Relevant bibliographies by topics / Anfal Campaign

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Anfal Campaign'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Anfal Campaign"

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Quandt, William B. "Iraq's Crime of Genocide: The Anfal Campaign against the Kurds." Foreign Affairs 75, no. 3 (1996): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20047630.

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Szanto, Edith. "Mourning Halabja on Screen: Or Reading Kurdish Politics through Anfal Films." Review of Middle East Studies 52, no. 1 (2018): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2018.3.

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AbstractTowards the end of the decade long Iran–Iraq war, Saddam Hussein launched a deadly attack against the Kurds, known as the Anfal Campaign, killing more than a hundred thousand. One of the largest acts of genocide occurred on 18 March 1988 in the Kurdish city of Halabja. On that day, sweet-smelling poison gas was poured over the city, killing at least five thousand. Since 2001 Kurdish moviemakers have memorialized the tragedy of the Halabja massacre by producing cinematic dramas and narrative documentaries. These films are part of a discourse of authenticity and a politics of culture that permeate the Kurdish independence movement. This essay proposes that Halabja films can be divided into three stages: the era of consolidation, 2000 to 2009; the golden era, 2009 to early 2014; and the fall which followed the fall of Mosul to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. Each era reveals new attitudes towards politics, society, and the massacre.
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Azeez, Sarwa. "Arts & Literature: Voices of Kurdish Women Survivors: Healing Through Wounds of Genocide." Genocide Studies and Prevention 17, no. 1 (2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.17.1.1967.

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The Kurdish genocide tragically stole a generation, yet little attention has been given to the profound anguish endured by women left without husbands, fathers or sons. The poems "Alive," "Waiting," “To Hawa,” and "But Then Their Eyes Retained Everything" venture to unveil novel perspectives on the vast expanse of war, violence, trauma, and healing. They explore the impact of Saddam Hussein’s genocide on women during and after the war, its impact on subsequent generations, and the reflections of women on the implications of the Al-Anfal campaign, which spanned from 1986 to 1989. Similarly, the poem "Her Tongue Refuses to Recall," tells the tale of a resilient Yezidi woman who, like thousands of others, was tragically enslaved by the Islamic State, also known as Daesh, during their invasion of Iraqi Kurdistan from 2014 till 2017. By placing women at the forefront instead of the periphery, these poems attempt to enhance our comprehension of how these atrocities have affected families, intimate relationships, and the unique vulnerabilities faced by women.
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Medina-Vogel, Gonzalo, Francisco Muñoz, Meredith Moeggenberg, et al. "Improving Trapping Efficiency for Control of American Mink (Neovison vison) in Patagonia." Animals 12, no. 2 (2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12020142.

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Two main challenges when controlling alien American mink (Neovison vison) in Patagonia are to maximize campaign efficacy and cost-effectiveness and to avoid trapping native species. We designed and tested new variants of collapsible wire box traps, compared the efficacy of a food-based bait and a scent lure and compared catch rates in different seasons of the year. We used the data to model the efficiency rate of the trapping and to determine the trapping effort required to remove 70–90% of the estimated discrete mink population. Between January 2018 and March 2021, we operated 59 trapping transects over 103 three-day trapping periods in southern Chile. Traps were first baited with canned fish, and afterwards with mink anal gland lure. We compared the efficacy of mink capture with that of our previous study. We trapped 196 mink (125 males, 71 females), with most captures in summer. The medium-sized GMV-18 trap caught more male mink, but the more compact GMV-13 caught fewer non-target rodents and no native mammals. The scent lure was more successful than the canned fish when the previous campaign’s data were included in the analysis. There was also a significant improvement in the proportion of female mink trapped and reduced labour compared with our previous campaign that used larger traps, fish bait and 400–500 m trap spacings. We caught relatively more females than males after the third night of trapping on a transect. Our data analysis supports the use of the GMV-13 variant of wire cage trap as the best trap size: it is effective on female mink, small, cheap and easy to transport. Combined with mink anal scent lure, it reduces the possibility of trapping native species compared with other traps tested in Chile. As the most efficient method for removing at least 70% of the estimated discrete mink population within the area covered by each trap transect in southern Chile tested to date, we recommend trapping campaigns using GMV-13 during summer, with a 200-m trap spacing, for up to 6 days before moving traps to a new site, with a combination of three days with a female scent gland lure, followed by three days with a male scent gland lure.
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Adams, Jeffery, Stephen Neville, Karl Parker, and Taisia Huckle. "Influencing Condom Use by Gay and Bisexual Men for Anal Sex Through Social Marketing." Social Marketing Quarterly 23, no. 1 (2016): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500416654897.

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Encouraging gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) to use condoms for anal sex has been a cornerstone of HIV prevention initiatives globally for several decades. In New Zealand, Get it On!!, a social marketing program, sought to influence gay and bisexual men to use a condom “every time” for anal sex. To assess the effectiveness of Get it On!, an integrated program evaluation approach including evaluation rubrics was utilized. Self-report data were collected from 960 men using an online survey and a paper-based survey administered at a large, gay community event. The men reported they were exposed to the campaign messages, understood them well, and engaged with the program. Importantly, the men reported Get it On! encouraged them to take action, including being more conscious about using a condom for sex. Get it On! performed well in regard to encouraging a culture accepting of condom use. Significantly, the evaluation found the greater the exposure to Get it On!, the more likely a man was to report using a condom for anal sex. Overall, the campaign is likely contributing to New Zealand’s relatively high rates of condom use and the low incidence of HIV infection among MSM. This strongly suggests the campaign should be continued and enhanced as a key HIV prevention strategy.
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Valeria Anderson, Giulia. "Iraq and the Kurds: How the 1960s-1990s Portrayed the Future of the Kurds." Journal for Interdisciplinary Middle Eastern Studies 7, no. 1 (2021): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26351/jimes/7-1/2.

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Kurdish ambitions and demands relative to the Iraqi central government have always impacted the equilibrium of the country. Kurdish requests shifted from demanding autonomy to insisting on recognition, causing the various Iraqi administrations to change their policies towards the Kurds many times. These changes in Iraq’s policies often caused violent repercussions among the Kurds, which sometimes escalated into armed conflicts. This paper aims to analyze the events that occurred between the Kurds and the Iraqi government from the 1960s to the end of the 1980s, specifically: the 1st and 2nd Iraqi-Kurdish War, how foreign countries were involved in these conflicts, and what were the short- and long-term consequences of the wars on the Kurdish population that paved the way to the al-Anfal Campaigns. A more in-depth analysis will be done on the 2nd Iraqi-Kurdish War and on the eight al-Anfal Campaigns, as the consequences were devastating for the Kurdish population, and marked a turning point in Kurdish relations with foreign countries. The goal of this study is to add a new understanding on how Iraqi and Western foreign policies affected the Kurdish sense of identity and of the state-building process that led to what is known today as the Kurdistan Regional Government.
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Robinson, Marissa, and Rasheeta Chandler. "132 A Qualitative Exploration of Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Black Women Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 6, s1 (2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2022.45.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This proposed qualitative study aims to explore the perspectives about PrEP among heterosexual, cisgender Black women currently enrolled at an HBCU. Specifically, this study will elucidate this populations knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs surrounding PrEP uptake and marketing. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Health Belief Model adapted from Chandler, Hull et al. (2020) will be utilized as the conceptual framework to guide this study. Multiple virtual semi structured focus groups will be conducted with individuals at two HBCUs. Study participants (n=20-25) will meet the following inclusion criteria: (a) self-identifies as Black/African American, (b) was assigned female at birth, (c) is enrolled at Morgan State University or Spelman College, (d) is 18 years or older, (e) is sexually active (anal, oral, vaginal, or experimental), (f) is HIV negative, (g) has multiple sexual partners and/or has inconsistent condom usage. A qualitative data analysis will be conducted utilizing MAXQDA software to perform a thematic analysis by creating a codebook and identifying prominent themes related to perceptions and use of PrEP. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The research is on-going pending IRB approval. Data collection will include questions focused on topics surrounding PrEP, barriers/facilitators to participation in a proposed PrEP campaign, and sexual/reproductive health. These findings will characterize the awareness of PrEP among Black HBCU women, identify factors that may facilitate or cause barriers to Black HBCU womens knowledge and uptake of PrEP, and identify best practices for successful marketing strategies for PrEP campaigns targeting uptake among HBCU women DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Findings from this study can help the public health community tailor PrEP campaigns designed for college-age Black women thereby curtailing HIV transmission among this at-risk group.
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Koskan, Alexis M., and Madeline Fernandez-Pineda. "Anal Cancer Prevention Perspectives Among Foreign-Born Latino HIV-Infected Gay and Bisexual Men." Cancer Control 25, no. 1 (2018): 107327481878036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073274818780368.

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This study explores understanding of primary and secondary prevention of anal cancer among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected foreign-born Latino gay and bisexual men (GBM). Between August 2015 and December 2016, researchers conducted 33 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with HIV-infected foreign-born Latino GBM. Interview questions sought to determine participants’ knowledge and perceived barriers and facilitators to primary and secondary prevention of anal cancer. Researchers analyzed interview transcripts using a qualitative content analysis approach. For primary prevention, men reported a lack of knowledge about the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. However, for secondary prevention, roughly 60% of participants had previously screened for anal dysplasia via anal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. However, participants reported willingness to screen, and provider recommendation was the most common screening facilitator. Men reported stigma related to their HIV status, sexual orientation, and anal Pap smear procedures as anal cancer screening barriers. Participants reported willingness to use a self-screening anal Pap smear test if it was commercially available. Health providers continue to be the leading source of health information. Therefore, provider recommendation for HPV vaccination and anal cancer screening among age-eligible foreign-born Latino HIV-infected GBM is critical. More work is needed to destigmatize HIV and sexual orientation to influence positive health behaviors among this population. Future intervention research could test the effects of provider-led interventions and also media campaigns aimed at influencing HPV vaccine uptake and anal cancer screening among this population.
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Landstra, J. M. B., J. Ciarrochi, and F. P. Deane. "Psychosocial aspects of anal cancer screening: a review and recommendations." Sexual Health 9, no. 6 (2012): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11169.

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Cancer screening programs have the potential to decrease psychosocial wellbeing. This review investigates the evidence that anal cancer screening has an impact on psychosocial functioning and outlines considerations for supporting participants. The review suggested that screening has no significant effect on general mental health but may increase cancer-specific worry. Having worse anal or HIV symptoms, being younger, higher baseline distress or worse histology results were predictive of greater worry. The findings suggest the need to increase education campaigns, particularly targeting those with HIV infection and men who have sex with men. There is a need to develop a consensus on measuring the psychosocial impact of screening and stepped care approaches for responding to any resulting distress.
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Lau, R. K. W., P. Jenkins, K. Caun, et al. "Trends in Sexual Behaviour in a Cohort of Homosexual Men: A 7 Year Prospective Study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 3, no. 4 (1992): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249200300407.

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A cohort of homosexual men at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were studied prospectively over a 7-year period (1982/88) to assess trends in sexual behaviour and amyl nitrite intake. During the period, there were dramatic declines in the proportion of HIV seropositive and seronegative subjects reporting multiple casual partners for anal intercourse, unprotected anal intercourse and recreational use of amyl nitrite. Reported rates of orogenital intercourse remained the same during the period, whilst the total number of seroconversions fell from 17 for the period 1982–84 to 8 for 1985–88. High-risk sexual and related social behaviour among homosexual men, as assessed by patterns of anal intercourse behaviour and nitrite intake, changed over the 7-year period, with the greatest changes apparent before the widespread availability of HIV antibody testing and public education campaigns. This highlights the effectiveness of peer-group and community-based programmes in modifying the sexual behaviour or their members.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Anfal Campaign"

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Anderson, Giulia Valeria <1995&gt. "US-Kurdish Relations: The 2nd Iraqi-Kurdish War and the Al-Anfal Campaigns." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15957.

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This thesis analyses US-Kurdish relations and how they matured over time. Specifically, the Iraqi Kurds are the focus of the study. By describing the events that occurred from the 1960s to the 1980s in Iraq, this research tries to understand the United States’ (US) position and its relationship with the massive killings occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, in Iraqi Kurdistan. With a step-by-step reconstruction of the events, from the 1st Iraqi-Kurdish War in the 1960s to the Al-Anfal Campaigns, led by Saddam Hussein at the end of the 1980s, the Kurds are considered as the main playing actors in the region and in the conflicts. The main question of the thesis is to be able to answer the following dilemma: is the US responsible of betraying the Kurds? Chapter one begins with an analysis on the issue of the ‘Kurdish Question’, Kurdayetî and nationalism, concluding with a specific study on the Kurds of Iraq. Kurdish national-identity and nationalism are examined as well, as they are fundamental in order to understand why and how the Kurds became relevant for the international community. Chapter two extensively evaluates thirty years of conflict between Iraq and the Kurds, from 1960 to 1990. The thirty years of conflict encompass the 1st Iraqi-Kurdish conflict, the 2nd Iraqi-Kurdish War, and the eight Al-Anfal Campaigns. Short- and long-term consequences of the conflicts, as well as the involvement of foreign countries have also been analysed within this chapter, thus only for an explanatory purpose. Whereas chapter three, investigates on the US and how Washington viewed these conflicts, how it interacted, and what were the main reasons that pushed its decision-making process. Hence, considering the 1960s-1980s as a timeframe, the study proceeds with a fact-checking inquiry on primary documents. This research section outlines US thoughts during its relations with the Kurds and shows how realpolitik needs advanced when deciding upon the Gulf’s future. Declassified documents, memorandums, telegrams, and reports were attentively scrutinised, in order to understand US-led decisions towards the Kurds as well as why certain actions were undertaken. This section is the main part of the research, as it shows how everything that was stated in the previous chapters regarding the US had a primary goal which did not include the Kurd’s well-being. The concluding part of the thesis answers the main question of this research, thus if the US betrayed the Kurds. In order to do so, it considers everything stated throughout the study and tries to give an answer that can be either accepted or refused. The final debate moves towards the 1991 Gulf War, the US’s 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the Syrian conflict. The comparison with these last events was inevitable, as again, the US used the Kurds as their ‘boots on the ground’. However, there is no relation in terms of events, but there is indeed a relation in regard to US-led activities towards the Kurds.
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Silva, Rodrigo Iais da. "Avaliação soroepidemiológica de cães imunizados contra a raiva com vacina de cultivo celular em campanha anual de vacinação no município de Botucatu/SP." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190966.

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Orientador: Cassiano Victória<br>Resumo: A raiva é uma zoonose transmitida pelo vírus do gênero Lyssavirus, e é considerada uma das enfermidades mais temidas no mundo devido à sua alta letalidade e inexistência de tratamento eficaz. Anualmente morrem mais de 50 mil pessoas por raiva em países subdesenvolvidos. O cão é o principal transmissor da raiva humana nos centros urbanos, responsável por 99% dos casos e 92% dos tratamentos pós-exposição. No Brasil, a raiva animal se apresenta de forma endêmica. A vacinação é o método mais eficiente de prevenção da raiva em cães e, por consequência, a proteção à população humana. No município de Botucatu, SP, há mais de 30 anos não são diagnosticados casos de raiva canina, devido às campanhas anuais de vacinação contra a raiva realizadas há 50 anos. Em 2010, o Ministério da Saúde preconizou o uso da vacina contra a raiva animal de cultivo celular nas campanhas de vacinação em massa. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta imunológica de cães que receberam apenas doses da vacina de cultivo celular contra o vírus da raiva. Para consolidação do tamanho amostral considerou-se uma porcentagem de 80% de adesão com consentimento livre e esclarecido, erro de estimação da ordem de 4% e nível de confiança de 95%. O título de anticorpos para a raiva foi detectado pelo Microteste Simplificado de Inibição de Fluorescência - SFIMT. Todas as discussões analíticas no plano estatístico foram realizadas no nível de significância de 5%. Observou-se que 59,12% (428/724) dos cães possuíam... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Rabies is a zoonosis transmitted by the virus of the genus Lyssavirus and is considered one of the most feared diseases in the world due to its high lethality and lack of effective treatment. Annually more than 50,000 people die from rabies in underdeveloped countries. The dog is the main transmitter of human rabies, accounting for 99% of cases and 92% of post-exposure treatments. In Brazil, animal rabies presents itself endemic. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing rabies in dogs and, consequently, protecting the human population. In the municipality of Botucatu, SP, for more than 30 years no cases of canine rabies have been diagnosed due to the annual campaigns of rabies vaccination applied 50 years. In 2010, the Ministry of Health advocated the use of the antirabies animal cell culture vaccine in mass vaccination campaigns. This study aimed to evaluate the immunological response of dogs that received only doses of the cell culture vaccine against the rabies virus. To consolidate the sample size, a percentage of 80% adherence with free and informed consent, an error of the order of 4% and a 95% confidence level were considered. The antibody titers for rabies were detected by the Simplified Fluorescence Inhibition Microtest - SFIMT. All statistical analyses were performed at a significance level of 5%. It was observed that 59.12% (428/724) of the dogs had a protective titer (≥0.5 IU / mL) and 40.88% (296/724) had not developed a protective titer of anti-rab... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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Books on the topic "Anfal Campaign"

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Osman, Soran. Anfal: Kurdish genocide. Khak Press & Media Centre, KurdSat Channel, 2014.

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(Organization), Human Rights Watch, and Middle East Watch (Organization), eds. Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal campaign against the Kurds. Human Rights Watch, 1993.

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Anderson, Kenneth. The Anfal campaign in Iraqi Kurdistan: The destruction of Koreme. Human Rights Watch, 1993.

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East, Human Rights Watch/Middle, ed. Iraq's crime of genocide: The Anfal campaign against the Kurds. Yale University Press, 1995.

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Babeʻelî, ʻElaʼ Nûrî. Çimkêk le bîrewerîyekanî Enfalî dû: Second Anfal. Le Biławkirawekanî Dezgay R̄oşinbîrî Cemal ʻÎrfan, 2013.

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Fī bāṭin al-jahīm: Riwāyah tasjīlīyah wathāʼiqīyah ʻan Ḥamlat al-Anfāl 1987-1988. Wizārat al-Thaqāfah, 2013.

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1965-, Bendî ʻElî, ed. Enfal di wijdana helbest û çîrokê da. [s.n.], 2005.

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ʻAmalīyāt al-Anfāl fī Kurdistān al-ʻIrāq: Dirāsah dīnīyah ijtimāʻīyah. Spîrêz, 2006.

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Giftugo le ser xwanî xwênîn: Kor̄amanêk le Enfal. Ber̄êweberêtîy Çap u Biławkirdinewey Silêmanî, 2007.

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Mistefa, Zuzan Nasir. Operasyonên Enfalê li Kurdistanê der'encam û kardaneve: (23î Şubat - 6î Eylûl 1988) : vekolîneka mêjûyiye. Le Biławkirawekanî Ekadîmyay Kurdî, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Anfal Campaign"

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"The Anfal Campaign." In Gendered Experiences of Genocide. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315584188-2.

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Hardi, Choman. "The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds:." In Forgotten Genocides. University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt3fhnm9.10.

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"6. The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds: Chemical Weapons in the Service of Mass Murder." In Forgotten Genocides. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9780812204384-008.

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"Appropriating and Transforming a Space of Violence and Destruction into one of Social Reconstruction: Survivors of the Anfal Campaign (1988) in the Collective Towns of Kurdistan." In Disciplinary Spaces. transcript-Verlag, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839434871-012.

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Mlodoch, Karin. "Appropriating and Transforming a Space of Violence and Destruction into one of Social Reconstruction: Survivors of the Anfal Campaign (1988) in the Collective Towns of Kurdistan." In Disciplinary Spaces. transcript Verlag, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783839434871-012.

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Balfour, Sebastian. "A Disaster Foretold? The Spanish Defeat at Anual." In Deadly Embrace. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199252961.003.0003.

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Abstract The history of colonial campaigns is littered with military disasters suffered by the European powers. The British in particular were defeated several times at the end of the nineteenth century at the height of their expansionism in south and eastern Africa. They were routed in 1879 by the Zulu army at Isandhlwana. The Mahdi uprising in 1882 in Eastern Sudan led to the ten- month siege of British-held Khartoum and its fall in 1885 and the death of General Gordon and his soldiers. The Boers in South Africa inflicted defeat on the British army in 1881 and then during the Boer War of 1889–1902. For their part, the Italians suffered military defeat at the hands of the Ethiopians at Adowa in 1896, which led to the fall of a government and Italy’s abandonment of its aim to create a colonial empire in Abyssinia.
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Conference papers on the topic "Anfal Campaign"

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سلمان عيسى, صديق, and وليد محمد عمر. "Anfal operations in Iraqi Kurdistan." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/31.

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"ABSTRACT Anfal Campaign and Kurdish Genocide The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period, the word Anfal has come to represent the entire genocide over decades Hundreds of thousands of men, women and children were executed during a systematic attempt to exterminate the Kurdish population in Iraq in the Anfal operations in the late 198s. Their towns and villages were attacked by chemical weapons, and many women and children were sent to camps where they lived in appalling conditions. Men and boys of 'battle age' were targeted and executed en masse. The campaign takes its name from Suratal-Anfal in the Qur'an. Al Anfal literally means the spoils (of war) and was used to describe the military campaign of extermination and looting commanded by Ali Hassan al-Majid. The Ba'athists misused what the Qur'an says. Anfal in the Qur'an does not refer to genocide, but the word was used as a code name by the former Iraqi regime for the systematic attacks against the Kurdish population.. "
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علوان عبدالله, نزار. "" Stages of Genocide Against the Kurds in Iraq 1975 – 1988 Historical study"." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/57.

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Following the collapse of the Kurdish revolution in 1975 in the wake of Algiers Agreement1975 between Iraq and Iran, the governing Baath regime in Baghdad found itself free against the National Kurdish Movement, carrying out a series of genocide and ethnic cleansing operations against Kurds in Iraq. The government lunched wide arrest campaign against members of Kurdish opposition and destroyed many border villages in order to create a 20-kilometer security belt alongside the borders with Turkey and Iran with mines planted there. That area was declared to be a military zone accessed only by the Iraqi army. That required evacuating 500 villages which caused thousands of Kurds to seek refuge in Iran in fear of apprehension or murder. These developments were accompanied by a displacement process carried out by the Iraqi government on March 31st 1975 against member of Al-Barzani clan in Barzan area, who were displaced to the desert in Al-Qadisiya province and were only allowed to return to Kurdistan in the 1980 in the condition that they do not go back to their original areas. This was followed by the Anfal campaign which destroyed more than four thousand villages and displaced more than half a million Kurds to the Iraqi southern deserts while other thousands fled to Iran. It was in the Anfal campaign that the tragedy of Halabja occurred where chemical weapons were used on March 16th 1988 causing the death of more than five thousand Kurds and horrible unprecedented scene.
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Rafaat Star, Hawar, and Zrar Ali Hassan. "Economic Genocide in the Anfal Process of the Kurdish People." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/29.

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" The determination of all criminal offenses that have been committed by the regime of Ba’ath, the former Iraqi government, or by other countries against Kurdish people was to discriminate and suppress Kurds’ identity. Eventually, the operation of eliminating Kurdish people started in 1987 and this massive murder reached its peak through Anfal campaign in 1988. This operation was planned and carried out progressively and wasexerted systematically through eight waves around all different areas in Kurdistan; these military procedures became the reason behind the destruction of the Kurdish villages and districts, which was not the only devastation for the Kurdish towns, but actually, the farmers and other workers were mainly the victims. Consequently, this created financial crises and economic destruction; plainly, the lives of people in those places depended completely on agriculture andlivestock farming. Deporting Kurds to other various places was another way for forcing them to settle in camps which was a factor for creating the financial crisis. Because there was no role of their interests. Close reading and investigations are needed to study these cases and issues botheconomically and academically – this is to understand the detailed particularities and their impact on people and Kurdistan at that duration and the forthcoming damages – through concrete facts and data. "
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Ross, Michael, Christopher Long, Ivan Cruz, et al. "CAMPAIGN LIFE ASSESSMENT AND EXTENSION OF MELT SHOP CRANES." In 76º Congresso Anual da ABM - Internacional. Editora Blucher, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/2594-5327-39890.

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شریف اسماعیل, سركوت. "The impact of the foreign relations of the Iraqi state on the Anfal operations, (America) is a model." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/15.

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"The Anfal crime of 1988 was a series of political, military and propaganda campaigns carried out by Saddam's Ba'athist regime against a part of the Kurdish people.In this process, all the means of genocide were used, from killing, slaughter, arrest, expulsion and expulsion to the demolition of houses, burning of fields and gardens and looting of their livestock and belongings. The Ba'ath regime's excuse for this crime was nothing but religious and political propaganda that the Kurdish nation had deviated from Islam and had turned against the state These excuses were to justify his crime because the process was named after a chapter of the Holy Qur'an, which was Anfal. For such a big and heinous crime, of course, you have to make all the internal and external factors available before you start, because without the availability of both factors, it would have been impossible for such a big and important process to succeed Therefore, Saddam's Ba'athist regime had secured international and external factors along with the availability of domestic factors to a good extent, so it carried out the process in such a comprehensive and widespread manner. The United States, which was one of the most powerful and influential countries of the time, had a strong relationship with Saddam and the Iraqi government in all political, military, economic and other aspects The Americans, who served Saddam Hussein's regime in the success of the Anfal process, not only provided military and logistical assistance to the Iraqi government, but also provided intelligence assistance to the regime On the other hand, for the sake of the Ba'ath and Saddam regimes, he had cut off all kinds of cooperation from the Kurds and refused to even welcome the Kurdish representatives when they wanted to convey the truth about the Anfal crime to the US and the world.This was one of the reasons why Saddam's regime was protected from international condemnation and prosecution thanks to its cooperation and strong ties with the Americans."
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