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Journal articles on the topic 'Angle flux'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Mandasari, Dewi Rianti, Budi Sudiarto, Lia Amelia, and Asep Andi Suryandi. "Reducing Cogging Torque in V-Shaped BLDC Motors: A FEA Simulation Study on the Impact of Skew Angle." Mekanika: Majalah Ilmiah Mekanika 23, no. 1 (2024): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/mekanika.v23i1.83242.

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This study thoroughly investigated the impact of stator skew angles on cogging torque in V-shape Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motors, focusing on electric vehicle applications. Using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) with ANSYS Maxwell, the research assessed how variations in stator core skewness affect torque performance, prioritizing the reduction of cogging torque known for inducing undesirable fluctuations during rotor movement, impacting motor smoothness and noise levels. FEA calculations reveal a significant reduction in cogging torque with the introduction of skew angles to the stator co

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2

Howard, Robert F. "The Development of Sunspot Groups." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 141 (1993): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100029699.

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AbstractIt is shown that the growth and decay rates of sunspot groups are both a function of the axial tilt angles of the groups. Both of these rates reach a maximum near the average tilt angle, which is around +5°, not 0°. (A positive tilt angle represents the situation where the leading spots are equatorward of the following spots). The fact that this peak angle is close to the average tilt and not 0° suggests that this may be the orientation of the subsurface toroidal flux tube(s) from which the sunspot groups form. In general, spot groups with positive tilt angles show faster average perce

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3

Mohammed, Akeel A., Mahmoud A. Mashkour, and Raad Shehab Ahmed. "NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN AN INCLINED CIRCULAR CYLINDER." Journal of Engineering 17, no. 04 (2011): 659–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2011.04.04.

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Experiments were carried out to investigate natural convection heat transfer in an inclined uniformly heated circular cylinder . The effects of surface heat flux and angle of inclination on the temperature and local Nusselt number variations along the cylinder surface are discussed . The investigation covers heat flux range from 92 W/m² to 487 W/m², and angles of inclination 0° ( horizontal) , 30° , 60° and 90° (vertical) . Results show an increase in the natural convection as heat flux increases and as angle of inclination moves from vertical to horizontal position. An empirical equation of a

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4

Zhao, Wang, Qiang Wei, Chuanjin Huang, Yaoshun Zhu, and Ning Hu. "Dependence of Incidence Angle and Flux Density in the Damage Effect of Atomic Oxygen on Kapton Film." Polymers 14, no. 24 (2022): 5444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245444.

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Kapton film is a polymeric material widely used on low-Earth-orbit (LEO) spacecraft surfaces. In the LEO environment, atomic oxygen (AO) is spaceflight materials’ most destructive environmental factor. The erosion mechanism of AO on Kapton films has long been an important issue, where the parameter dependence of the AO effect has received increasing attention. Studies of AO energy and cumulative flux have been extensively carried out, while the influence mechanism of the incidence angle and flux density is not fully understood. The AO incidence angle and flux density in space are diverse, whic

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Schunker, H., C. Baumgartner, A. C. Birch, R. H. Cameron, D. C. Braun, and L. Gizon. "Average motion of emerging solar active region polarities." Astronomy & Astrophysics 640 (August 2020): A116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937322.

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Context. The tilt of solar active regions described by Joy’s law is essential for converting a toroidal field to a poloidal field in Babcock-Leighton dynamo models. In thin flux tube models the Coriolis force causes what we observe as Joy’s law, acting on east-west flows as they rise towards the surface. Aims. Our goal is to measure the evolution of the average tilt angle of hundreds of active regions as they emerge, so that we can constrain the origins of Joy’s law. Methods. We measured the tilt angle of the primary bipoles in 153 emerging active regions (EARs) in the Solar Dynamics Observato

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Shanmugam, Mathiyazhagan, and Lakshmi Sirisha Maganti. "Evaluation of Heat Flux Distribution Characteristics of a Concentrated Solar Dish Collector with different geometric indices." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1100, no. 1 (2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1100/1/012001.

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Abstract The concentrated solar dish collector is a promising technology for generating both electricity and thermal energy together and it is termed as concentrated photovoltaic thermal. The important component of the parabolic dish collector is the absorber; where all concentrated lights are falling. The present paper has investigated the heat flux distribution characteristics of the flat plate absorber based solar dish collector by using the ray-tracing simulations. In concentrating dish collector, rim angle and dish diameter are significant factor of the flux distributions. The present stu

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Yurukcu, Mesut, Fatma M. Yurtsever, Serkan Demirel, and Tansel Karabacak. "Conformality of PVD shell layers on GLAD-nanorods investigated by Monte Carlo simulations." MRS Advances 5, no. 43 (2020): 2241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.335.

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AbstractThe quality of the shell coating around nanorods is critical in device applications. Conventional physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques can be utilized for highly conformal shell coating formation in core-shell structure devices. To identify scalable fabrication techniques for conformal shell coatings, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of PVD growth were performed under different atomic flux distributions and angles on arrays of glancing angle deposition (GLAD) nanorods, which were also generated by MC simulations. We investigated the conformality of PVD films (shell) around GLAD rod a

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8

Gelderblom, Hanneke, Oscar Bloemen, and Jacco H. Snoeijer. "Stokes flow near the contact line of an evaporating drop." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 709 (August 31, 2012): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.321.

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AbstractThe evaporation of sessile drops in quiescent air is usually governed by vapour diffusion. For contact angles below $9{0}^{\ensuremath{\circ} } $, the evaporative flux from the droplet tends to diverge in the vicinity of the contact line. Therefore, the description of the flow inside an evaporating drop has remained a challenge. Here, we focus on the asymptotic behaviour near the pinned contact line, by analytically solving the Stokes equations in a wedge geometry of arbitrary contact angle. The flow field is described by similarity solutions, with exponents that match the singular bou

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9

YASHIN, I. I., M. B. AMELCHAKOV, N. S. BARBASHINA, et al. "OBSERVATION OF UHECRs IN HORIZONTAL FLUX." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 29 (2005): 6937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05030521.

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Preliminary results of muon bundle studies in of zenith angle range θ ≥ 60° and multiplicities by means of coordinate detector DECOR are discussed. Estimates of muon bundle characteristics at large zenith angles obtained with CORSIKA code demonstrate the ability of such not large detector as NEVOD-DECOR complex to perform cosmic ray studies in a very wide energy range from 1011 eV to more than 1017 eV.

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10

Besnard, Aurélien, Hamidreza Gerami, Marina Raschetti, and Nicolas Martin. "Resultant Incidence Angle: A Unique Criterion for Controlling the Inclined Columnar Nanostructure of Metallic Films." Nanomaterials 15, no. 8 (2025): 620. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15080620.

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The original Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) technique was developed using the evaporation process, i.e., in high vacuum, with a nearly punctual source, and with the substrate aligned with the source axis. In this specific case, the substrate tilt angle can be assumed to be equal to the impinging incidence angle of evaporated atoms. With the sputtering process, the deposition pressure is higher, sources are larger, and substrates are not intrinsically aligned with the source. As a result, deviations from the growth models applied for evaporation are reported, and the substrate tilt angle is n

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11

Yurukcu, M., H. Cansizoglu, M. F. Cansizoglu, and T. Karabacak. "Conformality of PVD shell layers on vertical arrays of rods with different aspect ratios investigated by Monte Carlo simulations." MRS Advances 2, no. 8 (2017): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.158.

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AbstractApplications such as batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, and sensors, can benefit from high surface-to-volume ratio core/shell arrays of nanorods. The fabrication of the conformal shell layers on nanorod arrays has been a formidable task. In order to assess the deposition conditions for the production of conformal shell coatings by physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques, we employed Monte Carlo (MC) simulations that involved shell depositions under different flux distributions and angles on arrays of rods. We investigated the conformality of PVD shell layers on nanorod arrays of di

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Dutta, Swagata, Nam Kyeun Kim, Raj Das, and Debes Bhattacharyya. "Evaluating Orientation Effects on the Fire Reaction Properties of Flax-Polypropylene Composites." Polymers 13, no. 16 (2021): 2586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162586.

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In this work, the fire reaction properties of flax-polypropylene (PP) composites were investigated at multiple sample angles both experimentally and numerically under two different heat flux conditions (35 and 50 kW/m2) in the cone calorimeter environment. An innovative testing setup which can accommodate a wide range of angles between 0° and 90° for the sample angle frame was developed to perform cone calorimeter tests at different sample angles. An advanced numerical predictive model based on the finite volume method was developed using the fire dynamics simulator (FDS) to quantify the depen

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Tang, T. T., Z. L. Zhu, J. G. Yao, and D. H. Wang. "The effect of the laser polarization direction on the detached electron flux of H− in external field near surface." Canadian Journal of Physics 95, no. 1 (2017): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2016-0415.

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By using the semi-classical open orbit theory, the effect of the laser polarization direction on the detached electron flux of H− in electric field near metal surface has been studied. The result suggests that the azimuth angle [Formula: see text] has little effect on the electron flux distribution. We find that the influence of polarization angle θL on electron flux distribution is more obvious than the influence of the azimuth angle [Formula: see text]. In other words, the effect of the polarization angle θL on electron flux distribution is more important. We hope that our study will provide

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14

Mengesha, Samuel, Shailendra Rajput, Simon Lineykin, and Moshe Averbukh. "The Effects of Cogging Torque Reduction in Axial Flux Machines." Micromachines 12, no. 3 (2021): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12030323.

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An axial flux permanent magnet single-rotor generator has good potential in various applications that require high efficiency, prolonged service life, as well as low mass and dimensions. However, the effect of cogging torque diminishes generator efficiency and flexibility of functionality. The effect of cogging torque arises because of a small air gap between the stator teeth and the rotor. In this article, we suggest that shifting the opposite teeth of the stator to the optimal angle can reduce the effect of cogging torque. A special axial flux permanent magnet generator is developed to choos

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15

Yu, Ya Mei, Run Sheng Tang, and Chao Feng Xia. "Irradiation Distribution on Solar Cells inside CPCs with a Restricted Exit Angle." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.603.

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In this work, irradiation distribution on the base of ideal two-dimensional CPCs with and without a restricted exit angle, to which solar cells are attached, are analyzed by the ray-tracing technique. Results show that, given an acceptance half-angle (Θa), for CPCs without a restricted exit angle (CPC-1), radiation flux distribution on the base depends on the incidence angle of solar rays (Θ ); whereas for CPCs with a restricted exit angle (CPC-2), the flux distribution depends on and the restricted exit angle (Θe). For both CPC-1 and 2 with identical geometric concentration factor (Ct=2) and

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Kim, Sungmoon, Daijoon Chi, and Jonghun Jeon. "19‐3: Development and Evaluation of G6H Collimating & Recycling Linear Source for AMOLED Mass Production." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 55, S1 (2024): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.17028.

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Low angle flux of linear evaporation source for AMOLED MP line can cause mask shadow effect, low material utilization and nozzle clogging. We had developed CnR (Collimating and Recycling) source. It has unique nozzle structure that can make low angle flux go down to recycling basket and pass only high angle flux through final nozzle. We made G6H CnR linear source and tested. It can make collimating flux that is similar with cosine to the twelve. And it can decrease mask shadow 40%. Also, it can increase material utilization over 2 times.

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Tsuruta, Hiro, Sean Brennan, Zofia U. Rek, Thomas C. Irving, W. H. Tompkins, and Keith O. Hodgson. "A Wide-Bandpass Multilayer Monochromator for Biological Small-Angle Scattering and Fiber Diffraction Studies." Journal of Applied Crystallography 31, no. 5 (1998): 672–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889898002702.

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Many biological applications of small-angle X-ray scattering, in particular time-resolved studies, are often limited by the flux incident on the sample due to the smaller scattering cross section of biological specimens. The wider-energy bandpass of a monochromator that consists of a pair of synthetic multilayer microstructures can, in principle, provide a flux two orders of magnitude higher than that of an Si(111) double-crystal monochromator. Two types of multilayers have been installed in the standard monochromator tank of beamline 4-2 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory; the m

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Abreu, Marcos Pimenta de. "Downward surface flux computations in a vertically inhomogeneous grey planetary atmosphere." Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 23, no. 1 (2008): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-77862008000100004.

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We describe an efficient computational scheme for downward surface flux computations in a vertically inhomogeneous grey planetary atmosphere for different values of solar zenith angle. We start with the basic equations of a recently developed discrete ordinates spectral nodal method, and we derive suitable bidirectional functions whose diffuse components do not depend on the solar zenith angle. We then make use of these bidirectional functions to construct an efficient scheme for computing the downward surface fluxes in a given model atmosphere for a number of solar zenith angles. We illustrat

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19

Abood, Loay K. "Magnetic solar surface flux transport simulation." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 13, no. 28 (2019): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v13i28.241.

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In this paper, the solar surface magnetic flux transport has been simulated by solving the diffusion–advection equation utilizing numerical explicit and implicit methods in 2Dsurface. The simulation was used to study the effect of bipolar tilted angle on the solar flux distribution with time. The results show that the tilted angle controls the magnetic distribution location on the sun’s surface, especially if we know that the sun’s surface velocity distribution is a dependent location. Therefore, the tilted angle parameter has distribution influence.

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Wang, Rong-Jie, Stanley Robert Holm, Josh Scheepers, and Stiaan Gerber. "Load Angle of Flux Modulated Magnetic Gears." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 132 (2023): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc23031603.

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Chen, Qiang, Yinhui Che, Jianjun Guan, Yang Li, and Qinhu Wang. "Effect of R Angle of the Outer Extension Tube against the in-Core Flux Thimble in Nuclear Power Plant on Its Wear Behavior." Scanning 2021 (September 23, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1469642.

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Wear failure of the in-core flux thimble is an important problem in the neutron flux measurement system, which threatens the safety of the nuclear power plant. To figure out the wear mechanism of the thimble, a wear tester was designed and manufactured to simulate the wear process of the in-core flux thimble. Outer guide tubes with different R angles were used to abrade the thimbles. The designed tester can well simulate the wear process in the real power plant. R angle of the outer guide tube played important role in the wear behavior of the in-core flux thimbles.

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Minh, D. B., L. D. Hai, T. L. Anh, and V. D. Quoc. "Electromagnetic Torque Analysis of SRM 12/8 by Rotor/Stator Pole Angle." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 3 (2021): 7187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4168.

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This paper presents the harmonic torque reduction by the different rotor pole angles of a three-phase 12/8 switched reluctance motor via an analytical model and simulation method. Improving torque performance by stator and rotor angles was applied for three-phase switched reluctance motor at stator pole/rotor pole ratios of 6/4, 8/12, 18/12, and 24/18. The average torque and the torque ripple effect by stator and rotor pole embrace have been recently studied in many projects. Due to the fact that leakage flux, flux density, and inductance are affected by the stator and rotor pole angles non-li

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Chen, Haotian, Zhenlan Dou, Jiang Yu, Wei Chen, Pei Sun, and Chunyan Zhang. "Research on Residual Flux Measurement Method for Power Transformers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2656, no. 1 (2023): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2656/1/012021.

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Abstract The residual flux of power transformers is an important factor affecting the inrush current. In order to solve the problem of residual flux measurement of power transformers, this paper proposes an indirect measuring method of residual flux based on the first peak value of inrush current. Through the investigation of the relationship between the inrush current, closing angle and residual flux, the value of residual flux can be measured by measuring the inrush current with controlled closing angle of different conditions, and the accuracy and validity of the residual flux measurement m

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Zhong, Y., Y. C. Shin, C. M. Kim, et al. "Optical and electrical properties of indium tin oxide thin films with tilted and spiral microstructures prepared by oblique angle deposition." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 9 (2008): 2500–2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0312.

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The optical and electrical properties of “tilted” and “spiral” indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films are reported. The influence of the flux incident angle on the optical and electrical properties is investigated. When the flux incident angle is increased, both the refractive index and extinction coefficient of the film are decreased, but the resistivity is increased. Thus, the physical properties of the film can be modified over a wide range by adjusting the flux incident angle and substrate rotation scheme. It is suggested that the oblique angle deposition technique provides ITO films with more

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Bohn, Birger, and Insa Lohse. "Optical receiver characterizations and corrections for ground-based and airborne measurements of spectral actinic flux densities." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, no. 2 (2023): 209–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-209-2023.

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Abstract. Solar actinic radiation in the ultraviolet and visible range (UV/VIS) perpetuates atmospheric photochemistry by inducing photolysis processes which form reactive radical species. Photolysis frequencies are rate constants that quantify the rates of photolysis reactions and therefore constitute important parameters for quantitative analyses. Photolysis frequencies are usually calculated from modelled or measured solar spectral actinic flux densities. Suitable measurement techniques are available, but measurement accuracy can suffer from non-ideal 2π or 4π solid-angle reception characte

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Ding, Xinrui, Ruixiang Qian, Liang Xu, et al. "A Luminous Efficiency-Enhanced Laser Lighting Device with a Micro-Angle Tunable Filter to Recycle Unconverted Blue Laser Rays." Micromachines 12, no. 10 (2021): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12101144.

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In this work, a phosphor converter with small thickness and low concentration, based on a micro-angle tunable tilted filter (ATFPC), was proposed for hybrid-type laser lighting devices to solve the problem of silicone phosphor converters’ carbonizing under high-energy density. Taking advantage of the filter and the scattering characteristics of microphosphors, two luminous areas are generated on the converter. Compared with conventional phosphor converters (CPCs), the lighting effects of ATFPCs are adjustable using tilt angles. When the tilt angle of the micro filter is 20°, the luminous flux

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Cui, Wenbin, Yang Cao, Shoupei Wang, et al. "Numerical Study on the Evaporation of a Non-Spherical Sessile Droplet." Micromachines 14, no. 1 (2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14010076.

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To better understand the evaporation of a non-spherical droplet, a two-dimensional simulation was conducted to investigate the evaporation on the asymmetric cross-section of non-spherical sessile droplets, which are characterized by two curvatures with two different contact angles on both sides. The temperature distribution, internal flow, and evaporation flux distribution at a quasi-steady state were revealed to be different from the spherical droplets. When heated from the substrate, the lowest surface temperature moves to the side of higher curvature or larger contact angle, forming a singl

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Owens, M. J., N. U. Crooker, and T. S. Horbury. "The expected imprint of flux rope geometry on suprathermal electrons in magnetic clouds." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 10 (2009): 4057–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-4057-2009.

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Abstract. Magnetic clouds are a subset of interplanetary coronal mass ejections characterized by a smooth rotation in the magnetic field direction, which is interpreted as a signature of a magnetic flux rope. Suprathermal electron observations indicate that one or both ends of a magnetic cloud typically remain connected to the Sun as it moves out through the heliosphere. With distance from the axis of the flux rope, out toward its edge, the magnetic field winds more tightly about the axis and electrons must traverse longer magnetic field lines to reach the same heliocentric distance. This incr

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Sen, B., D. L. Schmidt, and D. G. Bogard. "Film Cooling With Compound Angle Holes: Heat Transfer." Journal of Turbomachinery 118, no. 4 (1996): 800–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2840937.

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Heat transfer coefficients have been measured for film cooling injection from a single row of holes laterally directed with a compound angle of 60 deg. Two hole configurations were tested, round holes and holes with a diffusing expansion at the exit. Streamwise-directed round holes were also tested as a basis for comparison. All the holes were inclined at 35 deg with respect to the surface. The density ratio was 1.0, momentum flux ratios ranged from I = 0.16 to 3.9, and mass flux ratios ranged from M = 0.4 to 2.0. Results are presented in terms of hf/ho, the ratio of film cooling heat transfer

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Lebedev-Stepanov, P. "Slow evaporation of a small sessile liquid drop: new solutions based on the electrostatic analogy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2702, no. 1 (2024): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2702/1/012014.

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Abstract Evaporating sessile drop of liquid deposited on horizontal surface is an important object of applications and theoretical investigations. The evaporating flow density dramatically depends on contact angle of the droplet. Previously, the dependence of the flux density on the polar angle was established for arbitrary contact angles. The expression has the form of an integral and is rather complicated for use in modelling algorithms. In this paper, we propose new exact solutions for the set of some specific contact angles (135-180 degrees). The analogy of the drop evaporation problem wit

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Bell, C. M., H. Hamakawa, and P. M. Ligrani. "Film Cooling From Shaped Holes." Journal of Heat Transfer 122, no. 2 (1999): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.521484.

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Local and spatially averaged magnitudes of the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness, the iso-energetic Stanton number ratio, and film cooling performance parameter are measured downstream of (i) cylindrical round, simple angle (CYSA) holes, (ii) laterally diffused, simple angle (LDSA) holes, (iii) laterally diffused, compound angle (LDCA) holes, (iv) forward diffused, simple angle (FDSA) holes, and (v) forward diffused, compound angle (FDCA) holes. Data are presented for length-to-inlet metering diameter ratio of 3, blowing ratios from 0.4 to 1.8, momentum flux ratios from 0.17 to 3.5, and den

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Qin, Lang, Jie Jiang, and Ruihui Wang. "Mutual Validation of Data Sets for Analyzing Tilt Angles in Solar Active Regions." Astrophysical Journal 986, no. 2 (2025): 114. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/add93a.

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Abstract The tilt angle of solar active regions (ARs) is crucial for the Babcock–Leighton-type dynamo models in the buildup of the polar field. However, divergent results regarding properties of tilt angles were reported due to their wide scatter, caused by intrinsic solar mechanisms and measurement errors. Here, we mutually validate the magnetogram-based AR tilt angle data set from Wang, Jiang, and Luo with the Debrecen Photoheliographic Data by identifying common data points where both data sets provide comparable tilt angles for the same AR/sunspot. The mutually validated data sets effectiv

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Gupta, Alok C., Pankaj Kushwaha, Mauri J. Valtonen, et al. "Quasi-simultaneous Optical Flux and Polarization Variability of the Binary Super Massive Black Hole Blazar OJ 287 from 2015 to 2023: Detection of an Anticorrelation in Flux and Polarization Variability." Astrophysical Journal Letters 957, no. 1 (2023): L11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acfd2e.

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Abstract We study the optical flux and polarization variability of the binary black hole blazar OJ 287 using quasi-simultaneous observations from 2015 to 2023 carried out using telescopes in the USA, Japan, Russia, Crimea, and Bulgaria. This is one of the most extensive quasi-simultaneous optical flux and polarization variability studies of OJ 287. OJ 287 showed large amplitude, ∼3.0 mag flux variability, large changes of ∼37% in degree of polarization, and a large swing of ∼215° in the angle of the electric vector of polarization. During the period of observation, several flares in flux were

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Rodríguez-Navarro, A., W. Otañno-Rivera, J. M. García-Ruiz, R. Messier, and L. J. Pilione. "Preparation of highly oriented polycrystalline AlN thin films deposited on glass at oblique-angle incidence." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 7 (1997): 1689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0232.

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A new method to prepare polycrystalline AlN thin films biaxially oriented on amorphous substrates has been demonstrated. The films were deposited at different angles of incidence with a rf sputtering system. Population-1 crystallites, oriented with their c-axis pointing toward the incoming flux with random orientation in aximuthal directions, predominate at low angle of incidence (near normal). Population-2 crystallites result from non-normal incidence and have their c-axis tilted away from the incoming flux and predominate at high, near glancing, angle of incidence. The alignment of crystalli

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Hu, Fang, and Jun Fen Sun. "Performance and Morphology of PVDF/PEG-POSS Hybrid Membrane." Advanced Materials Research 1096 (April 2015): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1096.446.

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Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/PEG-POSS hybrid membrane was prepared by immersion phase separation process. The hybrid membranes were characterized by pure water flux, retention ratio to BSA, contact angle, shrinkage ratio and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrophilicity of the membrane was improved. The contact angles decreases from 82.2°to 76.3°. The shrinkage ratio decreases and the pure water flux increased when 1.0% POSS was used.Keywords: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); PEG-POSS; hybrid membrane; hydrophilicity

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Duong, Ngoc Binh. "Contact Angle of Sn-8Zn-3Bi Lead-free Solder Alloy on Copper Substrate." Journal of Science and Technology - Technical Universities 30.7, no. 146 (2020): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/30.7.9.

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The wettability of Sn-8Zn-3Bi lead free solder alloy on the copper substrate was evaluated via measuring the contact angle of the solder and the substrate. The measured contact angle was then compared to the contact angle of the traditional and widely used eutectic Sn-37Pb solder alloy. Experiments to study the effect of temperature, flux, and surface roughness of the substrate on the contact angle were also carried out. The results show that the contact angle of Sn-8Zn-3Bi on copper substrate decreased as temperature increases. The minimum value of the contact angle obtained was approximately

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DOPPLER, DELPHINE, PHILIPPE GONDRET, THOMAS LOISELEUX, SAM MEYER, and MARC RABAUD. "Relaxation dynamics of water-immersed granular avalanches." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 577 (April 19, 2007): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007004697.

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We study water-immersed granular avalanches in a long rectangular cell of small thickness. By video means, both the angle of the granular pile and the velocity profiles of the grains across the depth are recorded as a function of time. These measurements give access to the instantaneous granular flux. By inclining the pile at initial angles larger than the maximum angle of stability, avalanches are triggered and last for a long time, up to several hours for small grains, during which both the slope angle and the granular flux relax slowly. We show that the relaxation is quasi-steady so that th

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Duong, Minh-Trung, Yon-Do Chun, and Deok-Je Bang. "Improvement of Tubular Permanent Magnet Machine Performance Using Dual-Segment Halbach Array." Energies 11, no. 11 (2018): 3132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113132.

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In this paper, a modification of the dual-segment permanent magnet (PM) Halbach array is investigated to improve the performance of the tubular linear machine, in terms of flux density and output power. Instead of a classical Halbach array with only radial and axial PMs, the proposed model involves the insertion of mig-magnets, which have a magnetized angle shifted from the reference magnetized angles of axial and radial PMs. This structure leads to the elimination of flux leakage and the concentration of flux linkage in middle of the coil; therefore, the output power is increased by 13.2%.

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Schmidt, D. L., B. Sen, and D. G. Bogard. "Film Cooling With Compound Angle Holes: Adiabatic Effectiveness." Journal of Turbomachinery 118, no. 4 (1996): 807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2840938.

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Film cooling effectiveness was studied experimentally in a flat plate test facility with zero pressure gradient using a single row of inclined holes, which injected high-density, cryogenically cooled air. Round holes and holes with a diffusing expanded exit were directed laterally away from the free-stream direction with a compound angle of 60 deg. Comparisons were made with a baseline case of round holes aligned with the free stream. The effects of doubling the hole spacing to six hole diameters for each geometry were also examined. Experiments were performed at a density ratio of 1.6 with a

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Chaleshtari, Mohammad Hossein Bayati, Mohammad Jafari, Hadi Khoramishad, and Eduard-Marius Craciun. "Mutual Influence of Geometric Parameters and Mechanical Properties on Thermal Stresses in Composite Laminated Plates with Rectangular Holes." Mathematics 9, no. 4 (2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9040311.

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In this research, the mutual influence of the mechanical properties and geometric parameters on thermal stress distribution in symmetric composite plates with a quasi-rectangular hole subjected to uniform heat flux is examined analytically using the complex variable technique. The analytical solution is obtained based on the thermo-elastic theory and the Lekhnitskii’s method. Furthermore, by employing a suitable mapping function, the solution of symmetric laminates containing a circular hole is extended to the quasi-rectangular hole. The effect of important parameters including the stacking se

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Ji, Xuande, Daqing He, and Yunwang Ge. "Study of Direct Torque Control Scheme for Induction Motor Based on Torque Angle Closed-Loop Control." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (2015): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001509010600.

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For disadvantages of the large flux and torque ripple and current waveform distortion of Direct Torque Control (BASIC-DTC), the DTC scheme for induction motor based on torque angle closed-loop control was presented and the proposed scheme was realized with three methods of torque angle closed-loop control. The main characteristics of three methods of torque angle closed-loop control for the proposed scheme was analyzed, emphasizing their advantages and disadvantages. The performance of three methods of torque angle closed-loop control for the proposed scheme was studied in terms of flux and to

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Ho, Chii-Dong, Luke Chen, Yan-Ling Yang, Shih-Ting Chen, Jun Lim та Zheng-Zhong Chen. "Permeate Flux Enhancement in Air Gap Membrane Distillation Modules with Inserting Λ-Ribs Carbon-Fiber Open Slots". Membranes 13, № 1 (2023): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010066.

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A novel design of an air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) module was proposed to enhance the permeate flux improvement for the desalination of pure water productivity. The modeling equations for predicting permeate flux in the AGMD module by inserting Λ-ribs carbon-fiber open slots under various hydrodynamic angles were developed theoretically and experimentally. The temperature distributions of both hot and cold feed streams were represented graphically with the hot saline flow rate, inlet saline temperature, and carbon-fiber hydrodynamic angles as parameters. The results showed a good agreem

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Hekmati, Parham, Reza Yazdanpanah, Mojtaba Mirsalim, and Ehsan Ghaemi. "Radial-Flux Permanent-Magnet Limited-Angle Torque Motors." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 64, no. 3 (2017): 1884–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2016.2624258.

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Trees, V. J. H., and D. M. Stam. "Blue, white, and red ocean planets." Astronomy & Astrophysics 626 (June 2019): A129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935399.

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Context. An exoplanet’s habitability will depend strongly on the presence of liquid water. Flux and/or polarization measurements of starlight that is reflected by exoplanets could help to identify exo-oceans. Aims. We investigate which broadband spectral features in flux and polarization phase functions of reflected starlight uniquely identify exo-oceans. Methods. With an adding-doubling algorithm, we computed total fluxes F and polarized fluxes Q of starlight that is reflected by cloud-free and (partly) cloudy exoplanets, for wavelengths from 350 to 865 nm. The ocean surface has waves compose

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Ding, Chung-Wuu, and Pi-Cheng Tung. "A New Approach to Field-Oriented Control That Substantially Improves the Efficiency of an Induction Motor with Speed Control." Applied Sciences 15, no. 9 (2025): 4845. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094845.

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Accurate estimation of the rotor flux angle remains a significant challenge when conventional direct or indirect field-oriented control (FOC) strategies are applied to induction motor drives. This paper proposes a novel method for determining the rotor flux angle under steady-state conditions using only stator voltage and current measurements. An adjustable steady-state detection mechanism is introduced and integrated into a phase-locked loop (PLL)-based indirect field-oriented framework to enable a smooth injection of the actual rotor flux angle into the control system. Both simulation and ex

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Wang, Zhiqiang, Yan Niu, Xiayu Yan, and Xin Gu. "Low-Carrier-Ratio Modulation Strategy Based on Improved Flux Ripple Model." Energies 15, no. 6 (2022): 2173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062173.

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Since the quality of the direct and quadrature axis current (dq-axis) is an important performance indicator of a motor, the technique of flux ripple analysis is necessary to determine the appropriate working conditions for various voltage sequences and reduce current fluctuations. However, the traditional flux ripple model cannot analyze dq-axis flux ripples (except under no-load conditions). Therefore, it is unable to calculate the modulation ratio and voltage angle (angle between the reference vector and the q-axis) ranges to satisfy the given q-axis (or d-axis) current fluctuation requireme

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Pasierb, Magdalena, Arti Goyal, Michał Ostrowski, et al. "Multiband optical flux density and polarization microvariability study of optically bright blazars." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492, no. 1 (2019): 1295–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3533.

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ABSTRACT We present the results of flux density, spectral index, and polarization intra-night monitoring studies of a sample of eight optically bright blazars, carried out by employing several small to moderate aperture (0.4 to 1.5 m diameter) telescopes fitted with CCDs and polarimeters located in Europe, India, and Japan. The duty cycle of flux variability for the targets is found to be ∼45 per cent, similar to that reported in earlier studies. The computed two-point spectral indices are found to be between 0.65 to 1.87 for our sample, comprised of low- and intermediate-frequency peaked blaz

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Tanaka, Y. M., M. Ishii, Y. Murayama, et al. "Comparison between CNA and energetic electron precipitation: simultaneous observation by Poker Flat Imaging Riometer and NOAA satellite." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 5 (2005): 1555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-1555-2005.

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Abstract. The cosmic noise absorption (CNA) is compared with the precipitating electron flux for 19 events observed in the morning sector, using the high-resolution data obtained during the conjugate observations with the imaging riometer at Poker Flat Research Range (PFRR; 65.11° N, 147.42° W), Alaska, and the low-altitude satellite, NOAA 12. We estimate the CNA, using the precipitating electron flux measured by NOAA 12, based on a theoretical model assuming an isotropic pitch angle distribution, and quantitatively compare them with the observed CNA. Focusing on the eight events with a range

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HUSSAIN, M. S., A. H. DOGAR, A. QAYYUM, and S. A. ABBASI. "ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF TUNGSTEN MATERIAL AND ION FLUX DURING NANOSECOND PULSED LASER DEPOSITION." Surface Review and Letters 23, no. 03 (2016): 1650004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x16500049.

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Tungsten thin films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique on glass substrates placed at the angles of 0[Formula: see text] to 70[Formula: see text] with respect to the target surface normal. Rutherford backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) analysis of the films indicated that about 90% of tungsten material flux is distributed in a cone of 40[Formula: see text] solid angle while about 54% of it lies even in a narrower cone of 10[Formula: see text] solid angle. Significant diffusion of tungsten in glass substrate has been observed in the films deposited at smaller angles with resp

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Jung, In Sung, Joon Sik Lee, and P. M. Ligrani. "Effects of Bulk Flow Pulsations on Film Cooling With Compound Angle Holes: Heat Transfer Coefficient Ratio and Heat Flux Ratio." Journal of Turbomachinery 124, no. 1 (2001): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1400110.

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Experiments are conducted to investigate the effects of bulk flow pulsations on film cooling from compound angle holes. A row of five film cooling holes is employed with orientation angles of 0, 30, 60, and 90 deg at a fixed inclination angle of 35 deg. Static pressure pulsations are generated using an array of six rotating shutter blades, which extend across the span of the exit of the wind tunnel test section. Pulsation frequencies of 0 Hz, 8 Hz, and 36 Hz, and time-averaged blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 are employed. Corresponding coolant Strouhal numbers based on these values then ra

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