Journal articles on the topic 'Angkor Wat (Temple)'

Abstract- There are allegations that elements of Javanese temples are also can be found at The Angkorian temples because the Java Middle Classic temples are older than Angkorian temples and Jayawarman II lived in Java at that time. This can be proved by a comparative process between the architecture elements: mass, plans, figures and ornaments owned by the temples that represents its era in both kingdom. Angkor Wat is a synthesis of the development in Angkor culture that reach its the peak of glory. Angkor Wat has architectural elements of Java Middle Classic temples, especially Prambanan and Borobudur. This led to the alleged of similarity from architectural elements between the temples in the two kingdoms. This Study approached by quantitative with semi qualitative method. Through the study on the main temple buildings of the Java Middle Classic and the main temples of the Angkor Wat era with purposive sampling in relation of mass, plan, figure, and ornament. Described descriptively.Angkor Wat is generally inspired by Borobudur-Prambanan. Broadly speaking, it shows the similarity of Prambanan-Borobudur architectural elements to Angkor Wat. Angkor Wat is a synthesis of combining the elements (eclecticism) of Borobudur-Prambanan, but Prambanan has stronger element (indoor temple, tower temple, Hindu temple). In principle (mass, plan, and figure) shows the incorporation of Borobudur-Prambanan, but by ornament on its processing indicates there is further development (dominated findings exist but not similar). Key Words: tipo-morphology, comparison, Angkor, Indochina, Java

Abstract- There are allegations that elements of Javanese temples are also can be found at The Angkoriantemples because the Java Middle Classic temples are older than Angkorian temples and Jayawarman II lived inJava at that time. This can be proved by a comparative process between the architecture elements: mass, plans,figures and ornaments owned by the temples that represents its era in both kingdom. Angkor Wat is a synthesisof the development in Angkor culture that reach its the peak of glory. Angkor Wat has architectural elements ofJava Middle Classic temples, especially Prambanan and Borobudur. This led to the alleged of similarity fromarchitectural elements between the temples in the two kingdoms.This Study approached by quantitative with semi qualitative method. Through the study on the main templebuildings of the Java Middle Classic and the main temples of the Angkor Wat era with purposive sampling inrelation of mass, plan, figure, and ornament. Described descriptively.Angkor Wat is generally inspired by Borobudur-Prambanan. Broadly speaking, it shows the similarity ofPrambanan-Borobudur architectural elements to Angkor Wat. Angkor Wat is a synthesis of combining theelements (eclecticism) of Borobudur-Prambanan, but Prambanan has stronger element (indoor temple, towertemple, Hindu temple). In principle (mass, plan, and figure) shows the incorporation of Borobudur-Prambanan,but by ornament on its processing indicates there is further development (dominated findings exist but notsimilar).Key Words: tipo-morphology, comparison, Angkor, Indochina, Java

Angkor Wat is one of the largest religious structures in the world. Much has been written about the site; what has not been explained, however, is why the structure was located where it is. In this paper it is suggested that Angkor Wat was intentionally situated at the intersection of two astronomically related lines of position – one to the summer solstice sunrise over the Rong Chen temple on Phnom Kulen, and the other to cardinal east or the equinox in alignment with a site known as Preah Khan of Kompong Svay. Political and cosmological implications of these findings are discussed. Supportive data showing how Rong Chen is likewise situated at intersecting lines of position is also presented. Importantly, the Rong Chen temple is where Jayavarman II – founder of the Khmer Empire in the ninth century AD – was declared universal ruler (chakravartin).

Considerable attention has been devoted to the architecture and art history of Cambodia's Angkor Wat temple in the last century. There has, however, been little research on the functions and internal organisation of the large rectangular enclosure surrounding the temple. Such enclosures have long been assumed to have been sacred precincts, or perhaps ‘temple-cities’: work exploring the archaeological patterning for habitation within them has been limited. The results of LiDAR survey and excavation have now revealed evidence for low-density residential occupation in these areas, possibly for those servicing the temple. Recent excavations within the enclosure challenge our traditional understanding of the social hierarchy of the Angkor Wat community and show that the temple precinct, bounded by moat and wall, may not have been exclusively the preserve of the wealthy or the priestly elite.

The 9th–15th century Angkorian state was Southeast Asia’s greatest premodern empire and Angkor Wat in the World Heritage site of Angkor is one of its largest religious monuments. Here we use excavation and chronometric data from three field seasons at Angkor Wat to understand the decline and reorganization of the Angkorian Empire, which was a more protracted and complex process than historians imagined. Excavation data and Bayesian modeling on a corpus of 16 radiocarbon dates in particular demand a revised chronology for the Angkor Wat landscape. It was initially in use from the 11th century CE with subsequent habitation until the 13th century CE. Following this period, there is a gap in our dates, which we hypothesize signifies a change in the use of the occupation mounds during this period. However, Angkor Wat was never completely abandoned, as the dates suggest that the mounds were in use again in the late 14th–early 15th centuries until the 17th or 18th centuries CE. This break in dates points toward a reorganization of Angkor Wat’s enclosure space, but not during the historically recorded 15th century collapse. Our excavation data are consistent with multiple lines of evidence demonstrating the region’s continued ideological importance and residential use, even after the collapse and shift southward of the polity’s capital. We argue that fine-grained chronological analysis is critical to building local historical sequences and illustrate how such granularity adds nuance to how we interpret the tempo of organizational change before, during, and after the decline of Angkor.

Famous for its role as a Vishnuite temple during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Angkor Wat's subsequent fate has attracted less interest. Traces of modifications to the outer walls of the complex may, however, hold the key to understanding its role during its later phases. Here, holes in the masonry and structural changes to the substantial walls are investigated to demonstrate how wooden structures with a defensive role were built to protect the site sometime between the late thirteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The results reveal how Angkor Wat may have made its last attempt at defence.

The temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia is one of the most famous monuments in the world and is noted for its spectacular bas-relief friezes depicting ceremonial and religious scenes. Recent work reported here has identified an entirely new series of images consisting of paintings of boats, animals, deities and buildings. Difficult to see with the naked eye, these can be enhanced by digital photography and decorrelation stretch analysis, a technique recently used with great success in rock art studies. The paintings found at Angkor Wat seem to belong to a specific phase of the temple's history in the sixteenth century AD when it was converted from a Vishnavaite Hindu use to Theravada Buddhist.

Tourism is an important sector to support the economy of a country because the contribution of foreign exchange from tourism is very high. Cambodia as one of the countries in the Southeast Asian region that is trying to provide the widest possible employment opportunities for its population and in order to improve the country's economy can certainly make tourism as a way out. Supported by the potential for abundant cultural diversity and attractive natural beauty, Cambodia must certainly advance the tourism sector. With the cooperation, one of which is from the ASEAN Tourism Forum (ATF) it is very helpful for Cambodia to promote its tourism. Indonesia, which is part of it, of course, intervenes in helping Cambodia advance the tourism sector through sharing cooperation. UNESCO’s cultural heritage in Cambodia and Indonesia, namely Angkor Wat Temple and Borobudur Temple, is used as a tourism sector cooperation to invite many tourists. The collaborations include labor training, cooperation between entrepreneurs, and tourism marketing cooperation between the two countries. Pariwisata menjadi sektor yang penting untuk menunjang perekonomian suatu negara karena sumbangan devisa negara dari pariwisata sangatlah tinggi. Kamboja sebagai salah satu negara dikawasan Asia Tenggara yang berusaha memberikan lapangan pekerjaan seluas-luasnya bagi penduduknya serta demi meningkatkan perekonomian negaranya tentu bisa menjadikan pariwisata sebagai jalan keluar. Dengan didukung oleh potensi keragaman budaya yang melimpah serta keindahan alam yang memikat tentunya harus menjadikan Kamboja untuk memajukkan sektor pariwisata. Dengan adanya kerjasama salah satunya dari ASEAN Tourism Forum (ATF) sangatlah membantu Kamboja dalam mempromosikan pariwisatanya. Indonesia yang jadi bagian di dalamnya tentunya ikut turun tangan dalam membantu Kamboja memajukan sektor pariwisata melalui berbagi kerjasama. Warisan budaya UNESCO di Kamboja dan Indonesia yaitu Candi Angkor Wat dan Candi Borobudur dijadikan sebagai kerjasama sektor pariwisata untuk mengundang banyak wisatawan. Kerjasama yang dijalin antara lain pelatihan tenaga kerja, menjalin kerjasama antar pengusaha, serta kerjasama pemasaran wisata kedua negara.

The article dwells upon the unique object of ancient Indian architecture — the monolithic rock temple of Masroor in Himachal Pradesh, the north-western part of India. Based on the notes of European travelers, who discovered it, and reports of British ASI staff members, the author attempts to describe this monument in detail, referring to sketches and plans, drawn at the beginning of the 20th century which to date remain the only authentic source of research on the subject. Summarizing publications of Indian and Western research scholars, the author analyses various theories regarding the probable period of its construction describes historical and religious conditions, which could contribute to undertaking such a large-scale project, and considers possible reasons for its subsequent destruction and falling into oblivion. The author draws obvious parallels between the monolithic temple of Masroor and the world-famous Cambodian temple Angkor Wat, which serves as yet another justification of the profound religious and cultural influence of India in the South-Asian region in the early medieval period. Narration is supplemented by the author’s personal impressions from several visits to the complex site and original photos of the temple.

Ta Keo temple is one of the very famous temple complex of Angkor Wat in northwestern Cambodia. It has been suffering massive collapse and other serious damages in recent years. Nowadays, Terrestrial Laser Scanning(TLS) technology is considered as a wellestablished resource for heritage documentation and protection (Lerma et al, 2008; Reshetyuk, 2009). This paper used TLS to reconstruct Ta Keo Temple. Firstly, we acquired 71 scanning stations of points cloud data with high density and high accuracy, and over one thousand images with high spatial resolution about the temple. Secondly, the raw points cloud data were denoised, reduced and managed efficiently, and registrated using an adjusted ICP algorithm. Thirdly, a triangulation method was used to model most objects. At last, we mapped the texture data into the digital model and a 3-D model of Ta Keo with high accuracy was achieved. The authors focus on large object reconstruction by TLS technology, and pay much attention to the scanning design, multi-station data and the whole project’s data registration, and texture mapping and so on. The research result will be useful for Ta Keo restoration, reconstruction and protection. Also, it is a good reference source for large complex buildings reconstruction when using terrestrial laser scanning technology.

India’s Vedas and Puranas are collections of sophisticated science that cannot fit into human logic. In this paper, we will discuss the science of creating deities or energy used by ancient India as a tool to have a fulfilled life. This science was widely used in India and not only in India but in South Asia too.This paper will dig deep to know how this sophisticated science works. Atharva Veda or Sthapatya Veda, and sulbha sutras discuss Vedic geometry. Under Vedic geometry, we have Kalpa which discusses methods of performing Vedic rituals. In Kalpa, we have two branches- i- Sulbha Sutra- rules for preparing for Yagya. It discusses the methods and rules for preparing chithi. ii- Srauta Sutra- rules for performing Yagya. In this paper, we will discuss the Sulbha Sutra. We will discuss how differently shaped chithi serve different purposes. We will also discuss Shri Vidya, which is the use of Vedic geometry to worship deities through Yantra. The relevance of Kul Daivam will also be discussed. Cambodia is a south Asian country. Hinduism came to this land in 1st century CE. It was brought by merchants and mercenaries. The early architect of this country tells a lot about the religion and beliefs of these people. Many Shiva lingas and murtis from the early 9th century are found. Shiva was worshipped there for almost 200 years. Angkor Wat Temple, the temple Of Lord Vishnu in Cambodia is the biggest worship site in the world. It was built in the first half of the 12th century. King Suryavarman II was the king of that period. In mid 12th century many libraries, hospitals, and temples were built. After the death of Suryavarman II, Dharanindravarman II came in the late 12th century. With him, Tantric Buddhism came. An enormous change in deities was for a reason. Different deities serve different purposes. This ancient Indian science was spread to parts of south Asia. They used deities as a tool to flourish, conquer, and protect. At last, we will discuss the greatest mathematician of all time Srinivasa Ramanujan. In an interview with his wife, she said“Family told him not to go, and at first he agreed not to. But then he said he was going to Namakkal to ask goddess Namagiri for guidance.” Here she refers to the time Ramanujan decided to go to England he mentioned his devi. He was a live example to use a Deity(Namagiri) as a way to attain intelligence. This was a form of science used all over India but due to many invaders, we lost this knowledge. It is really important to understand and preserve this knowledge. This paper will investigate this science and show how these were always part of Indian culture which we have lost today in the name of science and logic.

There are key ‘forms’ and intensities of natural light when discussed and presented as characteristic archetypical principles in key regions in Asia. Terms used to create certain ‘patterned’ outcomes in terms of the lit environment, and with regards to ancient to modern spaces in Asia are summated as ‘dazzled, dappled and difused’ light. These three intensities or descriptive terms reflect the multivaried climatic conditioned within the Asian region, which traverse the harshness of the tropical sun to the diffused dimness of the temperate climatic sites. Under regions of the tropics, the intensity and sunpath of the tropics are orchestrated by ancient manipulator-builders such as the case of concux temples of Angkor Wat, at the monumental scale and are discussed as organic and informal dappled sunpaths and gardens in the tropical villages and gardens of India and Malaysia. The diffused light stratagem is discussed with regards of the famous writing ‘In praise of shadows. Modern cases are discussed that represent these three forms of light and its orchestration in space.

Lord Venkateswara is known has Kaliyugavayukuntam situated in TirumalaTirupatiAndhraPradesh India. It was constructed and developed by Krishna devarayalu andSalvanarasimharayalu. Lord Vishnu temple at Angkor watSiem reap is the largest temple, with area 500 akers in Cambodia. I went to Cambodia on December 2022 and visited Angkor wat at that time I visited Kampong oating Village. As an Anthropologist I surprised a lot how people are living in this village in the oating water.

AbstractThe headwater catchment of the Siem Reap River has supplied the Angkor Temple Complex and surrounding communities since the twelfth century. The Angkor Temple Complex area consists of historical moats and barays (reservoirs) which are currently used to store the water from the Siem Reap River to maintain temple foundation, irrigate cultivation areas and provide floodwater storage. The Angkor Wat Temple, which is located in the complex, was constructed on a sandy alluvial substrate and needs a stable supply of water to avert land subsidence and destabilization of the temple foundation. In light of changing climate, land use and land cover (LULC) trends, it is crucial to examine the wide-ranging implications of reduced water supply for the Angkor Temple Complex. Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, this study seeks to assess the conditions necessary to provide sustainable streamflow to the Angkor Temple Complex. We modelled 30 scenarios of co-varied LULC and precipitation regime under a changing climate. The results show that under most LULC scenarios, sufficient water resources can be harvested to supply the complex—however—any further loss of forest cover is likely to impact groundwater conditions, flood management and dry season shortages. Conversely, the water supply to the complex is shown to be sensitive under the range of climate scenarios explored; a reduction of more than 10–20% in mean annual precipitation was enough to put the water supply under stress for the current and future conditions of the complex.

PurposeThis study aims to compare the local climate characteristics of Angkor Wat, Borobudur and Prambanan parks and determine effective strategies for mitigating thermal conditions that could suit Borobudur and Angkor Wat.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed local climate zone (LCZ) indicators and ten-year historical climate data to identify similarities and differences in local climate characteristics. Satellite imagery processing was used to create maps of LCZ indicators. Meanwhile, microclimate models were used to analyze sky view factors and wind permeability.FindingsThe study found that the three tropical large-scale archaeological parks have low albedo, a medium vegetation index and high impervious surface index. However, various morphological characteristics, aerodynamic properties and differences in temple stone area and altitude enlarge the air temperature range.Practical implicationsBased on the similarities and differences in local climate, the study formulated mitigation strategies to preserve the sustainability of ancient temples and reduce visitors' heat stress.Originality/valueThe local climate characterization of tropical archaeological parks adds to the number of LCZs. Knowledge of the local climate characteristics of tropical archaeological parks can be the basis for improving thermal conditions.

The book Cultural heritage and tourism – An Introduction is written by Dallen J. Timothy, professor at the Arizona State University, an enthusiast when it comes to cultural heritage, a person who has visited more than 120 countries. It is divided into two sections. Through the 12 chapters of the first section, the reader can become familiar with general concepts and issues related to cultural or heritage tourism, while in the second section, the reader will learn more about heritage tourism attractions.In the introductory chapter, structure and content of the book are presented. This chapter, Cultural heritage and tourism, starts with a description of the history of heritage tourism underlining important historical moments in heritage tourism such as The Seven Wonders, The Grand tour or Thomas Cook’s experience, which could be regarded as the origin of modern heritage tourism.A simplified definition of heritage is presented here: it is what we inherit from the past and use in nowadays. The author also introduces us to basic division of heritage on cultural (tangible and intangible) and natural. Further on, relationship between heritage tourism and cultural tourism is explained along with the problems of defining these terms. In the book, the author uses these two terms synonymously.In the second and third chapters, the importance of demand and supply of heritage tourism products and experiences are examined. General pattern of tourism demand is presented in the second chapter. The chapter focuses on the motivations of tourists and non-tourists in their consumption of cultural heritage. To understand the demand, geographic, demographic and psychographic characteristics of tourists are analyzed. Since the demand for all types of tourism is not constant and it changes with the economic, environmental, political and other changes, the so-called demand shifters are a subject of this chapter as well.In the next chapter, the author presents heritage sites which attract visitors and tourists. Most of them, such as museums, archeological sites and ancient monuments, religious sites, living culture, industrial heritage, difficult heritage or sites of death are further elaborated in the second part of the book, in chapters 14 – 21. A short description of additional services, which are an indispensable part of heritage supply, such as food, accommodation and transportation, is also presented in the third chapter.The spatial characteristics of heritage resources are discussed in the forth chapter along with the basic distinction between global, national, local/regional and personal heritage.The issue of authenticity is also one of the subjects of the book and it is discussed in the fifth chapter; decades old conceptual debates on this issue are presented. Is authenticity intrinsic to objects, artifacts and locations being visited, is it the tourists’ perception, or it does not matter at all? How to measure authenticity? All these questions are dealt with within this chapter.Many destinations are marketing themselves as unique and authentic, often even when the authenticity is questionable. Destinations are prone to use words such as “authentic”, “unique”, “sustainable” to sell their products, or to boost their image. The author describes these marketing tools in the twelfth chapter Marketing the past for today. Other marketing concepts are also discussed here. UNESCO World Heritage Sites is another example of attracting people.The author mentions World Heritage Site Angkor Wat in Cambodia as an example, but the example of Preah Vihear temple1 was omitted here although it would be an excellent example of this as it presents a very complex issue, showing how World heritage sites are great generators of income but also how putting some heritage on World heritage list could be a potential source of conflict situation. There are also some other aspects of World heritage sites (such as Dresden case) which could fit in the topic which are not presented in the book.Heritage is very often used or abused as a tool for achieving certain goals, especially political ones. What elements of heritage should be presented to tourists and which elements should be ignored – is usually a decision of politics. The use of heritage for touristic purposes is shown in the 6th chapter.Unfortunately, when conflicts or wars break out, one of the first goals is to destroy cultural heritage of the group, since it presents the essential component of the group identity. Through the topic War and its impact on the past, which is also a part of this chapter, the author explains this issue. Although many well known examples are presented, the author did not mention Hague Convention for the protection of Cultural property in the event of Armed Conflict, which is very important in such situations.It often happens that because of a great number of tourists, some of the most famous monuments of the world are seriously threatened. Much bigger problem than their age and natural processes of erosion are hundreds of thousands of tourists who visit them each year. Impacts of tourism can be negative, but also positive. Physical, socio-cultural impacts and economic impacts of heritage tourism are examined in the 7th chapter. How to deal with a great number of tourists and what techniques can be used to affect visitor behavior is explained in chapter 13, in which the author also addresses the financial problem, which the heritage sites managers are facing today.Unlike natural heritage, cultural heritage is not a renewable resource.Since it is also very easily damaged and destroyed, it is important to protect it from a legal aspect (topic of chapter 8), but also to conserve it properly. The importance of heritage conservation is discussed in the 9th chapter and it exami- nes the most common approaches to conservation problems such as preservation, renovation and restoration. What heritage is worthy to protect – the decision is often a political one, but can also be considered from the economic, scientific and social aspects.A very interesting chapter is the chapter 10, where the reader can learn about the methods of storytelling. Although the title of this chapter, Telling the story: Interpreting the past, may be associated with dissonant heritage2, the chapter presents the ways of telling stories in an interesting way so the visitors would want to learn more, or even visit the place again. It is also a very useful chapter since it provides the basic tools for making heritage places sustainable.The next chapter is also valuable as it provides information on how to make effective plans for meeting specific goals e.g. to mitigate the negative impacts of tourism and, at the same time, increase the positive impacts of tourism.The concluding chapter summarizes all topics discussed in the previous chapters. Generally, the book proves to be interesting and useful: a number of issues, current debates, concepts and practices are presented. It can be regarded as a thorough introduction into the topic of cultural or heritage tourism since all relevant topics in the field are covered and clearly explained using a number of interesting examples.The text can be useful for all those dealing with cultural heritage and tourism management, especially for the students, as it offers a good basis for understanding of the topic. Students may also find the form of the book helpful, in which each chapter has an overview of the learning objectives, and in the conclusion, a list of review questions as well as a long list of recommended literature for that topic.