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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Angular momentum (Nuclear physics) – Measurement'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Lavery, Martin P. J. "Measurement of light's orbital angular momentum." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4716/.

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The desire to increase the amount of information that can be encoded onto a single photon has driven research in many areas of optics. One such area is the study of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) carried by a light beam. These beams have helical phase-fronts and carry an orbital angular momentum of l_hbar per photon, where the integer l is unbounded, giving a large state space in which to encode information. In the work that follows I discuss the development of new methods to measure the OAM carried by a light beam. An adaptation of a previously outlined interferometric technique is presented, resulting in a compact, robust measurement tool while dramatically reducing the number of degrees of freedom required for alignment. A new approach to sorting OAM is discussed, inspired by the simple example of the discrimination of plane waves focussed by a lens within direction space. This new approach is a telescopic system comprising two bespoke optical elements that transform OAM states into transverse momentum states; the various stages of development are outlined. Further to the development of this technique, investigations into the effects of misalignment and atmospheric turbulence on a communication link are presented. Outwith the area of optical communications, it is shown that by analysing the orbital angular momentum of light scattered from a spinning object we can observe a frequency shift many times greater than the rotation rate.

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2

Quadrini, Fabio. "Atomic angular momentum polarization in molecular photodissociation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670158.

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3

Harvey, Tyler. "Electron Orbital Angular Momentum| Preparation, Application and Measurement." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10599464.

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The electron microscope is an ideal tool to prepare an electron into a specified quantum state, entangle that state with states in a specimen of interest, and measure the electron final state to indirectly gain information about the specimen. There currently exist excellent technologies to prepare both momentum eigenstates (transmission electron microscopy) and position eigenstates (scanning transmission electron microscopy) in a narrow band of energy eigenstates. Similarly, measurement of the momentum and position final states is straightforward with post-specimen lenses and pixelated detectors. Measurement of final energy eigenstates is possible with magnetic electron energy loss spectrometers. In 2010 and 2011, several groups independently showed that it was straightforward to prepare electrons into orbital angular momentum eigenstates. This disseratation represents my contributions to the toolset we have to control these eigenstates: preparation, application (interaction with specimen states), and measurement. My collaborators and I showed that phase diffraction gratings efficiently produce electron orbital angular momentum eigenstates; that control of orbital angular momentum can be used to probe chirality and local magnetic fields; and that there are several routes toward efficient measurement.

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4

Haffad, Abdelkrim. "Angular momentum transfer in electron-atom and atom-atom collisional ionization." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29826.

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5

Li, Gang. "Electron-neutrino angular correlation measurement in the decay of lithium-8." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110473.

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The Standard Model has been very successful in describing existing experimental data in nuclear and particle physics, but it still depends on numerous experiments for the determination of several important properties. For example, the assumption that only Vector(V) and Axial-Vector(A) interactions are present out of five possible types of weak interactions: V, A, Scalar(S), Pseudoscalar(P) and Tensor(T) is based on experimental results. The ion trap is an promising way for precise measurement of the beta-neutrinoangular correlation parameter "a" in beta decay. The unperturbed observation of the recoiled nucleus and electron allows reconstruction of the full decay kinematics. The goal of the BPT (Beta-decay Paul Trap) project is to measure "a" in the decay of 8Li. A deviation from the predicted value a =―1/3 would be an indication of a tensor contribution. 8Li was produced at the Argonne National Laboratory and about 20,000 events were recorded. By measuring the energy shift of the alpha particles in the 8Li decay, "a" is determined to be a =―0.329±0.009. This measurement is consistent with the Standard Model prediction. Upgrade of the system for a higher precision measurement is discussed.
Le Modèle Standard a connu un très grand succès pour décrire les mesures expérimentales autant en physique nucléaire qu'en physique des particules. Cependant, plusieurs expériences tentent toujours de vérifier certaines de ses hypothèses de base. Par exemple, c'est grace à des résultats expérimentaux, que l'on sait que seules les interactions de type Vecteur (V) et Axial-Vecteur (A) sont présentes dans le Modèle Standard, bien qu'il y a théoriquement trois autres types d'interactions faibles possibles : Scalaire (S), Pseudoscalaire (P) et Tenseur (T). Les pièges d'ions sont une avenue prometteuse pour mesurer précisément le paramètre de correlation angulaire bêta-neutrino, "a", des désintégrations bêta. L'observation du noyau de recul et de l'électron en l'absence de perturbations externes permet la reconstruction de la cinématique complète des désintégrations. Le but du projet BPT (Beta-decay Paul Trap) est de mesurer "a" à partir de désintégrations d'ions 8Li. Toute déviation des mesures par rapport à la valeur théorique a = ―1/3 serait une indication d'une contribution d'interactions de type Tenseur. Des ions 8Li ont été produits au Argonne National Laboratory, où prês de 20 000 événements ont été enregistrés. En mesurant le décalage énergétique des particules alpha originant de désintégrations 8Li, une valeur de a =―0.329±0.009 a été déterminée pour le paramètre de corrélation angulaire. Cette valeur est en accord avec la prédiction du Modèle Standard. Une amélioration du dispositif pour permettre des mesures de plus grande précision est discutée.

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6

Nieminen, John Matti. "Superdeformation : a tool to study fusion-evaporation reactions /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0004/NQ42868.pdf.

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7

Makins, Naomi C. R. "Measurement of the nuclear dependence and momentum transfer dependence of quasielastic (e,e'p) scattering at large momentum transfer." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28133.

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8

Diallo, Abdoulaye Foula. "F-spin study of rare earth nuclei using F-spin multiplets and angular momentum projected intrinsic states." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186290.

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The proton-neutron Interacting-Boson Model contains both symmetric and mixed-symmetry proton-neutron boson configurations. These states of different proton-neutron symmetry can be classified in terms of an SU(2) symmetry, called F-spin. This dissertation deals with some new applications of F-spin. Even-even nuclei drawn from the proton and neutron shells 50 < Z < 82 and 82 < N < 126, respectively, are systematically classified in F-spin multiplets and their binding energies are fit with a six-parameter mass-formula. Using particle-hole symmetry conjugation, the energies of the low-lying levels of the neutron-rich nuclei are estimated and their mass excesses determined with the mass-formula. The masses of these nuclei are of interest in astrophysical processes. A novel asymptotic realization of the angular-momentum projected intrinsic-state in the generalized IBM is presented. This approach which uses the Laplace method of asymptotic expansion, is shown to be an improvement over the Gaussian method espoused by Kuyucak and Morrison. The method, herein called the 1/Λ-expansion, is used to derive analytical expressions for different quantities in the framework of the generalized IBM. Particular attention is paid to the M1 summed strength, the mean-excitation energy of the mixed symmetry 1⁺ scissor mode, and the gyromagnetic ratios of the ground-band members, for which formulas are derived. A no-free-parameter calculation is performed for the summed M1 strength and the centroid energy of ⁽¹⁴⁶⁻¹⁵⁸⁾Sm isotopes. The g factors of deformed and transitional nuclei in the rare-earth mass region are also computed. The data in all cases are found to be well reproduced, in general. A weak L dependence is predicted for the g factors, and there appears to be no need to include two-body terms in the T(M1) operator for determining the M1 strength.

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9

Curran, Dian Beard. "Magnetic shearing instabilities in accretion disks /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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10

Bagher, Nori Mohammad. "Derivation of the angular momentum of primary fission fragments from isomeric yield ratio by TALYS using Python." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad kärnfysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-436869.

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The general fission process is well known and is applied in nuclear power plants all over the world. However many properties of fission fragments are still not well understood. The angular momentum distribution of fission fragments is an important property to gain a better understanding of the fission process, and that can be derived indirectly from isomeric yield ratios. The goal of this project has been to develop a script in Python that runs the nuclear reaction code TALYS with the Total Monte Carlo method to calculate the isomeric yield ratio. The script generates a matrix consisting of excitation energies and angular momenta that is provided to TALYS. One matrix corresponds to one calculation of the isomeric ratio. Thus, the dependency of the isomeric yield ratio on these matrices can be observed. After looking into the matrices, the dependencies of the isomeric yield ratios on the excitation energies and the angular momentum distribution are observed. In this project, the calculated isomeric yield ratios are compared with the experimental value obtained from an experiment conducted in August of 2019 at the IGISOL-JYFLTRAP facility in Jyväskylä, Finland. It is worth mentioning that, fission system is of Uranium-238 which was induced by a proton beam at an energy of 25 MeV. The dependency of the isomeric yield ratio (IYR) on the angular momentum and the excitation energy has been investigated. However, it has proved more difficult than expected, to deduce an estimation for the angular momentum distribution. Another finding of this project is that the two codes used, GEF and TALYS sometimes produce inconstant results.

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11

Ramakadi, Tselane Geneva. "Buchwald coupling of quinoxaline-o-sulfonates leading to the heterocyclic compounds with potential medicinal properties against TB." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2341.

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Thesis (M. Sc. (Chemistry)) --University of Limpopo, 2018
The dissertation describes the use of 2-benzenesulfonyloxyquinoxaline as a good coupling partner for different amine substrates. The palladium-mediated cross- coupling of aryl electrophiles and amines has become a widely used method of constructing arylamine frameworks. The formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds was accomplished via palladium-catalysed Buchwald-Hartwig amination employing different amine substrates to yield substituted quinoxaline-2-amines compounds in good to moderate yields. Buchwald ligands (Xphos, tButylxphos and BrettPhos), were varied with different amine substrates in an attempt of improving the yields. Compounds 81a N-phenylquinoxalin-2-amine and 82b, N-benzylquinoxalin-2-amine were obtained with the yield over 70 % employing Xphos as the ligand. Significant attention has also been given to the application of cross coupling reaction protocols in substrates bearing electron withdrawing substituents. The presence of deactivating groups on the arylamine such as fluoro, nitro and iodo proved to be a challenge as only few compounds were synthesised in moderate yields. Compound 81b, N-(4-fluorophenyl)quinoxalin-2-amine which has electronegative atom attached, showed significant improvement when employing tButyl-Xphos ligand rather than XPhos since the yield improved from 10 % to 71 %. Furthermore, nucleophilic substitution on Buchwald-Hartwig coupled compounds by treating them with alkyl iodides was successful when using methyl and ethyl electrophiles on the N-H group of 81a 2-quinoxalineamine. The synthesised quinoxaline derivatives comprised 7 novel compounds. The in vitro analysis on anti-tubercular screening against H37RvMA strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was conducted on 9 compounds. The results revealed none of the compounds to have promising inhibition percentages against Mycobacterium tuberculosis when compared with rifampicin which was used as a positive control. Screening against malaria with chloroquine as the control also did not yield any active compounds.

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12

Kelleher, Aidan Michael. "A measurement of the neutron electric form factor at very large momentum transfer using polarized electrons scattering from a polarized helium-3 target." W&M ScholarWorks, 2010. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623565.

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Knowledge of the electric and magnetic elastic form factors of the nucleon is essential for an understanding of nucleon structure. of the form factors, the electric form factor of the neutron has been measured over the smallest range in Q2 and with the lowest precision. Jefferson Lab experiment 02-013 used a novel new polarized 3He target to nearly double the range of momentum transfer in which the neutron form factor has been studied and to measure it with much higher precision. Polarized electrons were scattered off this target, and both the scattered electron and neutron were detected. GEn was measured to be 0.0242 +/- 0.0020(stat) +/- 0.0061(sys) and 0.0247 +/- 0.0029(stat) +/- 0.0031(sys) at Q2 = 1.7 and 2.5 GeV2, respectively.

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13

Urban, Jeffry Todd. "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of quadrupolar nuclei and dipolar field effects." Berkeley, Calif. : Oak Ridge, Tenn. : Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ; distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2004. http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/836811-joXo6p/native/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to the University of California, Berkeley, CA (US); 21 Dec 2004.
Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "LBNL--56768" Urban, Jeffry Todd. USDOE Director. Office of Science. Office of Basic Energy Sciences (US) 12/21/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

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14

Yao, Huan. "Precision Measurement of Longitudinal and Transverse Response Functions of Quasi-Elastic Electron Scattering in the Momentum Transfer Range 0.55 GeV /c ≤ |q| ≤ 1.0 GeV /c." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/152421.

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Physics
Ph.D.
Coulomb Sum Rule states that the integration of the longitudinal response of a nucleus over the range of energy excitation dominated by quasi-elastic proton knock-out process should be equal to the total number of protons in the nucleus. The test of Coulomb Sum Rule will shed light on the question of whether or not the properties of nucleon are modified in the nuclear medium. In order to test the Coulomb Sum Rule in nuclei, a precision measurement of inclusive electron scattering cross sections in the quasi-elastic region was performed at Jefferson Lab. Incident electrons with energies ranging from 0.4 GeV to 4 GeV scattered from 4He, 12C, 56Fe and 208Pb nuclei at four scattering angles ( 15°, 60°, 90°, 120°) and scattered energies ranging from 0.1 GeV to 4 GeV. The Rosenbluth method with proper coulomb corrections is used to extract the transverse and longitudinal response functions at three-momentum transfers in the range 0.55 GeV/c ≤ |q| ≤ 1.0 GeV/c. The Coulomb Sum Rule is determined in the same |q| range and compared to predictions. This work is supported by the Department Of Energy through grant DE-FG02-94ER40844.
Temple University--Theses

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15

Sievert, Matthew D. "Transverse Spin and Classical Gluon Fields: Combining Two Perspectives on Hadronic Structure." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405337694.

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16

Boutoux, Guillaume. "Sections efficaces neutroniques via la méthode de substitution." Phd thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00654677.

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Les sections efficaces neutroniques des noyaux de courte durée de vie sont des données cruciales pour la physique fondamentale et appliquée dans des domaines tels que la physique des réacteurs ou l'astrophysique nucléaire. En général, l'extrême radioactivité de ces noyaux ne nous permet pas de procéder à des mesures induites par neutrons. Cependant, il existe une méthode de substitution (" surrogate " dans la littérature) qui permet de déterminer ces sections efficaces neutroniques par l'intermédiaire de réactions de transfert ou de réactions de diffusion inélastique. Son intérêt principal est de pouvoir utiliser des cibles moins radioactives et ainsi d'accéder à des sections efficaces neutroniques qui ne pourraient pas être mesurées directement. La méthode est basée sur l'hypothèse de formation d'un noyau composé et sur le fait que la désexcitation ne dépend essentiellement que de l'énergie d'excitation et du spin et parité de l'état composé peuplé. Toutefois, les distributions de moments angulaires et parités peuplés dans des réactions de transfert et celles induites par neutrons sont susceptibles d'être différentes. Ce travail fait l'état de l'art sur la méthode substitution et sa validité. En général, la méthode de substitution fonctionne très bien pour extraire des sections efficaces de fission. Par contre, la méthode de substitution dédiée à la capture radiative est mise à mal par la comparaison aux réactions induites par neutrons. Nous avons réalisé une expérience afin de déterminer les probabilités de désexcitation gamma du 176Lu et du 173Yb à partir des réactions de substitution 174Yb(3He,p)176Lu* et 174Yb(3He,alpha)173Yb*, respectivement, et nous les avons comparées avec les probabilités de capture radiative correspondantes aux réactions 175Lu(n,gamma) et 172Yb(n,gamma) qui sont bien connues. Cette expérience a permis de comprendre pourquoi, dans le cas de la désexcitation gamma, la méthode de substitution donne des écarts importants par rapport à la réaction neutronique correspondante. Ce travail dans la région de terres rares a permis d'évaluer dans quelle mesure la méthode de substitution peut s'appliquer pour extraire des probabilités de capture dans la région des actinides. Des expériences précédentes sur la fission ont aussi pu être réinterprétées. Ce travail apporte donc un éclairage nouveau sur la méthode de substitution.

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17

Shinpaugh, Jefferson L. "Design of a high-efficiency, high-resolution x-ray spectrometer for 1s Lamb shift measurements." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27538.

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18

Sisson, Carol J. "A quantum logic approach to the addition of spin angular momenta." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27544.

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19

Oldag, Elizabeth Wingfield. "Two-particle correlations in angular and momentum space in heavy ion collisions at STAR." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/21341.

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For over a decade studies of the strong interaction in extremely dense nuclear environments have been done at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. It is hypothesized that colliding two beams of Au nuclei at relativistic speeds creates an environment of hot dense nuclear matter where the quarks and gluons inside the nucleus, which are normally confined within the protons and neutrons, become deconfined into a soup called the quark-gluon plasma. Since direct observation of this short-lived phase is impossible, many sophisticated analysis techniques attempt to study the early interactions via the final state particles. What has emerged from analyses of the data are two, contradictory paradigms for understanding the results. On the one hand the colliding quarks and gluons are thought to strongly interact and reach thermal equilibrium. The other view is that primary parton-parton scattering leads directly to jet fragmentation with little effect from re-scattering. It is in principle possible to distinguish and perhaps falsify one or both of these models of relativistic heavy ion collisions via the analysis of two-particle correlations among all charged particles produced in [mathematical symbols] = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at the STAR experiment at RHIC. This dissertation presents studies of two-particle correlations, whose derivation can be traced back to Pearson's correlation coefficient, in transverse momentum and angular space. In momentum space a broad peak is observed extending from 0.5-4.0 GeV/c which, as a function of nuclear overlap, remains at a fixed position while monotonically increasing in amplitude. Comparisons to theoretical models suggests this peak is from jet fragmentation. In a complementary study the momentum distribution of correlations in ([eta],[phi]) space is investigated. The momentum distribution of correlated pairs that contribute to the peak near the origin, commonly associated with jet fragmentation, is peaked around 1.5 GeV/c and does not soften with increased centrality. These measurements present important aspects of the available six dimensional correlation space and provide definitive tests for theoretical models. Preliminary findings do not appear to support the hypothesis of a strongly interacting QGP where back-to-back jets are expected to be significantly suppressed.
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20

Kaufman, Lisa J. "Precision measurement of the proton neutral weak form factors at squared momentum transfer ~ 0.1 GeV(2)." 2007. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3254934.

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This thesis reports the HAPPEX measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry for longitudinally polarized electrons elastically scattered from protons in a liquid hydrogen target. The measurement was carried out in Hall A at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility using a beam energy E = 3 GeV and scattering angle ⟨&thetas;lab⟩ = 6°. The asymmetry is sensitive to the weak neutral form factors from which we extract the strange quark electric and magnetic form factors ([special characters omitted] and [special characters omitted]) of the proton. The measurement was conducted during two data-taking periods in 2004 and 2005. This thesis describes the methods for controlling the helicity-correlated beam asymmetries and the analysis of the raw asymmetry. The parity-violating asymmetry has been measured to be APV = -1.14 ± 0.24 (stat) ± 0.06 (syst) ppm at ⟨Q 2⟩ = 0.099 GeV2 (2004), and APV = -1.58 ± 0.12 (stat) ± 0.04 (syst) ppm at ⟨Q 2⟩ = 0.109 GeV2 (2005). The strange quark form factors extracted from the asymmetry are [special characters omitted] + 0.080[special characters omitted] = 0.030 ± 0.025 (stat) ± 0.006 (syst) ± 0.012 (FF) (2004) and [special characters omitted] + 0.088[special characters omitted] = 0.007 ± 0.011 (stat) ± 0.004 (syst) ± 0.005 (FF) (2005). These results place the most precise constraints on the strange quark form factors and indicate little strange dynamics in the proton.

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21

"Measurement of track-based missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV centre-of-mass energy with the ATLAS detector." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13881.

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22

Kuang, Yu Rang. "Algebraic coupled-state calculation of positron-hydrogen collisions at low energy, using large coupling schemes /." 1996.

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23

Rampho, Gaotsiwe Joel. "Electromagnetic processes in few-body systems." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4885.

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Electromagnetic processes induced by electron scattering off few-nucleon systems are theoretically investigated in the non-relativistic formalism. Non-relativistic one-body nuclear current operators are used with a parametrization of nucleon electromagnetic form factors based on recent experimental nucleon scattering data. Electromagnetic form factors of three-nucleon and four-nucleon systems are calculated from elastic electron-nucleus scattering information. Nuclear response functions used in the determination of differential cross sections for inclusive and exclusive quasi-elastic electron-nucleon scattering from the 4He nucleus are also calculated. Final-state interactions in the quasi-elastic nucleon knockout process are explicitly taken into account using the Glauber approximation. The sensitivity of the response functions to the final-state interactions is investigated. The Antisymmetrized Molecular Dynamics approach with angular momentum and parity projection is employed to construct ground state wave functions for the nuclei. A reduced form of the realistic Argonne V18 nucleon-nucleon potential is used to describe nuclear Hamiltonian. A convenient numerical technique of approximating expectation values of nuclear Hamiltonian operators is employed. The constructed wave functions are used to calculate ground-state energies, root-mean-square radii and magnetic dipole moments of selected light nuclei. The theoretical predictions of the nuclear properties for the selected nuclei give a satisfactory description of experimental values. The Glauber approximation is combined with the Antisymmetrized Molecular Dynamics to generate wave functions for scattering states in quasi-elastic scattering processes. The wave functions are then used to study proton knockout reactions in the 4He nucleus. The theoretical predictions of the model reproduce experimental observation quite well.
Physics
Ph D. (Physics)

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