Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anger control'

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Anger Control Training on African-American males, who exhibit aggressive behaviors in an elementary school setting. It was hypothesed that the students participating in anger management group training would decrease aggressive behaviors. The single system AB research design was used to examine the effectiveness of Anger Control Training as an intervention on each child. The results of the study indicated that for each child a different change took place. For two (2) boys there was a decrease in aggression, two (2) other boys aggression levels increased and one (1) remained the same. The study was conducted over a fourteen (14) week period in which the baseline, intervention and a follow up phase took place.

Enemyship is an important but understudied interpersonal phenomenon. Prior research on this topic has focused on enemyship's cognitive, control-maintenance function following a threat. The present studies advance theory and research by showing the role of emotion, particularly anger, in this process. Using appraisal theory as a framework, we draw on recent research into approach and avoidance motivational dynamics during threat We propose an interaction between anxiety-inducing threat and enemy-directed anger on perceptions of control and certainty, and motivation. More specifically, we expect that when an anxiety-inducing threat is present, perceptions of control and certainty will be significantly higher when enemy-directed anger is also present than when it is not Additionally, we sought to demonstrate the consequences of these processes for motivation. Perhaps counterintuitively, we propose that individuals who experience anger at an enemy following an anxiety-inducing control threat will experience a boost in motivation, an effect mediated by perceptions of control and certainty. We find support for our moderated mediation model across three studies with undergraduate and working adults (Total N = 673).

The purpose of the present study is to design and investigate the effect of Violence Management Training on violent behaviors and anger control of secondary school students. An experimental design with one training and notreatment control group and two measurements (pre and post) was used in the present study. The subjects were selected from 95 ninth and tenth grade secondary students from a multi-programmed lycee in Ç
amlidere region of Ankara. The Violent Behaviors Checklist (VBC) and Anger Control Subscale of STAS (State Trait Anger Scale) were used as the data collection instruments. Violence Management Training, consists of 16 sessions, was implemented to the training subjects. The sessions were held twice a week and each session lasted 50 minutes. On the other hand, no-treatment control group subjects did not receive any training. Mixed Design (one between factor and one within factor) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to the pretest and posttest VBC scores of v subjects to examine the effect of the Violence Management Training on the violent behaviors of subjects. Additionally, in order to investigate the effect of the Violence Management Training on anger control of subjects, Mixed Design (one between factor and one within factor) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to the pretest and posttest Anger Control Subscale scores of STAS. The results indicated that Violence Management Training was not an effective treatment procedure in reducing violent behaviors and increasing anger control of secondary school students.

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti, pacientų, patiriančių lėtinį veido skausmą, pykčio išgyvenimo, skausmo įveikos strategijų ir skausmo intensyvumo sąsajas. Tyrime dalyvavo LSMUL Kauno Klinikose gydomi pacientai, sergantys trišakio nervo neuralgija. Tyrime dalyvavo 15 vyrų, 27 moterų, tiriamųjų amžiaus vidurkis – 64,9 metai (SD=12,13). Tyriamieji buvo apklausiami anketavimo būdu. Tiriamų reiškinių įvertinimui naudoti: Skausmo intensyvumo klausimynas (Von Korff ir kt., 1992); Įveikos strategijų klausimynas (Rosenstiel ir Keefe, 1983); Asmenybinio ir būsenos pykčio klausimynas (Spielberger, 1999). Rezultatai parodė, kad padidėjusio aktyvumo strategijos taikymas yra susijęs moterų skausmo intensyvumu. Meldimosi ir tikėjimo bei katastrofizavimo naudojimas yra susijęs su vyrų skausmo intensyvumu. Nenustatytos pykčio sąsajos su pykčio išgyvenimo aspektais: asmenybiniu pykčiu, situaciniu pykčiu bei pykčio išraiškos ir kontrolės indeksu. Vyrų, pykčio išraiškos ir kontrolės indekas yra susijęs su aktyviomis įveikos strategijomis. Moterų, situacinis ir asmenybinis pyktis susijęs su pasyviomis skausmo įveikos strategijomis. Lytis nuspėja pasyvias skausmo įveikos strategijas. Skausmo intensyvumas nuspėja aktyvias skausmo įveikos strategijas. Pacientų patiriamą skausmo intensyvumą nuspėja aktyvių ir pasyvių skausmo įveikos strategijų naudojimas. Vyrams mažesnė tikimybė rinktis pasyvias įveikos strategijas nei moterims. Esant stipriam skausmo intensyvumui, tikimybė naudoti aktyvias skausmo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The aim of the study was to assess relationships between pain coping strategies, anger and pain intensity among patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia. The subjects of the study were 15 men and 28 women undergoing treatment in Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics. General age mean equal to 64,9 (SD=12,13) years. Participants were asked to complete Grading the Severity of Chronic Pain Questionnaire (Von Korff ir kt., 1992), The Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Rosenstiel ir Keefe, 1983) and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (Spielberger, 1999). Results indicated that increased activity is related to woman pain intensity. Prayer and faith and catastrofizing are associated with man pain intensity. Findings didn’t provide evidence to support relationships between trait anger, state anger and anger expression and control index. Nevertheless, anger expression and control index of man is associated with active coping strategies. State and trait anger of woman is associated with passive pain coping strategies. Furthermore, there evidence to support that sex predicts passive pain coping strategies. Pain intensity predicts active pain coping strategies. Active and passive pain coping strategies predicts pain intensity. Men are less likely to choose passive coping strategies than woman. With the strong pain intensity probability of the use of active pain coping strategies decreases. With the increasing use of passive coping strategies... [to full text]

'Staying Calm' is a small group programme designed to promote emotional skills, anger control and social problem solving skills in children. This study outlines an evaluation of the programme completed with 48 Year 5 and 6 children in two schools within a large shire county in the Midlands. The study begins by examining previous research and literature relevant to children's emotional and social skills. A range of concepts and interventions that influence children's emotional literacy, regulation, competence and resilience are discussed and anger is used as an example of the ways in which regulation of a specific emotion can be understood and promoted within schools. A randomised controlled trial design is used to evaluate the effects of the programme upon measures of children's emotional 'resiliency' (using the Resiliency Scales, Prince Embury, 2007), behaviour (using teacher versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Goodman, 1997) and teachers' and parents' views of children's anger control, social skills and problem solving (using questionnaires designed for the 'Staying Calm' programme, Clifford & Davies, 2009). Results from the study show that 'Staying Calm' had a statistically significant positive impact upon teachers' perceptions of children's overall behaviour difficulties, peer relationship problems and prosocial skills. Teacher ratings of conduct problems showed a significant improvement for the children who had not taken part in the intervention. There was no evidence of a statistically significant impact on children's perceptions of their 'resiliency' skills or adults' ratings of emotional symptoms, hyperactivity, anger control and social skills. The results are discussed in relation to the material presented in the Literature Review and are examined in relation to implications for future provision and research. The study concludes with critical reflections upon the researcher's personal approach to the study and choice of methodology.

Violent video games have been questioned in its influence toward violence and aggressivebehavior in nowadays especially with adolescents and young adults which usually spend theirtime playing games more than other activity. The aim of this research is to find a correlationbetween violent video games exposure, aggressive behavior and self-control in an individual toanswer the question that “Is playing violent video games can lead a person to be more violence,aggressive and lack of self-control more than it should be?” The research will be studied with351 people in the Thailand Gamer Community. An aggressive behavior and impulsive behaviorwill be look into by self-questionnaire: Buss – Perry aggression questionnaire: BPAQ – ShortForm to measure aggressive behavior, the short version of the Self-Control Scale to measure animpulsive behavior and for a violent video games exposure, it will be measured by the time thatparticipants playing video games and how violent it exposure to violent video games andaggressive behavior but the results only show a slightly correlation between these two variables.Nevertheless, the results show no correlation between violent video games exposure andimpulsive behavior.

Basement Heart is a collection of short stories with a goal of documenting the manifestations of rage and how it evolves throughout a woman’s life. In these stories, femininity is explored through the aesthetics of the grotesque. Female protagonists seek to inhabit new definitions of female sexuality that combat tired expectations made by society’s misogynistic and objectifying culture. Often, their feelings of unprovoked grief manifest themselves as pursuits of the flesh, which becomes the underlying heartbeat of each story; themes revolve around sex and obsession and explore what happens when sexual fantasies are realized and lived out in the real world. When characters inhabit their bodies in ways that American culture tells women not to, they become viscerally self-aware and better their understanding of what they want. And doing what they want is all these women care about. The characters in Basement Heart are angry, restless, and at times driven mad by their own lust for control.

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti ir palyginti sveikatos kontrolės lokuso, savo ligos suvokimo ir pykčio ryšius hemodialize gydomų ir hemodializei besirengiančiųjų pacientų grupėse. Tyrime dalyvavo 74 hemodialize gydomi ir 53 hemodializei besirengiantieji. Hemodialize gydomi pacientai sudarė 58,3%, o hemodializei besiruošiantieji pacientai 41,7% tiriamųjų. Pacientų amžius svyravo nuo 21 iki 86 metų, amžiaus vidurkis – 59,03.Tyrimas buvo atliekamas Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto klinikų nefrologijos skyriuje, Šiaulų dializės centre UAB B. Braun Avitum ir Šiaulių Respublikinės ligoninės nefrologijos skyriuje. Šiame tyrime buvo naudojamas kiekybinis tyrimas, kurio metu buvo pateikta anketa. Ją sudarė: sveikatos kontrolės lokuso klausimynas ( MHLC), ligos suvokimo klausimyno atnaujinta versija ( IPQ – R), klinikinio pykčio klausimynas ( CAS) ir pateikti 5 papildomi klausimai nesusiję su minėtais klausimynais. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad sveikatos kontrolės lokusas, savo ligos suvokimas ir pyktis turi tarpusavio sąsajų. Hemodializei besirengiančių ir hemodialize gydomų pacientų kitų įtakos sveikatos kontrolės lokuso ryšiai su pykčiu ir savo ligos suvokimo dimensijomis priklauso nuo sociodemografinių charakteristikų: amžiaus, lyties, išsilavinimo ir šeiminės padėties. Pagrindinės išvados parodė, kad hemodializei besirengiančių kitų įtakos sveikatos kontrolės lokusas yra susijęs su labiau išreikštu pykčiu ir pozityvesniu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The aim of the study was to find and compare the links between health locus of control, illness perception and anger in hemodialysis and pre – hemodialysis groups . The study included 74 hemodialysis patients and 53 pre – hemodialysis patients. There were 58,3,% of hemodialysis patients and 41,7% of pre – hemodialysis patients. Age of patients was between 21 and 86, average age - 57,03 years old.The study was carried out in Lithuanian University of Health Sciences nephrology clinic, Šiauliai hemodialysis center UAB “B. Braun Avitum” and Šiauliai hospital nephrology clinic. It was used a quantitative survey – a questionnaire. It consisted of: Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale ( MHLC), Illness Perception Questionnaire ( IPQ – R), Clinical Anger Scale ( CAS) and there have been given 5 additional questions unrelated to these questionnaires. The results of search showed links between health locus of control, illness perception and anger. Health locus of control links with illness perception and anger in hemodialysis and pre – hemodialysis groups depended on sex, age, education, family status. The main consclusion demonstraits, that other influence health locus of control have links with much anger and much positive perception of illness according to treatment control dimension, but much negative perception of illness according to personal control, illness coherence and emotional representations dimensions in pre... [to full text]

A National Survey indicated that 1.6 million adolescents in the U.S. were arrested in 2010 and 1.5 million in 2011 for erratic aggressive behaviors, thus showing a decline from the 2.18 million adolescent arrests in 2007. Residential facilities in the state of Pennsylvania offer a group intervention called Aggression Replacement Training (ART) to help adjudicated adolescents regain control of erratic behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which level of group participation in ART and certain demographic factors (age, gender, ethnicity, family socioeconomic status, parental involvement, and education) predict decreased aggression and increased anger control among these youth. Cognitive theory and change theory were used to guide this causal-comparative investigation. The overarching research question was, does a youth's level of ART group participation (i.e., attentive, inattentive, and resistant) result in a subsequent reduction in risk assessment as measured by post Aggression Questionnaire score differences. Data were collected for the period of 2011-2014 from archival records from 5 residential facilities (n = 160) in Pennsylvania and were statistically analyzed. Findings from an analysis of variance indicate that ART group participation predict decreased erratic aggressive behaviors and increased anger control among adolescents. Findings from multiple regression analyses indicate that parental involvement predicts attentive participation level, whereas ART group participation, gender, and parental involvement predicted a reduction in risk assessment. Study findings may assist other treatment facilities and affiliated agencies in the U.S. with developing and implementing effective interventions for youth who exhibit erratic aggressive behaviors.

Mokslinėje literatūroje sutinkama, kad tėvų-vaiko santykiai itin svarbūs vaiko asmenybės raidai, vėlesnei psichologinei jo sveikatai ir yra susiję su valgymo sutrikimų vystymusi. Tėvų globos bei kontrolės lygio sąsajos su įvairiais asmenybiniais ypatumais (tokiais kaip savigarba, polinkis į perfekcionizmą) tikrinamos atskirose studijose, tačiau nepavyko aptikti tyrimų minėtas sąsajas vertinusių toje pačioje imtyje. Taip pat klinikinėje praktikoje pastebima, kad valgymo sutrikimais sergantys pacientai pasižymi priešiškumu sau, arba yra linkę savęs nekęsti. Vis dėlto, mokslinių tyrimų, analizuojančių šias negatyvias į save nukreiptas emocijas, yra labai mažai, o mėginimų jas įvertinti kiekybiškai apskritai neteko rasti. Taigi šio tyrimo tikslas yra patikrinti suvoktos tėvų globos bei kontrolės lygio sąsajas su valgymo sutrikimais bei specifiniais asmenybės ypatumais: asmens savigarba, polinkiu į perfekcionizmą bei negatyvia emocine nuostata į save. Tyrime dalyvavo dvi respondentų grupės: valgymo sutrikimų turinčiųjų (N=39) ir kontrolinė (N=30). Tyrime naudotos šios metodikos: valgymo sutrikimų simptomatikos išreikštumui vertinti naudotas sutrumpintas Požiūrio į valgymą skalės (EAT) variantas – EAT-26 skalė, suvoktos tėvų globos bei kontrolės lygiui vertinti – Tėvų-vaiko ryšio klausimynas (PBI); savigarbai – M. Rosenberg savigarbos skalė (RSES), polinkiui į perfekcionizmą – Daugiamatė perfekcionizmo skalė (MPS-F), o negatyviai emocinei nuostatai į save – Negatyvios emocinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In literature it is widely agreed that parental-child relations are especially important for development of child’s personality and for psychological health of a child. Parental-child bonding is also correlated with eating disorders. The correlations between parental care and control and various personality features of a child are checked in different researches. But we failed to find a study, where the aforementioned correlations had been tested in the same sample. Furthermore in clinical practice it is noticed that patients with eating disorders are tend to feel hostility to themselves as far as are prone to self-hatred. However there are few studies where such negative emotions to self is analyzed. And we failed to find a research where this issue had been analyzed quantitatively. So the aim of this study is to assess the correlations between conceived parental care and control, eating disorders and specific personality features: self-esteem, perfectionism and negative emotional attitude to self. There were two groups of respondents in this study. One of them consisted of women with eating disorders (N=39) and the other – of controls (N=30). The methods used in this study were: the strength of the symptoms of eating disorders was measured with shortened form of Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the level of conceived parental care and control was assessed with Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), self-esteem was tested with M. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the level of... [to full text]

Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário
Considerando a importância da regulação emocional para o funcionamento adaptativo e para o desenvolvimento psicológico saudável e também as específicas necessidades de compreensão e regulação da raiva, emoção com funções adaptativas, mas também associada a doença e comportamentos agressivos, estranha-se a pouca investigação relativamente à adolescência, bem como os poucos instrumentos de avaliação destes constructos em adolescentes comparativamente aos adultos. Assim, o presente trabalho pretendeu estudar as estratégias e a qualidade da regulação emocional e a experiência, a expressão e o controlo da raiva em adolescentes, alunos do terceiro ciclo do ensino básico, e verificar a possibilidade de existência de diferenças significativas em função do sexo, da idade e do ano de escolaridade. Para tal, procedeu-se à tradução e adaptação dos instrumentos ERQ-CA e STAXI-NA e ao uso de uma versão portuguesa do ERICA, tendo sido aplicados a uma amostra de 170 adolescentes de uma escola secundária da área da grande Lisboa, dos 7º, 8º e 9º anos escolares. Verificouse a fiabilidade de todas as subescalas dos instrumentos, menos de uma, e a congruência das relações entre as subescalas com as dos instrumentos originais. Concluiu-se a influência significativa do sexo nas variáveis “Temperamento de raiva, “Expressão da raiva (in),“Raiva reativa” e “Responsividade situacional”, em favor das raparigas, e a influência significativa do ano de escolaridade nas variáveis “Controlo da raiva (in)” e “Reavaliação cognitiva”. Havendo diferenças nestes resultados, quanto à literatura, propõem-se estudos integrando também avaliação qualitativa, visando a obtenção de uma compreensão mais aprofundada, na adolescência, dos ditos constructos.
ABSTRACT: Considering the importance of emotional regulation for the adaptive functioning and healthy psychological development as well as the specific need of understanding and regulating anger, a type of emotion with adaptive functions, also associated with illness and aggressive behavior, it is strange to find scarce research regarding adolescence as well as very few assessment measures of these constructs in adolescents compared to adults. Thus, this work aimed at studying the strategies and the quality of emotional regulation and anger experience, anger expression and anger control in adolescents, students of the third cycle of basic education, to verify the possibility of finding significant differences according to gender, age and grade they are attending. To do this, we proceeded to the translation and adaptation of ERQ-CA and STAXI-NA and we used a Portuguese version of ERICA in the assessment of 170 adolescents from a secondary school in the outskirts of Lisbon, from the 7th, 8th and 9th grade. The reliability of all subscales, less than one, were confirmed and also the congruence of the subscales relations with the original measures. There were significant differences in the scales levels of “Anger-Trait temperament”, “Anger-Trait reaction”, “Anger-expression (in),” and "Situational responsiveness" where girls had higher scores than boys, and the results also pointed to grade interference in the scales levels of "Anger-control (in)" and “Reappraisal”. Since these results are somewhat different from those reported, we propose studies integrating qualitative assessment, in order to obtain a deeper understanding of the referred constructs in adolescence.

Abstract Analyses of mitochondrial control region sequences were used to infer phylogeny of Anser species, phylogeography of the lesser white-fronted goose, and genetic background of a captive stock. The genetic distances among the Anser species ranged from 0.9 to 5.5% in the complete control region sequences and supported the view of close relatedness of these species. Among the four most closely related species, the bean, pink-footed, white-fronted and lesser white-fronted goose, the branching order is uncertain. The short internal branches and low support for the branching order suggest that the species have diverged recently within short time-intervals. The mtDNA tree obtained is incongruent with the traditional view of the species relationships, but the reasons for this remain to be clarified. Two diverged mitochondrial lineages were found in the lesser white-fronted goose and a refugial origin was proposed. Basal haplotypes are geographically widespread and indicate a recent common ancestry for populations. The derived haplotypes are confined to singular breeding populations and suggest restrictions to the present female gene flow. A shift in the frequency of the mtDNA lineages approximately coincides with a migratory divide in the Taimyr Peninsula. Low mtDNA diversity and significant difference in the haplotype frequencies observed in Fennoscandian subpopulation suggested that it should be considered as a management unit. The fossil record was examined to gain additional information about the colonisation history of the species, but was found to be of limited use. The captive lesser white-fronted goose stock used for reintroduction/restocking was shown to be incompatible with the Fennoscandian wild population. Some captive individuals carried the mtDNA of the white-fronted goose suggesting a hybrid origin. Hybridisation has probably occurred during captive propagation, but to clarify further the extent of introgression, nuclear markers should be applied. The structure and evolution of the control region were studied by comparing complete avian sequences. Saturation was found to occur at pairwise divergences of 10% as shown for third codon positions of the mitochondrial genes previously. In pairwise comparisons of the control region and cytochrome b sequences, the rate of divergence varied among the lineages. Two conserved sequence blocks showed considerable sequence conservation when compared to mammalian sequences.

The present study examined differences between fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls on anger rumination, mental health and quality of life and tested anger rumination as a mediator of patient–control differences in mental health and quality of life. Participants were a propensity score‐matched sample of 58 fibromyalgia patients and 58 healthy controls. Participants completed measures of anger rumination, depression and anxiety and quality of life. Patients were higher than controls on all anger rumination scales and depression and anxiety and lower on quality of life. All anger rumination scales were related to poorer mental health and quality of life. Patient–control differences on mental health and quality of life were mediated by anger rumination. In multiple mediator models, the only subscale with unique mediating effects was anger memories. Anger rumination has potent associations with mental health and quality of life, and differences between patients and controls on mental health and quality of life are partially mediated by differences in anger rumination. Addressing tendencies to ruminate on anger experiences in the care of fibromyalgia patients may offer an important avenue to improved health and quality of life.

The ANGEL project (Aerial Network Guided Electronic Lookout) takes a systems engineering approach to the design, development, testing and implementation of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle. Many current research endeavors into the field of quadrotors for use as unmanned vehicles do not utilize the broad systems approach to design and implementation. These other projects use pre-fabricated quadrotor platforms and a series of external sensors in a mock environment that is unfeasible for real world use. The ANGEL system was designed specifically for use in a combat theater where robustness and ease of control are paramount. A complete simulation model of the ANGEL system dynamics was developed and used to tune a custom controller in MATLAB and Simulink®. This controller was then implemented in hardware and paired with the necessary subsystems to complete the ANGEL platform. Preliminary tests show successful operation of the craft, although more development is required before it is deployed in field. A custom high-level controller for the craft was written with the intention that troops should be able to send commands to the platform without having a dedicated pilot. A second craft that exhibits detachable limbs for greatly enhanced transportation efficiency is also in development.

Som yrkesverksam inom sociala arbeten möter professionella tragiska människoöden och traumatiska berättelser. Utifrån återkommande exponering för dessa berättelser kan den yrkesverksamma i längden själv riskera drabbas av traumasymptom. Detta kallas för sekundär traumatisering, vilket i sin tur kan leda till utbrändhet och sjukskrivning. Studien undersöker hur chefer inom sociala verksamheter i Sverige anser att deras organisation kan förebygga sekundär traumatisering bland deras medarbetare. Studien utgår ifrån en kvalitativ, induktiv ansats där sju chefer från olika kommuner intervjuats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjupersonerna valdes utifrån ett målinriktat, bekvämlighets- och snöbollsurval. I genomförd innehållsanalys framkom tre kategorier gällande hur sekundär traumatisering kan förebyggas: genom kunskap, en planerad organisationsstruktur samt via en öppen organisationskultur. Resultatet har sedan diskuterats utifrån tidigare forskning samt ur ett chefsperspektiv på krav-kontroll-stödmodellen. Studien konkluderar att chefer kan förebygga sekundär traumatisering. För det första genom att skapa en planerad organisationsstruktur, vilken möjliggör kontroll och stöd för medarbetarna. För det andra genom att uppmuntra en god organisationskultur som bidrar till högt socialt stöd. För det tredje genom att öka kunskapen om sekundär traumatisering, vilket fungerar som ett skydd gentemot sekundär traumatisering. Dessutom dras slutsatsen att cheferna kan använda krav-kontroll-stödmodellen som ett verktyg i sitt förebyggande arbete mot sekundär traumatisering.
Professionals within social work encounter tragic human fates and traumatic stories. Due to recurring exposure of traumatic stories it is possible for professionals to risk suffering from trauma symptoms. This is called secondary traumatisation, which can result in burnout and sick leave. The thesis investigates how managers within the social sector in Sweden find that they can prevent secondary traumatisation among their employees. The study is based on a qualitative, inductive approach where interviews with seven managers from different municipalities where conducted. The interviewees were selected based on target sampling, convenience sampling, as well as snowball sampling. In the content analysis three categories regarding how secondary traumatisation can be prevented was discovered: through knowledge, a planned organisational structure and through an open organisational culture. The result has been discussed based on existing research as well as from a manager’s perspective on the demand-control-support model. The findings conclude that managers can prevent secondary traumatisation. Fist, by creating a planned organisational structure, which enable control and support for employees. Second, by encouraging a good organisational culture, which contribute to high social support. Third, employees receive a form of protection from secondary traumatisation by increasing knowledge about the subject. Furthermore, the findings also conclude that managers can use the demand-control-support model as a tool in preventing secondary traumatisation.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Parâmetros clínicos, imunitários, proteinograma sérico e epidemiológicos da vacinação em gansos-da-China foram avaliados por três experimentos. Amostras vacinais Ulster 2C, B1 e La Sota do VDN foram utilizadas. A importância epidemiológica e pesquisa do estado de portador do VDN também foram avaliadas. No experimento 1, foram utilizados 120 gansos-da-China de um dia a 60 dias de idade, distribuídos em 4 tratamentos com 30 animais, submetidos a diferentes esquemas imunoprofiláticos. Os resultados dos títulos de anticorpos (HI) mostraram que os programas imunoprofiláticos ensaiados foram igualmente eficientes no estímulo da resposta imune humoral. Após o desafio frente a uma estirpe patogênica do VDN, aos 60 dias de vida das aves, em todos os grupos, realizou-se a extração de RNA viral através da reação de cadeia de polimerase pós Transcrição Reversa (RT-PCR). No experimento 2, foram utilizadas aves SPF conviventes com gansos-da-China inoculados com uma estirpe patogênica do VDN, decorridos seis, 10 e 20 dias da infecção experimental, após a infecção com o VDN, nas duas espécies, empregou-se a técnica do RT-PCR. Observou-se a transmissão de vírus patogênico (VDN) dos gansos-da- China para as aves SPF conviventes decorridos até 14 dias da infecção experimental com este patógeno, o que vem realçar a importância do ganso-da-China como fonte potencial de infecção de VDN para aves domésticas No experimento 3, foram determinadas as concentrações séricas das proteínas totais, albumina e globulinas das aves vacinadas e não vacinadas contra a doença de Newcastle. Notou-se que aos 42 dias de idade, de forma geral, os gansos vacinados com as estirpes Ulster 2C, B1 e Lasota apresentaram diferença de forma significativa em relação ao grupo controle para as concentrações séricas de albumina, especialmente o grupo vacinado com a estirpe LaSota.
The clinical, epidemiological, immunological parameters and the serum proteinogram of vaccination in Chinese geese were investigated using 3 experiments. Ulster 2C, B1 and LaSota vaccines strains of the NDV were used. In experiment 1, 120 one-day-old Chinese geese were used, and divided into 4 different groups with 30 birds per group. They were submitted to different vaccination programs. The immunological responses in these birds were measured by HI test. These birds were also challenged with a pathogenic VDN strain at 60 days of age. After challenge, in all the groups, tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected for RT-PCR. Independent of the group, clinical signs of reaction to the vaccine were not observed. The antibody titers (HI) results showed that the immune vaccine programs adopted were equally efficient in stimulating protective levels of humoral immune responses. Challenged Chinese geese were refractory to the NDV clinical disease. However, a NDV carrier state was shown in this species until 20 days after experimental infection. The vaccinated groups of Chinese geese did not present any genetic material of virus in the RT-PCR. Therefore, these results show the relevance of vaccination in suppressing a NDV carrier state in the Chinese geese. In experiment 2, SPF chickens housed with Chinese geese which were previously inoculated with a pathogenic NDV strain, developed severe and characteristic NDV lesions and died, after five and 14 days. In experiment 3, the serum proteinogram showed significantly differences for albumin concentrations between the vaccinated and the control group at 42 days of age, especially the birds vaccinated with LaSota strain.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Paulillo
Banca: Ângela Cleusa de Fátima Banzatto de Carvalho
Banca: Márcia Nishizawa
Resumo: Parâmetros clínicos, imunitários, proteinograma sérico e epidemiológicos da vacinação em gansos-da-China foram avaliados por três experimentos. Amostras vacinais Ulster 2C, B1 e La Sota do VDN foram utilizadas. A importância epidemiológica e pesquisa do estado de portador do VDN também foram avaliadas. No experimento 1, foram utilizados 120 gansos-da-China de um dia a 60 dias de idade, distribuídos em 4 tratamentos com 30 animais, submetidos a diferentes esquemas imunoprofiláticos. Os resultados dos títulos de anticorpos (HI) mostraram que os programas imunoprofiláticos ensaiados foram igualmente eficientes no estímulo da resposta imune humoral. Após o desafio frente a uma estirpe patogênica do VDN, aos 60 dias de vida das aves, em todos os grupos, realizou-se a extração de RNA viral através da reação de cadeia de polimerase pós Transcrição Reversa (RT-PCR). No experimento 2, foram utilizadas aves SPF conviventes com gansos-da-China inoculados com uma estirpe patogênica do VDN, decorridos seis, 10 e 20 dias da infecção experimental, após a infecção com o VDN, nas duas espécies, empregou-se a técnica do RT-PCR. Observou-se a transmissão de vírus patogênico (VDN) dos gansos-da- China para as aves SPF conviventes decorridos até 14 dias da infecção experimental com este patógeno, o que vem realçar a importância do ganso-da-China como fonte potencial de infecção de VDN para aves domésticas No experimento 3, foram determinadas as concentrações séricas das proteínas totais, albumina e globulinas das aves vacinadas e não vacinadas contra a doença de Newcastle. Notou-se que aos 42 dias de idade, de forma geral, os gansos vacinados com as estirpes Ulster 2C, B1 e Lasota apresentaram diferença de forma significativa em relação ao grupo controle para as concentrações séricas de albumina, especialmente o grupo vacinado com a estirpe LaSota.
Abstract: The clinical, epidemiological, immunological parameters and the serum proteinogram of vaccination in Chinese geese were investigated using 3 experiments. Ulster 2C, B1 and LaSota vaccines strains of the NDV were used. In experiment 1, 120 one-day-old Chinese geese were used, and divided into 4 different groups with 30 birds per group. They were submitted to different vaccination programs. The immunological responses in these birds were measured by HI test. These birds were also challenged with a pathogenic VDN strain at 60 days of age. After challenge, in all the groups, tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected for RT-PCR. Independent of the group, clinical signs of reaction to the vaccine were not observed. The antibody titers (HI) results showed that the immune vaccine programs adopted were equally efficient in stimulating protective levels of humoral immune responses. Challenged Chinese geese were refractory to the NDV clinical disease. However, a NDV carrier state was shown in this species until 20 days after experimental infection. The vaccinated groups of Chinese geese did not present any genetic material of virus in the RT-PCR. Therefore, these results show the relevance of vaccination in suppressing a NDV carrier state in the Chinese geese. In experiment 2, SPF chickens housed with Chinese geese which were previously inoculated with a pathogenic NDV strain, developed severe and characteristic NDV lesions and died, after five and 14 days. In experiment 3, the serum proteinogram showed significantly differences for albumin concentrations between the vaccinated and the control group at 42 days of age, especially the birds vaccinated with LaSota strain.
Mestre

碩士
國防醫學院
護理研究所
89
Abstract The purpose of study was to explore the effectiveness of anger control groups on schizophrenic patients’ anger expression. The study is a quasi experimental pre-post control group design. There were four waves of data collections that include pre, in-test, post, and 2 weeks follow up. A total of 78 patients were selected through purposive sampling from day-care psychiatric ward in a medical center in Taipei . The patients were assigned after matched their gender. Anger control program was provided in the experimental groups. Control group only accepted routine ward activity. The GEE (General Estimating Equation) was used to analysis the longitudinal data. In the end of each group sessions, group members also evaluate the group process, include self presentation, other members’ presentation, and leader’s presentation, group atmosphere and group content. The results revealed that the program effectively reducing schizophrenic patients anger expression and increasing anger control ability. The majority of group member also satisfied with group process. Anger itself is not good or bad, good or bad depend on its presentation, anger is also the predictor of schizophrenic patient’s violence. Anger and aggressive both learned from socialize modification and institutionalizing. As human’s other behavior, anger and aggressive also have potential to change. The study could feedback to clinic nursing practice as a principle that not only to elevate our sensitivity self-defense but also could change patient’s anger control ability to face patient’s aggression behavior. Key Word : Schizophrenia、Anger control、Anger-control group、anger expression.

碩士
中國文化大學
兒童福利研究所
88
The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect on elementary school students after anger control training. The research is based on both the theory of Novaco’s anger management training program and the development and need of elementary school students ,so as to design the anger control training. The student of two classes were assigned into experimental group and control one (29 students for each).The experimental group underwent ten sessions 80 minutes for each) of the anger control training once a week ,while the control group didn’t receive any training program .After ten weeks ,two groups of students were tested by the scale of elementary school students’ anger intensity and coping style .Besides ,the experimental group were also tested by the text of each session .The results were as follow: 1.The experimental group revealed significant immediate effects on the reduction of anger intensity of the events at home when compared with the control group. 2.The experimental group revealed significant immediate effects on the reduction of anger intensity of the events at school when compared with the control group. 3.About the immediate and latter coping style at home ,the experimental group showed higher shifting percentage from non-constructive to constructive coping style than the control group. 4.About the immediate and latter coping style at school ,the experimental group showed higher shifting percentage from non-constructive to constructive coping style than the control group. Based on the results in the research ,the researcher offer some recommendations about new research methods ,programs ,and subjects for following the studies .The researcher also made some crucial announcements to the leader of this program.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
特殊教育學系碩士班
95
This study was designed to explore the process of anger control music activities for an elementary student with Tourette Syndrome. This study adopted a case-study method with qualitative approaches. In this study, a fourth grade student with Tourette Syndrome is properly targeted, we analyze the data which is collected mainly by observation, supplemented by interviews and document corroboration. Comprehensive results of this study found： Before the music activities, the student took a powerful gesture of self-protection. He was over-sensitive, over-suspected, unable to deal effectively with anger. Some anger expressions are： face-to-face manner counterattack, after revenge, venting his anger on others, refraining not to have expressions, and controlling his anger. Tic symptom appeared in multiple sites, and the frequency slowed after small gains. Second, during music activities, the change of anger control are： due to the feeling of being cared, the student decided to improve himself; regarding the attacks as the playing; no longer having patience on good friends; the interaction of stress and tics; the efforts to prevent emotional behavior. Facing with angry stimulus, the student’s reaction was changing from very angry to gradually being calm down. But due to the difficulty to change many irrational beliefs, the situation went down at the end. Music strategies help the student enhance self-expression and reflection, reduce the discomfort and help teaching. There is some relevance between the student’s reaction to music strategies, angry expression, tics, and emotional feelings. In non-constructive expression of anger, there is a larger fluctuation in the first and second semesters, and it gradually slowed down. Constructive expression markedly increased in the second semester. Tic symptom showed changeable pattern, and the frequency in several ups and downs gradually rose. It reached the peak in the opening of the second semester, and slowly declined. Tics, non-constructive anger expressions, and emotional feelings showed the two waves of similar and opposite trends. Third, after the music activities, because of long-term psychological depression, it caused blueness and restlessness before nightly bedtime. Non-constructive anger expression rose slightly, and constructive and positive expression of anger has increased significantly. Tic symptom and frequency kept slowdown until the summer ended. It decreased to the extent that must be carefully observed to find. In addition to the findings discussed in detail, the study makes recommendations for future teaching and research.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-05, Section: B, page: 3312. Adviser: Gregory A. Miller. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-205) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

碩士
國立成功大學
行為醫學研究所
104
SUMMARY The aim of this study was to develop a group therapy program based on neuropsychological principle that enhances emotion regulation abilities in adolescent with anger problems. Participants were 801 7th-grade students recruited from two junior high schools in southern Taiwan. We identified 264 of them whose score of Inventory of Adolescent Emotion Regulation was either below 25% or whose score of Chinese Hostility Inventory: Short Form was above 75%. Sixteen of such 7th graders that agreed to participate the program were randomly selected as the intervention group. The remaining 249 students served as non-intervention group. Except the sixteen students of the intervention group, all the other students served as norm group. The intervention group was divided into three subgroups that the three subgroups received the same interventions but started at three different times. Each intervention subgroup received 8 sessions, 16 hours, of treatment. Fifteen members of intervention group completed the evaluation of self-monitoring ability tests and Comprehensive Non-verbal Attention Test Battery before and after treatment. Ninety one members of non-intervention group completed the evaluation of self-monitoring ability tests before intervention group recived treatment and after treatment. The results revealed that the intervention group significantly improved their performance in emotion regulation and inhibitory control after treatment. These improvements were significantly better than the non-intervention group. In conclusion, the program of present study has the potential to enhance inhibitory control and emotion regulation for adolescent with anger problems. Key words: Anger, Emotion Regulation, In Group, Inhibitory Control, Neuropsychotherapy INTRODUCTION Anger problems are related to cardiovascular disease, smoking, alcohol abuse, aggression, and social disturbance. Studies have demonstrated that anger problems are related to frontal lobe functions, especially in line with emotion regulation, executive function, and inhibitory control. Neuropsychological psychopathology studies suggest that several regions in the brain are the key of anger problems including medial preoptic area, lateral septum, anterior and ventromedial hypothalamus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, periaqueductal gray, amygdala, anterior medial prefrontal cortex, lateral prefrontal regions, orbital prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. These brain areas are the physiological basis of mental abilities such as socio-emotional information processing, decision-making, impulse control, and emotion regulation. Conventional psychotherapy techniques to anger problems are proven effective, but recent researches suggest that brain function training techniques can be helpful such as executive function training. To date, there is no study adopt latest findings of brain research to develop new therapy technique. Therefore, this study aims to develop a group therapy program based on neuropsychological principle that enhances emotion regulation abilities in adolescent with anger problems. MATERIALS AND METHODS In present study, there were 801 7th-grade students recruited from two junior high schools in southern Taiwan. These 801 7th-grade students completed the evaluation of emotional ability tests three times in a year. Emotional ability tests included Inventory of Adolescent Emotion Regulation, Chinese Hostility Inventory: Short Form, and Anger Inventory. At the first evaluation, we identified 264 of them whose score of Inventory of Adolescent Emotion Regulation was either below 25% or whose score of Chinese Hostility Inventory: Short Form was above 75%. After giving informed consent by the teachers in school, sixteen of such 7th graders that agreed to participate the program were randomly selected as the intervention group. The remaining 249 students served as non-intervention group. Except the sixteen students of the intervention group, all the other students served as norm group. The intervention group was divided into three subgroups that the three subgroups received the same interventions but started at three different times. Each intervention subgroup received 8 sessions, 16 hours, of treatment. Both intervention subgroup and non-intervention group completed the evaluation of emotional ability tests after treatment and a half year later. Fifteen members of intervention group completed the evaluation of self-monitoring ability tests and Comprehensive Non-verbal Attention Test Battery before and after treatment. Ninety one members of non-intervention group completed the evaluation of self-monitoring ability tests before intervention group recived treatment and after treatment. Self-monitoring ability tests included Impulsivity Scale: Short Form, Adolescent Executive Function Scale, and Inventory of Everyday Life Self-attention. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There were three levels of evidence. At the first level, the intervention group significantly improved their performance in most indices of emotion abilities and Self-monitoring ability after treatment including emotion regulation, hostility, anger, executive function, and inhibitory control. The improvements in emotion abilities lasted for a half year including emotion regulation, hostility, and anger. At the second level, the improvements of intervention group were significantly better than the non-intervention group in several indices including hostility and executive function. After a half year, the improvements of intervention group were significantly better than the non-intervention group in most emotion abilities indices including emotion regulation, hostility, and anger. At the third level, the improvements of intervention group were significantly better than norm group in every emotion abilities index. After a half year, performance of intervention group was better than norm group in every emotion abilities index. Overall, results revealed that the program of present study is effective. CONCLUSION The group therapy program of present study is based on neuropsychological theories. There are four possible mechanisms why the program works. First, inhibitory control training enhances the control of negative prepotent cognitive processing and impulsive behavior. These improvements make individuals able to acess more cognitive resource for problem solving as to cease the rising anger in provocative situation. Second, the training activities activate the frontal lobe. Individuals with activating frontal lobe use more top-down processing. It makes the progression generalize to other aspects. Third, the training focuses on the specific mental function. Focusing on inhibitory control training makes individuals have more opportunities to practice such function. Fourth, the neuroplasticity principles suggest that brain is affected by genes and experience. Studies have shown that brain function training can change the connection between neurons. Hence inhibitory control training may adjust related circuits in the brain. Although the results indicate that this program has potential to enhance inhibitory control and emotion regulation for adolescent with anger problems, there are four limitations due to the methodology problem. First, the sample of intervention group was few. It may affect statistical inference. Second, the study didn’t apply waiting group design. Therefore, we can’t examine whether the self-monitoring ability of third subgroup of intervention group is different from the other two. Third, there is lack of third evaluation of self-monitoring ability test. So we can’t examine the lasting effect of the program. Fourth, all the participants were 7th grader. The effectiveness could be different when apllying to other age group.

This study compared the anger ratings of traumatized youth with and without PTSD relative to the anger ratings of a non-traumatized control group. Participants consisted of youth aged 7-18 years were previously evaluated for a study at Bellevue Hospital Center in New York City. In order to potentially increase the external validity of the study, youth with comorbid major depressive disorder and substance dependence were included in the sample. Diagnostic measures identified 31 youth with PTSD, 59 traumatized youth without PTSD, and 39 non-traumatized controls. Participants completed the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, a self-report inventory that measures anger experience, anger expression, and anger control. Data analyses indicated significant group differences on the State Anger, Trait Anger, Angry Temperament, and Angry Reaction scales and subscales. Specifically, the PTSD group and traumatized PTSD negative group had significantly higher State Anger scores than the control group. State Anger scores for the PTSD and traumatized PTSD negative groups did not significantly differ. Regarding Trait Anger, the PTSD group had significantly higher scores than both the traumatized PTSD negative and control groups. Trait Anger scores for the traumatized PTSD negative group and the controls did not significantly differ. Angry Temperament scores of the PTSD group were significantly higher than scores of the traumatized PTSD negative and control groups. Angry Temperament scores of the traumatized PTSD negative and control groups did not differ. Angry Reaction scores of the PTSD group significantly exceeded scores of the control group only. Angry Reaction scores for the PTSD and traumatized PTSD negative groups did not differ, and the traumatized PTSD negative and control group scores also did not differ. Statistical analyses failed to identify significant group differences for the remaining scales (Anger Expression, Anger In, Anger Out, and Anger Control). Overall findings of this study indicate that the relationship between PTSD and anger varied depending on the anger domain that was examined, as significantly higher anger scores were not consistently related to diagnostic status. A discussion of the results including theoretical and clinical significance is presented. Finally, limitations of the study and possible directions for future research are addressed.

Nous proposons une étude des genitalia masculines dans la production de Michel-Ange afin de saisir ce qu’un tel motif pouvait signifier dans différentes œuvres selon le sujet qu’elles représentent. En nous concentrant principalement sur quatre œuvres de l’artiste florentin nous désirons éclaircir l’impact visuel du dévoilement du sexe masculin et la perception que pouvait en avoir le public italien du XVe siècle et du XVIe siècle. Le Bacchus (1496-1497), Le David (1501-1504), Le Christ Rédempteur (1519-1520) et Le Jugement dernier (1536-1541) ont été choisis pour la diversité des thèmes qu’ils illustrent et pour leurs différents contextes de production et d’exposition. Nous comparons les œuvres religieuses aux œuvres profanes afin d’y relever les problématiques spécifiques qui résultent dans chacun des cas. Le choix de s’en tenir à la production de Michel-Ange implique aussi de se pencher sur un type de figure masculine bien précis, directement inspiré de l’Antiquité. Pour mieux comprendre ce qui résulte du dévoilement des genitalia, nous définissons des notions primordiales comme le nu, la nudité, la sexualité, la masculinité et la virilité dans l’art de la Renaissance. À partir d’une approche historiographique, dont La sexualité du Christ à la Renaissance et son refoulement moderne de Leo Steinberg constitue la référence principale, nous appuyons ses hypothèses quant aux représentations du sexe du Christ. Et selon une approche historique, nous suggérons des hypothèses quant à la nudité intégrale de figures emblématiques de la production de Michel-Ange. En nous concentrant principalement sur les œuvres nommées ci-haut et le détail des genitalia, nous remarquerons que les artistes, y compris Michel-Ange, ne représentent pas ce détail par hasard, mais bien parce que cette partie du corps riche en signification peut servir à exprimer et appuyer plusieurs concepts.
We propose a study on the male genitalia in Michelangelo’s production, in order to grasp the significance in different works of art depending on the subject that they represent. By focusing on four pieces of art of the Florentine artist, we would like to clarify the visual impact of the male genitals unveiled and the perception from the Italian audience of the fifteenth century and sixteenth century. The Bacchus (1496-1497), The David, (1501-1504), The Risen Christ (1519-1520) and The Last Judgment (1536-1541) have been chosen for the variety of the topics they illustrate and for the different contexts of production and exhibition. We compare religious pieces of art to profane pieces of art to identify specific issues that result in every case. The decision to stick to only Michelango’s artistic production also implies looking at a specific type of male figure, directly inspired by the Antiquity. For a better understanding of what results from the genitalia’s unveiling, we define essential notions like nude, nudity, sexuality, masculinity and virility in the Renaissance. With a historiographical approach based on The Sexuality of Christ in Renaissance Art and in Modern Oblivion, written by Leo Steinberg, we support his hypothesis about the representations of Christ’ genitals. And with a historical approach we suggest some hypotheses about the nudity of iconic figures realised by Michelangelo. By focusing mainly on the pieces of art mentioned above and the detail of genitalia, we notice that artists, such as Michelangelo, did not represent this detail by chance, but because this part of the body is rich of signification and can serve to express many concepts.

Tese de doutoramento em Psicologia, na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica, sob orientação do Professor Doutor Joaquim Eduardo Nunes de Sá, apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra.
O objetivo geral desta investigação é estudar a relação entre os fatores psicológicos e a doença oncológica do aparelho digestivo, nomeadamente no que se refere à sua evolução. Uma amostra de 91 participantes com tumores sólidos do aparelho digestivo, com doença localmente avançada ou metastizada, foi avaliada no que se refere à depressão (CES-D e BSI), à alexitimia (TAS-20), à ira-estado, ira-traço, ao controlo da ira (STAXI-2) e à sintomatologia psicopatológica (BSI), nomeadamente nas dimensões psicoticismo, hostilidade, ideação paranoide, somatização, obsessões-compulsões, ansiedade fóbica, ansiedade e sensibilidade interpessoal. A evolução da doença, classificada como progressão ou não progressão, foi monitorizada até um período máximo de doze meses após a aplicação dos instrumentos de avaliação psicológica. Num estudo comparativo (estudo 2), entre os grupos com progressão da doença (n = 50) e sem progressão da doença (n = 41), os resultados indicam que o grupo com progressão da doença apresenta, de forma estatisticamente significativa, mais psicoticismo, hostilidade, índice geral de sintomas e total de sintomas positivos do que o grupo sem progressão da doença. As diferenças não se revelaram estatisticamente significativas para a depressão, alexitimia, ira-traço, ira-estado, controlo da ira, assim como para as dimensões somatização, obsessões-compulsões, sensibilidade interpessoal, ansiedade, ansiedade fóbica e ideação paranoide. Apesar de, para o psicoticismo, hostilidade, índice geral de sintomas e total de sintomas positivos o grupo com progressão da doença apresentar pontuações significativamente mais elevadas do que o grupo sem progressão, não apresenta pontuações mais elevadas nestas dimensões, quando comparado com amostras não oncológicas. Num outro estudo comparativo (estudo 1), entre a amostra de doentes oncológicos do aparelho digestivo (n = 91) e amostras não oncológicas, avaliadas fora do âmbito desta investigação, por outros autores, a amostra de doentes oncológicos revela índices de alexitimia e controlo da ira significativamente superiores e níveis de hostilidade, ideação paranoide, ira-traço, índice geral de sintomas, total de sintomas positivos, obsessões-compulsões e sensibilidade interpessoal significativamente inferiores. No que se refere à ansiedade, psicoticismo e ira-estado, a amostra oncológica apresenta índices não superiores às amostras não oncológicas, não tendo sido possível aferir se a tendência de pontuar abaixo dessas amostras é estatisticamente significativa. Finalmente, para a ansiedade fóbica, a amostra oncológica apresenta índices não inferiores à amostra da população geral considerada na comparação, não tendo sido possível testar a significância estatística da tendência de pontuar acima daquela amostra. Num outro estudo (estudo 3), de natureza exploratória, procurou investigar-se quais os fatores psicológicos que apresentam, para a amostra de doentes oncológicos do aparelho digestivo (n = 91), poder preditivo sobre a evolução da doença. Os resultados da regressão logística binomial indicam que o psicoticismo prediz, de forma estatisticamente significativa, a evolução da doença, representando um acréscimo de risco de progressão. A hostilidade apresentou valores próximos da significância estatística, representando, também um incremento do risco de progressão. Em função dos resultados, poder-se-á considerar que a amostra de doentes oncológicos apresenta elevados níveis de controlo da ira e alexitimia, e baixos índices de ira e sintomatologia psicopatológica, quando comparada com amostras não oncológicas. De entre os participantes da investigação, aqueles que vieram a revelar progressão da doença, apresentam índices mais elevados de psicoticismo, hostilidade, índice geral de sintomas e total de sintomas positivos do que os participantes que não manifestaram progressão da doença, sendo que o psicoticismo revelou representar um acréscimo de risco para a progressão. Relativamente aos outros fatores estudados, nomeadamente a depressão, alexitimia e controlo da ira, os grupos com e sem progressão da doença não divergem substancialmente. Os resultados indiciam, assim, que os fatores psicológicos podem, em interação com toda a complexidade de variáveis implicadas no cancro (nomeadamente as de natureza biológica que, indubitavelmente serão determinantes), intervir na evolução da doença oncológica do aparelho digestivo. Palavras-chave: doença oncológica do aparelho digestivo, psicoticismo, hostilidade, depressão, alexitimia, controlo da ira, sintomatologia psicopatológica, evolução da doença.
The overall goal of this research is to study the relationship between psychological factors and oncological diseases of the digestive system, particularly with regard to their development. A sample of 91 subjects with solid tumors of the digestive system, with locally advanced or metastatic disease, was evaluated in respect to depression (CES-D and BSI), alexithymia (TAS-20), state anger, trait anger, anger-control (STAXI-2) and psychopathological symptoms (BSI), particularly in the dimensions of psychoticism, hostility, paranoid ideation, somatization, obsession-compulsion, phobic anxiety, anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. The evolution of the disease, classified as progression or non-progression, was monitored until a maximum period of twelve months after the application of psychological assessment instruments. In a comparative study (study 2), between groups with disease progression (n = 50) and no progression of the disease (n = 41), the results indicate that the group with disease progression presents, in a statistically significant way, more psychoticism, hostility, index of total symptoms and positive symptoms than the group without disease progression. The differences were not statistically significant for depression, alexithymia, trait anger, anger state, anger-control, as well as to the dimensions somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, phobic anxiety and paranoid ideation. Although the group with disease progression present scores significantly higher for psychoticism, hostility, general symptom index and total positive symptoms than the group without progression, does not show the highest scores on these dimensions, when compared with samples not oncological. In another comparative study (study 1) between the sample of digestive tract cancer patients (n = 91) and non-oncological samples, measured outside the scope of this investigation, by other authors, the sample of cancer patients reveals significantly higher levels indices of alexithymia and control anger, and significantly lower levels of hostility, paranoid ideation, trait-anger, index of symptoms, total positive symptoms, obsessions-compulsions and interpersonal sensitivity. With regard to anxiety, psychoticism and state anger, the cancer sample shows rates no higher than the non-oncological samples, and it was not possible to assess if the trend of scoring below of these samples is statistically significant. Finally, for the phobic anxiety, cancer sample presents rates not lower than the general population sample considered in the comparison, but it was not possible to test the statistical significance of the trend of scoring above that sample. In another study (study 3), exploratory nature, it was attempted to investigate the psychological factors that have, for the sample of patients with cancer of the digestive tract (n = 91), predictive power over the course of the disease. The binomial logistic regression results indicate that psychoticism predicted, in a statistically significant form, the disease progression, representing an increased risk of progression. Hostility showed values close to statistical significance, representing, also an increase in the risk of progression. Due to the results, it may be possible to consider that the sample of cancer patients shows high levels of alexithymia and anger control, and low levels of anger and psychopathological symptoms compared with non-oncological samples. Among the participants in the research, those who came to show disease progression, have higher rates of psychoticism, hostility, index of symptoms and total positive symptoms, than the participants who did not show disease progression, and the psychoticism revealed represent an additional risk for progression. For the other factors studied, including depression, alexithymia and anger-control, the groups with and without disease progression did not differ substantially. The results suggest, therefore, that psychological factors may, in interaction with all the complexity of variables implicated in cancer (including the biological ones, which undoubtedly will be crucial) interfere in the evolution of malignant disease of the digestive tract.