Dissertations / Theses: 'Animal and Bird'

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Gosper, Carl R. "Consequences of weed invasion and control on plant-bird interactions and bird communities." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050221.155953/index.html.

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Sirsat, Sarah Goy. "Maturation of Endothermic Capacity within the Avian Developmental Spectrum: A Characterization of Thermoregulatory Metamorphosis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862809/.

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An avian embryo is ectothermic, with body temperature determined by environmental temperature. Upon hatching, the neonate begins a conversion so that endothermic capacity becomes feasible and body temperature becomes independent of environment. Whole animal metabolic rate and ventilation response, cardiovascular development, and maturation of muscle mitochondrial flux were the focus of this dissertation because of the direct role in shivering thermogenesis. Precocial ducks and altricial Double-crested Cormorants exhibit increasing hematocrit and disproportionate increases in fractional heart mass resulting in greater oxygen delivery capacity and increased capacity of muscles to utilize oxygen compared with ectothermic American Alligator and Common Snapping turtles. By selecting for faster growth and higher meat yield in the domestic chicken, differences in whole-animal, tissue, cellular, and regulatory responses are evident between broiler and layer type birds. In the altricial red-winged blackbird, despite appearance of a whole animal endothermic response sometime after 7 dph, capacity of skeletal muscles involved in shivering thermogenesis peaks prior to that time. Thus, full development of endothermy is delayed in this species, allowing the altricial nestling to allocate energy towards growth rather than metabolic maintenance. Hypothyroidism in neonate red-winged blackbirds results in delayed maturation of the cardiovascular system and mitochondrial oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle. Such deficiencies were quickly recovered once the animals returned to a normothyroid state, apparently at the cost of increasing body mass. Insights into onset of thermoregulation provide a more thorough understanding of metabolic and physical transitions a hatchling bird must undergo to reach the adult endothermic phenotype. Endothermic capacity will continue to be at the forefront of physiological research because of the significance of changes between the energetic relations of an animal that must occur with its environment.

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Johnson, Jim A. "Breeding Bird Communities of Major Mainland Rivers of Southeastern Alaska." DigitalCommons@USU, 2003. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6601.

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Because of the scarcity of information for bird communities at the major mainland rivers of southeastern Alaska, the main objective of this study was to provide baseline information including distribution, status, and habitat associations of breeding birds. I conducted a meta-analysis of all known reports (including the current study) conducted at major mainland rivers during the breeding season. I described bird species composition, distribution, abundance estimates, status, habitat associations, and guild membership for all birds recorded at 11 major mainland rivers. Based on incidental observations, 170 species were recorded by all studies. Of these, 134 species were known or suspected to breed, accounting for 50% of all birds known from Alaska and 80% of all birds known from southeastern Alaska. In addition, I provided information on species of management concern as well as management implications and recommendations. I used point counts to survey birds within deciduous riparian vegetation at 6 major mainland rivers during 2000-2002. I compared bird species composition, abundance, richness, and diversity among four main vegetation types of deciduous riparian vegetation: shrubland, young deciduous forest, mature deciduous forest, and mixed deciduous-coniferous forest. Species richness was similar among all habitat types; however, relative abundance and diversity of birds was highest in mixed forest stands. Mature forests had the greatest number of species associated with the Canadian interior. I also used point counts to compare bird species composition, abundance, richness, and diversity among 6 major mainland rivers consisting of three trans-mountain and three coastal rivers. Latitude, connectivity, and availability of mature and mixed forests were the major factors thought to cause differences in bird communities among rivers. Contrary to our predictions, coastal rivers had higher bird species richness, diversity, point abundance , and point richness than trans-mountain rivers. Of the 10 species associated with the Canadian interior recorded during point counts, 8 occurred at both trans-mountain and coastal rivers.

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Palma, Cristián R. (Cristián Ricardo). "The use of tarsal scale patterns to identify individual birds of prey." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23929.

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The ability to accurately identify individuals is required for the detailed study of animals. Numerous artificial markers have been developed for this purpose. Negative effects on survival, reproductive success and behavior have been reported for most marking methods, significantly affecting the very parameters being studied. Birds of prey have suffered the shortcomings of artificial marking methods. In light of the known and potential deleterious effects of marking, attention has been focused on developing new techniques to identify individual raptors without attaching artificial markers. This study investigated the use of tarsal scale patterns as unique individual identifiers in birds of prey. The American kestrel (Falco sparverius) was chosen as a model. Both legs of seventy-five kestrels were photographed over a two-year period. Photographic comparisons of 150 scale patterns demonstrated the uniqueness of each and therefore its ability to be used as an individual's natural identifier. Furthermore, patterns were found to remain unchanged from one year to the next. These findings support the hypotheses that tarsal scale patterns are unique to each bird and do not change over time. A method of coding the tarsal scale patterns was developed. These codes can be used in a computerized data base to significantly enhance the speed of pattern searches.

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Wall, Helena. "Laying hens in furnished cages : use of facilities, exterior egg quality and bird health /." Uppsala : Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish Univ. of Agricultultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a406.pdf.

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Al-Amer, Saleh Suliaman. "Nutritional and toxicological studies on New Zealand mutton bird meat (Puffinus griseus)." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1659.

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New Zealand mutton bird or tītī (Puffinus griseus and order procellariiformes) nest in New Zealand during the summer months, migrate to the northern hemisphere during May and return in September. Their eggs are laid during November and December and the chicks are hatched in the following January and February. Large numbers of them are harvested from April to May in New Zealand. They are wild seabirds annually harvested by Maori according to the customary rights agreement set by Treaty of Waitangi.NZ mutton birds also called Sooty Shearwaters are noted for their high proportion of body fat.These birds are interesting since its sole diet is based on krill and other small marine organisms that are potentially rich in n-3 fatty acids and other marine bioactive compounds. The proximate composition, fatty and amino acids and cholesterol content of mutton bird pectoral muscle were determined and compared with other common meat to explore the nutritional value of this New Zealand delicacy. The concentration of twenty two essential and toxic elements including silver (Ag), aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), sulphur (S), sodium (Na) and cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn) in mutton bird breast meat (Puffinus griseus) were measured over two years to evaluate its safety for human consumption. Persistent organochlorine, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and their metabolites, and aldrin and lindane were also measured.Twenty bird carcasses were purchased in both 2006 and 2007 from a local source. Meat samples from the pectoral muscle of two carcasses were pooled to generate 10 samples for each year. These were used for trace element analysis using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Trace elements were in the range of 0 to 1.09 mg/kg wet weight for Ag, 0 to 3.32 for Al, 0.17 to 0.79 for As, 0.01 to 0.07 for Cd, 0.03 to 0.15 for Cr, 3.56 to 4.88 for Cu, 0 to 0.15 for Hg, 0.22 to 0.50 for Mn, 0 to 0.09 for Pb, 0.66 to 1.18 for Se and 11.49 to 23.70 for Zn. In 2006, Ag, Al, Mn and Zn concentrations were significantly higher but Pb and Hg concentrations significantly lower compared to the 2007 samples (P < 0.05). Apart from one sample in 2006, all the samples were below the published maximum level for concern. However, our preliminary data indicated that the higher level of Cd and other metals in the skin of mutton bird may compromise the overall safety to humans consuming the skin of mutton birds. It is suggested that the evaluation of the metals in different parts and/or the whole mutton bird at different seasons is required to assure complete safety to the consumers.Furthermore, the nutritional value of mutton bird meat was studied over two harvesting seasons (2006 and 2007) to investigate the impact of seasonal variation. The moisture and carbohydrates contents ranged between 54.0 to 55.0 % and 2.8 to 3.0 %, respectively, and no seasonal effects were evident in these components. The values for fat and ash contents were higher and the protein content lower for birds harvested in 2007 compared with the 2006 values which ranged from 11.8 to 13.0, 10.3 to 11.7, and 20.3 to 18.5 % for fat, ash and protein content respectively. The major amino acids in mutton bird pectoral muscle were glutamate, aspartate, lysine, leucine, and arginine. Higher lysine concentrations and lower proline, cystein and methionine were found in mutton birds compared with the literature values for beef, lamb and pork. The essential amino acid content in mutton bird (43.8 and 44.9 % in 2006 and 2007, respectively) was slightly higher than those found in beef and lamb meats (42-43%).The major fatty acids detected were palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic and isomers (C18:1), eicosenoic (C20:1), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6), icosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (C 20:5) and these accounted for approximately 77% of the fatty acids. The 3/6 ratio of fats from pectoral muscle was 1.3. The cholesterol concentration varied slightly in the two years with 184.4±37.37and 134.4±25.55mg/100 g fresh weight for 2007 and 2008 respectively. Mutton bird was shown to contain significantly higher cholesterol content (134.4-184.4) than other common meat such as chicken (80.3-88.9), lamb (62.3), fish (52.79) and beef (51.97). Overall, the nutritional value of mutton bird muscle was similar to or superior to the traditionally protein sources such as seafood and red meat. Annual variations existed in the composition of Mutton bird pectoral muscle but this is not of nutritional consequence but might be a useful indicator for ecological events such as feed availability and other environmental issues. Mutton bird seems to be a good source of essential minerals, Zn and Fe compared with other traditional meats source. Mutton bird meat is nutritionally as good as the major sources of red or white meats. It may even have advantages over the other common meats (beef, lamb, fish and chicken) due to its high protein and monounsaturated fatty acids (omega n-3 and n-6) content. However, its high cholesterol content may represent a risk factor for some people.

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Gomes, Camilla Montes. "Interações entre aves e plantas: frugivoria, amplitude de nicho e relações morfológicas, em três diferentes ambientes." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2013. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/13402.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico The interaction between frugivorous birds and plants is one of the most important mutualisms in tropical regions. However, the way these groups interact varies according to temporal availability of fruit. In seasonal sites, it is expected that a specialization in a particular type of fruit is not viable, because this feature is not available throughout the year, and species that occupy these sites have a broad trophic niche. With a more stable supply of resources, a greater level of specialization is expected, which would be reflected in a narrower niche width. A relationship between the morphology of birds and type of fruit consumed can also be associated with the specialization level of diet and niche width of the birds. This relationship might possibly be more evident in local with reduced seasonality. The goal of this paper is to investigate the relationships, both ecological as morphological, between frugivorous birds and plants consumed in sites with different levels of resource seasonality. Cerrado sensu stricto were considered the most seasonal, followed by seasonal deciduous and semi-deciduous forests, which were grouped as \"seasonal forests\". Atlantic forest was seen as a site less seasonal. We tested the hypothesis that species of the guild \"frugivorous\" will be more representative of the number of species and interactions in less seasonal area, and that species of more seasonal areas would have a more generalist diet and broader trophic niche than that observed for species less seasonal site. In Chapter 2 we investigated the existence of relationships between morphology of the birds beak and size of fruits eaten by them, testing the hypothesis that this combination was more evident in local whose species exhibit lower niche amplitude than in that have species with broader niche width. In this study the community structure of each site was described and was observed narrower trophic niche for species of seasonal forests and Atlantic forest (more specialized diet) than that found for species of cerrado ss (more generalist diet). However, morphological specialization was found only in species of seasonal forests, where we observed an association between the width and depth of the tip with the size of the fruit consumed. The variation observed for specialization in diet and morphology may be related to temporal availability of resources among different sites. Furthermore, other features in the selection of fruits, behavioral traits of birds and ecological interactions with other community members also seem to influence the consumption patterns of birds. A interação entre aves frugívoras e plantas é uma dos mutualismos mais importantes em ambientes tropicais. No entanto, a forma com que esses grupos se relacionam pode variar de acordo com a disponibilidade dos frutos ao longo do ano. Em ambientes sazonais, espera-se que uma especialização em determinado tipo de fruto seja inviável, uma vez que esse recurso não está disponível durante todo ano; e que as espécies que ocupam esses ambientes teriam uma maior amplitude de nicho trófico. Já em ambientes com uma oferta de recursos mais estável, um maior nível de especialização é esperado, o que refletiria em uma amplitude de nicho mais estreita. Associado ao nível de especialização da dieta, e consequentemente, à amplitude de nicho exibida pelas aves em cada ambiente, pode existir também uma relação entre a morfologia da avifauna e o tipo de fruto consumido, que possivelmente seria mais evidente em ambientes com sazonalidade reduzida. O objetivo central deste trabalho é investigar interações entre aves frugívoras e as plantas consumidas, e possíveis relações morfológicas, em ambientes com diferentes níveis de sazonalidade de recursos. Áreas de cerrado stricto sensu foram consideradas as mais sazonais, seguidas de matas estacionais decíduas e semidecíduas, que foram agrupadas como matas sazonais . Mata atlântica foi considerada como um ambiente menos sazonal. No capítulo 1, foram analisadas as interações entre as espécies vegetais e aves frugívora nos três ambientes citados acima. Nós testamos as hipóteses que espécies pertencentes à guilda frugívora serão mais representativas, quanto ao número de espécies e interações, em ambientes menos sazonais; e que espécies de áreas mais sazonais teriam uma dieta mais generalista e um nicho trófico mais amplo do que o observado para espécies de ambientes menos sazonais. No capítulo 2 foi investigada a existência de relações entre a morfológica do bico das aves e o tamanho dos frutos consumidos por elas, testando a hipótese que essa associação seria mais evidente em ambientes cujas espécies exibem menor amplitude de nicho, comparado a ambientes que possuem espécies com maior amplitude de nicho. No presente estudo, a estrutura das comunidades de cada ambiente foi descrita e foi observado um nicho trófico mais estreito para espécies de matas sazonais e mata atlântica (dieta mais especializada) do que o encontrado para espécies de cerrado ss (dieta mais generalista). No entanto, especialização na dieta somente foi refletida em uma especialização morfológica em espécies de matas sazonais. Nesse ambiente foi possível observar associação entre a largura e altura do bico com o tamanho do fruto consumido. Essa variação observada quanto à especialização na dieta e na morfologia pode estar relacionada à disponibilidade temporal de recursos distinta entre os ambientes. Além disso, outros critérios na seleção dos frutos, características comportamentais das aves e interações ecológicas com outros elementos da comunidade parecem influenciar também os padrões de consumo da avifauna. Mestre em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais

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Robertson, Bruce A. L. "The roles of food and predation in shaping adaptive and maladaptive behaviors in postfire bird species." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12272006-141118/.

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Carboneras, Malet Carles. "Bird population dynamics in the wintering season: the case of the mediterranean Gull Larus melanodephalus = Dinàmiques poblacionals en ocells durant la hivernada: el cas de la Gavina Capnegra Larus melanocephalus." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386447.

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The winter period is typically associated with harsh weather conditions and reduced food availability, which may lead to increased mortality. In birds, a common strategy to avoid such risks is to migrate to more favourable grounds, but its demographic costs are largely unknown. The wintering season remains a black box in our knowledge of the life cycle of birds. From the perspective of a wintering area, I study the population ecology of a migratory species, based on the hypothesis that winter aggregations of birds constitute true populations, instead of random aggregations of individuals. I look at the population composition, structure and dynamics across several spatial scales, and the link between the wintering and breeding areas through connecting migratory routes. My study model is a population of wintering Mediterranean Gulls Larus melanocephalus made of birds from multiple origins, a significant proportion of which have been individually marked with individually-coded colour-rings in their natal or breeding colonies. The study system constitutes the species’ main winter quarters globally and is situated on the Mediterranean coast of E-NE Spain. Capture-recapture analyses reveal high estimates of apparent local interannual survival after the first year (0.81 on average), indicating a high individual winter site-fidelity that does not vary with age. This attachment to the wintering area models the distribution of individuals, shaping them into a spatially structured population with metapopulation dynamics, as each subpopulation has independent demography, determined by area-specific survival and low levels of dispersal. Using a probability model, I infer the migratory route followed by first-winter birds; the most likely path is a combination of fluvial and coastal routes, seeking minimal distance along favourable terrain. In the focus species, wintering populations are made of individuals from different sex and age classes, in one of the few documented cases of nondifferential migration. Exceptionally, the species also exhibits synheimy (the population in each distinct wintering area is made of birds from all the breeding populations), possibly as a result of its recent history. Individual choice of wintering area is made in the first migration according to a probability rule determined by distance, and is maintained through life. On a local scale, I find a very high turnover of individuals and a frequent movement, in no particular direction, among sites. The low monthly probability of local residency (0.56) contrasts with the species’ strong site-fidelity to the general wintering area. Individual turnover shows that a single site may be visited by a large proportion of the regional (43%) and global (18%) populations every season. Thus, the population home range extends over an area much larger than a single locality or a protected area, showing evidence of a mismatch between the distribution of protected areas and the spatial needs of the population. Compared with data from 60 years ago, Mediterranean Gulls have undergone a huge expansion of their breeding distribution range (750% area increase) while the wintering distribution has increased only moderately (25%). The global population size has remained stable, indicating that its growth may be limited by events taking place in the wintering season. As the breeding distribution continues to expand, where breeding and wintering populations come in contact, they interact little and follow independent dynamics. This work contributes to a better understanding of bird population dynamics in the wintering season and shows how the detailed study of a species’ ecology during one part of the annual cycle can help comprehend what happens during the rest of the year. The ‘view from the winter quarters’ can bring important and complementary information to the study of birds during the breeding period. Des de la perspectiva d’una àrea d’hivernada, el meu estudi es centra en l’ecologia de poblacions d’una espècie migratòria, a partir de la hipòtesi que els agrupaments hivernals d’ocells constitueixen veritables poblacions. Investigo la composició, estructura i dinàmiques de la població a diverses escales espacials, i el lligam entre les àrees de reproducció i hivernada connectades mitjançant les rutes migratòries. El meu model d’estudi és una població hivernant de Gavines Capnegres Larus melanocephalus formada per individus provinents de diversos orígens, una fracció dels quals han estat marcats individualment amb anelles de colors. El sistema d’estudi a la costa catalana constitueix la principal àrea d’hivernada de l’espècie a nivell mundial. Mitjançant anàlisis de captura-recaptura, estimo alts nivells de supervivència interanual local (0,81), indicatius d’una alta fidelitat a l’àrea d’hivernada que no canvia amb l’edat individual. La població s’estructura espacialment com a metapoblació, amb subpoblacions independents demogràficament. Un model probabilístic permet inferir la ruta migratòria dels ocells joves en llur primera migració; aquesta és una combinació de rutes fluvials i costaneres, cercant la mínima distància sobre terreny favorable. A escala local, l’espècie mostra alts nivells de rotació d’individus i freqüents moviments entre localitats, sense destí concret, i una baixa probabilitat de residència local (0,56). Les necessitats espacials de la població, superiors a una sola localitat, demostren la falta d’adequació amb la distribució de les àrees protegides per a espècies amb alta mobilitat. Comparant els darrers 60 anys, la distribució reproductora ha experimentat una espectacular expansió (increment areal, 750%) mentre que la distribució hivernal ha augmentat de manera moderada (25%). La població mundial ha romàs estable, indicant que el seu creixement pot estar limitat per esdeveniments de l’època hivernal. Allà on entren en contacte les poblacions reproductora en expansió i la hivernant, interactuen poc i mantenen dinàmiques independents. Aquest treball contribueix a millorar la comprensió de les dinàmiques poblacionals durant l’hivern i demostra com l’estudi de l’ecologia durant una part del cicle anual pot ajudar a comprendre el que succeeix la resta de l’any. La ‘visió des dels quarters d’hivernada’ pot aportar una informació important i complementària als estudis durant l’època reproductora.

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Porter, Rosalyn. "Mathematical models of a tick borne disease in a British game bird with potential management strategies." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3039.

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Louping ill virus (LIV) is a tick borne disease that causes mortality in red grouse, an economically important game bird of British uplands. The aim of this thesis is to extend previously published models of LIV , to consider the potential impact of different management strategies. In addition a new route of infection and the seasonal biology of both grouse and ticks will be explored. Grouse chicks are known to eat ticks as part of their diet in the first three weeks of life which may contribute to virus persistence if chicks consume infected ticks. This novel route of infection is incorporated in to the model which predicts that ingestion increases the range of host densities for which the virus is able to persist. The ingestion of ticks by grouse also reduces the tick population so that for low host densities the ingestion of ticks by grouse reduces the tick population so virus cannot persist. The model is adapted to take account of the seasonal biology of grouse and ticks. Although the temporal predictions of the seasonal models show some differences the addition of seasonality does not alter the model predictions of when LIV is likely to persist at different grouse and deer densities. Consequently seasonality is felt to be unimportant when considering management strategies. The treatment of sheep with acaricide in an attempt to reduce the tick population on a grouse moor is currently being trialled in Scotland. We use a model to predict the likely effect of this strategy at different deer densities. The number of ticks found attached to sheep varies so we consider the effect of tick attachment rates as well as acaricide efficacy. Although we predict that acaricide treated sheep can reduce the tick population and therefore LIV in grouse in some circumstances the treatment is less effective in the presence of deer. Consequently we use a model to make theoretical predictions of the effectiveness of acaricide treated deer as a control strategy for reducing LIV in red grouse. The effect of culling deer on LIV in grouse is also modelled and contrasted with the effect of acaricide use. It is predicted that acaricide treatment of deer could be highly effective, particularly if the deer density is first reduced by culling. Finally we considered the direct treatment of red grouse with acaricide. Female grouse can be given an acaricidal leg band which protects her directly and indirectly protects her chicks as they acquire some acaricide whilst brooding. Trials have suggested this can reduce tick burdens for individuals. We use the model to determine the potential effect that treating individual broods may have on the whole grouse population. The model predictions suggest that unless acaricide efficacy on chicks is high and long lasting treating individual broods is unlikely to reduce LIV in the whole population but will still provide some benefit for the individuals. The effectiveness of treatment is reduced by higher deer densities. The success of the management strategies considered in this thesis appear to be restricted by the presence of deer. It may therefore be that a combination of treatments including the treatment of deer may be of the greatest benefit to the grouse population.

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Johnson, Elizabeth. "Bird and Small Mammal Communities of Sagebrush-Dominated Mountain Meadows: An Examination of Meadow Characteristics as Part of a Hierarchical, Multi-Level Study of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest." DigitalCommons@USU, 2005. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6614.

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Sagebrush shrubsteppe ecosystems have increasingly garnered attention as an endangered ecosystem. Ninety nine percent of all sagebrush ecosystems are thought to have been impacted by humans, and over 50% of grassland and shrubsteppe species are believed to be in decline. Most of the research on sagebrush ecosystems has been conducted at lower elevations and in large expanses of sagebrush. A considerable amount of sagebrush is found at higher elevations, often in meadows found within a forest matrix. The role of this high-elevation habitat is poorly understood. We conducted bird, small mammal, vegetation, and soil surveys in sagebrush-dominated mountain meadows within the Wasatch-Cache National Forest in northeastern Utah. Meadows ranged from 0.6 to 782 hectares in size and included an impressive list of associated plant species. We detected two sagebrush-obligate species and numerous shrubsteppe-associated species. Each species appears to respond to different habitat characteristics, but all species that showed a significant relationship with meadow size were more likely to occur in larger meadows. Many species showed no relationship with size, suggesting that while larger meadows were preferred by some species, small meadows could also play an important role as habitat. While sagebrush-dominated mountain meadows were important for some species, we also failed to detect a number of species of interest. In particular, Sage Thrasher, Sage Sparrow, and pygmy rabbit were not found within the study area. North American Breeding Bird data suggests that Sage Thrashers can be found nearby. It is likely that these birds are only found in large expanses, and none of our meadows were large enough to support them. Sagebrush-dominated mountain meadows appear to be an important supplement to large expanses of sagebrush shrubsteppe habitat, but are not substitutable for all species.

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Narango, Desiree Lynn. "Causes and Consequences of Urban-associated Song Variation: A Study of Vocal Behavior in the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337792731.

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Di, Monte Giovanna. "Animan Space Design : a Parrot Animan Precinct." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25342.

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This project stems out of the need to improve the quality of life for both animals and humans, and facilitate the interaction between both environments into one habitat. The design will serve as a framework for the co-habitation and interaction of humans and animals in one habitat. At the core of this dissertation lies the concept of an animan habitat. This term embodies the concept of an intergrated habitat for all species. In arriving at the final design, a sequential thought process was applied. The logic behind this process will now be outlined (each corresponding section will be addressed in this document). Exploring the diversity of Architectural habitats and products has made it evident that involving Architects and Interior Architects into projects concerning animal space design can benefit wild animals and humans alike. Research into South African recreational nature spaces show the importance of the conservation of these existing spaces to different parties on local, national and international levels. The investigation of the importance of experiential nature spaces in Tshwane and the Tshwane CBDs (section 2.2.2) shows the importance and location of an establishment (the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa) with great human experiential, and animal conservation opportunities. The study of the contributions of global zoos to the world (section 2.3) confirms that any designs need to consider the principles and ethics followed by these zoos-conservation, recreation, education, experience, research, and community values. Behavioural enrichment (section 2.4) as a conservation contribution of zoos is an aspect that can be reinterpreted and incorporated into animal enclosures to enrich their environments, and further educate visitors. Studies about zoo evolutions (section 2.5) through the ages show how thoughts about captive environments are evolving. The subsequent study of exhibit design (section 2.6) makes clear the importance of considering the needs of the environment, animals, zoo occupants and visitors alike. Furthermore, research into design styles and illusions (section2.6) prove that designs (using whichever approach) should consider the wellbeing of animals before educating or entertaining humans. Design illusions could instead be used to change mans’ negative perceptions about zoos and other conserving environments. A study into design elements and principles (as studied by Ching and Miller) are currently used at the Zoo (section 2.7) to claim human and animal spaces. A variety of precedent investigations (section 3) make it clear that other institutions, zoos, reserves, bird parks, discovery centres, playgrounds, and an amphitheater, individuals (the work of Frei Otto) or companies (lightweight structure experts) offer products and techniques that could well suit animan space design. The result of the above is the cohabitation and respect for humans, animal and the environment in a bidirectional habitat. This forms the core of the animan concept and approach for the design of the Parrot Animan Precinct at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa (Zoo). This development is a turnkey solution comprising of Site Selection and Study (section 4); Design Discourse (section 5); Technical Investigation (section 6) and Design Drawings (section 7). Dissertation (MInt(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2006. Architecture unrestricted

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Bispo, Arthur Ângelo. "Fragmentação florestal : efeitos em múltipla escala sobre a diversidade de aves em remanescentes florestais no noroeste do Estado de São Paulo /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100497.

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Orientador: Wagner André Pedro Banca: Denise Cerqueira Rossa-Feres Banca: Paulo De Marco Júnior Banca: Rômulo Ribon Banca: Luiz Dino Vizotto Resumo: A fragmentação florestal é uma das principais ameaças a diversidade de aves sendo responsável por grande parte das extinções de espécies em florestas tropicais. Os efeitos da fragmentação florestal sobre a diversidade de espécies em remanescentes devem ser analisados em diferentes escalas com a finalidade de uma melhor interpretação de suas conseqüências sobre cada espécie ou grupo de espécies. Desta forma, este estudo procurou responder três perguntas que geraram as hipóteses de trabalho desenvolvidas em cada capítulo. 1) Quais espécies ocorrem na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo? 2) Como a paisagem do entorno dos remanescentes florestais influencia a riqueza e os grupos funcionais de aves? 3) Na escala do fragmento, como as variáveis ambientais influenciam a riqueza de espécies e a distribuição dos grupos funcionais nos remanescentes florestais? As respostas dessas perguntas seguem um gradiente de relação, de um fator regional até o local. Foram registradas 328 espécies para a região. As origens dos registros permitiram supor que os exclusivamente históricos foram de espécies que não ocorram mais localmente. Essas espécies apresentaram uma forte relação com as categorias propostas, sendo que 75% delas possuem algum tipo de dependência com o ambiente florestal, 63% estão categorizadas como ameaçadas de extinção para o estado de São Paulo e 34% pertencem a algum centro de endemismo. Na escala da paisagem, a distância adotada como paisagem de entorno e os requerimentos ecológicos de cada grupo funcional são responsáveis pelas relações com os componentes da paisagem. Na escala do fragmento, as similaridades entre os remanescentes florestais de acordo com as variáveis estruturais e os grupos funcionais nem sempre foram concordantes. As relações positivas entre o tamanho de área e porcentagem de área nuclear com a riqueza... (resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) Abstract: Forest fragmentation is one of the major threats to bird diversity and is responsible for most of the extinctions of species in tropical forests. The effects of forest fragmentation on the species diversity in forest remnants should be analyzed at different scales in order to a better interpretation of the consequences for each species or species groups. The presented thesis was therefore structured in three chapters that address questions which reflect these differente scales 1) Which species occur in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo? 2) How influences the landscapes the species richness and the functional groups of birds? 3) How are species richness and distribution of functional groups in forest remnants influenced by environmental variables on the patch scale? The answers to these questions follow a gradient, of a regional to a local scale. The records of our assessment and former studies, performed in this region, include 328 species for the northwestern region, but show discrepancies in species composition between the former and the present status. Some species have thus apparently vanished regionally. We structured the records in three categories representing forest dependence, threat status, and endemism. The species that have regionally vanished show a strong relationship with the categories: 75% depend somehow on the forest habitat, 63% are categorized as endangered in the state of São Paulo, and 34% are endemic to four endemism centers. At the landscape scale, the surrounding landscape and the ecological requirements of each functional group describe the relations of bird functional groups and bird species richness to the components of the landscape. On patch scale the multivariate analysis showed that the similarities between remnants according structural variable and functional groups, sometimes disagree. The positive relationship... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) Doutor

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15

Farina, Junior Oscar [UNESP]. "Comunidade de aves em um remanescente florestal no Noroeste paulista: estrutura trófica, dinâmica e efeitos da sazonalidade." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87571.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 farinajunior_o_me_sjrp.pdf: 971726 bytes, checksum: c10c91c03a98a0c80b41a3f080bb70f4 (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A região Noroeste do estado de São Paulo, bem como microregiões adjacentes, carece de informações concisas sobre a composição floristica e faunística, em especial à avifauna. Esta condição aliada ao alto grau de degradação ambiental apresentado favorece a perda incontestável de biodiversidade. A grande maioria dos remanescentes florestais do interior paulista são representados por pequenos trechos de mata, isolados na maior parte daz vezes por matrizes inóspitas como cultivo de cana-de-açúcar e pastagens. As formações florestais representadas pela Floresta Estacional tipo Semidecidual cobrem a maior parte do interior do estado de São Paulo e, portanto refletem um quadro sazonal relativamente acentuado com dois períodos bastante distintos de seca e chuva. Esta condição sazonal interfere em vários aspectos da historia de vida da fauna inserida na região, especialmente das aves e artrópodes. Neste sentido, procuro-se aqui descrever a estrutura da comunidade de aves em um remanescente florestal de pouco mais de 2.400 ha, com inferências ao grau de endemismo de algumas espécies, grau de conservação e ameaça, habitats e dependência florestal. Ainda, em segundo momento, teve-se por objetivo analisar e avaliar os efeitos da sazonalidade e disponibilidade de presas invertebradas para a comunidade como um todo, mas em especial aos insetívoros. Ao todo foram xi registradas 171 espécies na área de estudo, sendo 95 no remanescente florestal e 76 em áreas de entorno que englobaram ambientes antropizados e aquáticos. Sete espécies foram consideradas endêmicas da Mata Atlântica ou Cerrado, 22 apresentando algum grau de ameaça e 28 espécies dependentes da floresta. Os resultados para as relações sazonais demostraram-se diferentes para as diferentes guildas, sendo que frugívoros tiveram suas populações oscilando mais do que insetívoros e onívoros entre... The Northwest region of São Paulo, as well as adjacent microregions, lacks concise information on the floristic composition and wildlife, especially the avifauna. This condition coupled with the high degree of environmental degradation presented incostestável favors the loss of biodiversity. Most of the interior of forest remnants are represented by small patches of forest, mostly isolated daz times inhospitable matrix as the cultivation of sugar cane and pasture. The forest types represented by seasonal forest type Semidecidual cover most of the state of Sao Paulo, and thus reflect a relatively strong seasonal table with two very distinct periods of drought and rain. This seasonal condition interferes with many aspects of life history fauna inserted into the region, especially birds and arthropods. In this sense, I try here to describe the community structure of birds in a forest remnant of just over 2,400 ha, with inferences to the degree of endemism of some species, conservation status and threat, and dependence on forest habitats. Still, in the second time it was taken to analyze and evaluate the effects of seasonality and availability of invertebrate prey for the community as a whole, but especially the insectivores. Altogether 171 species were recorded in the study area, 95 and 76 in the remaining forest in the surrounding areas have included aquatic and anthropogenic environments. Seven species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, 22 showing some degree of threat and 28 species of forest-dependent. The xiii results demonstrated for seasonal relationships are different for different guilds, and their populations ranging frugivores had more than insectivores and omnivores between the dry and rainy seasons. The species richness was significantly correlated with invertebrate abundance of foliage. The breeding season of birds recorded in the remaining forest... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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16

Naysmith, Scott. "A qualitative study of avian influenza A H5N1 at the human-animal interface : examining constructions of risk and associated behaviours of people who work with poultry in three live bird markets in Indonesia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3255/.

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This thesis draws on the notion of disease narratives to examine the manner in which people who work with poultry (PWP) in live bird markets (LBMs) construct risks associated with avian influenza A H5N1, as well as how these constructions of risk inform behaviours at the human-animal interface. Focusing on PWP in three live bird markets in Indonesia, this qualitative study employs a constructivist perspective to look at what informs PWP’s constructions of risk about avian influenza in relation to themselves, their animals, their livelihoods, and the political authorities within their communities, and offers insight into the extent to which these constructions of risk underpin their behaviours. Although not strictly designed as a comparative study, this research draws out similarities and differences across the three fieldsites. Findings suggest that PWP assess risk by drawing on experiential knowledge and observations. Respondents across the three sites suggest a theory of species-specific infection in relation to H5N1, which broadly posits that there are certain diseases that infect different types of poultry and certain diseases that infect humans. For most PWP, diseases in birds are not considered contagious, even between different species, and the possibility of zoonosis implausible. The majority of respondents conclude that humans are not susceptible to poultry diseases because their observations and experiences do not support such a conclusion. PWP do, however, indicate that other forms of risk, such as the risk that a disease outbreak or an intervention can threaten their livelihood are plausible and salient. Behaviours of PWP at the human-animal interface reflect their constructions of risk, in that they prioritize economic considerations over any concern for mitigating the risk of disease in poultry or in people. This thesis concludes by outlining policy implications and researchable hypotheses, and in highlighting the benefits as well as the challenges of integrating qualitative, social science research into the interdisciplinary, collaborative study of emerging infectious diseases.

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17

Bispo, Arthur Ângelo [UNESP]. "Fragmentação florestal: efeitos em múltipla escala sobre a diversidade de aves em remanescentes florestais no noroeste do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100497.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:01:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bispo_aa_dr_sjrp.pdf: 1875837 bytes, checksum: 6139dc36c7ba0eb1ab24a12c0fbae7ad (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A fragmentação florestal é uma das principais ameaças a diversidade de aves sendo responsável por grande parte das extinções de espécies em florestas tropicais. Os efeitos da fragmentação florestal sobre a diversidade de espécies em remanescentes devem ser analisados em diferentes escalas com a finalidade de uma melhor interpretação de suas conseqüências sobre cada espécie ou grupo de espécies. Desta forma, este estudo procurou responder três perguntas que geraram as hipóteses de trabalho desenvolvidas em cada capítulo. 1) Quais espécies ocorrem na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo? 2) Como a paisagem do entorno dos remanescentes florestais influencia a riqueza e os grupos funcionais de aves? 3) Na escala do fragmento, como as variáveis ambientais influenciam a riqueza de espécies e a distribuição dos grupos funcionais nos remanescentes florestais? As respostas dessas perguntas seguem um gradiente de relação, de um fator regional até o local. Foram registradas 328 espécies para a região. As origens dos registros permitiram supor que os exclusivamente históricos foram de espécies que não ocorram mais localmente. Essas espécies apresentaram uma forte relação com as categorias propostas, sendo que 75% delas possuem algum tipo de dependência com o ambiente florestal, 63% estão categorizadas como ameaçadas de extinção para o estado de São Paulo e 34% pertencem a algum centro de endemismo. Na escala da paisagem, a distância adotada como paisagem de entorno e os requerimentos ecológicos de cada grupo funcional são responsáveis pelas relações com os componentes da paisagem. Na escala do fragmento, as similaridades entre os remanescentes florestais de acordo com as variáveis estruturais e os grupos funcionais nem sempre foram concordantes. As relações positivas entre o tamanho de área e porcentagem de área nuclear com a riqueza... Forest fragmentation is one of the major threats to bird diversity and is responsible for most of the extinctions of species in tropical forests. The effects of forest fragmentation on the species diversity in forest remnants should be analyzed at different scales in order to a better interpretation of the consequences for each species or species groups. The presented thesis was therefore structured in three chapters that address questions which reflect these differente scales 1) Which species occur in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo? 2) How influences the landscapes the species richness and the functional groups of birds? 3) How are species richness and distribution of functional groups in forest remnants influenced by environmental variables on the patch scale? The answers to these questions follow a gradient, of a regional to a local scale. The records of our assessment and former studies, performed in this region, include 328 species for the northwestern region, but show discrepancies in species composition between the former and the present status. Some species have thus apparently vanished regionally. We structured the records in three categories representing forest dependence, threat status, and endemism. The species that have regionally vanished show a strong relationship with the categories: 75% depend somehow on the forest habitat, 63% are categorized as endangered in the state of São Paulo, and 34% are endemic to four endemism centers. At the landscape scale, the surrounding landscape and the ecological requirements of each functional group describe the relations of bird functional groups and bird species richness to the components of the landscape. On patch scale the multivariate analysis showed that the similarities between remnants according structural variable and functional groups, sometimes disagree. The positive relationship... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Atkin, Gencoglu Gulden. "Avian Community Patterns In The Lesser Caucasus (northeastern Turkey)." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609139/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT AVIAN COMMUNITY PATTERNS IN THE LESSER CAUCASUS (NORTHEASTERN TURKEY) ATKIN GEN&Ccedil OgLU, G&uuml lden M. Sc., Department of Biological Sciences Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. C. Can Bilgin December 2007, 78 pages Species composition, diversity and species-habitat relations are widely used to describe communities. This study aimed to document diversity, composition and habitat relations of avian communities of the Turkish Lesser Caucasus by using point counts and multivariate analyses. 2845 individuals of 101 bird species were observed at 215 stations located in the study area. Point counts were revealed to be a useful method for terrestrial birds, especially passerines. Species richness and diversity changed significantly within parts of the study area and one particular sub-region was found to be considerably more diverse than the other three. Division of the Lesser Caucasus region into sub-ecoregions may not be justified using bird assemblages since habitat parameters, especially the presence of woody vegetation, seemed to be a better predictor of species composition than geographical proximity. Documented bird and habitat associations provide valuable information on the factors which affect bird occurrence or abundance. Baseline data provided by this study will help detect and understand changes in bird populations in the future. Keywords: avian community, species composition, species diversity, point count method, bird-habitat relationship

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Neves, Diego Pereira 1983. "Metodo Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) para classificação de comedouros utilizados na produção de frangos de corte." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256943.

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Orientador: Irenilza de Alencar Naas Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T17:46:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neves_DiegoPereira_M.pdf: 5283046 bytes, checksum: b82b4259c9e80ea06f454b337aefd6a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 Resumo: As últimas 30 décadas foram marcadas por uma intensiva produção avícola, onde se alcançou um nível satisfatório de produção com a utilização de tecnologia. Estes fatos permitiram que o país se destacasse dentro de um cenário global, tornando o país o maior exportador e o terceiro maior produtor de carne de frango do mundo. Atualmente os projetos relacionados a equipamentos rurais desenvolvidos no Brasil têm sido objeto de estudo unicamente por engenheiros e técnicos, mas que poderão ser otimizados com a participação dos Designers. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar de três tipos de comedouros para frangos de corte sob o ponto de vista de manejo e preferência das aves, analisando as atividades comportamentais e tempo de duração das refeições das aves, além de estimar a eficiência dos equipamentos. Os comedouros avaliados foram: Tubular e Automático, ambos comercializados atualmente, e o comedouro Fênix, equipamento manual proposto por um Designer que ainda encontra-se em fase de testes. O estudo foi conduzido em um galpão comercial de frangos de corte que alojava 14 mil aves, com densidade de 16 aves m-2 aos 17, 18, 20, 21, 23 e 24 dias de idade. Utilizou-se vídeo-filmagem para o registro dos comportamentos e, a partir destas análises e de conhecimentos gerais sobre o tema, foi procedida uma avaliação, através do método AHP (Analitic Hierarchy Process), para se estimar a eficiência de cada comedouro de acordo com três tipos distintos de consumidores: C1 (produtor de pequeno porte), C2 (produtor de grande porte) e C3 (pesquisador). Os resultados apontam uma preferência das aves pelo comedouro Tubular, no qual o comportamento "comendo" e o tempo de refeição foram maiores, sendo este o único que não dispunha de uma divisória sobre o prato de alimentação, fato que pode ter sido determinante na preferência das aves. O comedouro Fênix indicou ser mais adequado ao consumidor C1 e o Automático para os consumidores C2 e C3. O Tubular ficou na terceira colocação para os três consumidores, mesmo sendo o preferido pelas aves. O comedouro Fênix apresentou características compatíveis com os concorrentes, sendo mais eficiente que o Tubular, indicando, após alguns ajustes, a possibilidade de ser fabricado Abstract: The last 30 decades were marked by an intensive poultry production, which reached a satisfactory level of production with the use of technology. These facts have allowed the country to stand out in a global setting, making the country the largest exporter and third largest producer of chicken meat in the world. Currently, projects related to rural equipment developed in Brazil have been studied only by Engineers and technicians, but could be optimized with the participation of Designers. This study aimed to compare three types of feeder for broiler chickens under the standpoint of management and preference of birds, examining the behavioral and duration of birds' meals, and estimate the efficiency of the equipments. The evaluated feeders were: Tubular and Automatic, both currently marketed, and Fênix feeder, manual equipment proposed by a designer who is still undergoing tests. The study was conducted in a shed broiler commercial house that housed 14 thousand birds at a density of 16 birds m-2 at 17, 18, 20, 21, 23 and 24 days old. We used video footage to record the behavior and, based on these results and general knowledge on the subject, an assessment was preceded by the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), to estimate the efficiency of each feeder in accordance with three distinct types of consumers: C1 (small producer), C2 (large producer) and C3 (researcher). The results indicate a bird's preference to the Tubular feeder, in which the behavior of "eating" and the time of meal were higher, and this is the only one that did not have a partition grid on the food plate, which may have been determinant to the birds' preference. The Fênix feeder indicated that it was more appropriate to the consumer C1 and Automatic for consumers C2 and C3. The Tubular came in third place for the three consumers, even as the favorite for birds. The Fênix feeder presented compatible characteristics with competitors, been more efficient than the Tubular indicating, after some adjustments the ability to be manufactured Mestrado Construções Rurais e Ambiencia Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

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20

Muñoz, Medina Johnny Eduardo. "Evaluación de dos aditivos formados uno por anticuerpos específicos del huevo (Big Bird®) y otro, por microorganismos vivos (Probión®), incorporados solos y combinados en la dieta de pollos broilers, sobre variables productivas y económicas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/131333.

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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario En este estudio se evaluó la incorporación, tanto en forma individual y conjunta, de dos aditivos comerciales, uno formado por anticuerpos específicos de la yema del huevo (Big Bird®) y otro compuesto por microorganismos vivos (Probión®) en la dieta de pollos broiler durante un ciclo comercial completo de producción. Para esto se utilizaron 540 pollitos broiler machos (línea Cobb 500) de un día de edad, a los cuales se asignaron aleatoriamente a tres tratamientos distintos. Nutricionalmente, el estudio fue dividido en dos etapas, una denominada inicio correspondiente a los días 1-21 de edad y otra etapa, final, que comprende los días 22-42 del estudio. Todos los pollos recibieron las mismas dietas base según los requerimientos nutricionales sugeridos para la línea genética utilizada. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p>0,05) para las variables productivas consumo de alimento, mortalidad e índice de eficiencia productiva entre tratamientos durante los períodos parciales y/o acumulativos del estudio. En cuanto al peso vivo y eficiencia de conversión alimenticia, se hallaron diferencias considerables (p≤0,05) entre tratamientos exclusivamente durante las dos primeras semanas del ensayo. Para el caso de los indicadores económicos margen bruto y costo alimentario de la ganancia de peso evaluados en el estudio, no se registraron variaciones significativas (p>0,05) en el período acumulado 1-42 días

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21

Ge, Zongyuan. "Robust fine-grained image classification." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/107700/1/Zongyuan_Ge_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis tackles fine-grained image recognition, the task of sub-category or species classification. It explores general methods to improve fine-grained image classification including the use of generative models and deep convolutional neural networks leading to novel models such as a Mixture of deep convolution neural networks. This work led to 9 peer reviewed publications and a Best Paper Award.

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Burt, John Michael. "Birdsong communication and perception : field and laboratory studies /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9129.

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23

Farina, Junior Oscar. "Comunidade de aves em um remanescente florestal no Noroeste paulista : estrutura trófica, dinâmica e efeitos da sazonalidade /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87571.

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Orientador: Wagner André Pedro Banca: Paulo de Marco Junior Banca: Luiz Dino Vizotto Resumo: A região Noroeste do estado de São Paulo, bem como microregiões adjacentes, carece de informações concisas sobre a composição floristica e faunística, em especial à avifauna. Esta condição aliada ao alto grau de degradação ambiental apresentado favorece a perda incontestável de biodiversidade. A grande maioria dos remanescentes florestais do interior paulista são representados por pequenos trechos de mata, isolados na maior parte daz vezes por matrizes inóspitas como cultivo de cana-de-açúcar e pastagens. As formações florestais representadas pela Floresta Estacional tipo Semidecidual cobrem a maior parte do interior do estado de São Paulo e, portanto refletem um quadro sazonal relativamente acentuado com dois períodos bastante distintos de seca e chuva. Esta condição sazonal interfere em vários aspectos da historia de vida da fauna inserida na região, especialmente das aves e artrópodes. Neste sentido, procuro-se aqui descrever a estrutura da comunidade de aves em um remanescente florestal de pouco mais de 2.400 ha, com inferências ao grau de endemismo de algumas espécies, grau de conservação e ameaça, habitats e dependência florestal. Ainda, em segundo momento, teve-se por objetivo analisar e avaliar os efeitos da sazonalidade e disponibilidade de presas invertebradas para a comunidade como um todo, mas em especial aos insetívoros. Ao todo foram xi registradas 171 espécies na área de estudo, sendo 95 no remanescente florestal e 76 em áreas de entorno que englobaram ambientes antropizados e aquáticos. Sete espécies foram consideradas endêmicas da Mata Atlântica ou Cerrado, 22 apresentando algum grau de ameaça e 28 espécies dependentes da floresta. Os resultados para as relações sazonais demostraram-se diferentes para as diferentes guildas, sendo que frugívoros tiveram suas populações oscilando mais do que insetívoros e onívoros entre... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) Abstract: The Northwest region of São Paulo, as well as adjacent microregions, lacks concise information on the floristic composition and wildlife, especially the avifauna. This condition coupled with the high degree of environmental degradation presented incostestável favors the loss of biodiversity. Most of the interior of forest remnants are represented by small patches of forest, mostly isolated daz times inhospitable matrix as the cultivation of sugar cane and pasture. The forest types represented by seasonal forest type Semidecidual cover most of the state of Sao Paulo, and thus reflect a relatively strong seasonal table with two very distinct periods of drought and rain. This seasonal condition interferes with many aspects of life history fauna inserted into the region, especially birds and arthropods. In this sense, I try here to describe the community structure of birds in a forest remnant of just over 2,400 ha, with inferences to the degree of endemism of some species, conservation status and threat, and dependence on forest habitats. Still, in the second time it was taken to analyze and evaluate the effects of seasonality and availability of invertebrate prey for the community as a whole, but especially the insectivores. Altogether 171 species were recorded in the study area, 95 and 76 in the remaining forest in the surrounding areas have included aquatic and anthropogenic environments. Seven species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, 22 showing some degree of threat and 28 species of forest-dependent. The xiii results demonstrated for seasonal relationships are different for different guilds, and their populations ranging frugivores had more than insectivores and omnivores between the dry and rainy seasons. The species richness was significantly correlated with invertebrate abundance of foliage. The breeding season of birds recorded in the remaining forest... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) Mestre

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24

SOUZA, Eliete Silva e. "Controle de Salmonella Typhimurium em frangos de corte utilizando lactose." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/929.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao2008_Eliete_Souza.pdf: 988968 bytes, checksum: 83e526f4061a2613940db4e37b3c6955 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-25 This study was conducted at the Experimental Center of Poultry Diseases and Laboratory of Bacteriology Department of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary School, Federal University of Goias to evaluate the effects of lactulose in Salmonella typhimurium in broilers. The experimental design was completely randomized, evaluating substance applied (lactulose) and bacterial challenge. We used 630 chicks of commercial strain, which were distributed in six treatments with seven replicates and 15 birds per experimental unit. The microbial challenge was provided to birds in the first days of life containing 5.0 X 102 CFU / 0.5 mL of Salmonella typhimurium. And lactulose at a dose of 0.023 mL / g of body weight up to 14 days of age. The weights of the birds and feed intake were seen weekly for performance measurement. On days seven, 14, 21 and 28, one bird per treatment was necropsied, and liver collected for biometric analysis and histopathological. The contents of ingluvie and caeca were submitted to enumeration of Salmonella and Escherichia coli and bacterial analysis, as well as the spleen, liver and heart were examined bacteriologically. Was also measured the pH of ingluvie, small intestine and cecum and blood collected for evaluation of liver enzymes. The quantitative performance data, biometrics liver, pH, bacterial count and liver enzymes were analyzed by applying ANOVA and Tukey (5%), and data resulting from analysis of fecal excretion of Salmonella were analyzed using the nonparametric chi-square . There was greater weight gain and lower feed conversion (P <0.05) in groups receiving lactulose with or without S. Typhimurium to 21 days of life and decreased fecal excretion of S. Typhimurium at 10 days of age for birds fed lactulose (P <0.05) from the first days of life. It was also found that the lactulose caused decrease in values (P <0.05) pH in the organs of the digestive system for seven days of life and that lactulose decreased (P <0.05) the CFU of E. coli in ingluvie at 21 and 28 days and S. Typhimurium in the treatments administered lactulose before the pathogen and ages. Lactulose prevented infection in the early period of life for birds, showing a better effect when administered 48 hours before inoculation. It was also that there was an increase in relative liver weight by S. Typhimurium in all ages studied and that the lactulose caused mild liver abnormalities, and it was also found that the S. Typhimurium did not cause severe clinical signs or mortality and that its recovery rate decreased with age. It can be concluded that lactulose causes greater weight gain in birds until one week after delivery, as well, was able to decrease the fecal excretion of S. Typhimurium. It also appears that the lactulose changed the pH values, except pH and reduced cecal colonization of S. Typhimurium in the cecum and the number of CFU of E. coli in ingluvie. It is also concluded that lactulose was able to prevent systemic infection while being provided, showing better preventive effect, and also ordered discrete liver, a process similar to congestive O presente trabalho foi conduzido no Núcleo Experimental de Doenças de Aves e Laboratório de Bacteriologia do Departamento de Medicina Veterinária da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Goiás para avaliar os efeitos da lactulose na Salmonella Typhimurium em frangos de corte. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, avaliando substância aplicada (lactulose) e desafio bacteriano. Foram utilizados 630 pintos de linhagem comercial, os quais foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos, com sete repetições e 15 aves por unidade experimental. O desafio microbiano foi fornecido às aves no primeiro dia de vida contendo 5,0 X 102 UFC /0,5mL de Salmonella Typhimurium. E lactulose na dose de 0,023 mL/g de peso vivo até 14 dias de idade. Os pesos das aves e ração consumida foram considerados semanalmente para cálculo do desempenho. Nos dias sete, 14, 21 e 28, uma ave por parcela foi necropsiada, sendo coletado o fígado para análises biométricas e histopatológicas. Os conteúdos dos inglúvios e dos cecos foram submetidos à enumeração de Salmonella e Escherichia coli e às análises bacterianas, assim como o baço, o fígado e o coração foram examinados bacteriologicamente. Também foi aferido o pH do inglúvio, intestino delgado e ceco e coletado sangue para avaliação das enzimas hepáticas. Os dados quantitativos de desempenho, biometria do fígado, pH, contagem de bactérias e enzimas hepáticas foram analisados aplicando ANOVA e Tukey (5%), e os dados resultantes das análises de excreção fecal da Salmonella foram analisados utilizando o teste não paramétrico qui-quadrado. Observou-se maior ganho de peso e menor conversão alimentar (P<0,05) nos grupos que receberam a lactulose com ou sem S. Typhimurium até 21 dias de vida e que houve redução da excreção fecal de S. Typhimurium aos 10 dias de idade, para as aves que receberam a lactulose (P<0,05) desde o primeiro dia de vida. Constatou-se também, que a lactulose determinou redução nos valores (P<0,05) de pH nos órgãos do sistema digestivo aos sete dias de vida e que a lactulose reduziu (P<0,05) as UFC de E. coli no inglúvio aos 21 e 28 dias de vida e de S. Typhimurium nos tratamentos em que se administrou a lactulose antes do patógeno e nas idades avaliadas. A lactulose impediu infecção no período inicial de vida das aves, mostrando melhor efeito, quando administrada 48 horas antes da inoculação do patógeno. Constatou-se, ainda, que houve aumento do peso relativo do fígado pela S. Typhimurium em todas as idades estudadas e que a lactulose causou discretas alterações hepáticas; e constatou-se também, que a S. Typhimurium não determinou sinais clínicos severos, nem mortalidade e que seu índice de recuperação diminuiu com a idade. Pode-se concluir que a lactulose propiciou maior ganho de peso nas aves até uma semana após seu fornecimento; assim como, foi hábil em diminuir a excreção fecal de S. Typhimurium. Conclui-se também, que a lactulose alterou os valores de pH, com exceção do pH cecal e reduziu a colonização de S. Typhimurium no ceco e o número das UFCs de E. coli no inglúvio. Conclui-se ainda, que a lactulose foi capaz de impedir a infecção sistêmica enquanto estava sendo fornecida, tendo mostrado melhor efeito preventivo; e ainda, determinou alterações hepáticas discretas, semelhantes a um processo congestivo

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Gustafson, Tomas Berg Åke. "Bird communities and vegetation on Swedish wet meadows : importance of management regimes and landscape composition /." Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00001234/.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. Errata sheet inserted. Appendix includes reproductions of papers and manuscripts co-authored with Åke Berg. Includes bibliographical references. Issued also electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix of papers.

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Berthier, Alizé. "Oiseaux urbains ? : les conditions d'une cohabitation humains - animaux dans le Grand Paris." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H034.

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Cette thèse s’intéresse aux relations humains – animaux dans la ville dense, à travers l’étude des discours portés sur les oiseaux urbains dans le Grand Paris. Dans un contexte de développement de politiques publiques favorisant la biodiversité en ville, cette recherche interroge les critères d’acceptation ou de rejet des oiseaux par les citadins, ainsi que les gestions mises en place autour de ces animaux. Ce travail entend ainsi renseigner des modalités de cohabitation avec une part de la biodiversité urbaine ordinaire, à partir d’enquêtes quantitatives (980 questionnaires), qualitatives (19 entretiens) et une analyse de courriers (170 textes). Si les oiseaux apparaissent comme des animaux majoritairement valorisés par les citadins, l’appréciation positive est conditionnée par la diversité spécifique perçue et par les contextes territoriaux des rencontres entre les habitants et ces animaux. La comparaison des appréciations de la Corneille noire (Corvus corone) et de la Perruche à collier (Psittacula krameri) met au jour que les représentations culturelles peuvent être renversées par les comportements et les dynamiques de population de ces espèces, ainsi que par le statut des territoires urbains. Les habitants se plaignent des oiseaux lorsque ces derniers portent atteinte à des territoires du quotidien, dévoilant des imaginaires de la ville dans lesquels les animaux ont plus ou moins leur place. Les discours des gestionnaires de la ville établissent une dichotomie entre des oiseaux relevant d’une biodiversité à valoriser et des espèces avec lesquelles la cohabitation pose problème, qui sont alors peu envisagées comme partie prenante de cette biodiversité This thesis focuses on human – animal relationships in a densely inhabited city, through the study of discourses about urban birds in the Greater Paris. Since public policies promoting urban biodiversity are growing, this research questions city dwellers’ bird acceptation or reject criteria, as well as management policies implemented in regards birds. Thus, this work wants to depict conditions of cohabitation with a part of ordinary urban biodiversity, based on quantitative (980 questionnaires) and qualitative methods (19 interviews) and inhabitants letters analysis (170 texts). Birds appeared to be widely loved animals in cities, but this positive appreciation depends on perceived specific diversity and the territorial contexts of the encounters between city dwellers and birds. By comparing the appreciations of Carrion crow (Corvus corone) and Ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri), it is shown that cultural representations of birds can be reversed due to species behavior and population dynamics, along with urban territories’ status. City dwellers complain about birds when they cause damage to everyday life territories, revealing urban imaginaries where animals are more or less at their proper place. City administrators’ discourses create a dichotomy between the birds that fall within the type of biodiversity that needs to be promoted and the species with whom cohabitation is problematic. The latter are rarely considered as belonging to that type of biodiversity

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Troisi, Camille A. "An investigation of teaching behaviour in primates and birds." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12008.

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Many animals socially learn, but very few do so through teaching, where an individual modifies its behaviour in order to facilitate learning for another individual. Teaching behaviour is costly, but can confer numerous advantages, such as high fidelity transmission of information or an increase in the rate of social learning. In many putative cases of teaching, it is not known whether the pupil learns from the modified behaviour. This thesis addresses this issue in three cases of potential teaching behaviour. In particular, it investigates whether the role of food transfers in wild golden lion tamarins is to teach which foods are good to eat (Chapter 5). There was little evidence that novel foods were transferred more than familiar foods, and this was not due to the juveniles attempting to obtain novel foods more than familiar ones, or by adults discarding novel foods more than familiar ones. Transfers were however more successful when donors had previously ingested the food type transferred. Successful food transfers also had a positive correlation with foraging choices once juveniles were older, suggesting they learned from food transfers. In golden lion tamarins, this thesis also examined whether juveniles learned from food-offering calls which substrates were good to forage on (Chapter 6). Juveniles that experienced playback of food-offering calls ate more on a novel substrate, than juveniles that did not experience those playbacks, both immediately as the calls were being played, and in the long term, six months after the playbacks. This suggests that juveniles learned from the playbacks. Finally, this thesis attempted to replicate previous findings showing that hens modify their behaviour when chicks feed from seemingly unpalatable food, and explored whether chicks learned what food to eat based on the maternal display (Chapter 7). The experiment failed to find evidence for teaching behaviour, but results were not inconsistent with previous findings. Moreover, there was little evidence that chicks learned from their mother, quite to the contrary, hens seemed to acquire their foraging decisions based on their chicks' choices.

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Schwartz, Brian A. "Sex-specific investment in incubation and the reproductive biology of two tropical antbird." [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05072008-151032/unrestricted/MSc_Thesis_Brian_A._Schwartz2008.docx.

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Riyahi, Sepand. "Local adaptation by birds to human-altered habitats: the great tit and the house sparrow as model species." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456899.

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Human-altered environments have expanded rapidly in the past decades and made a huge impact on living organisms. Inhabiting in such a habitat can modify different traits in animals, allowing for a better adaptation to these human-altered environments. In the first part of this thesis I investigated patterns of recent (contemporary) adaptation to urban habitats, focusing on the role of behavioural, genetic and epigenetic variation in great tits. In the second part of the thesis I investigated patterns of adaptation to human-made habitats in a larger time-scale, focusing on the origin and expansion of the house sparrow, which has been for ages a human commensalism. I additionally checked the effect of methylation variation on the rapid expansion and high phenotypic variation of house sparrow in the Palearctic region. Regarding the great tit I found that urban-dwelling birds are more explorative in novel environments and bolder in front of new objects than forest individuals. I found several epigenetic modifications and genetic polymorphisms possibly related to novelty seeking behaviour in the great tits. Our results suggested that epigenetics adjustment can be different in the urban-dwelling great tits in comparison to the forest birds. Furthermore, we investigated the possible polymorphisms in the Melanocortin-1 gene in the great tit to relate it with the size of the black belly stripe, which had previously been found to differ between urban and forest individuals. However, results showed that there is no polymorphism in this gene in relation to the size of the black belly stripe. In relation to the house sparrow, we found that the commensalism of this species with humans has a single origin and probably initiated in the Middle East. Then, it expanded rapidly in the Palearctic region with the aid of agriculture and human civilizations expansion. In addition, we discovered that the genome-wide methylation pattern of house sparrows has a general stability within five subspecies in the Middle East but we found high level of variation at the individual level within populations which likely happened randomly rather than due to selection. Our results indicate that variation in DNA methylation does not strictly follow subspecies designations. We have detected correlation between methylation level and some morphological traits such as standardized bill length and we suggest that part of the high morphological variation in the native populations of the house sparrow is influenced by differentially methylated regions in specific loci throughout the genome. We also detected seven differentially methylated loci diverged by subspecies and also three loci differentiated by commensal or non-commensal status.

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Healy, Susan D. "A comparative study of brain and behaviour in food-storing animals." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276826.

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MCDONALD, DAVID BARTELLE. "MALE-MALE COOPERATION IN A NEOTROPICAL LEKKING BIRD (COSTA RICA)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184173.

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Long-tailed Manakins Chiroxiphia linearis are frugivorous birds with a lek mating system and male-male cooperation in courtship display. I studied male-male networks and correlates of male mating success in a color-banded population in Monteverde, Costa Rica, from 1981 to 1986. Males were organized in teams at scattered perch-zones (75 to 300 m apart) that were usually in aural but not visual contact. Each team consisted of 3 to 15 males (x=7.1±3.4), in an apparent linear dominance hierarchy, with an alpha and beta male who did most of the courtship display. In a study population with 50 to 60 active males per season, only 6 to 8 males were alphas. Only betas inherited alpha status (n=3). Males appear to be 8 or more years of age before attaining beta status. Alpha tenure can last 4 years. Alpha males were rarely or never seen in zones other than their 'home' zone. Lower-ranking males maintained simultaneous affiliations with males at as many as 6 different zones. Each zone, therefore, was a sort of hub at which males with different affiliations around the rim came into contact. Each of the 6 major perch-zones shared at least one constituent with each of the other zones. The mean number of males shared by zones was 3.9 ± 2.7 (range=1 to 9). Marked changes occurred in male traits with increasing age and status. These included (1) Significant declines in weight throughout the lifespan, (2) a 4-year delay in plumage maturation with well-defined stages, (3) reduction in the number of zones with which males maintained affiliations, and (4) increasing probability of copulatory success (restricted to a small subset of the oldest males, ≥ 10 years of age). Variance in copulatory success was the highest yet described for birds. Of 85 males monitored between 1983 and 1986, copulations (n=121) were distributed among only 8 males. Four of these males accounted for over 90% of the copulations, with 63% accruing to one male. The beta male of this alpha copulated twice in the absence of his partner; all the other copulaters were alphas. I examined correlates of male mating success. Female visitation correlated with the number of unison 'toledo' calls given. If a female visited, copulatory success correlated both with a residual effect of the 'toledo' output and with the duration of the 'butterfly' component of the dual-male dance performance. My correlational results suggest that females do choose, on the basis of performance cues, among the small subset of males that are well-established alpha and beta partners. Development of alliances, as much as male combat, may determine attainment of high-performance partner status. Thus, sequential male-male interactions and female choice appear to produce nested subsets of successful males leading to an extreme in variance in male mating success. Males unsuccessful in male-male interactions are not 'eligible' for female choice. By requiring partnered display, females may be implicitly narrowing the subset of potentially successful males. In other lek systems the union, rather than the intersection, of the subsets produced by intra- and intersexual selection may include successful males. In that case, intrasexual selection via disruption of copulations may enlarge the pool of potentially successful males under intersexual selection and produce lower variances in male mating success. Students of sexual selection may need to consider the extent to which intra- and intersexual selection interact as union or intersecting sets to produce variance in male mating success.

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32

Harrington, Rhidian. "The effects of artificial watering points on the distribution and abundance of avifauna in an arid and semi-arid mallee environment." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/2874.

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The role of artificial watering points in the avifaunal dynamics of the semi-arid mallee woodlands of southeast Australia was examined. Species richness and abundance were monitored throughout the year at different distances from water to determine how birds were distributed around water points and how this changed in relation to environmental factors such as climate. Vegetation attributes were also measured to determine which factors explained patterns in the avifauna with distance from water, and also to allow a description of the vegetation in relation to the water points. Water points were monitored throughout the year to determine which species were utilising them, under which environmental circumstances and for what purposes. Knowledge of the water utilisation behaviour of individual bird species allowed some explanation of their distribution patterns, as well as an ability to predict the likely effects of water point closure on those bird species. The closure of two water points during the study allowed an assessment of the immediate effects of water point closure on avifauna (For complete abstract open document)

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33

Ponti, de la Iglesia Raquel. "Evolutionary patterns and processes of migratory behaviour in Palearctic-Paleotropical birds = Patrones y procesos evolutivos del comportamiento migratorio en aves del Paleártico-Paleotrópico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665205.

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One of the most fascinating aspects of birds is their capability of migrate from one area to another throughout the year. Unravelling the patterns and processes involved in the evolution of migration is paramount to understand the current biogeography, ecology and evolution of migratory birds. On this basis, the main aim of the present thesis was to extend the knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the evolution of bird migration. To achieve that two main sections are presented in this thesis. In the first one, the aims were to disentangle the patterns of evolution of migratory behaviour and the identifying the main factors that could play an important role in it, using Sylvia warblers as case of study. In the second section, we explored the climatic niche and the potential distribution of breeding and wintering ranges in the last glacial maximum (LGM) of trans-Saharan long migratory species, in order to unravel the changes in migratory behaviour. We explored the evolution of migration in Sylvia warblers as both a discrete and continuous character using ancestral state reconstruction methods. We recovered the basal node as migratory in most analyses, suggesting seven independent losses of migratory behaviour in Sylvia warblers. Both analyses performed with migration as discrete or continuous character recovered different probabilities of sedentariness or migratoriness in some conflicting nodes depending of the ASR elements used. This forced as to consider controversial hypotheses of evolution of migration in some clades that could evolved from migratory to sedentary in a very short period of time or going through a partial migratory status instead. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to assess whether the evolutionary patterns of migratory distances are correlated with several biometric, climatic and productivity variables in a phylogenetic context, using Sylvia warblers as a case study. Our results recover net primary productivity (NPP) in the breeding range and during the breeding season as the variable with stronger positive correlation with migratory distances. Several climatic variables show a correlation with the evolution of migration and among morphological variables, migratory lineages tend to have longer wings than sedentary ones. It is not possible to disentangle if NPP was a main driver in the evolution of bird migratory behaviour or a consequence of it, yet migration and NPP seem to be tightly related today and along their evolutionary history. Migratory birds occupy different geographic areas during breeding and wintering periods and are exposed to different factors. One of those factors is the climatic component of the niche. We tested if migratory birds display similar climatic conditions in both breeding and wintering areas, using 355 bird migratory species from Eurasian to Africa flyways. Our results show that there is not climatic niche overlap between both ranges. This suggests that the climatic niche of most Euro-African migratory species is larger than expected. Given these results, both breeding and wintering climatic data need to be considered when performing species distribution models, to incorporate the total width of the climatic niche. During the Plio-Pleistocene, glacial cycles have shaped Northern Hemisphere birds' distributions that could result in changes in their migratory behaviour. In this context, it has been suggested that long-distance North American migratory species could have lost their migratory condition during cold periods regaining it later in warmer periods. We tested this hypothesis in Eurasian-African extant migratory bird species. We modelled present and LGM distribution of 80 trans-Saharan bird migratory species and we revised the available fossil record. Our results show a southwards reduction of the breeding distributions during the LGM compared to the present and similar wintering areas in the present and Pleistocene, with the Saharan belt gap always present through time. These results and the Pleistocene fossils from Africa not support the hypothesis of a loss of migratory condition in these species. Uno de los aspectos más fascinantes dentro de la ornitología es el estudio de la migración. Saber cuáles son los patrones y procesos implicados en la evolución de la migración, permite descubrir tanto componentes ecológicos, biogeográficos como evolutivos dentro las aves. Por ello, en esta tesis se pretende aumentar el conocimiento acerca de los mecanismos implicados en la evolución de la migración en algunas aves. Por un lado, se investigó cómo evolucionó la migración y qué factores pueden actuar como motores de su evolución en un contexto filogenético usando el género Sylvia como caso de estudio. Encontramos que los procesos de cambio en el comportamiento migratorio ocurrían siempre de migratorio a sedentario, siendo el antecesor del género también migratorio. Esto supone que probablemente el coste de pasar de migratorio a sedentario es menor que al revés. Además, evaluando si factores como el clima, la morfología o la productividad eran importantes en la evolución de la migración en el género Sylvia, encontramos que la productividad juega un papel muy importante. Esto supone que probablemente las especies comenzaron a migrar aprovechando los picos de productividad que surgen en latitudes medias durante la época de cría. Por otro lado, se investigó la evolución de la migración en un contexto biogeográfico y macrecológico utilizando especies migratorias Euro-Africanas. Primero se evaluó si las especies migratorias están sometidas a las mismas condiciones climáticas tanto en las zonas de cría como en invernada. Si fuera así, las especies migratorias podrían moverse guiándose o en busca de condiciones similares a lo largo de todo el año. Sin embargo, encontramos que no es así y por lo tanto las especies migratorias presentan un nicho climático mayor de lo esperado que es necesario tener en cuenta a la hora de hacer modelos de distribución. Considerando esto, realizamos modelos de distribución de especies transaharianas tanto en el presente como durante el último glacial máximo. En este caso queríamos descubrir si las especies seguían migrando cuando parte del Paleártico estaba cubierto de nieve, o si se hicieron sedentarias como se ha sugerido para especies migratorias norteamericanas. Nuestros resultados, junto con el registro fósil consultado, no apoyan que las especies dejaran de migrar, sino que probablemente redujeran sus distancias migratorias.

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Brighton, Caroline. "Attack strategies in birds of prey." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4e8afdec-3b7b-43b1-a693-166d114c827f.

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Pursuit behaviours are vital in predator-prey interactions and in courtship for many flying animals. Existing research on target-directed flight behaviours in insects, birds and bats has aimed at identifying simple geometric rules describing the pursuit-flight trajectories. However, these geometric rules are only part of the picture as they only consider the outcome of the commanded changes in flight kinematics, and not the underlying guidance laws (dynamics) which generate these commands. To intercept a target, a pursuer implements a guidance law using sensory feedback to determine the required change in flight velocity, and the resulting kinematics determines the flight geometry. Most of the research until recently has examined insect flight systems, as the ethics of working with birds of prey are more complex and measuring their wide-ranging flight trajectories is difficult. Studies of predator-prey pursuit in birds have only described the geometrical rules for target interception, therefore overlooking the guidance laws which implement them. Therefore the aim of this thesis is to complete the picture by identifying the guidance laws used by birds of prey as they pursue and intercept targets both in the air and on the ground. I used onboard cameras and GPS to study attack flights in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), and high-speed ground photogrammetry for attacks in Harris' hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus), to show that two different raptor species effectively implement the same guidance law of pure proportional navigation for intercepting manouevring and non-manouevring prey-targets. Proportional navigation is a feedback law whereby the bird's line-of-sight rate is fed back, in order to command a turn-rate in proportion to the change in line-of-sight rate, with a constant of proportionality N. Harris' hawks were found to use this guidance law in its simplest case with an N of approximately 1. This amounts to a pure pursuit course, meaning the bird maintains a heading angle of zero at all times (its velocity vector points at the target). Peregrine falcons were found to use a variety of values of N resulting in a quicker path to interception. A remarkable feature of most bird of prey eyes is that they possess two regions of high visual acuity - the shallow and deep foveae. The deep fovea is optimised for long-range vision, and is directed at approximately 45° to the side of the head. It has been proposed that the head is held in line with the body for streamlining, while the body is turned in flight to fixate the image of the prey on the deep fovea, resulting in a curved trajectory. My results contradict this theory, as falcons were seen to use saccadic head movements to maintain the image of the prey in their field of view whilst flying along curved trajectories - suggesting a different visual strategy. I provide the first quantitative analysis of how birds are able to guide their flight for successful prey capture. Not only does this provide new insights into animal behaviour and evolution, but this research has many applications in engineering, where there is a wide and growing interest in vision-based approaches to guidance and control in both civil and military spheres.

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Garlick, Benjamin Wood. "Osprey involvements : historical animal geographies of extinction and return." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25507.

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This thesis argues that humans and ospreys in Scotland are materially, bodily and ethically involved with one another. It follows that a separate human or osprey history of species conservation is inadequate. Focused primarily through the entwined experiences of birds and people on Speyside, I examine the unfolding of osprey-human relationships with particular attention to the agency and capacities of nonhuman animals as animals: with geographies and lives of their own. Drawing on the scholarship of Tim Ingold, Giles Deleuze and Donna Haraway, I consider the dwelling, the co-becoming, and the zones of attachment between human and osprey subjects. At the heart of this project has been an investigation of the relationship between the historical and geographical conditions within which osprey life has flourished on its return from extinction in Scotland, and the possibilities for osprey nature that emerge from such conditions. I offer a ‘site ontology’ of osprey involvements, each ‘site’ comprising a material, bodily and ethical event of agency, subjectivity and composition. Often running in parallel to each other, such sites emphasise differentiations of osprey life: their situation within the militarised biopolitics of bird protection and ‘Operation Osprey’; negotiations of avian-human proximity and distances; their nesting geographies amidst the experimental attempts to restore a diminished community to its former range; and the nature of avian existence emerging in the wake of a return from extinction. Drawing on an array of archival material – occasionally supplemented with oral history, avian science and encounters in the field – the thesis proposes a lively historical geography of animal involvement.

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Pepper, Margaret A. "Salt marsh bird community responses to open marsh water management." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 61 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597631021&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Aw, Justine M. "Decisions under uncertainty : common processes in birds, fish and humans." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6640108-012b-4e89-b4a5-512beb49c59f.

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Decision making is a framework we impose on a vast universe of possible behaviors to better understand the advantages and disadvantages of acting in different ways. Decisions under uncertainty are of particular interest because stochasticity is a feature of environments both today and throughout evolutionary history. As a result, we might expect decision makers (DMs) to have evolved mechanisms to handle variability. In this dissertation, I examine common decision processes in several model species: European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), Banded tetras (Astyanax fasciatus) and humans (Homo sapiens). The broad range of approaches discussed include currencies DMs are expected to maximize (Risk Sensitivity Theory, Expected Utility), the currencies DMs do maximize (e.g. long versus short term rate maximizing models), the representation of outcomes in memory (Scalar Expectancy Theory) as well as explicit choice mechanisms (Sequential Choice Model). The first section of this thesis discusses responses to risk, offering humans and starlings choices between options which deliver certain or variable outcomes. Starlings demonstrate sensitivity to changes in the probability of variable outcomes and strong support for local rate maximization. Humans appear similarly sensitive to their own accuracy when task difficulty is varied. When the DM’s affective state was manipulated, neither humans nor starlings exhibit changes in risk preferences, but the effectiveness of these manipulations used could not be confirmed. Another topic of inquiry is the effect of the DM’s state at the time of valuation learning. State dependent valuation learning is demonstrated for the first time in a fish species, but Within Trial Contrast is not observed in starlings. Lastly, two experiments find strong support for the Sequential Choice Model, a promising new model of the mechanism of choice. Taken together, these experiments offer a glimpse into shared decision processes, but leave open questions about the mechanisms through which value is acquired.

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38

Fedorovskaya, Svetlana. "Ворон и ворона во фразеологических системах русского и шведского языков". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-118293.

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39

Jana, Prado Rocio Cecilia. "Animal seed dispersal and its consequences for plant recruitment." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7366.

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Seed dispersal in New Zealand relies on a different guild from the one present before the arrival of humans into the islands. Post-dispersal biotic and abiotic filters have also changed due to the introduction of seed predators and herbivores. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the actual contribution of seed dispersers to the patterns of seed fall and to understand the effects of biotic (seed density, predators, distance from conspecifics) and abiotic (pH, canopy openess, etc) factors on seed and seedling survival. I expected that tree species with different fruit sizes would be selected by different assemblages of dispersers, therefore being deposited and recruiting differentially on the forest floor. I analyzed the changes in small-scale seed diversity with the use of seed traps during two seasons in two 0.36 ha plots in a mixed broadleaf-podocarp temperate forest. The diversity of seeds was lower for in-fruit seeds (1.40 species per grid-cell) than for bird-dispersed seeds (2.62). The dominant species D. cupressinum was dispersed towards con- and heterospecific canopies (wind-dispersed trees Weinmannia racemosa and Metrosideros umbellata), giving a probable mechanism for the observed increase in finescale seed diversity. Then, using a 12-year dataset on seed fall I analyzed the changes in ground-level seed heterogeneity generated by bird-dispersed seed rain (propagule-scale) relative to the canopy composition (adult-scale) on six tree species. A Non Metric Multidimensional Scaling analysis demonstrated that the differences in species composition between sampling points (seed traps) were larger for tree canopies than for dispersed seeds. Different tree species acted as seed importers and/or exporters, although these patterns were not explained by fruit size or the richness of the disperser assemblages. I also investigated the effects of seed and seedling density on seed predation, seedling emergence and seedling survival to 12 months of five tree species. Seed predation increased with seed size, and it was higher at high density only for the largest-seeded species Beilschmiedia tawa and Prumnopitys ferruginea. Access of seed and seedling predators to the propagules was the main factor affecting seedling emergence and seedling survival. Abiotic variables were important for germination and seedling survival of the two small-seeded species, but only biotic predictors (mammalian exclosure and density) were important for medium and large-seeded species. Finally, using a split-plot experimental design I measured the effects of (a) the presence of conspecific canopy, (b) high conspecific seed densities and (c) introduced (or invasive) mammal access on seedling emergence and seedling survival (Janzen-Connell effects). Distance effects were stronger than density effects, and mediated by native and exotic predators. Final survival under conspecifics was strongly reduced in both species, with zero survival of B. tawa under conspecifics, and near zero (2/896) under D. dacrydioides. Seed dispersal service in New Zealand is still enough to produce changes in the spatial pattern of seed deposition in the forest. Post-dispersal processes such as seed predation and herbivore are having strong impacts on the survival and potential recruitment of plant species. Large-seeded trees are the most affected in terms of the impact of introduced mammals on seed predation, but seedling survival is affected independent of seed size. However, it is unknown how different these ecological processes are from the original situation without pests in New Zealand. The results of my research can contribute with valuable information for future research trying to understand the consequences of seed dispersal for recruitment, as well as inform complex models that try to predict the long-term impacts of the exotic mammals introduced in New Zealand.

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Seavy, Nathaniel E. "Effects of disturbance on animal communities fire effects on birds in mixed-conifer forest /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0014800.

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41

Vandenabeele, Sylvie Paule. "Avian rucksacks for science : in search for minimum-impact tagging procedures for birds." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42920.

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Voltaire wrote "With great power comes responsibility", a quote which can easily be applied to scientists nowadays whose work effectively shapes the life of billions of living beings, operating through various disciplines from medicine through to ecology. To help scientists working with wild creatures, animal-attached electronic devices, commonly referred to as 'tags', have become indispensable tools, pushing the boundaries into the unimaginable enabling, for instance, information to be sent from animals into space and back via satellites. This 'great power' does indeed come with 'responsibility' however, as evidence piles up of the deleterious effects of tags on their animal carriers. The aim of this doctoral project is to provide scientists with an analytical framework within which to examine the effects of external tags on wild animals with a view to providing guidelines informing best practise in animal tagging. For that purpose, an integrative, multidisciplinary approach was undertaken which, from a theoretical to an experimental level, assessed the impact of tags on birds. With a main focus on marine birds, the results show that tag effects ranged from behavioural aberrations to compromised energetics, ultimately reducing both flying and swimming performance. This impact varied as a function of tag size, mass, shape, position and attachment, as well as being dependent on bird morphology and lifestyle. The length of time to which a bird is exposed to deleterious tag effects appears critical since these effects can snowball over time. Fortunately, and as reported in this thesis, there are simple rules which can be implemented to help minimise tag impact even for long-term studies, mainly through an optimised tag design and innovative attachment system. So, happily, this thesis shows that by careful thinking, we can benefit maximally from our 'great power' and thus ensure that our 'responsibilities' to wild animals are best informed.

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42

Armstrong, Debbie Maree. "The role of vocal communication in the biology of fledgling and juvenile kea (Nestor notabilis) in Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Zoology in the University of Canterbury /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1316.

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The kea is the only parrot species in the world to include the true alpine environment as part of their habitat. Survival in these harsh alpine conditions has been hypothesised to be the cause of the generalist behaviour of kea, leading to their heightened explorative behaviour and curiosity. Kea are also widely regarded as being extraordinarily intelligent. It is their intelligence that suggests that kea may possess a sophisticated communication system. I conducted a study exploring the potentially complex vocal repertoire of the kea. My study was conducted with wild population of banded juvenile and fledgling kea in Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park between February 2003 and April 2004. I obtained 449 vocalisations from 16 identified and several unidentified kea. The results of this study confirmed that the vocal repertoire of the kea is exceptionally large for a parrot species, encompassing over 17 vocalisations. This study revealed five vocalisations previously undescribed in the kea repertoire and showed for the first time that vocal repertoire of immature kea may be different to the repertoire of adult kea. Two possible gender specific vocalisations were also revealed. The study of apparent vocal responses revealed that kea appear to be able to identify vocalisation types and respond accordingly using combinations of increasingly complex vocalisations. This is also the first study to take advantage of the similarity between human and parrot vocal systems for the kea, by utilizing powerful human speech analysis software. The results of this analysis allowed the identification of subtle differences in kea vocalisations, including the presence of graded signals, not identifiable by use of spectrogram analysis.

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43

Sloan, Stephen Michael. "Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa-liposomes bind fibrinogen but do not undergo fibrinogen-mediated aggregation." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20865.

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Platelet aggregation is mediated primarily by the binding of fibrinogen to its membrane receptor, GPIIb-IIIa, but such an interaction may not be sufficient to support aggregation. This question could potentially be resolved by reconstituting GPIIb-IIIa into a model membrane system. A protocol was developed for the generation of liposomes containing purified GPIIb-IIIa. Flow cytometric techniques confirmed that the receptor was present in the lipid bilayer and were used to evaluate the characteristics of fibrinogen binding to the liposomes, which like fibrinogen-platelet interactions exhibited specificity, saturability, time-dependence, and calcium-dependence. No fibrinogen-specific aggregation of GPIIb-IIIa-liposomes with stir or shear was observed, as determined by flow cytometric cell counting and microscopic examination of particles. In contrast, platelets rapidly formed large aggregates in the presence of fibrinogen. It thus appears that elements other than fibrinogen and GPIIb-IIIa play an important role in platelet aggregation.

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44

Gomes, Natali Almeida. "Idade da matriz, temperatura de incubação e tipo de máquina de incubar sobre resposta imune e qualidade física de pintos de corte." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3904.

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Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-01-16T17:21:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Natali Almeida Gomes - 2013.pdf: 1158507 bytes, checksum: 33d1891ab56bebf9f1127227a0b392a9 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-01-16T17:41:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Natali Almeida Gomes - 2013.pdf: 1158507 bytes, checksum: 33d1891ab56bebf9f1127227a0b392a9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-16T17:41:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Natali Almeida Gomes - 2013.pdf: 1158507 bytes, checksum: 33d1891ab56bebf9f1127227a0b392a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-16 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Objetivou-se determinar o tipo de máquina incubadora mais adequado para incubação de ovos de matrizes com diferentes idades, bem como o efeito da temperatura de incubação sobre a qualidade física e a resposta imune de pintos. Foram realizados três experimentos, sendo que no experimento I foram incubados 720 ovos, provenientes de matrizes com três idades diferentes (30 ou 42 ou 64 semanas), porém apenas cinco aves por tratamento foram utilizadas neste estudo. Os ovos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três idades x duas temperaturas de incubação).A temperatura da máquina para os grupos controle foi de 37,5 ºC constante durante todo o período e para os tratamentos com elevação da temperatura foi aplicada uma temperatura de 39,0 ºC por 6h durante o período de 10 a 18 dias de incubação. Foi avaliada a histomorfometria intestinal e de baço e bursa. Foram realizadas 4 fotografias de cada lâmina e 10 leituras por fotografia, totalizando 40 leituras por ave, e uma leitura como parcela experimental. No experimento II Foram utilizados 300 ovos, sendo que para a fase de incubação foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (tipos de máquinas), com 150 repetições, sendo considerada a parcela experimental um ovo. Foi avaliada a qualidade física dos pintos eclodidos e análise histomorfométrica de órgãos linfoides e intestino delgado de dez aves por tratamento. Para o ensaio de desempenho, 200 pintos de um dia foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 repetições e 20 aves por parcela experimental. No experimento III, os tratamentos foram uma combinação entre três idades de matrizes com dois tipos de máquina de incubar. Os ovos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três idades x duas máquinas de incubação) com 83 repetições, sendo a parcela experimental um ovo. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de incubação, embriodiagnóstico, escore de qualidade de pintos e histomorfometria da mucosa de fragmentos do intestino delgado. Para o ensaio de desempenho foram alojados 300 pintos machos oriundos dos mesmos tratamentos do ensaio de incubação e o delineamento experimental para a avaliação do desempenho foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três idades x duas máquinas de incubação), com cinco repetições, sendo uma parcela constituída por 10 aves. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey (5%) quando necessário. No experimento I a variação na temperatura da máquina de incubação afetou a qualidade de pintos neonatos, sobretudo para pintos originados de matrizes jovens. No experimento II o tipo de máquina de incubar não influenciou a resposta imune nem a qualidade do pinto neonato. No experimento III máquina de estágio único proporcionou pintos de um dia com melhor escore de qualidade. Objetivou-se determinar o tipo de máquina incubadora mais adequado para incubação de ovos de matrizes com diferentes idades, bem como o efeito da temperatura de incubação sobre a qualidade física e a resposta imune de pintos. Foram realizados três experimentos, sendo que no experimento I foram incubados 720 ovos, provenientes de matrizes com três idades diferentes (30 ou 42 ou 64 semanas), porém apenas cinco aves por tratamento foram utilizadas neste estudo. Os ovos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três idades x duas temperaturas de incubação).A temperatura da máquina para os grupos controle foi de 37,5 ºC constante durante todo o período e para os tratamentos com elevação da temperatura foi aplicada uma temperatura de 39,0 ºC por 6h durante o período de 10 a 18 dias de incubação. Foi avaliada a histomorfometria intestinal e de baço e bursa. Foram realizadas 4 fotografias de cada lâmina e 10 leituras por fotografia, totalizando 40 leituras por ave, e uma leitura como parcela experimental. No experimento II Foram utilizados 300 ovos, sendo que para a fase de incubação foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos (tipos de máquinas), com 150 repetições, sendo considerada a parcela experimental um ovo. Foi avaliada a qualidade física dos pintos eclodidos e análise histomorfométrica de órgãos linfoides e intestino delgado de dez aves por tratamento. Para o ensaio de desempenho, 200 pintos de um dia foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 repetições e 20 aves por parcela experimental. No experimento III, os tratamentos foram uma combinação entre três idades de matrizes com dois tipos de máquina de incubar. Os ovos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três idades x duas máquinas de incubação) com 83 repetições, sendo a parcela experimental um ovo. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de incubação, embriodiagnóstico, escore de qualidade de pintos e histomorfometria da mucosa de fragmentos do intestino delgado. Para o ensaio de desempenho foram alojados 300 pintos machos oriundos dos mesmos tratamentos do ensaio de incubação e o delineamento experimental para a avaliação do desempenho foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três idades x duas máquinas de incubação), com cinco repetições, sendo uma parcela constituída por 10 aves. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey (5%) quando necessário. No experimento I a variação na temperatura da máquina de incubação afetou a qualidade de pintos neonatos, sobretudo para pintos originados de matrizes jovens. No experimento II o tipo de máquina de incubar não influenciou a resposta imune nem a qualidade do pinto neonato. No experimento III máquina de estágio único proporcionou pintos de um dia com melhor escore de qualidade.

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45

Lock, Nga-yi. "The ecology of urban birds in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22424945.

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46

Koen, Julius Heinrich. "Animal-habitat relationships in the Knysna forest : discrimination between forest types by birds and invertebrates." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19521.

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Some silvicultural practices in the Knysna Forest are aimed at the sustained-yield production of valuable timber tree species, albeit on limited areas only. This study investigates effects of forest plant species composition and physiognomy on bird and invertebrate communities in three discrete, relatively undisturbed forest types along a dry-wet soil moisture gradient. Using discriminant functions analysis, a 100% floristic and a 78% vegetation structural discrimination was obtained between the three forest types. However, the bird communities of these floristically and structurally different forest types were very similar in species composition and had much lower densities than normally encountered in other superficially similar forests. It was only possible to discriminate between the wet and the moist/dry forest types by using the two best bird discriminators. the blackheaded oriole (Oriolus larvatus) and the sombre bulbul (Andropadus importunus). A separation of the moist and dry forest types was not possible. Although an 81% discrimination between forest types was attained through analysis of ground surface invertebrates. measures of litter and aerial invertebrate abundance were of limited use as discriminators. Historical and biogeographic factors and the low nutritional levels in the soil and vegetation may be the cause of low bird and invertebrate density and diversity. It is concluded therefore, that floristics and vegetation structure have, at best, a minor influence on bird community structure, and possibly also on the invertebrate community in the Knysna Forest and that management practices need not cater for variation in forest vegetation composition and physiognomy. Bibliography: pages 49-59.

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47

Winquist, Steven Todd. "A comparative analysis of two secondary sexual characters in birds." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26184.

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This thesis investigates the evolution of two secondary sexual characters in birds, large male body size and exaggerated male tail length. To determine whether the elaboration of these two characters is associated with two correlates of sexual selection intensity, mating system and parental care, I collected and examined morphological information for 1,990 species and natural history data for 745 species. Comparative studies should account for the problem of related species sharing similarities through common descent, so here I investigate associations with contrast scores that measure the variation radiating from unique ancestral nodes in a phylogeny. I show that greater polygyny correlates strongly with increasing male size but only slightly with longer male tail length, and that lesser paternal care correlates strongly with both traits. These results indicate that the evolution of increased male body size and exaggerated male tail length in birds is substantially influenced by the intensity of sexual selection.

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48

Whalin, Rebekah Christine. "The Detection of Mycoplasmas in Migratory Birds." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1239986702.

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49

Rodrigues, Vanessa Filipa Santos. "Vocalization repertoires variation of Red-billed Chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) population in Portugal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21457.

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Mestrado em Ecologia Aplicada Ecological changes in the habitats, induced by climate change or the new paradigms of land use, have had enormous effects in the distribution of species, from the fragmentation of the populations to changes on the genome and/or their behavior. In the case of birds, these constraints may cause changes in vocal repertoires among isolated populations. It was recently confirmed that the two last populations of Red-billed Chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) resident in Portugal (populations of the Serra d'Aire e Candeeiros and Sagres) have an apparent gene-flow restriction, suggesting an isolation that is not explained only by the geographical distance that separates them. In fact, the species has a high dispersion capacity which can not itself justify this restriction of genes between these two populations. Being the species a corvid with a high cognitive capacity and gregarious species, the communication between individuals becomes a vital point to its survival. This work intends to investigate if the gene-flow restriction is due to a social segregation that can be reflected in the variations of the vocal repertoire between the two populations. The aim of this study was to describe and try to understand the main differences between the two populations, as well as possible variations among individuals of the same population (in this case, only in Serra d'Aire e Candeeiros). The results showed that the two studied populations have different repertoires, were described five call types from the population in the Serra d'Aire e Candeeiros and only four in the population of Sagres, thus not existing an evident common vocal repertoire between both populations. It was verified that among the populations the greatest differences are in the duration, maximum frequency and final frequency, where the population from Sagres has smaller durations and maximum frequencies and a higher final frequency than the population from Serra d'Aire e Candeeiros. In the case of the differences between individuals analysed at the intra-population level, these showed individual variations, namely peak frequency and ascending time. Overall, the results seem to corroborate the thesis that the genetic isolation of these populations can be attributed to communication and social barriers. As mudanças no estado ecológico dos habitats, induzidas por alterações climáticas e/ou por novos paradigmas dos usos do solo, têm tido inúmeras consequências na distribuição das espécies, desde a fragmentação das populações, passando por mudanças no genoma e no seu comportamento. No caso das aves, estes constrangimentos poderão traduzir-se em mudanças nos repertórios vocais entre populações isoladas. Recentemente, confirmou-se que as duas últimas populações de Gralha de Bico Vermelho (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) residentes em Portugal (populações da Serra d’Aire e Candeeiros e de Sagres) apresentam uma aparente restrição de fluxo genético entre si, sugerindo um isolamento que não se explica apenas pela distância geográfica que as separa. De facto, a espécie apresenta uma elevada capacidade de dispersão o que não pode, só por si, justificar esta restrição de genes. Sendo a espécie um corvídeo com uma elevada capacidade cognitiva e gregária a comunicação entre indivíduos torna-se vital à sua sobrevivência. Este trabalho pretende investigar se a restrição do fluxo genético se deve a uma segregação social que pode refletir-se nas variações do repertório vocal entre as duas populações. Com este intuito, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever e tentar compreender quais as principais diferenças entre as duas populações, bem como possíveis variações entre indivíduos de uma mesma população (neste último caso apenas na Serra d’Aire e Candeeiros). Os resultados demonstraram que as duas populações estudadas exibiram repertórios diferentes, com a existência de cinco tipos de vocalizações para a população da Serra na Serra d’Aire e Candeeiros e apenas quatro na população de Sagres, não havendo uma partilha evidente de entre tipos de vocalização comuns a ambas as populações. Verificou-se que entre as populações as maiores diferenças estão na duração, frequência máxima e frequência final, sendo que na população de Sagres as vocalizações têm durações e frequências máximas menores e a frequência final maior que as da população de Serra d’Aire e Candeeiros. No caso das diferenças entre indivíduos analisados ao nível intra-populacional, estes mostraram variações individuais nomeadamente na frequência de pico e do tempo de ascensão. Globalmente, os resultados parecem corroborar a tese de que o isolamento genético destas populações pode ser imputável também a barreiras comunicacionais e sociais.

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Salminen, Mandy M. "Breeding Bird and Bat Activity Surveys at Dairymen's Inc." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1507213426130855.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Animal and Bird'

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