Journal articles: 'Angel of internal friction'

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Masoud, Talal. "Shear strength characteristics of Jerash expansive soil." Journal of Advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies 3, no. 2 (2021): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/jaset.03.02.08.

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The results of the direct shear test on Jerash expansive soil show the effect of the initial water content on the cohesion (c) and on the angel of internal friction ( ) [shear strength parameters].it show that, as the initial water increase, the cohesion (c) of Jerash expansive soil also increase up to the shrinkage limit, after that increase of water even small amount, decrease the cohesion of the soil. On the other hand, the results of direct shear test show also that as the water content increase, the angle of internal friction ( )remain unchanged up to shrinkage limit , any increase of water cause a large decrease on the angle of internal friction of Jerash expansive soil.

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Zegzulka, Jiri, Daniel Gelnar, Lucie Jezerska, Alvaro Ramirez-Gomez, Jan Necas, and Jiri Rozbroj. "Internal Friction Angle of Metal Powders." Metals 8, no. 4 (2018): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8040255.

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Mo, You, Xu Chuan Liu, Zi Hong Guo, Bin Teng, Zu Yin Zou, and Zhan Yuan Zhu. "Slip-Line Field Theory's Application in Soil Subgrade." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.283.

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Acquiring soil’s critical load is very important when designing soil foundation and soil subgrade with overloading method. Mohr-Coulomb strength theory is combined with slip-line field theory, then a theoretic method which is practicable to analyze critical load of soil come out. Analyzed theoretically and compared with others, the theoretic method is applied to describe the relationship between internal friction angel, internal cohesion, δ, lateral pressure and critical load, which express that this theoretic method is rational. Numerical analysis is adopted which make it clear that soil subgrade’s yield zone is small when it is under the critical pressure, which approve that this theory is very close to lower limit of soil’s critical load. The theoretical method can provide useful information to engineering designers and researchers.

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Zhang, Lian Wei. "Influence of Anisotropic Internal Friction Angle on the Stability of Uniform Soil Slopes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.270.

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The effect of anisotropy of friction angle in natural deposited soil on the stability of soil slopes was studied in this paper. Stability analysis was performed on a uniform soil slope with anisotropic friction angle. Spencer’s method was used, and the variation of friction angle was assumed to be linear to the change of direction of the slip surface. It was shown that 7-10 percent of change in safety factor might achieve within a 10m-highed anisotropic soil slope. It was also found from the analysis that that frictional anisotropy had no obvious effect on the location of critical slip surface.

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Md., Monir. Hossain, Sultana Nasima, and Chandro Malo Ripon. "Correlations between CPT, SPT and Soil Parameters for Khulna, Bangladesh." Journal of Geotechnical Studies (e-ISSN: 2581-9763) 5, no. 1 (2020): 27–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3741371.

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Soil is naturally heterogeneous and non-uniform materials because it is made up of different types of matter. Understanding of soil parameters is one of the most complex tasks in geotechnical engineering. Several laboratory tests of soil have to carry out for engineering practices. Laboratory tests take too much time to accomplish and extravagant also. There is another alternative way to get soil parameters direct from soil field investigation report to save time and cost. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationships of soil parameters with most commonly used soil investigating tools SPT and CPT. In this research, three pairs of CPT and SPT tests were performed at the riverbank of the Rupsha River, Khulna, Bangladesh. Different correlations have been developed in this paper among various field tests and laboratory tests. Analysis demonstrate that qtc/N1-60 ratio as a function of constant are better applicable to the local soils instead of D50 or fc based correlations. Finally, Internal angel of friction (ϕ) has been carried out using the correlation of SPT, CPT and compare with internal friction angle (ϕ) from Direct Shear (DS), and Multi-Stage Triaxial tests (MSTT) have been performed.

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Petersen, DR, RE Link, NS Pandian, A. Sridharan, and S. Srinivas. "Angle of Internal Friction for Pond Ashes." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 28, no. 6 (2000): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte12135j.

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WÓJCIK, Artur, and Jarosław FRĄCZEK. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE REPOSE ANGLE AND POROSITY OF GRANULAR PLANT MATERIALS ON THE ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION AND COHESION." Tribologia, no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5931.

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Internal friction in granular plant materials is a very complex phenomenon. This is due to a vast number of factors that determine the behaviour of these materials. This article looks at exploring the impact of porosity, the repose angle, and moisture on the value of the internal friction angle and cohesion. Statistical analysis showed that the influence of the examined factors on the parameters of friction is statistically significant. Nonlinear estimation was performed, which allowed developing functions describing the mentioned relationship, for which the goodness-of-fit (depending on the material type) ranged from 0.813 to 0.915 for the internal friction angle and from 0.748 to 0.963 in the case of cohesion. It has been found that internal friction and cohesion need further research that will take into account additional factors defining the examined material in a more accurate manner.

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Daldrop, Jan O., Julian Kappler, Florian N. Brünig, and Roland R. Netz. "Butane dihedral angle dynamics in water is dominated by internal friction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 20 (2018): 5169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722327115.

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The dihedral dynamics of butane in water is known to be rather insensitive to the water viscosity; possible explanations for this involve inertial effects or Kramers’ turnover, the finite memory time of friction, and the presence of so-called internal friction. To disentangle these factors, we introduce a method to directly extract the friction memory function from unconstrained simulations in the presence of an arbitrary free-energy landscape. By analysis of the dihedral friction in butane for varying water viscosity, we demonstrate the existence of an internal friction contribution that does not scale linearly with water viscosity. At normal water viscosity, the internal friction turns out to be eight times larger than the solvent friction and thus completely dominates the effective friction. By comparison with simulations of a constrained butane molecule that has the dihedral as the only degree of freedom, we show that internal friction comes from the six additional degrees of freedom in unconstrained butane that are orthogonal to the dihedral angle reaction coordinate. While the insensitivity of butane’s dihedral dynamics to water viscosity is solely due to the presence of internal friction, inertial effects nevertheless crucially influence the resultant transition rates. In contrast, non-Markovian effects due to the finite memory time are present but do not significantly influence the dihedral barrier-crossing rate of butane. These results not only settle the character of dihedral dynamics in small solvated molecular systems such as butane, they also have important implications for the folding of polymers and proteins.

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Jiang, Ping, and Meng Su Zhang. "Real-Time Monitor Method of Soil Slope Stability in Seasonal Frozen Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.777.

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Soil slope in seasonal frozen area subject to rainfall or freezing and thawing cycles, the shear strength of soil damage and lead to landslide hazard. In order to predict the landslide hazard through monitoring the soil slope stability real-time, the soil slope stability evaluation system is established. The Neural Network Algorithm can simulate elastic-plastic finite element method well, and using Genetic Algorithm to search cohesion(c) and internal friction angel(φ) which meet the accuracy requirements. And the intelligent parameter inversion model of soil shear strength (c, φ) based on displacement is established. So, the slope stability can be evaluated real –time based on displacement monitor. Application of this method in actual project shows that this method is accurate and effective.

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Nasima, Sultana, S. M. Fahad Hossain A, Bhowmic Shotodru, Shahidul Hoque Md, and Akter Shantana Farjana. "A Study on the Friction Angel of Cox's Bazaar Sea Sand by Adding Recycled Plastic Chips." Journal of Advances in Geotechnical Engineering 2, no. 2 (2019): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3377197.

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Sea sand is that type of soil which is abundantly available, does not contain any organic content; the gradation of this soil is naturally good and can be mined at a low cost. The strength of this soil can be improved by using various methods. This study is mainly focused on the strength behavior of sea sand by adding recycled plastic chips of various percentages. The main reason for using plastic chips is that plastic materials should be used in a constructive way. As the usage of plastic materials is increasing day by day, it has become a great threat to our society and environment. In this study, used plastic bottles are altered into plastic chips and then these are mixed up with sea sand which was collected from Cox’s Bazar and plastic chips of 5, 10 and 15 percent were mixed. Direct shear test has been conducted to check the friction angel the sea sand. According to the results it is seen that the angle of internal friction of sea sand does not improve much by adding different percentages of plastic chips with the mother soil.

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Kiriia, R. V., V. F. Monastyrskyi, A. M. Smirnov, and B. I. Mostovyi. "Determination of critical inclination angle for the conveyer with pressure belt." Geo-Technical mechanics, no. 152 (2020): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/geotm2020.152.275.

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Today , steeply inclined belt conveyors with pressure belt are widely used in the world for transporting bulks. According to the literature, critical angle of these conveyors inclination varies from 35º to 90º. However, there is no sufficiently justified value of critical conveyor inclination angle. In this work, critical inclination angle of conveyor with pressure belt was determined for different states of the bulk on the conveyor depending on linear load of the bulk on the conveyor belt and the bulk properties. It was assumed that tangential stresses at each point of the bulk were balanced by the bulk gravity force projected towards the direction of conveyor belt movement and did not exceed critical tangential stresses in the bulk medium. In addition, the Coulomb's law of friction was applied for the forces of the bulk friction against the conveyor carrying and pressure belts. In this article, the authors consider cases when coefficient of the bulk internal friction is greater than coefficients of the bulk friction against conveyor carrying and pressure belts, and when coefficient of the bulk internal friction is less than coefficient of the bulk friction against the conveyor carrying belt. As a result of solving the obtained systems of the equilibrium equations for each of the above cases, the dependences of critical inclination angle of conveyor with pressure belt on the linear load of the bulk and linear weight of the pressure belt, as well as on coefficients of the bulk friction against the carrying and pressure conveyor belts and coefficient of the bulk internal friction load were determined. Analysis of the obtained dependencies showed that critical inclination angle of conveyor with pressure belt decreases with increase of linear load of the transported bulk. With an increase of coefficients of bulk friction against the conveyor carrying and pressure belts and coefficient of the bulk internal friction, critical inclination angle of conveyor with pressure belt increases. Besides, with increase of ratio between the pressure belt linear load and the bulk linear load, critical inclination angle of conveyor with pressure belt increases and tends to 90° when increase of this ratio is unlimited.

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12

Liu, Tao, Xiulun Wang, Tingting Wu, Ge Jun, and Halidi Ally. "Effect of Mechanical Properties on the Angle of Repose of Clay Soil." Information 27, no. 4 (2024): 271–78. https://doi.org/10.47880/inf2704-06.

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The angle of repose (AoR) is a critical calibration parameter in characterizing soil mechanical properties. This study examines the AoR across seven levels of soil moisture content. The fixed funnel method was used to measure AoR, complemented by a newly developed image-processing algorithm for AoR calculation. This algorithm effectively captures the irregular and rugged edges due to moisture-induced soil aggregation. The results indicated a consistent, monotonic increase in AoR with increasing moisture content. A model incorporating soil cohesion and internal friction angle was established to explain the observed AoR trends. Results suggest that changes in AoR are primarily driven by soil cohesion, with a relatively smaller influence from internal friction angle especially in moist conditions.

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Chen, Ningfeng, Kai Fang, Nianwu Liu, and Yanru Wang. "Bayesian-Based Standard Values of Effective Friction Angle for Clayey Strata." Symmetry 17, no. 2 (2025): 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17020176.

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In this study, a methodology using probabilistic distribution techniques to determine the parameters of the soil’s effective internal friction angle (φ’) was proposed. The method was grounded in quantitative survey information extracted from geotechnical reports. Extensive equivalent samples were estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations and probability density functions (PDFs). The effective internal friction angle (φ’) of silty clay layers was probabilistically characterized using the plasticity index (PI), in situ static cone penetration test (qc), and standard penetration test (NSPT). A systematic quantitative analysis integrated prior information from different sources was systematically integrated with sampling data. By establishing a Bayesian framework that incorporated the regression relationship and uncertainties associated with the effective internal friction angle (φ’), the model ensured balance and symmetry in the treatment of prior information and observed data. The model was then transformed into equivalent sample values based on three models, reflecting the symmetrical consideration of different data sources. Further considerations involved correcting the three different analysis methods. A comparison of equivalent sample values with the mean values of the sampling data, along with the parameter optimization updates, was performed by combining the three models. Using three sets of sampling data, a linear relationship model for the new soil parameters was derived. The analysis results demonstrated that the proposed method could obtain equivalent samples for the effective internal friction angle.

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Daghistani, Firas, Abolfazl Baghbani, Hossam Abuel Naga, and Roohollah Shirani Faradonbeh. "Internal Friction Angle of Cohesionless Binary Mixture Sand–Granular Rubber Using Experimental Study and Machine Learning." Geosciences 13, no. 7 (2023): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13070197.

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This study aimed to examine the shear strength characteristics of sand–granular rubber mixtures in direct shear tests. Two different sizes of rubber and one of sand were used in the experiment, with the sand being mixed with various percentages of rubber (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50%). The mixtures were prepared at three different densities (loose, slightly dense, and dense), and shear stress was tested at four normal stresses (30, 55, 105, and 200 kPa). The results of 80 direct shear tests were used to calculate the peak and residual internal friction angles of the mixtures, and it was found that the normal stress had a significant effect on the internal friction angle, with an increase in normal stress leading to a decrease in the internal friction angle. These results indicated that the Mohr–Coulomb theory, which applies to rigid particles only, is not applicable in sand–rubber mixtures, where stiff particles (sand) and soft particles (rubber) are mixed. The shear strength of the mixtures was also influenced by multiple factors, including particle morphology (size ratio, shape, and gradation), mixture density, and normal stress. For the first time in the literature, genetic programming, classification and regression random forests, and multiple linear regression were used to predict the peak and residual internal friction angles. The genetic programming resulted in the creation of two new equations based on mixture unit weight, normal stress, and rubber content. Both artificial intelligence models were found to be capable of accurately predicting the peak and residual internal friction angles of sand–rubber mixtures.

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15

Yang, Soon-Bo. "Cohesion and Internal Friction Angle of Basalts in Jeju Island." Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society 31, no. 11 (2015): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2015.31.11.33.

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Giwangkara, Grawira Ganjur, Azman Mohamed, Hasanan Md Nor, Nur Hafizah A., and Rachmat Mudiyono. "Analysis of Internal Friction Angle and Cohesion Value for Road Base Materials in a Specified Gradation." Journal of Advanced Civil and Environmental Engineering 3, no. 2 (2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jacee.3.2.58-65.

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Internal friction angle (φ) is one of the important parameter in a foundation engineering, especially in the stress distribution event. The higher value of the internal friction angle shows the higher of the material can withstand the lateral force. Cohesion factor (c) is also an integral part of the shear strength for the foundation material. In the granular soil such as sand or non-cohesive material, including aggregate, cohesion value usually assumed as zero, although some cohesion factor may be applied. In this research, two different materials were tested for their shear strength. The materials were Natural Crushed Aggregate (NCA) and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA). Each material was also tested under two different circumstances. First, the materials were tested in a small-scale direct shear (SSDS) test with the maximum material size of 0.425 mm and 2.0 mm. Secondly, the materials were tested in a large-scale direct shear (LSDS) test with the graded size of aggregate according to road base layer specification. The SSDS showed the internal friction angle of NCA and RCA varies from 26.20 to 29.82 degrees. Whereas the LSDS showed the internal friction angle of NCA and RCA are 44.90 and 29.16 respectively. Both of SSDS and LSDS also showed the cohesion value of NCA and RCA.

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Li, Jian Qiao, Rui Yang Shi, Meng Zou, Ling He, Yan Jing Yang, and Hao Li. "Effects of Load Type on the Mechanical Properties of the JLU Series Lunar Soil Simulant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.479.

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The pressure-sinkage characteristics and the shear-strength characteristics of lunar regolith are the important influence factors to the trafficability of lunar rover. The performance curves and parameters of JLU luanr soil simulant were obtained by pressure-sinkage tests and shear-strength tests in the ground gravity-environmental load (1g) and the lunar gravity-environmental load (1/6g). The results show that, for the pressure-sinkage characteristics, the compression-strength of the JLU-1 is strongest, followed by the JLU-3, and the JLU-2 is the weakest. In different load levels, the deformability index n increases as the bulk density increases. The kc increase as the state becoming more and more compact,The k of JLU-1 is the largest of all, followed by JLU-3 next, JLU-2 has the smallest.The load levels have no significant effect to the tendency of n, kc and k. For the shear-strength characteristics, the shear resistance of JLU-2 is the weakest. JLU-1 has the greatest cohesion c of the three lunar soil simulant, followed by JLU-3, the c of JLU-2 is the smallest.The c of the same lunar soil simulant in natural state is greater than it in soft state. Compared with JLU-1 and JLU-3, JLU-2 has the smallest internal friction angle .The influence of the load levels to the the cohesion c internal friction angel is not obvious. The  mesured in the lunar load is wider than it in the ground load. This study will supply fundamental reference and foundation on the research and optimization of the lunar rover traveling mechanism in the authentic lunar environment.

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Dorofeyev, O. "Determinative ratios of a rheological model of a discrete medium with a variable angle of internal friction." Problems of Tribology 25, no. 1 (2020): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2020-95-1-69-77.

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19

Zhao, Rong Fei, Yong Ning Mi, and Wei Gao. "Testing Study on the Change Law about Internal Friction Angle of Geogrid Reinforced Clay under many Times Freezing-Thawing Cycles." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.186.

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This paper uses quadric orthogonal rotating combination design test, obtains the internal friction angle change values under given many times freezing-thawing cycles for the geogrid reinforced clay with different degree of compactions, moisture contents and reinforcement spacings. Through analysis of the test data and mathematical calculation to get the regression equation about the internal friction angle change value related with fillers compaction degree, initial moisture content and reinforcement spacing, and test the conspicuousness about the equation and the influence factors. Applies the equation to calculate the internal friction angle change values in the else test conditions, the results show that the calculated values and the testing data fit well, the equation can be used for initial calculation of the under many times freezing-thawing cycles. The regression equation provides a theoretical reference for the engineering practice of geogrid reinforced clay.

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Rasti, Arezou, Hamid Ranjkesh Adarmanabadi, Maria Pineda, and Jesse Reinikainen. "Evaluating the Effect of Soil Particle Characterization on Internal Friction Angle." American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2021.129.138.

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Cho, Young Min, Jae Hac Ko, Liqun Chi, and Timothy G. Townsend. "Food waste impact on municipal solid waste angle of internal friction." Waste Management 31, no. 1 (2011): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.07.018.

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FUJITA, Yoshio, Rintaro ISHIMARU, Shigetaka HANAI, and Yasuyoshi SUENAGA. "STUDY ON INTERNAL FRICTION ANGLE AND TENSILE STRENGTH OF PLAIN CONCRETE." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 62, no. 494 (1997): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.62.7_2.

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23

Khalifeh-Soltani, Anis, Seyed Ahmad Alavi, Mohammad R. Ghassemi, and Mehdi Ganjiani. "Geomechanical modelling of fault-propagation folds: Estimating the influence of the internal friction angle and friction coefficient." Tectonophysics 815 (September 2021): 228992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2021.228992.

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Evgen, Opanasyuk, Beherskyi Dmytro, Mozharovskyi Mykola, and Vitiuk Ivan. "Research of the impact of vibration on the efficiency of dissemination of loose plant products from the motor vehicle bodies." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 1(60) (2021): 25–30. https://doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237231.

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The object of research is the process of unloading bulk crop products from the bodies of dump trucks, the subject of the study is the dependence of the energy consumption of unloading on the properties of products when exposed to vibration. This dependence is understood as a change in the properties of bulk products, such as internal friction and the angle of repose, in the direction of decreasing, providing a decrease in the angle of lift of the body. One of the most problematic areas is the lack of objective information on the dependence of the required lifting angles of the dump truck body when unloading fine-grained crop products when exposed to vibrations. There is also insufficient information on the dependence of these angles on vibration frequency for each of the products. In the course of the study, an experimental method was used to determine the angles of natural bevel for different crops without and under the influence of vibrations of different frequencies on the reference area. The proposed development makes it possible to quantitatively assess the degree of influence of vibrations, their frequencies and time of impact on the frictional properties of bulk crop products. The degree of reduction of internal friction in these products and the maximum angles of lifting the body required for its unloading were experimentally determined, and numerical data were obtained on their reduction under the influence of vibrations. The results obtained allow to consider it an effective tool for obtaining objective information about the effect of vibrations on the characteristics of internal friction of bulk crop products. This made it possible to determine the degree of influence of the lift angle of the dump truck body during unloading and to reduce energy costs. In contrast to the existing ones, the proposed development makes it possible to differentiate these angles depending on the frequency and time of exposure to vibration, as well as on a specific product. Certain parameters make it possible to regulate them to achieve minimum energy consumption.

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Eyael, Tenaye Habte, Vadlamudi Srikanth, Ncube Mnqobi, and Muusha Peace. "Advanced prediction of soil shear strength parameters using index properties and artificial neural network approach." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 1 (2024): 427–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13147840.

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This study embarks on developing predictive models for soil shear strength parameters, cohesion (c) and angle of internal friction (ϕ), in Bishoftu town, employing Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). It aims at offering a cost-effective and time-saving alternative to traditional, often expensive, and labor-intensive laboratory methods. The research utilizes soil index properties such as Sand %, Fines %, Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index to construct separate ANN models for c and ϕ. These models use a multi-layer perceptron network with feed-forward back propagation, varying the number of hidden layers to optimize performance. The study's dataset comprises 316 soil test results, encompassing both primary and secondary data, conforming to ASTM Standards. Soil cohesion and internal friction angle were determined using the direct shear box method. The models demonstrated remarkable success in predicting shear strength parameters, evidenced by correlation values of approximately 0.99 for cohesion and 0.98 for internal friction angle, surpassing the capabilities of existing empirical methods. Further examination of the models included comparison with existing correlation techniques and cross-validation using primary soil test data. This validation process confirmed the ANN method's superior accuracy and fit for predicting shear strength parameters over selected empirical methods. This research substantiates the efficiency of ANN in geotechnical engineering, particularly for areas with limited resources for extensive soil testing. It establishes ANN as a powerful, efficient tool for estimating soil shear strength parameters, with significant implications for future planning, design, and construction projects in similar environments.

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Hatanaka, Munenori, and Akihiko Uchida. "Empirical Correlation Between Penetration Resistance and Internal Friction Angle of Sandy Soils." Soils and Foundations 36, no. 4 (1996): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.4_1.

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Lini Dev, K., Rakesh J. Pillai, and Retnamony G. Robinson. "Drained angle of internal friction from direct shear and triaxial compression tests." International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 10, no. 3 (2016): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2015.1133754.

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Chik, Zamri, and Luis E. Vallejo. "Characterization of the angle of repose of binary granular materials." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 2 (2005): 683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-118.

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When a heap or pile of granular material accumulates at the toe of a failed slope, the pile rests at its angle of repose. The gradual build up of a heap of soil in the laboratory simulates the formation of the heap at the toe of a slope. In this study, the angle of repose developed by binary granular mixtures of coarse sand (1.16 mm in average diameter) and fine sand (0.10 mm in average diameter) was measured in the laboratory. The influence on the angle of repose by the roughness of the base on which the mixtures were placed was also investigated. When the mixtures were placed on a rough surface, the heap developed its angle of repose by two different modes of failure. When the mixtures were controlled by the coarse sand fraction, failure took place on a layer located at the free surface of the heap. When the fine sand fraction controlled the composition of the mixture, the heap developed its angle of repose after the material failed by lateral spreading. When the mixture was placed on a smooth surface, the heap developed its angle of repose by a single mode of failure, namely lateral spreading at the interface of the mixture and the smooth base. A theoretical analysis relating the angle of repose, the internal angle friction of the mixtures, and the interface basal friction angle is also presented.Key words: angle of repose, binary granular material, quartz sand, angle of internal friction, interface friction angle, Rankine earth pressure theory.

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CHIRKOV, S. E., A. V. GRISHIN, K. M. MURIN, and P. V. CHIRKOV. "TO THE QUESTION OF DETERMINING THE VALUES OF ADHESION AND ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION OF ROCK FORMATIONS." Mine Surveying and Subsurface Use, no. 1 (2024): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.56195/20793332_2024_1_68_72.

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The paper analyses the strength parameters of rocks tested under uniaxial and volumetric stress states. Based on their results, the Mohr stress limit circles and their envelope line were plotted in the field of tangential and normal stresses. According to its slope and intersection with the tangent stress axis, the cohesion (C) and the angle of internal friction (φ) were determined. Calculated, using the values (C and φ), strength in uniaxial compression was higher than the actual strength by 20 and more per cent. It is suggested to change the methodology of determination of adhesion and angle of internal friction. It is proposed to determine them not by the envelope of the limiting circles of Mohr stresses line, but by the change of limiting values of tangential stresses of Mohr's circles from normal stresses.

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Shafiqul, Islam, Ahmed Siddiki Fayez, Latifur Rahman Siddique Md., Rahaman Farjana, and Amimul Ehsan Zishan Md. "Comparative Study to Develop Correlation between Different Properties of River Sand of Bangladesh." Journal of Construction and Building Materials Engineering (e-ISSN: 2581-6454) 6, no. 1 (2020): 21–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3740654.

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To use river sand as filling materials for changing the grade or elevation of real property (i.e. road or rail network, embankment, low land for construction etc.) is a common practice in Bangladesh. The main sources of the fillers are the big rivers of Bangladesh which are Padma, Meghna and Jamuna. In this study 3 sets of soil samples with 3 samples in each set (total 9 soil samples) were collected from Shitalakshya riverbank. To represent the river sand three major rivers of Bangladesh and they are the Padma, the Meghna and the Jamuna. The prime aim of this study was to determine the important properties of collected sands and make a representative correlation among them. The regression analysis result between angle of internal friction and fineness modulus for Padma and Jamuna river sands are rationally representative but the correlation between angle of internal friction with mean particle size and specific gravity did not develop any explanatory outcome. The regression analysis results indicate a representative correlation between specific gravity and fineness modulus. Whereas analysis result for specific gravity and mean particle size did not show any representative correlation. In case of fineness modulus and mean particle size no productive results have been generated.

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HATTAB, M., T. HAMMAD, and J. M. FLEUREAU. "Internal friction angle variation in a kaolin/montmorillonite clay mix and microstructural identification." Géotechnique 65, no. 1 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.p.081.

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SHIMAZU, Akiomi. "FULL-SCALE RETAINING WALL TESTS WITH EVALUATION OF WORKING ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu C 66, no. 4 (2010): 706–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejc.66.706.

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Shinohara, Kunio, Mikihiro Oida, and Boris Golman. "Effect of particle shape on angle of internal friction by triaxial compression test." Powder Technology 107, no. 1-2 (2000): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(99)00179-5.

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Abdou Abd El-Naiem, Mostafa. "PREDICTION OF ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION OF SAND USING GRAIN-SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE." JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences 36, no. 3 (2008): 569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2008.116135.

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Guo, Zhiguo, Xueli Chen, Yang Xu, and Haifeng Liu. "Effect of granular shape on angle of internal friction of binary granular system." Fuel 150 (June 2015): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.047.

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Zhang, Jianbin, Yutao Ju, and Changsheng Zhou. "Experimental Research on Cohesion and Internal Friction Angle of the Double-base Propellant." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 38, no. 3 (2013): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201200121.

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Zhou, Bohan, Wenli Zhang, Dong Wang, and Dengfeng Fu. "Estimation of Effective Internal Friction Angle by Ball Penetration Test: Large-Deformation Analyses." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 2 (2024): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020230.

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The ball penetrometer is a full-flow penetrometer used as an alternative to the traditional cone penetrometer for characterizing the strength of soft sediments, particularly for offshore engineering, due to its large projection area. However, if the ball is penetrated under partially drained conditions, the resistance of the ball changes with the penetration velocity. The performance of ball penetration is examined employing a coupled large-deformation finite-element method. The reliability of numerical simulations under undrained and partially drained penetrations is verified by comparing with previous tests in the chamber and centrifuge. The backbone curve determining the penetration resistance on the spherical probe is proposed to quantify the influence of partially drained conditions, which captures the effect of the ratio of the diameters of the shaft and ball. Base on the backbone curve derived, an interpretation approach is proposed to predict the effective internal friction angle using the net resistance measured in the ball penetration tests with different penetration velocities.

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Zúñiga, Daniel, and Andrés León. "GCL-LLDPE geomembrane interface friction angle evaluation and stability analysis of a valley fill leach pad project." E3S Web of Conferences 569 (2024): 16003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456916003.

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The Los Chancas mining project, initiated in 1998, is a copper mine focused on extracting copper sulfides and oxides. In 2020, a mine plan update required a review of the constructability design and an evaluation of the Permanent Leach Pad and Filtered Waste/Rock Dump's physical stability. This paper presents results from an evaluation study regarding friction angles at the liner interface and stability analysis in the VLF pad. Previously, an internal friction angle of 23° was established for the basal liner interface (LLDPE-GCL) to meet stability requirements. However, due to the high required friction angle, the pad design was updated with lower slopes. The study evaluated various GCL materials from two suppliers using direct shear tests, revealing that the GCL from the second supplier achieved a high friction angle of 22.3° at the interface. Stability analysis considered two critical sections, examining three types of failure under both static and pseudo-static conditions. Results showed a need for a minimum friction angle of 16° in static conditions and 20.5° in pseudo-static conditions to ensure compliance. These results suggest the potential use of high strength geosynthetic materials in the studied areas, with a preference for the GCL material offering the highest friction angle.

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Nguyen, Thuy-Anh, Hai-Bang Ly, and Binh Thai Pham. "Backpropagation Neural Network-Based Machine Learning Model for Prediction of Soil Friction Angle." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (December 24, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8845768.

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In the design process of foundations, pavements, retaining walls, and other geotechnical matters, estimation of soil strength-related parameters is crucial. In particular, the friction angle is a critical shear strength factor in assessing the stability and deformation of geotechnical structures. Practically, laboratory or field tests have been conducted to determine the friction angle of soil. However, these jobs are often time-consuming and quite expensive. Therefore, the prediction of geo-mechanical properties of soils using machine learning techniques has been widely applied in recent times. In this study, the Bayesian regularization backpropagation algorithm is built to predict the internal friction angle of the soil based on 145 data collected from experiments. The performance of the model is evaluated by three specific statistical criteria, such as the Pearson correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The results show that the proposed algorithm performed well for the prediction of the friction angle of soil (R = 0.8885, RMSE = 0.0442, and MAE = 0.0328). Therefore, it can be concluded that the backpropagation neural network-based machine learning model is a reasonably accurate and useful prediction tool for engineers in the predesign phase.

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Choi, Chan Yong, Hun Ki Kim, Sang Beom Yang, and Byung Il Kim. "Stability of Railway Bridge Abutment with Earth Pressure and Internal Friction Angle of Backfill." Journal of the Korean Society for Railway 19, no. 6 (2016): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7782/jksr.2016.19.6.765.

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Shahani, Niaz Muhammad, Barkat Ullah, Kausar Sultan Shah, et al. "Predicting Angle of Internal Friction and Cohesion of Rocks Based on Machine Learning Algorithms." Mathematics 10, no. 20 (2022): 3875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10203875.

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The safe and sustainable design of rock slopes, open-pit mines, tunnels, foundations, and underground excavations requires appropriate and reliable estimation of rock strength and deformation characteristics. Cohesion (𝑐) and angle of internal friction (𝜑) are the two key parameters widely used to characterize the shear strength of materials. Thus, the prediction of these parameters is essential to evaluate the deformation and stability of any rock formation. In this study, four advanced machine learning (ML)-based intelligent prediction models, namely Lasso regression (LR), ridge regression (RR), decision tree (DT), and support vector machine (SVM), were developed to predict 𝑐 in (MPa) and 𝜑 in (°), with P-wave velocity in (m/s), density in (gm/cc), UCS in (MPa), and tensile strength in (MPa) as input parameters. The actual dataset having 199 data points with no missing data was allocated identically for each model with 70% for training and 30% for testing purposes. To enhance the performance of the developed models, an iterative 5-fold cross-validation method was used. The coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), and a10-index were used as performance metrics to evaluate the optimal prediction model. The results revealed the SVM to be a more efficient model in predicting 𝑐 (R2 = 0.977) and 𝜑 (R2 = 0.916) than LR (𝑐: R2 = 0.928 and 𝜑: R2 = 0.606), RR (𝑐: R2 = 0.961 and 𝜑: R2 = 0.822), and DT (𝑐: R2 = 0.934 and 𝜑: R2 = 0.607) on the testing data. Furthermore, to check the level of accuracy of the SVM model, a sensitivity analysis was performed on the testing data. The results showed that UCS and tensile strength were the most influential parameters in predicting 𝑐 and 𝜑. The findings of this study contribute to long-term stability and deformation evaluation of rock masses in surface and subsurface rock excavations.

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Gori, U., and M. Mari. "The Correlation Between the Fractal Dimension and Internal Friction Angle of Different Granular Materials." Soils and Foundations 41, no. 6 (2001): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf.41.6_17.

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Chupradit, Supat, Dmitry Olegovich Bokov, Wanich Suksatan, et al. "Pin Angle Thermal Effects on Friction Stir Welding of AA5058 Aluminum Alloy: CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation." Materials 14, no. 24 (2021): 7565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247565.

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The friction stir welding (FSW) of tool pin geometry plays a critical role in the final properties of the produced joint. The tool pin geometry directly affects the generation of heat and the flow of internal materials during the FSW process. The effects of the FSW tool pin angle on heat generation and internal flow have not been quantitatively investigated in detail. In this manuscript, a validated Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model was implemented to analyze the effects of pin angle on the thermo-mechanical action during the FSW process of AA5058 Al-Mg alloy. Experimental test results validate the thermal outcomes of the used model. The obtained results revealed that, when the pin angle is increased, the heat generation decreases while the mechanical action of the tool increases. The internal heat distribution at a higher pin angle is symmetrical. The higher mechanical action of the tool decreases the viscosity of the internal materials and increases stirring action (materials flow) around the pin. Furthermore, plastic flow near the tool increased stirring action and formed a larger stir zone in the joint area.

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Międlarz, Kamila, Jakub Konkol, and Lech Bałachowski. "Effective Friction Angle Of Deltaic Soils In The Vistula Marshlands." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 41, no. 3 (2019): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2019-0016.

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AbstractThis article presents the results of laboratory tests on soft, normally consolidated soils from the Vistula Marshlands. Samples of high-plasticity organic soils (muds) taken from 3.2–4.0 m and 9.5–10.0 m depth, as well as peat deposit at 14.0 m, are analysed. Presented case study confirms the applicability of the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) method based on Cone Penetration Tests (CPTU) and allows for a conservative estimation of effective friction angle for muds. The plastification angle equal to 14.5° for organic silt, applied in the modified NTH method, fits well the triaxial test (TX) results. Moreover, the dilative-contractive behaviour according to the CPTU soil classification based on the Robertson’s proposal from 2016 corresponds well with volumetric changes observed in the consolidated drained triaxial compression tests. The internal friction angles of the Vistula Marshlands’ muds and peats are lower in comparison with the database of similar soft soils.

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Stark, N., A. E. Hay, R. Cheel, and C. B. Lake. "The impact of particle shape on the angle of internal friction and the implications for sediment dynamics at a steep, mixed sand–gravel beach." Earth Surface Dynamics 2, no. 2 (2014): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-469-2014.

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Abstract. The impact of particle shape on the angle of internal friction, and the resulting impact on beach sediment dynamics, is still poorly understood. In areas characterized by sediments of specific shape, particularly non-rounded particles, this can lead to large departures from the expected sediment dynamics. The steep slope (1 : 10) of the mixed sand–gravel beach at Advocate Harbour is stable in large-scale morphology over decades, despite a high tidal range of 10 m or more, and intense shore-break action during storms. The Advocate sand (d < 2 mm) was found to have an elliptic, plate-like shape (Corey Shape Index, CSI ≈ 0.2–0.6). High angles of internal friction of this material were determined using direct shear, ranging from φ ≈ 41 to 49°, while the round to angular gravel was characterized as φ = 33°. The addition of 25% of the elliptic plate-like sand-sized material to the gravel led to an immediate increase in friction angle to φ = 38°. Furthermore, re-organization of the particles occurred during shearing, characterized by a short phase of settling and compaction, followed by a pronounced strong dilatory behavior and an accompanying strong increase of resistance to shear and, thus, shear stress. Long-term shearing (24 h) using a ring shear apparatus led to destruction of the particles without re-compaction. Finally, submerged particle mobilization was simulated using a tilted tray submerged in a water-filled tank. Despite a smooth tray surface, particle motion was not initiated until reaching tray tilt angles of 31° and more, being &amp;geq;7° steeper than for motion initiation of the gravel mixtures. In conclusion, geotechnical laboratory experiments quantified the important impact of the elliptic, plate-like shape of Advocate Beach sand on the angles of internal friction of both pure sand and sand–gravel mixtures. The resulting effect on initiation of particle motion was confirmed in tilting tray experiments. This makes it a vivid example of how particle shape can contribute to the stabilization of the beach face.

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Piriyakul, Keeratikan, Janjit Iamchaturapatr, and Gemmina Di Emidio. "Improvement for internal friction angle of Bangkok sand by bio-cementation process and hemp fiber." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 7 (2018): 14818–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.04.012.

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Zegzulka, Jiri. "The angle of internal friction as a measure of work loss in granular material flow." Powder Technology 233 (January 2013): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.06.047.

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Trpělková, Žofie, Hana Hurychová, Pavel Ondrejček, Tomáš Svěrák, Martin Kuentz, and Zdenka Šklubalová. "Predicting the Angle of Internal Friction from Simple Dynamic Consolidation Using Lactose Grades as Model." Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation 15, no. 3 (2019): 380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12247-019-09387-3.

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Axen, Gary J. "How a strong low-angle normal fault formed: The Whipple detachment, southeastern California." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 9-10 (2019): 1817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35386.1.

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Abstract Many low-angle normal faults (dip ≤30°) accommodate tens of kilometers of crustal extension, but their mechanics remain contentious. Most models for low-angle normal fault slip assume vertical maximum principal stress σ1, leading many authors to conclude that low-angle normal faults are poorly oriented in the stress field (≥60° from σ1) and weak (low friction). In contrast, models for low-angle normal fault formation in isotropic rocks typically assume Coulomb failure and require inclined σ1 (no misorientation). Here, a data-based, mechanical-tectonic model is presented for formation of the Whipple detachment fault, southeastern California. The model honors local and regional geologic and tectonic history and laboratory friction measurements. The Whipple detachment fault formed progressively in the brittle-plastic transition by linking of “minidetachments,” which are small-scale analogs (meters to kilometers in length) in the upper footwall. Minidetachments followed mylonitic anisotropy along planes of maximum shear stress (45° from the maximum principal stress), not Coulomb fractures. They evolved from mylonitic flow to cataclasis and frictional slip at 300–400 °C and ∼9.5 km depth, while fluid pressure fell from lithostatic to hydrostatic levels. Minidetachment friction was presumably high (0.6–0.85), based upon formation of quartzofeldspathic cataclasite and pseudotachylyte. Similar mechanics are inferred for both the minidetachments and the Whipple detachment fault, driven by high differential stress (∼150–160 MPa). A Mohr construction is presented with the fault dip as the main free parameter. Using “Byerlee friction” (0.6–0.85) on the minidetachments and the Whipple detachment fault, and internal friction (1.0–1.7) on newly formed Reidel shears, the initial fault dips are calculated at 16°–26°, with σ1 plunging ∼61°–71° northeast. Linked minidetachments probably were not well aligned, and slip on the evolving Whipple detachment fault probably contributed to fault smoothing, by off-fault fracturing and cataclasis, and to formation of the fault core and fractured damage zone. Stress rotation may have occurred only within the mylonitic shear zone, but asymmetric tectonic forces applied to the brittle crust probably caused gradual rotation of σ1 above it as a result of: (1) the upward force applied to the base of marginal North America by buoyant asthenosphere upwelling into an opening slab-free window and/or (2) basal, top-to-the-NE shear traction due to midcrustal mylonitic flow during tectonic exhumation of the Orocopia Schist. The mechanical-tectonic model probably applies directly to low-angle normal faults of the lower Colorado River extensional corridor, and aspects of the model (e.g., significance of anisotropy, stress rotation) likely apply to formation of other strong low-angle normal faults.

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Marczak, Halina. "Evaluation of the Impact of Hydrostatic Pressure and Lode Angle on the Strength of the Rock Mass Based on the Hoek–Brown Criterion." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 37, no. 2 (2015): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sgem-2015-0025.

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Abstract Determination of the global uniaxial compressive strength of rock mass on the basis of the Hoek-Brown failure criterion requires knowledge of the strength parameters: cohesion and the angle of internal friction. In the conventional method for the determination of these parameters given by Balmer, they are expressed by the minimum principal stress. Thus, this method does not allow for the assessment of an impact of hydrostatic pressure and stress path on the value of cohesion, friction angle and global uniaxial compression of rock mass. This problem can be eliminated by using the Hoek-Brown criterion expressed by the invariants of the stress state. The influence of hydrostatic pressure and the Lode angle on the strength parameters of the rock mass was analysed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Angel of internal friction'

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