State and Research Prospects." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0723-0729.
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Despite the high degree of archaeological and anthropological research of the Tagar culture and its carriers, many directions of study of this Sothern Siberian Iron Age population remain relevant. This work is devoted to the consideration of the data on the genetic composition of the Tagar culture population, obtained to date by paleogenetic methods. The study of representative mtDNA sample series from chronologically different groups of the Tagar population (N = 79), carried out by the authors of this work, allow us to obtain the first objective view on the composition of its mitochondrial gene pool. The obtained results illustrate well the significance of analysis of representative sample series when performing paleogenetic reconstructions. The general Tagar population is characterized by the presence in the gene pool of both Western Eurasian (H, HV6, HV*, I, K, T, U2e, U4, U5a, and U*) and Eastern Eurasian (A*, A8, C*, C5, D, G2a, F1b) mtDNA haplogroups. Unlike other populations of southern Siberia of the Scythian time, Western Eurasian variants dominate in the Tagar gene pool. Among the previous populations, the Tagar population demonstrates affinity with the populations of the Minusinsk Basin of the Middle Bronze Age. When compared with the groups of early nomads of Eurasia, the Tagar population shows a similarity in terms of the mtDNA variability with the carriers of other cultures of the Scythian circle, occupying an intermediate position between the geographically distant Scythians of the Northern Black Sea region and the population of the south Siberian cultures, Pazyryk and Aldy-Bel. During the transition from the Podgorny to the Saragashen stages, the Tagar population converges with other groups of early nomads of southern Siberia. In the Tagar gene pool of the Y chromosome, the dominance of variants of the R1a1a haplogroup was revealed. This genetic cluster was first introduced into the Minusinsk Basin by the carriers of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture. However, additional in-depth analysis of the Tagar Y chromosome lineages is required to clarify their origin. The paper presents the most promising directions for further research of the Tagar populations using paleogenetic methods.
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Grushin, S. P., I. V. Merts, V. K. Merts, V. V. Ilyushina, and A. V. Fribus. "Semiyarka IV burial complex of the Middle Bronze Age (Eastern Kazakhstan)." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 2(53) (May 28, 2021): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-53-2-5.
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The paper is aimed at the analysis of the Middle Bronze Age materials from the Semiyarka IV burial ground in East Kazakhstan. In 2016–2018, two stone fences on the site were investigated by a joint expedition of the Altai and Pavlodar State Universities. The two fences contained human burials, inhumed in a wooden structure and in a composite stone cist box. The purpose of this work is to determine regional features and chronology of the Semiyarka IV funerary complex, as well as details of the ethnocultural development of the local population in the Middle Bronze Age. The research methodology includes analyses of the planigraphy and stratigraphy, compara-tive and typological study of the artifacts, anthropological investigation, examination of the pottery manufacturing technology, and radiocarbon dating. The technical and technological analysis of the pottery production was car-ried out using the method of A.A. Bobrinsky. Radiocarbon dates from wood and human bone samples were ob-tained by the liquid scintillation method in the archaeological technology laboratory of the Institute for the History of the Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The dates were then calibrated using CALIB 8.2 program and IntCal 20 calibration curve. The body of collected data allows us to conclude that the Andronovo burial ground of Semiyarka IV is distinguished by its syncretism which is manifested in two different cultural com-ponents. The first component, ‘Central Kazakhstan’, is represented by the architectural traditions of building stone fences and graves cemented with a clay mortar, as well as by the presence of chamotte in the pottery containing additives traditional for the population of Central Kazakhstan. The second component, ‘Siberian’, is represented by the tradition of building wooden crypts, and in the ceramics complex, by some peculiar ornamental patterns typical of the eastern Ob River valley. The site is dated to the turn of the 18th/17th –16th c. BC. The architectural similarities of the Semiyarka IV burial ground structures with the Yenisei sites suggest that their origin is associ-ated with the Irtysh River region. The migration period of the mobile Andronovo communities to the northeast is dated to the 17th c. BC.
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Savko, I. A. "Features of Impressions of Serrated Ornaments on Ceramics of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) Culture Burial Ground in the Altai Foothills Chekanovsky Log-2." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0624-0632.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the impressions of serrated ornaments on the vessels of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture Chekanovsky Log-2. The aim of the study is to analyze the impressions of serrated ornaments and to identify products ornamented by the same (or similar) tools, which could be made by the same master or a group of related masters. Out of 49 analyzed items, 26 were ornamented with serrated tools. All impressions were divided into two groups: coarse-toothed (2.5 mm and more) and fine-toothed (1 mm and more), and six subgroups. The subgroups united vessels belonging to fragments of the same product, and also dishes characterizing technological traditions of manufacture of tools of different masters, apparently belonging to one close in cultural (or chronological) relation to the population. The correlation between the size of the teeth and their number has been revealed. The larger the size of the teeth, the greater the length of the working surface and the smaller the number of teeth. The atypical impressions of the serrated ornaments were supplemented by the non-standard ornamental composition of the items. Vessels ornamented with coarse toothed stamp were mostly jar-shaped, had single-zone ornamentation and simple ornamental elements. Punctuated by fine-toothed stamps, the ornamented vessels were potted, which were decorated more with geometric motives with two or three zonal breakdown of the composition. In the burial area, these groups of vessels are fixed in both parts of the necropolis, however, for the southern (coastal) area, the vessels decorated mainly with a coarse-toothed stamp, and for the northern one, with a fine-toothed stamp are typical. This can be explained by the difference in the time of construction of these two parts of the necropolis.
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Sleptsova, A. V. "The origins of the population of Western Siberia in the Early Iron Age according to odontological data." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3(54) (August 27, 2021): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-54-3-13.
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The results of the study of the dental anthropology complexes of the population of the Sargatka, Gorokhovo and Kashino cultures of the Early Iron Age in Western Siberia are presented. The source base of the study is 490 individuals from burials located in the Tobol, Ishim, Irtysh River regions, as well as on the territory of the Baraba forest-steppe zone. The aim of this study is to reconstruct the origin and processes of the formation of the anthropological composition of the population of the Sargatka, Gorokhovo and Kashino cultures on the basis of new dental anthropological data. Trigonometrically transformed dental trait frequencies were subjected to the principal component analysis. Be-sides Sargatka, Gorokhovo and Kashino cultures samples, 17 Bronze Age and 27 Early Iron Age dental samples from different region of Eurasia were used for statistical comparison. The results of the statistical comparison may possible to make a several conclusions. The anthropological composition of the Gorokhov population and Sargat groups from the Tobol, Ishim and Irtysh River regions was significantly influenced by diachronic contacts with the descendants of the Andronovo tribes of the Southern Urals, and synchronous relation with the Savromats and Sarmatians of the Southern Urals. The population of the Sargatka culture and the Gorokhovo groups, simultane-ously living on the territory of the Tobol River region in the 5th–3rd centuries BC significantly different from each other. However, the subsequent close population relation between the Sargatka and Gorokhovo groups and their contacts with the Sarmatians contributed to the convergence of their anthropological composition. In the formation of the anthropological composition of the Sargatka population of Baraba forest-steppe zone the main role belongs to the local Late Bronze groups — the Fedorovo Bronze Age population of Western Siberia and their descen-dants, people of the Irmen culture. The most specific is the anthropological composition of the Kashino popula-tion. The specificity of the small group of the Abatsky 3 burial of Kashino culture from the Ishim River region lies in the sharp predominance of the features of the “eastern” dental non-metric complex, which distinguishes this popu-lation from the groups of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age of Western Siberia and adjacent territories.
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Nechvaloda, Аleksey. "Craniological Materials of the Late Bronze Age from the Berezovsky V Kurgan Cemetery in the Trans Urals." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 1 (July 2020): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.14.
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This paper is dedicated to discussion of craniological materials obtained from Berezovsky 5 burial mound in the southern Trans-Urals during archaeological excavations in 1994. The mound necropolis dates back to the Late Bronze Age (14th to 13th сс. BC) and relates to the Kozhumberdy stage in the Alakul development line of the Andronovo cultural community. Three researched skulls, two of them male and one female, originate from mound 6 of this burial site. The dental system of a young woman has undergone severe wear as a result of work activity. The craniological research of the female skull using Heincke formula made it possible to tentatively judge about its morphological affinity to skulls from the Laimberdy burial site and a combined skull set of the Akakul culture from the Trans-Urals. Basing on the female skull we have performed a graphic reconstruction of her appearance full face. The female skull shows some Mongoloid traits. Two male skulls failed to preserve their facial skeletons, except for braincases. The indicators of facial skeleton flattening at the orbital level can also testify to the presence of the Mongoloid component in their craniological type.
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Lubomir S., Dobrovolskiy, Kazhenova Gulnar T., and Umitkaliev Ulan U. "“Ethnicity” of the Scythians: Problems in the Aspects of Ontology and Gnoseology." Humanitarian Vector 17, no. 3 (October 2022): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-89-99.
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The work is devoted to the problem of the archaeological definition of the ethnos in connection with the range of questions of the genesis of the Scythians and their anthropological composition in connection with the eastern migration impulses. The objective is to study the development of this set of problems, as well as to consider the possibilities of further research in the aspect of competing hypotheses by systematizing and interpreting the data of history, archeology and physical anthropology. The reason for the unresolved issue of the origin of the Scythians is the lack of a generally accepted content of the concepts of “Scythian” and “Scythian culture”, as well as “Scythian archaeological culture”, due to the blurring of the boundaries of the areas of distribution of monuments of the “Scythian type culture”. The reason for the diversity of opinions about the physical appearance of the Scythians is the lack of a sufficient amount of anthropological material and the difference in interpretations of morphological relationships and lines of development. We consider the study of the genesis of the Scythians and the development of the Scythian culture from the perspective of migrations within the framework of the Srubna-Andronovo cultural and historical community to be a promising direction. It is necessary to define both multi-vector pulsating migrations and the “Scythian area” as a vast material and cultural (“ethnic, cultural and historical”) landscape and the environment within which they occurred. It is extremely important to single out compact typological variants and their cultural and chronological boundaries within the framework of the cultural community of the Scythians in the south of Eastern Europe, Sauromatians and Saks. In terms of establishing the Scythian area and identifying ethnic and cultural components, it is necessary to carefully localize the settled zones on its borders, study trans-boundary zones, the localization of which is confined to isolated physical and geographical structures and zones of integration of material production, and identify the patterns and specifics of the course of ethnic and cultural processes within and on the borders of large trans-zonal territories.
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Pilipenko, Aleksandr, Stepan Cherdantsev, Rostislav Trapezov, Matvey Tomilin, Mariya Balabanova, Maria Pristyazhnyuk, and Anton Zhuravlev. "On the Issue of the Sarmatian Population Genetic Composition in the Lower Volga Region (Paleogenetic Data)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (October 2020): 17–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.4.2.
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Introduction. The article presents the results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome samples obtained from the representatives of Sarmatian populations from the Lower Volga region belonging to all stages of the culture. Methods and materials. The authors have screened samples from 202 individuals representing three cultural and chronological Sarmatian groups (Early Sarmatian, Middle Sarmatian and Late Sarmatian cultures). As a result, the researchers have determined the structure and phylogenetic position of 62 mitochondrial DNA samples and 12 Y-chromosome samples, carried out a comprehensive analysis of the results. The authors have interpreted the obtained results in terms of the formation of the Sarmatian genetic composition and their genetic relationships. Results and discussion. The paper shows that the Sarmatian mitochondrial DNA pool is characterized by a high level of diversity, which is also typical for other Early Iron Age nomadic groups. The mitochondrial DNA lineages of Western Eurasian origin dominate in the Sarmatian gene pool, while lineages of Eastern Eurasian haplogroups cover less than 13% of the total sample. Data on both genetic markers suggests that the formation of the main features of the Sarmatian gene pool could be alternatively influenced by populations from more eastern regions, genetically more related to the Andronovo historical and cultural community, which is consistent with the data of physical paleoanthropology, or autochthonous populations of the Lower Volga and adjacent regions. The mitochondrial DNA data indicates a significant genetic influence of the populations from more southern regions of the Eurasian steppe belt on the Sarmatian gene pool. In addition, the authors show the presence of Eastern Eurasian components in the gene pools of all chronological Sarmatian groups, which may indicate the genetic influence of early nomads from eastern regions of the Eurasian steppe belt. The exact time of the appearance of these eastern genetic components in the Lower Volga region remains unclear. At the same time, the authors did not find the signs of an increase in the role of eastern components during the transition from the Early to Middle and to Late stages of the Sarmatian culture, which could be expected based on the data of archaeology and physical anthropology. Prospects. Prospects for a more detailed reconstruction of the Sarmatian genetic history in the Lower Volga region are associated with the further development of the diachronic model, including the accumulation of more mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome data for the population of each stage of the Sarmatian culture, the involvement of groups preceding the Sarmatians in the region in the study and the analysis of additional markers of nuclear DNA.
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Panyushkina, Irina P., Barbara J. Mills, Emma R. Usmanova, and Li Cheng. "Calendar Age of Lisakovsky Timbers Attributed to Andronovo Community of Bronze Age in Eurasia." Radiocarbon 50, no. 3 (2008): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200053558.
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We measured radiocarbon ages of 22 decadal replications and 1 bulk group from 5 tree-ring specimens using acid-base-acid pretreatment and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The study has the goal of refining the precision and resolution of a segment of the conventional Bronze Age chronology in the Eurasian steppe attributed to the multicultural community known as Andronovo. The archaeological timbers were gathered from 3 cemeteries at the Lisakovsky cluster of sites in Kazakhstan, where there is a prominent Andronovo occurrence that appears to show evidence of overlapping Alakul and Fedorovo cultures in the southern margin of the Eurasian steppe. The new set of Andronovo calendar dates derived from 14C wiggles and a composite floating tree-ring chronology places the cultural overlap from 1780 to 1660 cal BC. Results indicate older ages of artifacts from the Lisakovsky site than were previously determined by the typological chronology, shifting them from the Late Bronze Age to also include the transition between the Middle and Late Bronze Age. The chronological order of the Lisakovsky cemeteries provides strong evidence of contemporaneity of the Alakul and Fedorovo cultures in the Tobol River Valley for a portion of the 120-yr period of occupation. We discuss an application of the dated Alakul-Fedorovo overlap to the relationship and origin of different groups of the Andronovo community in the Ural region. Our results demonstrate the substantial power that tree rings from Bronze Age timbers provide for developing a precise and highly resolved calendar chronology of prehistoric human occupation in the Eurasian steppe during the 2nd millennium BC.
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Plats, Ivan A. "The Andronoid Cultures of the Ob Region: Historiography." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-2-353-364.
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The current paper features the historiography of the Andronoid cultures of the Ob region. The author identifies four investigation districts: Tomsk-Narym, Novosibirsk, Barnaul-Biysk Ob, and Kuznetsk Basin. For each district, the author describes cultural affiliation, territory of distribution, cultural and historical processes, chronology and periodization, house-building traditions, burial rites, typology of ceramics, economy and production, anthropological type and ethnicity of the Postandronian population. In addition, the author points out three periods in the research process of Andronoid antiquities in the Ob region. The first period is characterized by the dominance of the idea that the Karasuk era tribes settled all over the Ob region. The second period is marked by the concept of Yelovo culture (or stage) in the Ob region. The third period featured alternative concepts based on local materials. The author reports the current state and the key problems of the historiography of Postandronian cultures of the Ob. In conclusion, the author summarizes the more than 80-year history of Andronoid antiquities research in the Ob region, the fundamental importance of the accumulated data, and the promising research directions.
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Nesterkina, Anastasiya L., and In Uk Kang. "A Summer Course on Siberian Archaeology for Foreign Students (2018, Students from the Republic of Korea)." Archaeology and Ethnography 19, no. 3 (2020): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-3-9-15.
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Purpose. Teaching Siberian archaeology to foreign students has its own characteristics and requires a special approach. Not all terms and phenomena are equivalent to the language and archaeological experience of the students. Therefore, the teacher is unlikely to be able to make foreign students interested in their subject matter by simply giving lectures, since it is not always possible to achieve a full contact with the audience. The use of visual materials while conducting courses helps solve a lot of problems of teaching Siberian archaeology to foreign students. In archaeology, such a visual material is an archaeological site or an artifact. Thus, the method of “immersion” into the environment of the subject studied, which we implement as an excursion to archaeological sites while giving lectures directly at the place where the studied phenomenon can be found, is particularly popular as a way of teaching archaeology to foreigners. Results. Such a technique was implemented in 2018 by researchers of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of SB RAS and Professor Kang In Uk during the summer course of teaching Siberian archaeology to history students from Kyung Hee University (Seoul, the Republic of Korea). As a part of this course, students visited mound complexes and rock art objects in the Altai Mountains and ground burial sites of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in the Baraba forest-steppe region. The course included not only a detailed examination of the sites, but also lecturing at each of them. As our experience shows, the students were most interested in the topics resembling the ancient culture of the peoples of the Korean Peninsula, such as burial mounds, rock images of female shamans, Andronovo-type objects, etc. These subjects are relevant not only for research theses, but also as topics for individual research projects. This indicates that the goal of hosting a summer course on archaeology of Siberia for Korean students was achieved: the topic arouses deep interest among the audience. Conclusion. There is no doubt that the methodology of teaching Siberian archaeology to foreign students described in the present article is not only effective, but also has great prospects in the form of various master classes and workshops, as well as in the form of direct participation of foreign students in archaeological excavations in Siberia.
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S., Tikhonov. "Andronoid Cultures of the Upper Ob Region: A New Round of Discussion?" Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 33, no. 1 (2021): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2021)33(1).-01.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the problems of studying the cultures of the Late Bronze Age of the Upper Ob region using the example of the Tanai archaeological culture. It was singled out by I. V. Kovtun in 2016 on the peculiarities of ceramics of a small number of sites located presented by the scientist, it is still possible to speak only about the type of ceramics or the specifics of the ornamentation of dishes in the archaeological microdistrict. However, this does not mean that there is no need to talk about the cultural-chronological scale of the Late Bronze Age in the region under consideration. On the contrary, the activities of I.V. Kovtun stimulates the emergence of a new round in the study of andronoid and related archaeological cultures, to a more detailed study of the materials accumulated by scientists. Attention to this topic will potentially stimulate the development of general methodological problems in archaeological research. These include the issues of identifying an archaeological cult, determining the specifics of ceramics and signs of its types, dating of andronoid and related cultures, issues of the relationship of ancient people or identifying contacts in a homogeneous cultural environment. Keywords: Upper Ob region, tanaiskaia, korchazhkinskaia, elovkskaia archaeological cultures
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Molodin, V. I., M. S. Nesterova, and L. S. Kobeleva. "On a Distinctive Featureof the Andronovo (Fedorovka) Funerary Rites in the Baraba Forest-Steppe." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 49, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.1.039-052.
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This article summarizes the findings relating to a spatially localized group of graves at the Andronovo (Fedorovka) cemetery Tartas-1 in the Baraba forest-steppe. Several rows of graves combine with ash pits suggestive of ritual activity. In the infill of graves, there were ash lenses with mammal and fish bones, and potsherds with traces showing the signs of applied heat. Ash had been taken from nearby ash pits with similar infill and artifacts. Faunal remains from graves and ash pits (limb bones of cattle, sheep/goat, and horse) indicate sacrificial offerings. In the ash layer of grave No. 282, there was an incomplete human burial, also believed to be a sacrifice. Features such as the orientation of the graves, their alignment, the position of human remains, and the grave goods in that area are similar to the Andronovo (Fedorovka) burial practice and do not differ from those in other parts of the cemetery. No complete parallels to this rite have been revealed. Some similarities, such as the use of ash, and the presence of animal bones, sacrificial pits, etc. at other sites are listed. A reconstruction of the funerary sequence and possible interpretations are considered. It is concluded that those graves were left by a group of Andronovo migrants who maintained close ties with the native population. Unusual features of the burial rite, therefore, can reflect an attempt to consolidate the immigrant groups on the basis of traditional ritual practices, where the major role was played by fire and its symbols.
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Fedoruk, A. S., D. V. Papin, and O. A. Fedoruk. "MIDDLE AND LATE BRONZE AGE HOUSE-BUILDING IN THE STEPPE AND FOREST-STEPPE ALTAI." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 3 (September 21, 2018): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.075-082.
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This article integrates information on the house-building practices of people represented by cultures such as Andronovo, Cherkaskul, Sargary-Alekseyevka, Irmen, Korchazhka, and Burla. A graphic reconstruction of dwellings is attempted, and a prototypical model of the house is described with regard to the Middle and Late Bronze Age steppe and forest steppe Altai. It is a rectangular or nearly square single or two-chamber timber-frame-pillar structure, with a corridor-type exit extending beyond the foundation pit. Diachronic and cultural variations of this prototype are listed. Andronovo dwellings were robust or light, large or medium-large, based on the frame-and-pillar design with a fl at, ridge or truncated-pyramidal roof. Late Bronze Age dwellings are represented by a light Cherkaskul house with a gable roof at Kalinovka II. The Burla dwellings are either semi-underground framepillar or robust variously sized houses with conical or truncated-pyramidal roofs. Numerous Sargary-Alekseyevka dwellings are large or medium-sized, robust semi-underground with pillar frames and truncated-pyramidal roofs. The Irmen dwellings are similar to them. The Korchazhka dwellings are few, and their design is diffi cult to reconstruct.
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Polyakov, Andrey. "Radiocarbon dates from the Andronov (Fyodorovo) culture sites on the Middle Yenisei." TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF MATERIAL CULTURE Russian Academy of Sciences 20 (2019): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/2310-6557-2019-20-163-173.
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Svyatko, Svetlana V., James P. Mallory, Eileen M. Murphy, Andrey V. Polyakov, Paula J. Reimer, and Rick J. Schulting. "New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia." Radiocarbon 51, no. 1 (2009): 243–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200033798.
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The results are presented of a new program of radiocarbon dating undertaken on 88 human skeletons. The individuals derived from Eneolithic to Early Iron Age sites—Afanasievo, Okunevo, Andronovo (Fedorovo), Karasuk, and Tagar cultures—in the Minusinsk Basin of Southern Siberia. All the new dates have been acquired from human bone, which is in contrast to some of the previous dates for this region obtained from wood and thus possibly unreliable due to old-wood effects or re-use of the timber. The new data are compared with the existing14C chronology for the region, thereby enabling a clearer understanding to be gained concerning the chronology of these cultures and their place within the prehistory of the Eurasian steppes.
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Zhogolevа, A. A., and E. G. Stolyarova. "SYSTEM OF ARCHAIC SIGNS-SYMBOLS IN THE ORNAMENTS OF THE MESENA SPINNING ROTARY." Izvestiya of the Samara Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, Humanitarian, Medicobiological Sciences 23, no. 77 (2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2413-9645-2021-23-77-70-75.
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The article is devoted to the study of the symbols of the Mezen painting as a single system. The spinning wheel is viewed as a cosmogonic model of our ancestors, where painting is directly related to the content of the image. The object of the research is the archaic symbols of the Mezen painting. The subject is the development of ornaments and prints for decor and product design. The history of the Mezen craft (geography, origins, traditions), the artistic features of the craft (materials, technology) and the semantics of the ornament are studied. The article considers archaic ornaments of Mezeno in connection with the ancient cultures of mankind (the Neolithic era, Andronov culture, Ancient Greece, etc.) and Slavic traditional culture. The article deals with deciphering the semantics of the ornament of the Mezen spinning wheel as a reflection of the idea of the world of our ancestors. The author's development "The symbolism of the Mezen painting in contemporary art" is given, showing the possibility of using the Mezen ornament at the present stage of the development of artistic culture in art and design. The authors of the article propose to use the ornaments and symbols of Mezeno as decor and prints in modern art and design.
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S., KOVALEVSKY. "THE USE OF THE “OPPOSITE TRIANGLES” MOTIVE IN THE ORNAMENTATION OF THE IRMEN UTENSILS." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 28 (2022): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2022.28.36.
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The article studies of the role of the “opposite triangles” motive in the ornamentation of ceramics of the Irmen cultural and historical community of the South of Western Siberia. It is indicated that this ornamental motive was used primarily for decorating of the crown zone of the Irmen ritual and settlements utensils, less often - the zone of shoulders and trunk. Variations have been identified in the use of the “opposite triangles” motive applied not only in classical form, and to form more complex compositions. The assumption about the andronoid (Elovo) origin of this motive is put forward and its appearance in the Andronian ornamentation is also noted. The comparative analysis of the Irmen ornamentation of various territories of distribution of the Irmen cultural and historical community showed more frequent use of the “opposite triangles” motive by the population of the northeastern part of the Irmen world. This motif was also often used by the population of the Molchonovo culture of the Tomsk-Narym Ob region. This may be an argument in favor of the assumption of its local, andronoid origin.
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Dalmedico, Amy Dahan. "Early Developments of Nonlinear Science in Soviet Russia: The Andronov School at Gor'kiy." Science in Context 17, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 235–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889704000109.
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Through a detailed study of the group surrounding Andronov and Grekhova, this article highlights how the configuration of the interaction between techno-science, the State, and production appears to be very specific to the Soviet Union, as compared to the United States or France. We are often used to thinking of the relationship between science and its (social and cultural) context by postulating that the core of scientific content is universal while context is variable. This study suggests rather the opposite. For indeed, the local and specific nature of the scientific culture and tradition of nonlinearity in Gor'kiy must be emphasized. It is the political context of World War II and of the Cold War that forced the unification with Western science, in that they set theoretical targets and technical objectives, and stimulated the manufacture of identical products, such as radar and nuclear devices, automated systems, etc. In short, in the relationship of politics and science that is examined here, it is the politics which created unity and universality.