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1
Quandt, William B. "Iraq's Crime of Genocide: The Anfal Campaign against the Kurds." Foreign Affairs 75, no. 3 (1996): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20047630.
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Szanto, Edith. "Mourning Halabja on Screen: Or Reading Kurdish Politics through Anfal Films." Review of Middle East Studies 52, no. 1 (April 2018): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2018.3.
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AbstractTowards the end of the decade long Iran–Iraq war, Saddam Hussein launched a deadly attack against the Kurds, known as the Anfal Campaign, killing more than a hundred thousand. One of the largest acts of genocide occurred on 18 March 1988 in the Kurdish city of Halabja. On that day, sweet-smelling poison gas was poured over the city, killing at least five thousand. Since 2001 Kurdish moviemakers have memorialized the tragedy of the Halabja massacre by producing cinematic dramas and narrative documentaries. These films are part of a discourse of authenticity and a politics of culture that permeate the Kurdish independence movement. This essay proposes that Halabja films can be divided into three stages: the era of consolidation, 2000 to 2009; the golden era, 2009 to early 2014; and the fall which followed the fall of Mosul to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. Each era reveals new attitudes towards politics, society, and the massacre.
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Azeez, Sarwa. "Arts & Literature: Voices of Kurdish Women Survivors: Healing Through Wounds of Genocide." Genocide Studies and Prevention 17, no. 1 (July 2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.17.1.1967.
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The Kurdish genocide tragically stole a generation, yet little attention has been given to the profound anguish endured by women left without husbands, fathers or sons. The poems "Alive," "Waiting," “To Hawa,” and "But Then Their Eyes Retained Everything" venture to unveil novel perspectives on the vast expanse of war, violence, trauma, and healing. They explore the impact of Saddam Hussein’s genocide on women during and after the war, its impact on subsequent generations, and the reflections of women on the implications of the Al-Anfal campaign, which spanned from 1986 to 1989. Similarly, the poem "Her Tongue Refuses to Recall," tells the tale of a resilient Yezidi woman who, like thousands of others, was tragically enslaved by the Islamic State, also known as Daesh, during their invasion of Iraqi Kurdistan from 2014 till 2017. By placing women at the forefront instead of the periphery, these poems attempt to enhance our comprehension of how these atrocities have affected families, intimate relationships, and the unique vulnerabilities faced by women.
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Medina-Vogel, Gonzalo, Francisco Muñoz, Meredith Moeggenberg, Carlos Calvo-Mac, Macarena Barros-Lama, Nickolas Ulloa, Daniel J. Pons, and B. Kay Clapperton. "Improving Trapping Efficiency for Control of American Mink (Neovison vison) in Patagonia." Animals 12, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12020142.
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Two main challenges when controlling alien American mink (Neovison vison) in Patagonia are to maximize campaign efficacy and cost-effectiveness and to avoid trapping native species. We designed and tested new variants of collapsible wire box traps, compared the efficacy of a food-based bait and a scent lure and compared catch rates in different seasons of the year. We used the data to model the efficiency rate of the trapping and to determine the trapping effort required to remove 70–90% of the estimated discrete mink population. Between January 2018 and March 2021, we operated 59 trapping transects over 103 three-day trapping periods in southern Chile. Traps were first baited with canned fish, and afterwards with mink anal gland lure. We compared the efficacy of mink capture with that of our previous study. We trapped 196 mink (125 males, 71 females), with most captures in summer. The medium-sized GMV-18 trap caught more male mink, but the more compact GMV-13 caught fewer non-target rodents and no native mammals. The scent lure was more successful than the canned fish when the previous campaign’s data were included in the analysis. There was also a significant improvement in the proportion of female mink trapped and reduced labour compared with our previous campaign that used larger traps, fish bait and 400–500 m trap spacings. We caught relatively more females than males after the third night of trapping on a transect. Our data analysis supports the use of the GMV-13 variant of wire cage trap as the best trap size: it is effective on female mink, small, cheap and easy to transport. Combined with mink anal scent lure, it reduces the possibility of trapping native species compared with other traps tested in Chile. As the most efficient method for removing at least 70% of the estimated discrete mink population within the area covered by each trap transect in southern Chile tested to date, we recommend trapping campaigns using GMV-13 during summer, with a 200-m trap spacing, for up to 6 days before moving traps to a new site, with a combination of three days with a female scent gland lure, followed by three days with a male scent gland lure.
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Adams, Jeffery, Stephen Neville, Karl Parker, and Taisia Huckle. "Influencing Condom Use by Gay and Bisexual Men for Anal Sex Through Social Marketing." Social Marketing Quarterly 23, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500416654897.
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Encouraging gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) to use condoms for anal sex has been a cornerstone of HIV prevention initiatives globally for several decades. In New Zealand, Get it On!!, a social marketing program, sought to influence gay and bisexual men to use a condom “every time” for anal sex. To assess the effectiveness of Get it On!, an integrated program evaluation approach including evaluation rubrics was utilized. Self-report data were collected from 960 men using an online survey and a paper-based survey administered at a large, gay community event. The men reported they were exposed to the campaign messages, understood them well, and engaged with the program. Importantly, the men reported Get it On! encouraged them to take action, including being more conscious about using a condom for sex. Get it On! performed well in regard to encouraging a culture accepting of condom use. Significantly, the evaluation found the greater the exposure to Get it On!, the more likely a man was to report using a condom for anal sex. Overall, the campaign is likely contributing to New Zealand’s relatively high rates of condom use and the low incidence of HIV infection among MSM. This strongly suggests the campaign should be continued and enhanced as a key HIV prevention strategy.
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Valeria Anderson, Giulia. "Iraq and the Kurds: How the 1960s-1990s Portrayed the Future of the Kurds." Journal for Interdisciplinary Middle Eastern Studies 7, no. 1 (2021): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26351/jimes/7-1/2.
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Kurdish ambitions and demands relative to the Iraqi central government have always impacted the equilibrium of the country. Kurdish requests shifted from demanding autonomy to insisting on recognition, causing the various Iraqi administrations to change their policies towards the Kurds many times. These changes in Iraq’s policies often caused violent repercussions among the Kurds, which sometimes escalated into armed conflicts. This paper aims to analyze the events that occurred between the Kurds and the Iraqi government from the 1960s to the end of the 1980s, specifically: the 1st and 2nd Iraqi-Kurdish War, how foreign countries were involved in these conflicts, and what were the short- and long-term consequences of the wars on the Kurdish population that paved the way to the al-Anfal Campaigns. A more in-depth analysis will be done on the 2nd Iraqi-Kurdish War and on the eight al-Anfal Campaigns, as the consequences were devastating for the Kurdish population, and marked a turning point in Kurdish relations with foreign countries. The goal of this study is to add a new understanding on how Iraqi and Western foreign policies affected the Kurdish sense of identity and of the state-building process that led to what is known today as the Kurdistan Regional Government.
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Robinson, Marissa, and Rasheeta Chandler. "132 A Qualitative Exploration of Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Black Women Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 6, s1 (April 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2022.45.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This proposed qualitative study aims to explore the perspectives about PrEP among heterosexual, cisgender Black women currently enrolled at an HBCU. Specifically, this study will elucidate this populations knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs surrounding PrEP uptake and marketing. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Health Belief Model adapted from Chandler, Hull et al. (2020) will be utilized as the conceptual framework to guide this study. Multiple virtual semi structured focus groups will be conducted with individuals at two HBCUs. Study participants (n=20-25) will meet the following inclusion criteria: (a) self-identifies as Black/African American, (b) was assigned female at birth, (c) is enrolled at Morgan State University or Spelman College, (d) is 18 years or older, (e) is sexually active (anal, oral, vaginal, or experimental), (f) is HIV negative, (g) has multiple sexual partners and/or has inconsistent condom usage. A qualitative data analysis will be conducted utilizing MAXQDA software to perform a thematic analysis by creating a codebook and identifying prominent themes related to perceptions and use of PrEP. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The research is on-going pending IRB approval. Data collection will include questions focused on topics surrounding PrEP, barriers/facilitators to participation in a proposed PrEP campaign, and sexual/reproductive health. These findings will characterize the awareness of PrEP among Black HBCU women, identify factors that may facilitate or cause barriers to Black HBCU womens knowledge and uptake of PrEP, and identify best practices for successful marketing strategies for PrEP campaigns targeting uptake among HBCU women DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Findings from this study can help the public health community tailor PrEP campaigns designed for college-age Black women thereby curtailing HIV transmission among this at-risk group.
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Koskan, Alexis M., and Madeline Fernandez-Pineda. "Anal Cancer Prevention Perspectives Among Foreign-Born Latino HIV-Infected Gay and Bisexual Men." Cancer Control 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 107327481878036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073274818780368.
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This study explores understanding of primary and secondary prevention of anal cancer among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected foreign-born Latino gay and bisexual men (GBM). Between August 2015 and December 2016, researchers conducted 33 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with HIV-infected foreign-born Latino GBM. Interview questions sought to determine participants’ knowledge and perceived barriers and facilitators to primary and secondary prevention of anal cancer. Researchers analyzed interview transcripts using a qualitative content analysis approach. For primary prevention, men reported a lack of knowledge about the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. However, for secondary prevention, roughly 60% of participants had previously screened for anal dysplasia via anal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. However, participants reported willingness to screen, and provider recommendation was the most common screening facilitator. Men reported stigma related to their HIV status, sexual orientation, and anal Pap smear procedures as anal cancer screening barriers. Participants reported willingness to use a self-screening anal Pap smear test if it was commercially available. Health providers continue to be the leading source of health information. Therefore, provider recommendation for HPV vaccination and anal cancer screening among age-eligible foreign-born Latino HIV-infected GBM is critical. More work is needed to destigmatize HIV and sexual orientation to influence positive health behaviors among this population. Future intervention research could test the effects of provider-led interventions and also media campaigns aimed at influencing HPV vaccine uptake and anal cancer screening among this population.
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Landstra, J. M. B., J. Ciarrochi, and F. P. Deane. "Psychosocial aspects of anal cancer screening: a review and recommendations." Sexual Health 9, no. 6 (2012): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11169.
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Cancer screening programs have the potential to decrease psychosocial wellbeing. This review investigates the evidence that anal cancer screening has an impact on psychosocial functioning and outlines considerations for supporting participants. The review suggested that screening has no significant effect on general mental health but may increase cancer-specific worry. Having worse anal or HIV symptoms, being younger, higher baseline distress or worse histology results were predictive of greater worry. The findings suggest the need to increase education campaigns, particularly targeting those with HIV infection and men who have sex with men. There is a need to develop a consensus on measuring the psychosocial impact of screening and stepped care approaches for responding to any resulting distress.
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Lau, R. K. W., P. Jenkins, K. Caun, S. M. Forster, J. N. Weber, T. J. McManus, J. R. W. Harris, D. J. Jeffries, and A. J. Pinching. "Trends in Sexual Behaviour in a Cohort of Homosexual Men: A 7 Year Prospective Study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 3, no. 4 (July 1992): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249200300407.
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A cohort of homosexual men at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were studied prospectively over a 7-year period (1982/88) to assess trends in sexual behaviour and amyl nitrite intake. During the period, there were dramatic declines in the proportion of HIV seropositive and seronegative subjects reporting multiple casual partners for anal intercourse, unprotected anal intercourse and recreational use of amyl nitrite. Reported rates of orogenital intercourse remained the same during the period, whilst the total number of seroconversions fell from 17 for the period 1982–84 to 8 for 1985–88. High-risk sexual and related social behaviour among homosexual men, as assessed by patterns of anal intercourse behaviour and nitrite intake, changed over the 7-year period, with the greatest changes apparent before the widespread availability of HIV antibody testing and public education campaigns. This highlights the effectiveness of peer-group and community-based programmes in modifying the sexual behaviour or their members.
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Gillibrand, Rachel, and Kevin Turner. "‘Let’s talk about sex’: A post-structuralist discourse analysis into the meanings and experiences of anal sex for gay men." Psychology of Sexualities Review 4, no. 1 (2013): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssex.2013.4.1.53.
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Using a post-structuralist discourse analytic approach this paper investigates the lived in experiences and meanings of anal sex amongst seven gay men. Findings indicate the role of discourse in constructing gay men’s understanding of sexual experiences. These men offered varying perspectives on their expectations of anal sex within casual and committed relationships. Sex did not have fixed meanings based on heterosexual dichotomies but was socially constructed through sexual experiences providing opportunities for negotiation and unfolding of meaning. The men had complex risk management strategies in weighing up the need for protection from STIs but embracing the need for intimacy and trust. This study provides an important insight into some gay men’s sexual practices that can be incorporated into targeted health promotion campaigns.
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Raymond, Martha, and Margaret-Ann Simonetta. "Patient-reported outcomes: The anal cancer patient lived experience." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.4_suppl.002.
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2 Background: Anal Cancer incidence and deaths from the disease have been rising in the United States for the past two decades. Data published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute (11/19/2019) indicate from 2001 to 2015, anal cancer overall incidence increased by 2.7% per year and deaths rose by 3.1 % each year. This data indicates that anal cancer may be one of the fastest growing causes of cancer incidence and mortality. Now, especially with data indicating the rise in incidence rate, it is imperative that the anal cancer patient lived experience be better understood, including gaps in awareness and prevention education that may lead to earlier diagnosis. The Raymond Foundation in partnership with the anal cancer patient community is amplifying the patient voice by facilitating a series of impactful roundtable conversations to underscore the patient lived experience. Methods: From March–August 2021, the Raymond Foundation convened virtual roundtable conversations and individual interviews with 171 anal cancer patients and survivors. Overarching themes from our conversations included: Barriers to earlier diagnosis and awareness, Frustration and anger by the lack of new treatment protocols, Quality of life after diagnosis, including daily distress levels leading to allostatic load. Results: 94% of patients/survivors reported lack of anal cancer awareness and prevention education that may have led to a later stage diagnosis; 93% reported feeling stigmatized with a marked decrease in quality of life post diagnosis; 90% reported feeling embarrassed when discussing their diagnosis with family and friends; 86% reported frustration and anger by the lack of new treatment options; Anxiety (81%), Fear (78%) Depression (73%) were common daily distress concerns; Reported physical effects of the disease and treatment, include Radiation Proctitis (71%) Fecal Incontinence (68%) Urinary Incontinence (65%). Less than half (44%) of patients felt empowered and comfortable advocating for themselves regarding their healthcare and treatment decisions. Conclusions: Anal cancer patients have many unmet needs–both physical and psycho-social. Their voices and lived experiences provide a roadmap to better understand these unmet needs. Based on our patient-reported outcomes research, we will continue our outreach and partnership with the anal cancer community to provide patient support, education and awareness programs and campaigns that help meet the needs of the anal cancer patient community.
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Korwa, Johni R. V. "The Resistance Movement of Aboriginal People To Fight Against The Plans For A Nuclear Waste Dump In South Australia." Papua Law Journal 1, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/plj.v1i2.592.
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Aborigine is the indigenous people of Australia who have attempted to oppose the proposal for South Australia to host an international nuclear dump. Even though the rights of indigenous people have been recognized by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the treatment they receive are not in accordance with the standard of living. The object of this this paper is to examine the struggle of Aboriginal Australia as indigenous people who seek to ensure their basic rights to clean environment from nuclear waste by using normative juridical method. The results of the paper show that Aboriginal people have commenced their struggle by the formation of global movement in the form of local campaign (Kupa Piti Kungka Juta), Australian Nuclear Free Alliance (ANFA), in collaboration with Amnesty International and the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN). All efforts are made to pressure the Australian government not to consider South Australia as a nuclear waste disposal site. This is because nuclear waste can have an impact on public health and environmental damage, trigger nuclear war, and become a threat to the land of Aboriginal people.
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Al-Ajlouni, Yazan A., Su H. Park, John A. Schneider, William C. Goedel, H. Rhodes Hambrick, DeMarc A. Hickson, Michael N. Cantor, and Dustin T. Duncan. "Partner meeting venue typology and sexual risk behaviors among French men who have sex with men." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 13 (July 4, 2018): 1282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418775524.
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Previous research has given considerable attention to venues where men who have sex with men (MSM) meet their sex partners. However, no previous study examined a vast range of sexual risk behaviors. The objective of this study was to examine the association between the types of venues for meeting sexual partners, condomless anal intercourse, engagement in group sex, and HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk among a sample of MSM. Users of a popular geosocial-networking app in Paris were provided an advertisement with text encouraging them to complete an anonymous web-based survey ( n = 580), which included questions about sex-seeking venues, condomless anal intercourse, HIV status and STI history, and sociodemographic characteristics. A log-binomial model was used to assess association between venues (i.e. public venues [gay clubs, bars, and discos], cruising venues [such as gay saunas, beaches, and parks], and internet-based venues [internet chat sites and geosocial-networking apps]), condomless anal intercourse, engagement in group sex, and HIV infection as well as infection with other STIs, after adjustment for sociodemographics. In multivariable models, attending cruising venues was associated with condomless receptive anal intercourse (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20–1.81), any kind of condomless anal intercourse (aRR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.14–1.58), an STI (aRR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.09–2.05), engagement in group sex (aRR = 1.42; 95% CI = 1.27–1.59), and multiple partners for both condomless insertive (aRR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.38–2.88), and receptive (aRR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.23–2.36) anal intercourse, STI infection (aRR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.09–2.05) and HIV infection (aRR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.05–2.96). No associations were found with other venue types and sexual risk behaviors, STIs, and HIV infection, except for group sex, which was associated with all venue types. Use of cruising where the primary aim is to have sex was found to be associated with risky sexual behavior. Risky behavior reduction strategies such as preexposure prophylaxis campaigns should be targeted to MSM who frequent cruising venues.
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Martinez Moyano, Javier Alejandro, Roberto Adrián Reyna de la Garza, Eduardo Rey Torres-Cisneros, David Hernandez Barajas, Daneli Ruiz Sanchez, Alan Burguete-Torres, Adelina Alcorta Garza, Juan Francisco González Guerrero, and Oscar Vidal-Gutiérrez. "The long journey of patients with anal carcinoma in a Mexican cohort." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2023): e15504-e15504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e15504.
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e15504 Background: Yearly 1000 new cases of anal cancer will be diagnosed in the USA, in Mexico this information is limited. Increasing incidence is the reflection of improvements in knowledge of risk factors and diagnostic studies. Female sex, HPV infection, genital warts, number of sexual partners, receptive anal intercourse, smoking and HIV infection are well established risk factors. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with pathology-confirmed anal carcinoma treated at an Oncology Reference Center in North-East Mexico from 2010 to 2020. Using the digital database of our center we searched the time passed since debut of symptoms to first medical contact, date of biopsy and first oncology consultation. Results: 81 patients were found in the database from January 2010 to December 2020. Forty-one patients were included in the final analysis, 11 patients where reassessed as rectal cancer and 29 patients only attended one consultation and did not continue follow up. Mean age at diagnosis was 61.4 +/- 13.8 years and 58.5% were women. 69% of patients had an education degree lower than highschool. HIV status was known only in 9.8% as they were living with HIV before the diagnosis of anal cancer was made, contrasting from 63.4% of cases who had unknown status at cancer diagnosis. The time from symptom onset until the patient attended a healthcare provider was a mean of 7.6 months (5 – 1000 days) and 11.4 months (9-1435 days) to receive a diagnosis. Patients had an average delay of 80 days from biopsy result to be evaluated by an oncologist. 44% of patients were initially misdiagnosed as hemorrhoids. None of the female patients had history of recent Pap smear test. 65% of patients had nodal involvement at presentation. Conclusions: There is notable delay between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis of anal cancer. This information is crucial for the general population and all healthcare providers not only oncology related workers. The stigma as well as the cultural barriers associated with this disease may negatively impact the prognosis and quality of life by delaying promptly treatment. Although it is a rare disease, conducting educational campaigns with the intention of improving clinical suspicion and an early recognition may shorten the long journey of patients bearing with anal carcinoma.
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Roberts, Alasdair. "Ague and the Chevalier: Another Royal Affliction." Scottish Historical Review 97, no. 1 (April 2018): 38–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2018.0352.
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James Francis Edward the son of James II and VII has been overshadowed as a Jacobite claimant to the British crown by his son Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Chevalier. As the Old Chevalier of the 1715 Rising, James was unable to provide leadership which might have saved the campaign. This has been attributed to fever or ague. In fact he was suffering from a long-term anal fistula which was successfully operated upon at Avignon, the papal enclave where James and his followers gathered. Parallels are drawn with the much better known Grand opération for the same condition undergone by James's patron Louis XIV. This helped to maintain the French king's position at home and abroad and raised the professional status of surgeons. Lack of attention to the Chevalier's condition and cure since it came to notice through Scottish writers at the start of last century is discussed.
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Brewer, Devon D. "Knowledge of specific HIV transmission modes in relation to HIV infection in Mozambique." F1000Research 1 (July 13, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1-1.v1.
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Background: In prior research, Africans who knew about blood-borne risks were modestly less likely to be HIV-infected than those who were not aware of such risks.Objectives/Methods: I examined the association between knowledge of specific HIV transmission modes and prevalent HIV infection with data from the 2009 Mozambique AIDS Indicator Survey.Results: Respondents displayed high awareness of blood exposures and vaginal sex as modes of HIV transmission. However, only about half of respondents were aware of anal sex as a way HIV can be transmitted. After adjustments for demographics and sexual behaviors, respondents who knew that HIV could spread by contact with infected blood or by sharing injection needles or razor blades were less likely to be infected than those who did not know about these risks. Respondents who knew about sexual risks were as, or more, likely to be HIV infected as those who did not know about sexual risks. Also, children of HIV-uninfected mothers were less likely to be infected if their mothers were aware of blood-borne HIV risks than if their mothers were unaware.Conclusion: HIV education campaigns in Mozambique and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa should include a focus on risks from blood exposures and anal sex.
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Cawich, Shamir O., Dwayne Wright, Santosh Kulkarni, Carol Rattray, Ian Bambury, Loxley Christie, and Vijay Naraynsingh. "Severe Perineal Lacerations in Obstetric Practice: The Effect of Institutional Practice Guidelines on Repair Failures in a Single Centre." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (October 29, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/131682.
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Background. There is a high incidence of failure after repair of severe perineal lacerations (SPLs). A tertiary referral hospital in the Caribbean introduced guidelines in an attempt to improve outcomes. We performed an audit of SPL repairs at this centre in an attempt to determine the effect on repair failure. Methods. All patients with SPL repairs between November 1, 2007, and December 30, 2012, were identified. The primary aim was to determine the incidence of failed repairs (wound dehiscence, anal sphincter disruption, rectovaginal fistula, and/or faecal incontinence). The Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score (CCIS) was used to assess continence at discharge and 24 weeks after repair. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 12. Results. There were 8108 vaginal deliveries, 23 third-degree injuries, and 3 fourth-degree injuries. Three patients experienced a repair failure. Notably, 69% of surgeons chose an inappropriate suture for sphincter repair. Conclusions. Experienced operators are performing repairs, but there is a high prevalence of inappropriate suture choice for repairs. A targeted educational campaign may be necessary to remind clinicians of the best practice in repair techniques.
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Santella, Anthony J., Timothy E. Schlub, Catriona Ooi, Rick Varma, Martin Holt, Garrett Prestage, and Richard J. Hillman. "Sexual behaviour and HIV prevention needs of men attending a suburban Sex on Premises Venue." Sexual Health 12, no. 5 (2015): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14227.
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Background Sexual behaviour and HIV prevention needs of men who have sex with men (MSM) attending suburban Sex on Premises Venues (SOPVs) are understudied. Methods: A cross-sectional survey examining sexual activity, health services utilisation, sexual health services needs and STI knowledge was conducted among MSM over 18 years old attending a SOPV in Western Sydney between June and July 2013. Results: A total of 213 MSM were sampled; approximately half of the respondents (51%) reported that they only had sex with other men, and 46% had sex with both men and women. Condom use varied considerably, with ~50% of responders not using condoms consistently during anal sex. Consistent condom usage was not associated with having regular, casual or a mix of regular and casual partners during anal sex (P = 0.09). The majority (59.5%) obtained sexual health screening services from general practitioners; only 15.0% sought services from a local sexual health clinic. Over half of respondents (57.7%) believed that SOPVs should offer on-site and free testing services. Those with the highest level of previous STI diagnoses were gay men (41%), those who only had casual partners (38%) and those who did not complete high school (65%). Conclusions: Sexual health services and non-government organisations should consider targeting bisexual men with rapid HIV testing and condom usage campaigns. Low cost or free on-site HIV and STI testing at SOPVs and stronger partnerships between general practitioners and sexual health services are needed.
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Timpet, S. "“Coming out” against cancer: How local outreach to the LGBT community can reduce cancer disparities." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 29_suppl (October 10, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.29_suppl.131.
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131 Background: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) individuals make up an estimated 4% of the population, qualifying them as a sexual minority. LGBT individuals are also more likely to be a racial or gender minority, to live in poverty, and to have less social support than their heterosexual peers. LGBT populations are disproportionately affected by mental health issues such as depression, which are correlated not only with behavioral risk factors, but with less likelihood to comply with healthcare screening or treatment. Approximately 30% of LGBT adults do not seek health care services or lack a regular health care provider, compared with 10% of heterosexuals. Research studies demonstrate that knowledge about increased risks and need for screening is low in LGBT populations. Sub-populations are less likely to have had a recent mammogram, anal or cervical Pap, or a prostate exam. Methods: We implemented a population-oriented program into our community outreach team in 2019 to address LGBT cancer disparities. A program manager partnered with community resources and leaders, including the Cleveland LGBT Community Center, Plexus LGBT Chamber of Commerce, and Trans Ohio. First year programming included a mammogram clinic for sexual/gender minority (SGM) women, “Cancer is a DRAG” show, and a tobacco-free campaign for LGBT pride month. Results: Creating meaningful partnerships was extremely important to community leaders and organizations. Strategic plans include direct community input and engagement through a community council, in conjunction with the LGBT Community Center, a breast cancer awareness campaign, in conjunction with local entertainers, and a tobacco cessation program, through our Center for LGBT Care. We educated over 150 people and screened over 85 within the first year. Conclusions: When our healthcare institution met local LGBT people within their community, the result was quite impactful. This pilot program proved successful at educating members of the community about their increased cancer risk, which resulted in higher cancer screening rates for LGBT people. More programs tailored to LGBT-specific health concerns are important to continue reaching these populations and eventually decrease health disparities in the community.
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Graham, C. A. "AIDS and the Adolescent." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 5 (September 1994): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500501.
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Recent findings on young people's response to HIV/AIDS and its perceived relevance to their sexual lives are reviewed. Research into adolescent sexual behaviour suggests a trend, over the last 2 decades, for an earlier age of first intercourse and a greater number of recent and lifetime sexual partners. Older cohorts of adolescents and those with either multiple partners or more ‘steady’ partners have been found to have lower rates of condom use. Data on the prevalence of specific sexual activities such as anal intercourse, while sparse, suggests a considerable number of young people engaging in behaviours carrying some risk of HIV infection. It is clear that sex education programmes which simply advocate ‘safer sex’ practices without addressing the interpersonal skills and emotional implications of negotiating such practices, and which do not provide a positive view of sexual health, are failing to influence adolescent behaviour. Recent research has highlighted a number of issues that need addressing if sex education and HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns are to be effective.
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Kwon, Rang Hee, So-Hyun Kim, and Minsoo Jung. "Behavioral predictors associated with HIV screening needs in gay Korean men during the COVID-19 pandemic." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 12, 2023): e0287061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287061.
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During the pandemic, the capacity of medical resources focused on testing, diagnosing and treating COVID-19 has severely limited public access to health care. In particular, HIV screening, for which homosexual males in Korea received free and anonymous testing at public health centers, was completely halted. This study investigated behavioral predictors related to the HIV screening needs of Korean male homosexuals during the pandemic. Data were collected by conducting a web survey targeting members of the largest homosexual portal site in Korea with support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (n = 1,005). The key independent variables are COVID-19-related characteristics and sexual risk behavior. The moderating variable is health information search behavior, and the dependent variable is the need for HIV screening. For a statistical analysis, a hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted while controlling for potential confounding variables. According to the results of this study, the need for HIV screening was 0.928 times lower for older people (p<0.05, 95% CI = 0.966–0.998). However, if the respondent had a primary partner, the need for HIV screening was 1.459 times higher (p<0.01, 95% CI = 1.071–1.989). In addition, the need for screening was 1.773 times higher for those who preferred anal intercourse (p<0.01, 95% CI = 1.261–2.494) and 2.034 times higher (p<0.01, 95% CI = 1.337–3.095) if there was a history of being diagnosed with an STD. Finally, health information-seeking behavior was marginally significant. This study revealed that male Korean homosexuals who were young, preferred anal sex with a primary partner, and who had a history of a sexually transmitted disease had a high need for HIV screening at public health centers. They are more likely to be susceptible to HIV infection because they are usually consistent with gay men, characterized by risky behavior. Therefore, an intervention strategy that provides health information using a communication campaign is needed.
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Madu, S. N. "The Prevalence and Patterns of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Victim-Perpetrator Relationship among a Sample of University Students." South African Journal of Psychology 31, no. 4 (December 2001): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630103100404.
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This is an investigation into the prevalence and patterns of child sexual abuse and victim-perpetrator relationship among a sample of university students. 722 undergraduate students of psychology at the University of the North, South Africa, filled in a retrospective self-rating questionnaire in a classroom setting. The questionnaire asked childhood sexual forms of abuse, victim-perpetrator relationships and self-rating of childhood. Result shows an overall (N=649) child sexual abuse prevalence rate of 25.6%; 21.7% for males (N=244), 23.7% for females (N=465). 18.2% were kissed sexually, 13.6% were touched sexually, 8.7% were victims of oral/anal/vaginal intercourse. Most of the perpetrators are people known to the victims. Many victims (83% of the male victims and 68.2% of the female victims) perceived themselves as not sexually abused during childhood; and most rated their childhood as either “average” (41.3% of the female victims and 48.9% of the male victims) or as “very happy” (41.3% of the female victims and 40.4% of the male victims). The author calls for more research, publicity, and campaigns against childhood sexual abuse in the Northern Province.
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Richters, Juliet, Garrett Prestage, Karen Schneider, and Stevie Clayton. "Do women use dental dams? Safer sex practices of lesbians and other women who have sex with women." Sexual Health 7, no. 2 (2010): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09072.
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Dental dams are distributed and promoted in some safer sex campaigns for use in oral sex. However, whether and how often dams are used for sex between Australian women remains unknown. We investigated the use of dental dams for sex by lesbians and other women who have sex with women, and the relationship between dam use and sexual risk for this group. In 2004, a self-completion questionnaire was distributed to women attending the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Fair Day and lesbian community venues and health services in Sydney (n = 543). Among the 330 women who had had oral sex with a woman in the previous 6 months, 9.7% had used a dental dam and 2.1% had used one ‘often’. There was little evidence of dam use for prevention of sexually transmissible infections. Although women who practised rimming (oral–anal contact) or had fetish sex involving blood were more likely to have used a dam, dam use was not significantly more common among women who had more partners, or had casual or group sex. Some women avoided oral sex during menstruation or had oral sex with a tampon in place. Latex gloves and condoms were used by more women and more often than dams.
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Foster, Andrew L., Michael M. Gaisa, Rosanne M. Hijdra, Samuel S. Turner, Tristan J. Morey, Karen B. Jacobson, and Daniel S. Fierer. "Shedding of Hepatitis C Virus Into the Rectum of HIV-infected Men Who Have Sex With Men." Clinical Infectious Diseases 64, no. 3 (December 24, 2016): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw740.
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Abstract Background For over a decade we have known of an epidemic of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM), but there still remains significant controversy over which bodily fluid(s) are responsible for HCV transmission in these men. Methods We enrolled HIV-infected MSM with recent and chronic HCV infection and quantified HCV from rectal fluid obtained by blind swab. We compared the rectal HCV viral load (VL) with paired blood HCV VL. Results We found rectal HCV shedding in 20 (47%) of 43 men, only one (2%) of whom had visible bleeding. Detection of rectal HCV shedding was associated with blood VL > 5 log10 IU/mL (p = .01), and 85% with blood VL > 5 log10 IU/mL had rectal shedding. The HCV VL of the rectal fluid ranged from 2.6 to 5.5 log10 IU/mL. Based on the median rectal fluid VL, the surface of an average human penis would be exposed to at least 2,300 IU of HCV for the duration of anal intercourse. Conclusion This study provides the first direct evidence to our knowledge that a sufficient quantity of HCV is shed into the rectum in HIV-infected men with HCV infection to directly infect an inserted penis or be passed indirectly through fomite-like transmission to the rectum of sex partner. We must develop an appropriate public health campaign to educate MSM about these routes of HCV infection to reverse the HCV epidemic among HIV-infected MSM.
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Zhao, Yanping, William Parish, Li-Gang Yang, Michael Emch, King Man Ho, Francois Yeung Fong, Heidi Yin Hai Miu, Joseph D. Tucker, and William Chi Wai Wong. "1271. Prevalence and Factors Associated With HIV Testing Among Sexually Experienced 18–49-Year-Old Hong Kong Residents." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1104.
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Abstract Background The main HIV transmission route in Hong Kong is sex, accounting for 78.0% of the total reported cases. The majority of HIV cases were identified among those 20 to 49 years of age. In this study, we explored the prevalence and factors associated with HIV testing among 18 to 49 years old residents in Hong Kong. Methods A population-based survey on sexual practice and health behavior was conducted in Hong Kong with a sample of 881 participants drawn from geospatial modeling, proportional to the district population sizes. Invitation letters were sent to selected households and interviewers were sent to recruit one subject per household. Once recruited, face-to-face interviews were carried out with a computer-assisted self-interview. The final data were weighted according to the 2011 Hong Kong census and factors identified through logistic regression. Results Among 881 participants, 81.6% reported having sex before, among whom, 19.5% (137) had ever taken HIV tests. The main reasons for the 75.5% of participants not taking HIV testing are they do not think they are at risk of HIV infection (59.1%) or think they are very healthy (29.4%). The main places for HIV testing among those tested were public hospital/clinic (39.7%), private clinic/hospital (34.7%), and another 22.0% was tested in antenatal check-up or Hong Kong Red Cross. Among the sexually experienced residents, factors associated with HIV testing include marital status and number of sexual partners. Compared with single participants, those cohabiting, married, or with marital history were about seven times more likely to be tested (aOR = 6.73, 95% CI 2.23–20.31). Those who had >1 sexual partners were about twice as likely to be tested (aOR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.05–3.25). Other factors such as condom use, sexual orientation, anal sex behaviors or sexually transmitted infections history were not associated with HIV testing. Conclusion HIV testing among Hong Kong residents is comparatively low. Though those with more than one sexual partner are more likely to be tested, those single, nonconsistent condom users, or with risky behavior such as anal sex behaviors do not associate with higher HIV testing. More HIV testing campaign and awareness raising shall be targeted toward people with at-risk behaviors. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Clement, Meredith E., Rick Zimmerman, Josh Grimm, and Joseph Schwartz. "1281. Awareness of U=U Among Gay and Bisexual Men Who Have Sex with Men." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1144.
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Abstract Background The “Undetectable = Untransmittable” (“U=U”) campaign is gaining traction, but prior studies from 2012–2017 have shown that the proportion of gay and bisexual men who have sex with men (GBMSM) who are aware of or have perceived accuracy of U=U is low. We report findings from a survey administered to GBMSM in 2018 to understand whether the landscape is changing with respect to U=U message dissemination. Methods GBMSM were recruited on gay dating apps to complete a 96 question survey. Survey data were collected in April-August of 2018. Collected data elements included demographic information, HIV status, ART and PrEP use, and beliefs and opinions regarding HIV transmission. Results 969 GBMSM completed the survey; of whom, 678 had analyzable data (241 had never had anal sex with a man and 54 were missing ≥1 of the variables used in the analysis). Average age was 43 years, 65% were white, 15% black, 15% white, and 15% were HIV-infected (of whom 92% were on anti-retrovirals). Of the 85% who were HIV-uninfected, 39% were on PrEP. In response to the statement that a person with an undetectable viral load cannot transmit HIV to an HIV-uninfected person, 24% strongly agreed. Among HIV-negative GBMSM, 33% of those on PrEP agreed and 12% of those not on PrEP agreed. Among those living with HIV, 42% agreed. A multivariable logistic regression was run to explain correlates of strong agreement with U=U, using the following variables: age, education, being Black, being Hispanic, relationship status, number of lifetime male sexual partners, condom use with most recent anal sex, HIV status, PrEP use, and attitudes about living with HIV. Variables associated with strong agreement with U=U were living with HIV (AOR = 1.63, P < 0.001), taking PrEP (AOR = 2.85, P < 0.001), most recent encounter’s condom use (AOR = 2.22, P = 0.003), and having positive attitudes about living with HIV (AOR= 1.93, P < 0.001). Table 1 shows percentages for each of these variables (bivariate relationships) strongly agreeing with U=U. Conclusion Now that U=U has been scientifically proven, the challenge is public awareness. U=U awareness seems to be improving among GBMSM, with HIV-negative GBMSM making the greatest strides. Education around U=U and PrEP efficacy may help reduce guilt around HIV transmission and alleviate HIV stigma. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Engel, Michael S. "Notes on Cretaceous amber Braconidae (Hymenoptera), with descriptions of two new genera." Novitates Paleoentomologicae, no. 15 (March 16, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/np.v0i15.5704.
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A new genus and species of basal cyclostome Braconidae is described and figured from a male preserved in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar. <strong><em>Rhetinorhyssalus morticinus</em></strong> Engel, new genus and species, is interesting for its combination of primitive features such as a minute apical costal cell and anal stubs in the forewing, while lacking 2Cu in the hind wing, a putatively derived trait. As such, the genus may represent a lineage diverging from the braconid stem subsequent to many protorhyssalines, while remaining basal relative to generalized cyclostome groups such as Rhyssalinae. In addition, the Late Cretaceous <em>Diospilus allani</em> Brues, in Campanian Canadian amber, is transferred to <strong><em>Diorhyssalus</em></strong> Engel, new genus, and its similarity to <em>Rhetinorhyssalus</em> is discussed. This transfer results in the new combination, <em>Diorhyssalus allani</em> (Brues). Both genera are tentatively considered as subfamily <em>incertae sedis</em>.
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Mubarik, Mahama, John Elvis Hagan, Akaribo William Aduko, Kasenyi Sulley Abubakari, Oladokun Michael Yemisi, and Prosper Asabia. "Assessing Sexual Behavior Patterns among Student Athletes of Senior High Schools in the Upper East Region, Ghana." Sexes 3, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes3010003.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the sexual behavior patterns of student athletes of senior high schools in the Upper East Region of Ghana and to assess the differences in sexual behavior patterns between male and females. A sample of 400 student athletes using a convenience sampling technique from public senior high schools was drawn to complete a self-designed research study. Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test tool were used to analyze the collected data. The results showed that student athletes practiced various forms of sexual behaviors such as celibacy, foreplay, vaginal-penile sex, sexual fantasy, masturbation, oral sex, and anal sex. The Chi-square analysis showed significant gender differences in prevalence of masturbation (χ2 (1, n = 400) = 4.6962, probability = 0.030) and sexual fantasy (χ2 (1, n = 400) = 6.8477, probability = 0.009), but not vaginal-penile intercourse (χ2 (1, n = 400) = 1.3197, probability = 0.251) and celibacy (χ2, (1, n = 400) = 0.0721, probability = 0.788). The study concludes that student athletes of senior high schools might be vulnerable to unplanned parenthood and are at risk of STIs, including HIV. Regular health promotion campaigns on sexual risk-taking behaviors are required to help reduce the prevalence of student athletes’ indulgence in risky sexual behavior patterns that can harm their health. It is essential to implement gender-specific interventions (e.g., decision-making skills) when addressing the problems of sexual behaviors among the student athletes in the region.
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Azevedo, Isabel Honorata de Souza, Simone Souza de Moraes, Ana Carina Matos Silva, Alexandre Dacorso Daltro Milazzo, Altair de Jesus Machado, Ruth Souza dos Santos Rocha, Caio Fernando Gromboni, Nailson Santos Alves, Gabriele Augusta Leal Ribeiro, and Geraldo Marcelo Pereira Lima. "Variação espacial e intra-anual de foraminíferos bentônicos e indicadores biogeoquímicos no estuário do Real, Litoral Norte da Bahia, Brasil." Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 25, no. 2 (July 16, 2022): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2022.2.02.
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Spatial and intra-annual variation of foraminifera and biogeochemical indicators in the Real estuary, northern coast of Bahia, Brazil. The aim of this research was to carry out the biogeochemical characterization of the Real estuary, northern coast of Bahia, using the seasonal variation of foraminifera and physical-chemical, sedimentological, and geochemical data. During the rainy season were obtained 324 foreheads (Jul/2013), with Trochammina inflata in abundance (75.85%). In the April campaign, 298 foraminifera were found in 10 sampling points, especially T. inflata (40.60%), Quinqueloculina lamarckiana (9.73%), Ammonia tepida (8.05%) and Trochammina globigeriniformis (5.70%). In the dry season, 148 foreheads belonging to 14 species were registered, such as Q. lamarckiana (21.19%), Trochammina sp. (10.60%), T. inflata (10.60%), Nonion sinensis (5.96%), Peneroplis proteus (5.96%), and Quinqueloculina bicornis (5.96%). In addition, the faunal composition reflects an environmental condition of high hydrodynamic energy, with clear evidence of oligohaline waters typical of environments with strong river discharges, and absence of anomalies in the foreheads, suggesting an environment without evident anthropogenic changes. The levels of Ca and Al, in both hydrological periods, varied significantly between the sampling stations, but they should not be causing adverse effects on the biota of the Real estuary. The contents of Mg (which come from primary sources) and Fe (which is punctual and seems to be a result of anthropic activity) found are above the reference limits, but does not appear to be causing changes in the balance of the local ecosystem. Keywords: foraminifera, estuary, trace metals, Northeast of Brazil, bioindicators, taphonomy. RESUMO – O objetivo da pesquisa foi realizar a caracterização biogeoquímica do estuário do Real, Litoral Norte-Bahia, utilizando a variação sazonal de foraminíferos e dados físico-químicos, sedimentológicos e geoquímicos. Foram obtidas 324 testas na estação chuvosa (Jul/2013), destacando-se Trochammina inflata (75,85%). Na campanha de abril, foram encontrados 298 foraminíferos em 10 pontos amostrais, destacando-se T. inflata (40,60%), Quinqueloculina lamarckiana (9,73%), Ammonia tepida (8,05%) e Trochammina globigeriniformis (5,70%). Na estação seca, registraram-se 148 testas pertencentes a 14 espécies, das quais destacam-se Q. lamarckiana (21,19%), Trochammina sp. (10,60%), T. inflata (10,60%), Nonion sinensis (5,96%), Peneroplis proteus (5,96%), Quinqueloculina bicornis (5,96%). Além disso, a composição faunística reflete uma condição ambiental de alta energia hidrodinâmica, com evidência claras de águas oligohalinas próprias de ambientes com fortes descargas fluviais, e ausências de anomalias nas testas, sugere um ambiente sem alterações antrópicas evidentes. Os teores de Ca e Al, em ambos os períodos hidrológicos variaram significativamente entre as estações de amostragem, mas não devem estar provocando efeitos adversos à biota do estuário do Real. Já os teores de Mg, que são oriundos de fontes primárias, e de Fe, que é pontual e parece ser resultante de atividade antrópica, embora estejam acima dos limites de referência, não parecem estar causando alterações no equilíbrio do ecossistema local. Palavras-chave: foraminíferos, estuário, metais traço, Nordeste do Brasil, bioindicadores, tafonomia.
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Dobko, Katarzyna, Gabriela Frącz, Agata Glac, Klaudia Kuliga, Kinga Musz, Natalia Sejnowska, Agnieszka Socha, Agata Surowiec, Kinga Śnieżek, and Anna Zając. "Knowledge of women and men about human papillomavirus infection, HPV–related diseases and the available vaccine." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 18, no. 1 (July 18, 2023): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.18.01.010.
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Introduction: Worldwide, there are over 660 million men and women who are HPV carriers. This virus is responsible for cancer, i.e. cancer of the anal canal, head and neck region, penis and the most common - cervical cancer, whose early stages are completely curable, and in stage IV, the survival rate does not exceed 10%. That is why prevention is so important and vaccinations for both sexes.
Aim: The aim of the study was to check the awareness of society, both women and men and men, on the HPV virus - the way it spreads, the diseases it causes and the possibilities of preventing infection, as of the date of entry into force in Poland of the program of free preventive vaccinations for girls and boys aged 12 and 13.
Material and methods: The study was conducted in the form of an anonymous online survey containing 21 questions. It was attended by 396 adults.
Results: 80% of the population is unaware of how common HPV infection is. 33% of men believe that it occurs 8 times less often than it actually does, and that having an infection protects against another infection. Only 1/5 of women are aware of the risks. Only 15.15% of the respondents know the correlation between cervical cancer and the presence of the virus. 25% of women are not aware of free cytology. Only half of the respondents know about the free HPV vaccination program. 1/3 of people think that only girls should be vaccinated.
Conclusions: Public awareness of HPV is insufficient. Men showed greater knowledge than women, and in general people with offspring had the lowest knowledge. This shows that the information campaign related to preventive vaccinations should be carried out on a much larger scale, as they are the most effective method of protecting both women and men.
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Nadarzynski, Tom, Carrie Llewellyn, Daniel Richardson, Alex Pollard, and Helen Smith. "UK healthcare professionals’ uncertainties, barriers and facilitators to the introduction of targeted human papillomavirus vaccination for men who have sex with men." Sexual Health 14, no. 4 (2017): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17026.
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Background: Female-only human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination will fail to protect men who have sex with men (MSM) against HPV and its sequelae (i.e. genital warts and anal cancers). In the absence of gender-neutral HPV vaccination, targeted vaccination at sexual health clinics for MSM offers a valuable preventive opportunity. This study aimed to identify sexual healthcare professionals’ (HCPs) perceived barriers and facilitators for MSM-targeted HPV vaccination. Methods: Nineteen telephone interviews with UK-based self-referred HCPs (13 doctors, three nurses, three health advisers) were conducted in October and November 2014. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed thematically by two researchers. Results: HCPs were unsure about selection criteria, acceptable healthcare settings and the source of vaccination funding for the introduction of MSM-targeted HPV vaccination. Lack of political and public support, MSMs’ limited access to HPV vaccination and disclosure of sexual orientation to HCPs, identification of eligible MSM, patients’ poor HPV awareness and motivation to complete HPV vaccination were perceived as significant barriers. HCPs believed that the introduction of official guidelines on HPV vaccination for MSM, awareness campaigns and integrated clinic procedures could improve vaccination coverage. Conclusion: HCPs recognised a need to protect MSM against HPV. However, several challenges and obstacles associated with the introduction of MSM-targeted HPV vaccination in the UK were reported. HCPs’ perspectives and concerns need to be addressed when developing policies and guidelines for a potential MSM-targeted HPV vaccination. Future research needs to examine whether negative views of HCPs towards MSM-targeted HPV vaccination are associated with lower HPV vaccine uptake and completion rates in MSM.
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Daly, Fionn P., Kate O’Donnell, Martin P. Davoren, Chris Noone, Peter Weatherburn, Mick Quinlan, Bill Foley, Fiona Lyons, Derval Igoe, and Peter Barrett. "Recreational and sexualised drug use among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) in Ireland–Findings from the European MSM internet survey (EMIS) 2017." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 28, 2023): e0288171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288171.
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Background Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) report a higher prevalence of drug use in comparison to the general male population. However, in Ireland, there is a paucity of literature regarding the prevalence of drug use and its determinants among gbMSM. Aims/Objectives To quantify the prevalence of (i) recreational drug use (RDU) and (ii) sexualised drug use (SDU) among gbMSM in Ireland, and to identify the factors associated with these drug use practices. Methods The European MSM Internet Survey (EMIS) 2017 was an online, anonymous, internationally-promoted questionnaire. Two binary outcomes were included in our analyses: (1) RDU and (2) SDU in the previous year. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression explored factors associated with these outcomes, and all independent covariates were adjusted for one another. Results Among gbMSM without HIV (n = 1,898), 40.9% and 13.1% engaged in RDU and SDU in the previous year, respectively. Among diagnosed-positive gbMSM (n = 141), the past-year respective prevalence estimates were 51.8% and 26.2%. Increased odds of RDU were observed among gbMSM who were younger (vs. 40+ years) (18–24 years; AOR 2.96, 95% CI 2.05–4.28, 25–39 years; AOR 1.66, 95% CI 1.27–2.16), lived in Dublin (vs. elsewhere) (AOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.17–1.83), and engaged in condomless anal intercourse (CAI) in the previous year (vs. none) (1–2 partners; AOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.34–2.38, 6+ partners; AOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.18–2.71). Greater odds of SDU were identified among those who lived in Dublin (vs. elsewhere) (AOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.07–2.10), and engaged in CAI (vs. none) (1–2 partners; AOR 3.16, 95% CI 2.05–4.88, 3–5 partners; AOR 2.50, 95% CI 1.47–4.26, and 6+ partners; AOR 3.79, 95% CI 2.23–6.43). Conclusion GbMSM report a high prevalence of drug use in Ireland. Targeted interventions, including harm reduction campaigns, may be needed to support healthier drug use choices among this community.
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Soares, Bruno Eleres, Tiago Octavio Begot Ruffeil, and Luciano Fogaça de Assis Montag. "Ecomorphological patterns of the fishes inhabiting the tide pools of the Amazonian Coastal Zone, Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 11, no. 4 (2013): 845–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252013000400013.
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The present study was based on the identification of the ecomorphological patterns that characterize the fish species found in tide pools in the Amazonian Coastal Zone (ACZ) in the Pará State, Brazil. Representatives of 19 species were collected during two field campaigns in 2011. The dominance, residence status, and trophic guild of each species were established, and morphometric data were obtained for up to 10 specimens of each species. A total of 23 ecomorphological attributes related to locomotion, position in the water column, and foraging behavior were calculated for the analysis of ecomorphological distance. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was utilized for the evaluation of ecomorphological attributes that explained the variation among species. Mantel Test was used to correlate the taxonomic distance with species' morphological patterns and a partial Mantel Test to analyze the correlation among trophic guilds and ecomorphological patterns, controlling the effects of taxonomic distance among species. The analyses revealed two principal axes of the variation related to locomotion, correlated with the width of the caudal peduncle and the shape of the anal fin, as well as the influence of taxonomic distance on the ecomorphological characteristics of the different species. The dominant and resident species both presented a reduced capacity for continuous swimming. The two principal axes identified in relation to the position of the fish in the water column were correlated with the position of the eyes, the area of the pelvic fin, and body shape, with evidence of the influence of taxonomic distance on the morphology of the species. PCA grouped species with pelagic habits with benthonic ones. In the case of foraging behavior, the two principal axes formed by the analysis correlated with the size of the mouth, eye size, and the length of the digestive tract. Species of different guilds were grouped together, indicating a weak relationship between morphology and foraging behavior, and no relationship was found with taxonomic distance. The resident and dominant species in the tide pools of the ACZ present sedentary habits, with little evidence of the influence of taxonomic distance on the use of habitats or morphology, which was a poor indicator of foraging strategies, and showing that phylogenetically distant species could present similar ecomorphological patterns.
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Kishanrao, Suresh. "Good News! Indigenous HPV Vaccine on Shelf by this Year End what India Must do to Hasten Cervical Cancer Elimination by 2030?" Journal of Quality in Health Care & Economics 5, no. 5 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jqhe-16000296.
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In May 2018, the WHO announced a global call for action to make elimination a reality and calling for all stakeholders to unite behind this common goal. Vaccination against HPV and screening and treatment of pre-cancer lesions are cost-effective ways to prevent cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, introduced in many countries in the past decade, have shown promising results in decreasing HPV infection and related diseases, such as warts and precancerous lesions. However currently, vaccine’s coverage, in low- and middle-income countries including India is very low to show any impact in the next 2-3 decades. Govt. of India had launched a National Cancer Control Programme in 1975, revised its strategies in 1984-85 and again under National Health Policy 2017. While it stresses on primary prevention for Tobacco related cancers, addresses only secondary prevention of cancer of the uterine cervix, mouth, breast etc. and tertiary prevention of therapeutic services including pain relief. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally, with an estimated 604 000 new cases and 342 000 deaths in 2020. About 90% of the new cases and deaths worldwide in 2020 occurred in low- and middle-income countries. India accounts for about a fifth of the global burden of cervical cancer with about 1.25 Lakh cases and 67,000 deaths every year. Cervical cancer in India ranks as the second most frequent cancer among women between 15 and 44 years of age. Most cervical cancers are associated with human papillomaviruses, a sexually transmitted disease. HPV vaccination has been attempted in the sates of Delhi, Punjab, Odisha on a pilot project mode. So far, the cost of the vaccines (US 60-80 $) has been prohibitive for an average Indian. Coupled with Poor awareness even among educated and affordable population and the cultural hurdles of vaccinating young girls for a condition that manifests after 40 years is a communication challenge. The first hurdle in India of production of affordable indigenous HPV vaccine has been achieved (5 September 2022) recently opening a big opportunity. Governments (both federal and provincial) must make all-out efforts vaccinate all eligible females of the country; we owe it Indian women! In my opinion India must introduce pan-gender vaccination programs and start tracking all HPV-related (head and neck and anal) cancers and evaluate impact of HPV every decade for the next 50 years. A Mission mode is required to cover all the eligible in the next 2-5 years paid by the government (for at least below poverty line -BPL) families and provision of education through education system and social mobilization on a large scale are the key strategies to achieve this goal. This manuscript is a review the status of Cervical cancer, screening and diagnostic efforts, HPV vaccination status and recommends the way ahead to achieve national commitment for elimination of HPV related cervical and other cancers by 2030. Materials & Methods: GOI annual reports, HPV vaccination project efforts and outputs and Program implementation plans and Campaign approaches of vaccination under NHM, Indigenous vaccine producers’ statement and DCGs clearance.
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Silva, Ricardo Scucuglia Rodrigues da. "Projeto Teto Térmico: um documentário envolvendo interdisciplinaridade em uma escola pública (Thermal Ceiling/Roof Project: a documentary involving interdisciplinarity in a public school)." Revista Eletrônica de Educação 13, no. 2 (May 10, 2019): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271992538.
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In this article one reports the production of the educational documentary titled “thermal ceiling/roof project”, which approaches an interdisciplinary work developed in a public state school in the city of São José do Rio Preto, SP. This documentary was made through the Teaching Centers of the Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) during the year 2016. The previous year, in 2015, students, teachers and administrators of this public school carried out a campaign to collect milk boxes for construction of a thermal ceiling/roof in the school courtyard, since the heat in this environment surpassed 42o Celsius in some days during the summer. Through the development of the project, high school and elementary school teachers and students have explored, from a practical and theoretical point of view, curricular contents related to the Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Portuguese Language disciplines. With the construction of the thermal ceiling/roof were collected 15,000 milk boxes and the heat in the courtyard decreased up to 8o Celsius. One concludes by monitoring the development of the project and the reports of teachers, students, administrators and members of the school community, that the project was significant from a curricular point of view - National Curricular Parameters - and that documentary production was socially important for dissemination of the didactic-pedagogical-environmental initiative of the school and for the learning of the participants.ResumoNeste artigo é relatada a produção do documentário educacional intitulado Projeto Teto Térmico, o qual aborda um trabalho interdisciplinar desenvolvido em uma escola estadual pública na cidade de São José do Rio Preto-SP. A realização desse documentário ocorreu por meio dos Núcleos de Ensino da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) durante o ano de 2016. No ano anterior, em 2015, alunos, professores e gestores dessa escola pública realizaram uma campanha de arrecadação de caixas de leite longa vida para construção de um teto térmico no pátio da escola, visto que o calor nesse ambiente ultrapassava os 42o Celsius em alguns dias durante o verão. Por meio do desenvolvimento do projeto, professores e alunos do Ensino Médio e dos Anos Finais do Ensino Fundamental exploraram, do ponto de vista prático e teórico, conteúdos curriculares referentes às disciplinas Matemática, Ciências Naturais e Língua Portuguesa. Com a construção do teto térmico foram arrecadadas 15.000 caixas de leite longa vida e o calor no pátio diminuiu em até 8o Celsius. Conclui-se, por meio do acompanhamento do desenvolvimento do projeto e dos relatos de professores, alunos, gestores e membros da comunidade escolar, que o projeto foi significativo do ponto de vista curricular – Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais – e que a produção do documentário foi socialmente importante para divulgação da iniciativa didático-pedagógica-ambiental da escola e para a aprendizagem dos participantes. Keywords: Interdisciplinarity, Environment, National curricular parameters, Digital videos.Palavras-chave: Interdisciplinaridade, Meio ambiente, Parâmetros curriculares nacionais, Vídeos digitais.ReferencesBARBOSA, J. C. Modelagem na educação matemática: contribuições para o debate teórico. In: Reunião Anual da ANPED, 24., 2001, Caxambu. Anais... Rio Janeiro: ANPED, 2001.BORBA, M. C.; SCUCUGLIA, R.; GADANIDIS, G. Fases das tecnologias digitais em educação matemática: sala de aula e internet em movimento. 1. ed. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2014.BRASIL. Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais: Meio Ambiente. Brasília, MEC, 1997a.BRASIL. Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais: Língua Portuguesa. Brasília, MEC, 1997b.BRASIL. Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais: Ensino Médio. Brasília, MEC, 2002BRASIL. Base Nacional Comum Curricular. Brasília, MEC, 2017.D’AMBROSIO, U. Etnomatemática – Elo entre as tradições e a modernidade. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2001.DOLL, W. E. A post-modern perspective on curriculum. New York: Columbia University, 1993.DUARTE, R. Cinema & educação. 3ª ed. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2009.PERINELLI NETO, H. Cinema, educação e modernidade na perspectiva da extensão universitária. In: PERINELLI NETO, H. (org.) Ver, fazer e viver cinema: experiências envolvendo curso de extensão universitária. São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica, 2016RAMOS, F. V. P. A. Documentário e roteiro de cinema: da pré-produção a pós-produção. 2007. 250p. Tese de doutorado (em Multimeios). Campinas: UNICAMP, 2007.SCHMUTZLER, L. O. F. Projeto forro vida longa. Campinas: UNICAMP, 2001.SKOVSMOSE, O. Educação matemática crítica: a questão da democracia. Campinas, SP: Papirus, 2001. 160 p.UNESP. Pró-Reitoria de Graduação. Estatuto dos Núcleos Regionais de Ensino da Unesp. São Paulo: Reitoria. S/D. Disponível em: <http://www.unesp.br/prograd/nucleos/estatuto. pdf>. Acesso em: 16 jun. 2016.
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González Fernández, Ana, and Ana Rosa Pertejo Blanco. "Evolución del sector turístico en la provincia de León (1985-2012)." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, no. 2013/14 (December 15, 2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i2013/14.3719.
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<p>El sector turístico español un año más se consolida como el principal motor de la economía española. En 2012 alcanzó el umbral del 11% de participación en el PIB nacional, porcentaje que ha crecido paulatinamente hasta llegar al 11,7% en 2015. La tendencia mostrada es positiva y se espera que se mantenga durante la próxima década.</p><p>Dentro de dicho contexto, los destinos de interior como Cantabria, Asturias, Galicia, Navarra, Castilla y León y Madrid se erigen como los grandes beneficiados en el último periodo anual. Concretamente la región de Castilla y León ocupaba el tercer puesto como destino de los españoles en el 2012 y, aunque ha pasado a una cuarta posición en el ranking al año siguiente, desde entonces la mantiene, situándose después de Andalucía, Cataluña y la Comunidad Valenciana.</p><p>Dentro de la comunidad, la provincia de León es una de las principales receptoras de turistas y pernoctaciones, ya que ocupa el tercer y segundo puesto respectivamente. Constituye, por lo tanto, uno de los destinos más atractivos de Castilla y León, especialmente para los viajeros españoles. Respecto a la oferta, León apuesta por la calidad, ya que son las modalidades hoteleras de categoría media y alta las que mejor evolucionan a lo largo del periodo. También es necesario realizar una mención especial al turismo rural dado el posicionamiento destacado que ocupa incluso a nivel nacional. No obstante, el nivel de ocupación no es alto, posiblemente como consecuencia del elevado volumen de oferta de alojamientos, el segundo de la comunidad. El destino más visitado dentro de la provincia es indudablemente la capital.<br />En términos generales se puede afirmar que la provincia leonesa tiene un gran atractivo tal y como demuestra su evolución, aunque todavía debe trabajar su potencialidad con el fin de alcanzar el lugar que le corresponde. Los ejes principales a desarrollar son los siguientes: generar información sobre el turista actual y analizar las tendencias futuras con el fin de crear productos turísticos diferenciados enfocados hacia distintos segmentos de mercado, y, realizar fuertes campañas de comunicación que fortalezcan su imagen mejorando así la notoriedad de la marca León, destacando su singularidad como destino turístico.</p><p>The Spanish tourism sector was one more year the main driver of the Spanish economy. In 2012, it reached a threshold of 11 percent of national GDP, a percentage that has gradually grown to 11,7 percent in 2015. Data shows a positive trend and it is expected to be maintained over the next decade.</p><p>In this context, inland destinations like Cantabria, Asturias, Galicia, Navarre, Castile-León and Madrid became the big beneficiaries in the last annual period. In particular, the region of Castile-León placed the third position as destination for Spanish in 2012. Although the next year it moved to a fourth position in the ranking, since then, it has maintained its position behind Andalucia, Catalonia and Valencian Community.</p><p>Within the community, the province of León is one of the main recipients of tourists and overnight stays, given that it places the third and second position respectively. It constitutes, therefore, one of the most attractive destinations in Castile-León, specially for Spanish travellers. Regarding the supply-side, León goes for quality, given that middle and upper hotel categories are those that best evolve over the period. A special mention also needs to go to rural tourism that has a prominent position even nationally. However, the occupancy rate is not high, possibly due to high volume of accommodation supply, the second in the community. The most visited destination in the province is undoubtedly the capital.<br />In general terms, it can be said that León has a great appeal such as evidenced by its evolution, although it should still work its potential in order to get its proper place. First, it should make an effort to generate information about the current tourist and analyze future trends in order to create new tourism products, focused on different market segments. Second, it should strengthen its uniqueness as a destination, working the brand, in order to differentiate itself. And third, it should make strong campaigns to strengthen its image improving the visibility of the León brand as a tourist destination.</p>
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González Fernández, Ana, and Ana Rosa Pertejo Blanco. "Evolución del sector turístico en la provincia de León (1985-2012)." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, Monog (December 15, 2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0imonog.3719.
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<p>El sector turístico español un año más se consolida como el principal motor de la economía española. En 2012 alcanzó el umbral del 11% de participación en el PIB nacional, porcentaje que ha crecido paulatinamente hasta llegar al 11,7% en 2015. La tendencia mostrada es positiva y se espera que se mantenga durante la próxima década.</p><p>Dentro de dicho contexto, los destinos de interior como Cantabria, Asturias, Galicia, Navarra, Castilla y León y Madrid se erigen como los grandes beneficiados en el último periodo anual. Concretamente la región de Castilla y León ocupaba el tercer puesto como destino de los españoles en el 2012 y, aunque ha pasado a una cuarta posición en el ranking al año siguiente, desde entonces la mantiene, situándose después de Andalucía, Cataluña y la Comunidad Valenciana.</p><p>Dentro de la comunidad, la provincia de León es una de las principales receptoras de turistas y pernoctaciones, ya que ocupa el tercer y segundo puesto respectivamente. Constituye, por lo tanto, uno de los destinos más atractivos de Castilla y León, especialmente para los viajeros españoles. Respecto a la oferta, León apuesta por la calidad, ya que son las modalidades hoteleras de categoría media y alta las que mejor evolucionan a lo largo del periodo. También es necesario realizar una mención especial al turismo rural dado el posicionamiento destacado que ocupa incluso a nivel nacional. No obstante, el nivel de ocupación no es alto, posiblemente como consecuencia del elevado volumen de oferta de alojamientos, el segundo de la comunidad. El destino más visitado dentro de la provincia es indudablemente la capital.<br />En términos generales se puede afirmar que la provincia leonesa tiene un gran atractivo tal y como demuestra su evolución, aunque todavía debe trabajar su potencialidad con el fin de alcanzar el lugar que le corresponde. Los ejes principales a desarrollar son los siguientes: generar información sobre el turista actual y analizar las tendencias futuras con el fin de crear productos turísticos diferenciados enfocados hacia distintos segmentos de mercado, y, realizar fuertes campañas de comunicación que fortalezcan su imagen mejorando así la notoriedad de la marca León, destacando su singularidad como destino turístico.</p><p>The Spanish tourism sector was one more year the main driver of the Spanish economy. In 2012, it reached a threshold of 11 percent of national GDP, a percentage that has gradually grown to 11,7 percent in 2015. Data shows a positive trend and it is expected to be maintained over the next decade.</p><p>In this context, inland destinations like Cantabria, Asturias, Galicia, Navarre, Castile-León and Madrid became the big beneficiaries in the last annual period. In particular, the region of Castile-León placed the third position as destination for Spanish in 2012. Although the next year it moved to a fourth position in the ranking, since then, it has maintained its position behind Andalucia, Catalonia and Valencian Community.</p><p>Within the community, the province of León is one of the main recipients of tourists and overnight stays, given that it places the third and second position respectively. It constitutes, therefore, one of the most attractive destinations in Castile-León, specially for Spanish travellers. Regarding the supply-side, León goes for quality, given that middle and upper hotel categories are those that best evolve over the period. A special mention also needs to go to rural tourism that has a prominent position even nationally. However, the occupancy rate is not high, possibly due to high volume of accommodation supply, the second in the community. The most visited destination in the province is undoubtedly the capital.<br />In general terms, it can be said that León has a great appeal such as evidenced by its evolution, although it should still work its potential in order to get its proper place. First, it should make an effort to generate information about the current tourist and analyze future trends in order to create new tourism products, focused on different market segments. Second, it should strengthen its uniqueness as a destination, working the brand, in order to differentiate itself. And third, it should make strong campaigns to strengthen its image improving the visibility of the León brand as a tourist destination.</p>
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"Iraq's crime of genocide: the Anfal campaign against the Kurds." Choice Reviews Online 33, no. 04 (December 1, 1995): 33–2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-2360.
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Ahmed, Nabaz Samad. "Hannah Arendt, Baʿthism, and Anfal." Review of Middle East Studies, May 12, 2023, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2022.30.
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Abstract In the twentieth century, totalitarianism emerged as a new phenomenon, with powerful new regimes sweeping to power on the backs of the ideologies of National Socialism, Bolshevism, and Baʿthism. Armed with these ideologies, and in their names, such regimes committed murder at a mass scale previously unknown to world history. Among the victims of this historical process were the Kurds in Iraq, who were subjected to genocide at the hands of the Baʿthist regime. This article addresses the relationship between totalitarianism and genocide, and specifically how the Baʿthist regime justified genocide against the Kurds. It argues that three elements in Hannah Arendt's theory of totalitarianism –ideology, terror, and total domination – explain why every totalitarian regime in history has wound up resorting to genocidal programs. Using the 1980s Anfal campaign by the Baʿthist regime against the Kurds as a case study, this article elucidates the relationship between totalitarianism and genocide. This analysis will lead to a better understanding of the justifications, features, and motivations of the Baʿthist regime's genocide against Kurds.
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Ahmed, Darya Rostam. "From Holocaust to Anfal: The impact of genocide and cross-generational trauma on the mental health of Kurds." International Journal of Social Psychiatry, November 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00207640231210107.
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Genocide attempts are among the most severe traumatic events that are transmitted across generations. However, it may also prove the strength and survivability as well as the vulnerability of the targeted group. Anfal and chemical attacks on Halabja on Iraqi Kurds that targeted their annihilation had a devastating impact. Many survivors and their generations are still dealing with their effects on psychological disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. To address the psychological effects of these tragic events on survivors and their generations and propose the actions to be taken, this article explores the psychological trauma and problems caused by attempted genocide and chemical attacks in the case of Anfal campaign. These effects require more research to fully understand the long-term effects of these tragedies, as well as support and provision of comprehensive psychological and mental health interventions to their survivors and generations.
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Saeed, Nahwi. "The Past Explains the Present: Dealing with Anfal in the Kurdistan Region." Review of Middle East Studies, January 27, 2023, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2022.21.
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Abstract “Transitional justice” refers to a set of strategies for promoting reconciliation in societies that have been ravaged by conflict and human rights abuses in the recent past. In some cases, however, the political leaders of post-conflict societies choose not to pursue transitional justice, instead preferring to keep the status-quo peace. This essay explores the situation in the Kurdistan region of Iraq after the genocidal Anfal campaign of the late 1980s. The Kurdish political authorities at the time did not use any transitional justice measure against the Kurds who collaborated in the persecution and killing of their fellow Kurds. Instead, they declared a unilateral amnesty for all collaborators, without the consent of the victims’ families. This paper argues that this grant of “blanket amnesty,” which protected the accused from legal liability at the expense of victims’ right to justice, brought neither justice nor peace. Conversely, it negatively affected the process of democratization, rule of law, and social reconciliation in the region. The paper concludes that justice and lasting peace will not be realized in the region if the abuses of the past are left unaddressed.
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Ahmed, Darya Rostam. "The psychological profile of Iraq: A nation haunted by decades of suffering." Open Health 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ohe-2023-0024.
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Abstract The article discovers the psychological profile of Iraq, looking at the profound impact of recent decades of turmoil on the psychological well-being of its citizens. Extensive conflicts, including wars, sanctions, invasions, socioeconomic problems, and internal conflicts, have led to significant mental health problems in the community, notably the Yazidi and Kurdish populations. These groups, already affected, faced collective trauma from the ISIS invasion and Anfal campaign. Despite various risk factors, mental health support services in Iraq are markedly insufficient. The main purpose of this article is to shed light on the psychological profile in recent decades, highlighting the urgent need to prioritise mental health in health and education policies. The article advocates for the crucial implementation of comprehensive mental health programmes, interventions, and awareness initiatives to effectively address the enduring psychological challenges facing the Iraqi population.
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Aishwarya Singh. "HIDDEN HORRORS: HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN IRAQ - A NATION IN NEED OF ANTI-TRAFFICKING LAWS." EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), February 27, 2024, 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36713/epra15858.
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Human trafficking and settler trafficking are universal and general offence that use men, women and children for interest. Many parts of the world witness these kinds of trafficking, here we are discussing trafficking in Iraq. Forced nuptials, household subjugation within the community, family and tribe as well as strained labor and strained prostitution, are all forms of human trafficking that have been recorded in Iraq for a prolonged duration. Since the 2003 invasion and ensuing civil war, Iraq has flattered a more perennial harbor for external hirelings who are at a higher danger of being trafficked and majority migrates from the Philippines, Nepal, Bangladesh, and other countries with elevated degree of penury. In consonance to reliable accounts, the Iraqi military trafficked Kurdish women into commercial sex labor during the Anfal campaign in the late 1980s, and women who were displaced during the revolt in southern Iraq in 1991 have been detained for prostitution in the KRG. Increased risks for the most vulnerable women, children, minorities, displaced persons, and other vulnerable groups have also been brought on by the conflict with ISIS in Iraq. However, the Iraqi government officials are yet to bring laws that could prevent these offenders and punish them. Iraq has never brought any anti-trafficking codifications, aiding traffickers to advance to function with indemnity. KEYWORDS: Human Trafficking, Iraq, Migrants, Kurdish, Women, Traffickers.
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Mosa Ibrahim, Ismat, Salim Jasim Hajy, and Azad Adil Shareef. "Genocide Crimes Committed Against the Kurds in Iraq Statistical Study on Anfal Operations 19871988." Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies, August 20, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vispecial.123.
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The crime of genocide is one of the most serious crimes against humanity as it affects the life، freedom، rights or humanity of a group of people، and these crimes collectively constitute what are called humanitarian crimes. The crime of genocide is considered relatively recent at the international level، as it did not appear in its current form until after World War II. Here، the talk about Anfal is a talk about campaigns of executions، mass killings and organized extermination according to all standards. This means that Anfal was the first step to annihilate the Kurdish community. The destruction of villages in Kurdistan and the displacement of the population into the open to get rid of their identity forever. The strategy of the Anfal operations campaigns was to destroy all the defensive capabilities of the Kurdistan community. Anfal، according to international standards of crimes، falls within the framework of genocide (genocide). In this research، some descriptive statistical methods were used، such as graphs، circuit diagrams، graphs، and some statistical analyzes to obtain acceptable and accurate results. In managing affairs and responsibilities، that is، targeting this group to paralyze those minorities of women in general and men in particular proves and embodies the concept of genocide in its true meaning in terms of reproduction and the management of public and private responsibilities. The Anfal community، whose numbers were approximately 182،000، where the number of victims was more than 70،000 victims، and the percentage of them can be observed in the conclusions paragraph. This also indicates the concept of genocide، and this in itself is another evidence of the extermination of a young and active age group in society.
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"Many Unaware of Link between HPV and Some Cancers." Cancer Discovery, April 17, 2023, OF1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.cd-nb2023-0027.
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Public awareness of the link between the human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer has declined over the past several years. The findings also reveal low awareness of HPV's connection with other cancers, including anal, oral, and penile, highlighting an urgent need for educational campaigns targeting medical professionals and the public.
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Rizzo, Alberto, Davide Moschese, Federica Salari, Andrea Giacomelli, Loriana Morelli, Maria Vittoria Cossu, Chiara Fusetti, et al. "High prevalence of high‐risk HPV genotypes in individuals attending an infectious diseases clinic from 2018 to 2022 in Milan, Italy." Journal of Medical Virology 96, no. 1 (January 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.29370.
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AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, linked to several types of lesions. HPV, specifically HPV 16, accounts for most of anal cancer cases. In this study, we evaluated the proportion of samples tested positive for HPV and characterized genotypes distribution in anal specimens collected from individuals at risk of anal HPV infection attending from 2018 to 2022 a large Infectious Diseases Department in Italy. The presence of HPV DNA was investigated through a commercial kit detecting 12 HR‐HPV, 8 probable/possible HR‐HPV, and 8 LR‐HPV genotypes. Among 1514 samples, 84% (1266/1514) resulted positive for any type of HPV. The prevalence of high‐risk HPV types remained high during all the years of the study period, from 2018 to 2022, ranging from 65% to 73%. Most of HR‐HPV, LR‐HPV and HPV 16 positive samples were collected from men >45 years. HPV 16 was also the most frequent type in men and women. We did not observe significant variations between years in detection of HR‐HPV, instead of LR‐HPV, that significantly decreased. In conclusion, the high prevalence of oncogenic HPV genotypes underlines the necessity of clear anal HPV screening guidelines and, along with frequent HR‐HPV coinfections, reinforces the urge to intensify the anti‐HPV vaccination campaign.
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Omar, Saman, and Zenobia Homan. "Chemical Weapon Attacks Amongst the Yezidi Community of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Awareness, Knowledge and Resilience." Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies, August 20, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vispecial.137.
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This study explores present-day knowledge of chemical weapon attacks amongst the Yezidi population of the Kurdistan region of Iraq, which remains at risk of attack. The scope of the research covers the Anfal campaigns, the use of chemical weapons during the Syrian civil war, and chemical attacks launched by so-called Islamic State (IS). The authors conducted a series of qualitative interviews (10) and surveys (20), across a wide social sample (gender, age, education, profession) – speaking to victims of chemical weapon attacks as well as those with no experience of them. Information was gathered on public awareness and current security concerns, particularly considering the role of memory. This research may be utilised to enhance access to information, education, and emergency response – in order to increase resilience and preparedness amongst the vulnerable Yezidi community. The authors hope to contribute to the conference objectives to enrich dialogues, improve curricula, and work toward establishing an Early Warning Centre.
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Malia, Miriam, Isaac Chepkwony, and David Malonza. "Modelling the Impact of an Effective Mass Media Awareness Campaigns on the Spread of HPV Infections." Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science, July 5, 2022, 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamcs/2022/v37i530454.
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Cancer is a menace to public health globally. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted virus and has been linked to several cancers such as cervical cancer, anal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer and neck cancer. In this research a mathematical model based on a system of ordinary differential equations is formulated to study the impact of an effective mass media awareness campaigns on the spread of HPV infections under vaccination in Kenya. The basic reproduction number is computed using the next generation matrix method. The equilibrium points of the model are determined and their stability investigated. The results of stability analysis show that the HPV free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when Ro < 1 and the endemic equilibrium point existed if Ro < 1. We used the center manifold theory to investigate the nature of bifurcation. The investigation identified that the bifurcation parameter θ changes from negative to positive, changes its stability from stable to unstable thus a negative unstable equilibrium becomes positive and locally asymptotically stable. Sensitivity analysis shows that the prevalence of HPV infection can be reduced by reducing the contact rate between the susceptibles and infected β, increasing the rate of treatment \(\tau\) 1 and increasing vaccination rate \(\gamma\) . Moreover, the relapse from the susceptible aware and infected aware to susceptible and infected classes respectively that is \(\tau\) 2 and \(\tau\) 3 respectively increase the spread of HPV in the community. The results from the numerical simulations validated the fact that an effective mass media awareness campaigns brought the numbers of HPV infections to equilibrium.
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Gallo, Gaetano, Valeria Pegoraro, and Mario Trompetto. "Description and management of patients with anal fissure: insights on Italian primary care setting coming from real-world data." Updates in Surgery, May 26, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13304-024-01882-8.
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AbstractTo describe patients with anal fissure (AF) and their management in primary care. Retrospective study using the Italian Longitudinal Patient Database on 18 + years old subjects with AF records during ‘July 2016–June 2021’ (selection period). Index Date (ID) was the first AF record during selection period. Sub-cohorts were defined by presence/absence of prescriptions on ID of the combination of topical nifedipine 0.3% and lidocaine 1.5% (NIF/LID). Patients’ information on the 12-month period before (baseline) and after (follow-up) ID was analyzed. Subjects with AF were 8632: 14.0% had NIF/LID on ID. Mean age was 52 (± 17.2) years, there were more women in ‘ < 50 years’ group, and more men in ‘50–70’ one. Prevalences of pregnancy and immunodepression were around 5%; most common comorbidities were hypertension (29.6%) and heart disease (13.1%), while constipation and diarrhea were < 5%. Healthcare resources utilization (HRUs) increased during follow-up, but still few patients were prescribed NIF/LID (2.8%), other treatments for AF (10.3%), or proctological visits (7.7%). NIF/LID patients were younger (< 40 years people: 30.7% versus 23.9%; p value < 0.0001), and more likely to have constipation (4.3% versus 2.5%; p value < 0.001); patients without NIF/LID showed slightly higher prevalences of hypertension (30.0% versus 27.1%; p value: 0.039) and depression (4.0% versus**2.5%; p value: 0.009), and a little higher overall HRUs. Results show that general practitioners are used to manage AF. However, there is still a gap between guidelines’ recommendations and actual management. Educational campaigns on common anal problems in primary care might help further improving AF management and optimizing HRUs.