To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Animal by-products (ABP).
Journal articles on the topic 'Animal by-products (ABP)'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Animal by-products (ABP).'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Paavola, T., E. Syväsalo, and J. Rintala. "Co-digestion of manure and biowaste according to the EC Animal By-Products Regulation and Finnish national regulations." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 8 (April 1, 2006): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.253.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to compare methane production and characteristics of digested material in anaerobic digestion concepts according to the Animal By-Products Regulation (ABP-Regulation) of the EC (hygienisation of biowaste for 1 hour at 70 °C, particle size <12 mm) and Finnish national regulations (treatment temperature 55 °C, feeding interval 24 h, hydraulic retention time (HRT) 20 d, particle size <40 mm) and with small variations in treatment methods for treating manure and biowaste. Moreover, the survival of three different salmonella bacteria in these processes was studied. Hygienisation of biowaste prior to digestion at 35 °C enhanced methane production by 14–18% compared to similar treatment without hygienisation. The differences in treatment temperature, HRT and hygienisation of biowaste prior to digestion did not significantly affect the characteristics of digested material. The concepts according to the ABP-Regulation and Finnish national regulations were effective in destroying salmonella bacteria to an undetectable level.
2
Grajek, Włodzimierz, Anna Olejnik, and Anna Sip. "Probiotics, prebiotics and antioxidants as functional foods." Acta Biochimica Polonica 52, no. 3 (August 5, 2005): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2005_3428.
Full textAbstract:
The term "functional foods" comprises some bacterial strains and products of plant and animal origin containing physiologically active compounds beneficial for human health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Among the best known functional compounds probiotics, prebiotics and natural antioxidants should be given as examples. These substances can be obtained by biotechnological methods and by extraction from plant or animal tissues.
3
Pałasz, A., and P. Czekaj. "Toxicological and cytophysiological aspects of lanthanides action." Acta Biochimica Polonica 47, no. 4 (December 31, 2000): 1107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2000_3963.
Full textAbstract:
Lanthanides, also called rare-earth elements, are an interesting group of 15 chemically active, mainly trivalent, f-electronic, silvery-white metals. In fact, lanthanides are not as rare as the name implies, except for promethium, a radioactive artificial element not found in nature. The mean concentrations of lanthanides in the earth's crust are comparable to those of life-important elements like iodine, cobalt and selenium. Many lanthanide compounds show particular magnetic, catalytic and optic properties, and that is why their technical applications are so extensive. Numerous industrial sources enable lanthanides to penetrate into the human body and therefore detailed toxicological studies of these metals are necessary. In the liver, gadolinium selectively inhibits secretion by Kupffer cells and it decreases cytochrome P450 activity in hepatocytes, thereby protecting liver cells against toxic products of xenobiotic biotransformation. Praseodymium ion (Pr3+) produces the same protective effect in liver tissue cultures. Cytophysiological effects of lanthanides appear to result from the similarity of their cationic radii to the size of Ca2+ ions. Trivalent lanthanide ions, especially La3+ and Gd3+, block different calcium channels in human and animal cells. Lanthanides can affect numerous enzymes: Dy3+ and La3+ block Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase, while Eu3+ and Tb3+ inhibit calcineurin. In neurons, lanthanide ions regulate the transport and release of synaptic transmitters and block some membrane receptors, e.g. GABA and glutamate receptors. It is likely that lanthanides significantly and uniquely affect biochemical pathways, thus altering physiological processes in the tissues of humans and animals.
4
De la Haba, M. J., J. A. Fernández Pierna, O. Fumière, A. Garrido-Varo, J. E. Guerrero, D. C. Pérez-Marín, P. Dardenne, and V. Baeten. "Discrimination of Fish Bones from other Animal Bones in the Sedimented Fraction of Compound Feeds by near Infrared Microscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 15, no. 2 (April 2007): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.688.
Full textAbstract:
Since the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis, the use of animal proteins in animal feed has been prohibited. From October 2003, the European Union (EU) adopted Regulation (EC) no. 1774/2002 governing animal by-products (ABPs), which seeks to address the possible risks inherent in recycling potential infectivity due to the absence of barriers within species and to exclude the cannibalism which may be induced by intra-species recycling. There is an urgent need to develop fast and reliable methods for identification of low-level ABP origins. In this study, near infrared (NIR) microscopy was used to identify different classes of ABPs. Samples of fish meals ( n = 10) and meals of land-animal origin ( n = 50) were ground, sedimented and analysed using an Auto Image Microscope connected to a Fourier transform near infrared spectrometer (FT-NIR). Sediment fraction particles were spread on a Spectralon plate, presented to the NIR microscope and scanned in the 1112–2500 nm region. The support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was used to construct models to identify class origin. Models correctly classified 100% of the samples in the calibration set and between 95 and 95.5% in the validation set. The results demonstrated the potential of FT-NIR microscopy as a rapid method for distinguishing between fish and land-animal particles.
5
De la Haba, M. J., A. Garrido-Varo, D. C. Pérez-Marín, and J. E. Guerrero. "Near Infrared Analysis as a First-Line Screening Technique for Identifying Animal Species in Rendered Animal by-Product Meals." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 15, no. 4 (August 2007): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.735.
Full textAbstract:
The only official method currently available for the identification of feed ingredients in mixtures and compound feedingstuffs is inspection by optical microscopy (OM). From October 2003, the EU adopted Regulation (EC) No. 1774/2002 governing animal by-products (ABPs), which seeks to address the possible risks inherent in recycling potential infectivity due to the absence of barriers within species and to exclude the cannibalism which may be induced by intra-species recycling. The main aim of the present work was to develop and validate near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy chemometric models for the identification of the animal species in ABPs. A total of 352 meat and bone meal (MBM) samples from different species ( n = 80 pure poultry MBM, 75 pure pork MBM and 197 mixtures of cattle MBM with other species) were scanned using a monochromator instrument equipped with a transport module. The total sample set was split into a training set ( n = 234) and a validation set ( n = 118). Various mathematical and scatter correction treatments were tested and used to develop two different PLS2 discriminant models: Model I, to discriminate between ruminant and non-ruminant meals; and Model II, to discriminate between poultry by-product meal, pork meal and a mixture of cattle meal with other species. All models yielded SECV values approaching 0.2 and over 95% correct classification in the training step; whereas in the validation step, approaching 90% (Model I and II) of samples were correctly classified. The methodology presented here, based on discriminant analysis of NIR spectra, for use as a “first line of defence” in identifying animal species in rendered ABP meals, provides a reliable, fast and affordable means of enforcing legislation concerning the ban on MBM.
6
Liu, Xiaojun, Thomas Lendormi, and Jean-Louis Lanoisellé. "Conventional and Innovative Hygienization of Feedstock for Biogas Production: Resistance of Indicator Bacteria to Thermal Pasteurization, Pulsed Electric Field Treatment, and Anaerobic Digestion." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071938.
Full textAbstract:
Animal by-products (ABP) can be valorized via anaerobic digestion (AD) for biogas energy generation. The digestate issued from AD process is usually used to fertilize farming land for agricultural activities, which may cause potential sanitary risk to the environment. The European Union (EU) requires that certain ABP be thermally pasteurized in order to minimize this sanitary risk. This process is called hygienization, which can be replaced by alternative nonthermal technologies like pulsed electric field (PEF). In the present study, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were used as indicator bacteria. Their resistance to thermal pasteurization and PEF treatment were characterized. Results show that Ent. faecalis and E. coli are reduced by 5 log10 in less than 1 min during thermal pasteurization at 70 °C. The critical electric field strength was estimated at 18 kV∙cm−1 for Ent. faecalis and 1 kV∙cm−1 for E. coli. “G+” bacteria Ent. faecalis are generally more resistant than “G−” bacteria E. coli. AD process also plays an important role in pathogens inactivation, whose performance depends on the microorganisms considered, digestion temperature, residence time, and type of feedstock. Thermophilic digestion is usually more efficient in pathogens removal than mesophilic digestion.
7
Paterson, Jacqueline C. M., Paul Garside, Malcolm W. Kennedy, and Catherine E. Lawrence. "Modulation of a Heterologous Immune Response by the Products of Ascaris suum." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 11 (November 2002): 6058–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.11.6058-6067.2002.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Helminth infections are among the most potent stimulators of Th2-type immune responses and have been widely demonstrated to modify responsiveness to both nonparasite antigens and other infectious agents in a nonspecific manner in infected animals. We investigated the immunomodulatory properties of pseudocoelomic body fluid from adult Ascaris suum gastrointestinal helminths (ABF) and its defined allergen (ABA-1) by examining their effects on the immune response to a heterologous antigen, ovalbumin. Our results indicate that ABF has potent immunomodulatory activity and that the effects observed are consistent with skewing towards a Th2-type response rather than induction of anergy. Our findings show that the immunomodulatory activities of ABF are associated with components other than the major constituent and putative allergen, ABA-1. Furthermore, the allergic responses to ABA-1 are not a result of an intrinsic allergenicity of the protein but are more a reflection of the wider induction of a Th2 response by the infection. Importantly, the induction of interleukin-10 by ABF also suggests that T regulatory cells may play a role in immunomodulation of immune responses by parasitic helminths.
8
Polupan, Yu P., D. M. Basovskiy, N. L. Rieznykova, and Yu M. Reznikova. "PROBLEM OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF FARM ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES." Animal Breeding and Genetics 54 (November 29, 2017): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.54.26.
Full textAbstract:
The ratification by Ukraine of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1994, the approval of the Interlaken Declaration in 2007, the Global Plan of Action on Farm Animal Genetic Resources and the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Benefit-Sharing, signed in 2012, imposes certain obligations to our country, especially concerning farm animal breed conservation. Indigenous breeds have considerable store of variability, high cultural, aesthetic and ecological value and should therefore be unequivocally preserved. The state of this issue in Ukraine and the place of Zubets Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics of NAAS in the solution of the issue are covered in this article. The research was conducted using methodological approaches that are consistent with the Global Action Plan on Animal Genetic Resources, EU Directives, the current legislative framework for livestock in Ukraine, programs and plans of breeding of specific breeds and herds of farm animals. The degree of inbreeding was determined using the method of S. Wright in the modification of D. A. Kislovsky. Conservation of farm animal gene pool is a global issue and affair of certain international organizations, in particular FAO. In Ukraine M.V.Zubets Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics has been actively engaged in the issue of conservation of biodiversity of farm animals during 1996–2017. By the decision of the Bureau of the Presidium of the UAAS on March 11, 2004 (protocol No. 3), the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics assigned to be the main institution for the organization and implementation of a new scientific and technical program "Preservation of farm animal gene pool". In 2004 there was prepared a "Report on the Status of Genetic Resources of Livestock in Ukraine: Materials for FAO" (authors: M. V. Zubets, V. P. Burkat, D. O. Melnychuk, O. I. Kostenko, Yu. F. Melnyk, I. V. Guzev, R. M. Schmidt, G. G. Omelyanenko, V. I. Drobot, V. A. Pidzhelkova, A.F. Gordin, M. V. Stompel) with the participation of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics of the NAAS. To fulfill stated tasks, in 2006 the technology and methodology of breeding resources survey holding, breeding resources’ integrated assessment and identification of their economic and genetic specificity were proposed. According to the developed technology, in 2006–2010, 208 breeding herds of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and poultry were surveyed. In the next year (2007), the Institute held a creative discussion "Problems of farm animal gene pool conservation." In the same year, the Institute workers (I. V. Guzev) took part in the International Scientific Conference "Conservation of Animal Genetic Resources in Poland and Europe" (Krakow, Poland), in 2009 – at the International Congress "On the Traces of Grey Podolic Cattle" (Matera, Italy), 2012 (S. I. Kovtun, N. L. Rieznykova) – in the workshop of the ERFP working group on the conservation ex situ "Legal and institutional arrangements for ex situ conservation at national level" (Zagreb, Croatia), 2016 (N. L. Rieznykova) – in a seminar on the conservation in situ and ex situ (Godöllo, Hungary). M. V. Zubets Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics of NAAS in 2017 formed the request for the participation in the international project of FAO on the conservation and rational use of the Brown Carpathian cattle gene pool. The monitoring of the status of local small-scale and endangered farm animal breeds of different species on their number and number of breeding farms in Ukraine (2011–2017), according to the State Breeding Registry, revealed a tendency to the annual reduction of both the number of subjects of the breeding business in the relevant livestock sector and the general number of animals in breeds. According to the results of the analysis conducted amongst a large number of small-scale farm animal breeds in Ukraine, the most vulnerable populations were chosen on the basis of the number of females and breeding farms. In Ukraine Grey Ukrainian, Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Brown Carpathian, Lebedyn cattle breeds, Hutsul horse breed, Sokil sheep breed, Mirgorodian, Ukrainian Steppe Black-and-White and Ukrainian Steppe White pig breeds are going to disappear. Taking into account the above mentioned, the Program of conservation of local and endangered breeds of farm animals in Ukraine for 2017–2025, based on the initiative and direct participation of Zubets Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, has been developed. It requires the annual budget subsidy at the level of 22.01–42.85 mln. UAH. One of the methods of rational use and conservation of local, small-scale and indigenous farm animal breeds’ gene pool is the establishment of banks for long-term storage of biological material. Inventory of available resources of local cattle sperm was carried out. The bulls' sperm is stored at the Bank of Genetic Resources of Animals at M.V.Zubets Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics of NAAS and nine enterprises of Ukraine. The level of inbreeding among local and endangered breeds was studied. It was established that the highest level of inbreeding is observed among the bulls of the Brown Carpathian breed. Amonst promising further scientific research directions are the next: expeditionary research on the availability of pure-blood animals in gene pool herds, identification of biological characteristics of indigenous animals’ products, estimation of cultural and aesthetic value, resistance level, adaptive ability, and the search for genetic markers of local, small-scale and disappearing breeds.
9
Pavlyuchenko, Tatyana, and Natalya Kosteva. "Application of the ABC method in animal husbandry." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700244.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most important problems is the timely and accurate accounting of costs and output. Providing benefits from sales, obtaining benefits from enterprises and, accordingly, improving the quality of products. In this regard, the problem of building a system of state accounting of costs in agriculture is very relevant for national scientists. The article explores the methods of calculating the cost of livestock production by the traditional method and the ABC method, and also studies the prospects for determining the nature of ABC in the practice of enterprises. The study should lead to difficulties. This system is not widespread and does not have developed guidelines. This can lead to an incorrect distribution of processes and costs, a distortion of the calculation of the cost of production. Nevertheless, with a competent approach to using these parameters, you can get more accurate results.
10
Vyshnevsky, L. V., M. G. Porhun, O. V. Sydorenko, and P. Р. Dzhus. "BANK OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES OF INSTITUTE OF ANIMALS BREEDING AND GENETICS ND. A. M.V.ZUBETS OF NAAS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF UKRAINE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 53 (April 27, 2017): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.53.03.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Conceptual framework system biodiversity in livestock include a combination of a set of measures aimed at the conservation and repopulation animals - the preservation of genetic diversity in situ in vitro and preservation of genetic diversity through the accumulation of genetic material and its cryopreservation as germ and somatic cells, zygotes, tissues (ex situ in vitro). Gene pool facilities require maintenance system to produce the required number gene pool products, the main criterion of evaluation which is playing the typical breed characteristics and features. The unifying element in the system of biodiversity - a Bank of Animals of genetic resources of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS, which is attributed to objects of national heritage.
Relevance of the creation and operation of the bank animal genetic resources of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS teeth caused by rapidly narrowing biodiversity in general and the diversity of farm animals in particular. According to the ratified November 29, 1994 the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "Convention on Biodiversity" Pan-European strategy and objectives of conservation of biological and landscape diversity Bank animal genetic resources of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS performs the task of enhancing the role of agriculture in maintaining biodiversity and fostering international cooperation for the conservation of genetic material of small species and endangered species according to the objectives of science and technology program number 37 "The system works in populations and biodiversity conservation of genetic resources of agricultural animals" ("Saving gene pool breeds").
It operates as a scientific and technological structure that provides storage and preservation of national and global gene pool of small, local and endangered species, populations and genotypes of rare farm animals. According to current trends driving the selection and breeding of livestock Ukraine and focusing on the short term, bank of sperm Institute also provides storage and rational use of better breeding material in the framework of breeding programs and improving the genetic potential productivity of animals.
The purpose of this study was to conduct quantitative and qualitative analysis of genetic material stored in the bank of Animal of Genetic Resources of Institute of Animals Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS.
Material and methods of research. A description of the genetic material that is deposited in the bank of animal genetic resources of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS the results of the inventory on January 1, 2017 and acts of reception and transmission. Analyzed information forms the primary account (1-mol and 1-beef) and certificates of origin bulls.
To characterize the gene pool of animals breeding materials included books of evaluation on the quality sires and progeny data directory bulls allowed to use in the selection process.
Results. Bank Animal of Genetic Resources was formed on the basis of the Republican gene pool bank of sperm, which was established in 1976 under former Ukrainian Research Institute Breeding and Artificial insemination of cattle (now the Institute of Animals Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS.
Forming of animal genetic resources IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS was due to tribal enterprises, which sperm came from almost all regions of Ukraine. Since the gene pool of the National Bank of sperm of animal genetic resources deposited 26.043 thousand sperm doses of 44 bulls who participated in developing Ukrainian Beef breed, and founder of the Ukrainian Beef breed lines. The bank remains Institute of semen sires - the pioneers of related groups sperm are used to display the Ukarainian Beef breed: 81 Eoiziano, 2317 Eymo, 274 Desant and 382 Eufemio (Chianina), 5203 Juncker, 8574103527 Zheriko (Charolais) and founder of the factory line - 0988 Anchar (Ukrainian Beef). Also, the bank laid sperm factory line Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cattle - 897 Elbrus.
Now bank of sperm of Institute holds more than 145.3 thousand sperm doses outstanding bulls 16 dairy and 14 beef breeds in the number of 87.4 thousand doses of 116 sires and 38.6 thousand. Doses from 77 bulls beef breeds which is intended for use directly in selection and breeding work with breeds. To implement the program "Preservation of the gene pool of breeds" in the Bank of animal genetic resources generative cells remain in an amount of 19.5 thousand sperm doses of 27 bulls and four local endangered breeds (Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Lebedyn, Ukrainian Gray and Carpathian Brown). If necessary, use genetic material of these species in gene pool herds in the future will make it possible to recover the lost line.
During 2011- 2013 the specialists studied indicators mobility, dynamic characteristics of movement and survival defrosting bull sperm stored in a bank animals genetic resources of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS using computer analyzer Sperm Vision company «Minitub» (USA). Indices straight-forward motion and absolute bull sperm survival rate for different shelf life.
The Institute staff conducted molecular genetic evaluation of genotypes bulls for loci QTL (k-Cn, βLG, GH (dairy and cattle breeds) TG, CAPN1 530, MSTN), ISSR-markers using a as being primers for fragments of dinucleotide and trinucleotide microsatellite locus (ACC) 6G, (GAG) 6C, (AG)9C, (GA)9C and microsatellite markers that are included in the list of recommended ISAG (BM1824, BM2113, INRA023, SPS115, TGLA122, TGLA126, TGLA227, ETH10, ETH225 and ETH3). The information for the studied markers allows you to make more detailed description of the genetic diversity of planted material stored in a bank of genetic resources of animals IABG.
The staff of the Institute and other academic Institutions in the system of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which performs research program NAAS "Saving gene pool breds" continues to work to build a bank of animal genetic resources.
Also, the Institute formed DNA bank of somatic cells and tissues of various farm animals, with appropriate breeding and genetic characteristics of genetic material.
To enhance the role of the bank of Institute of Animals Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS in the management of genetic resources and conservation of biodiversity in the future of its formation should be based on the basis that from commercial breeds of farm animals lay biological material only from their greatest representatives, and for indigenous, local and endangered breeds - representatives from the widest possible range of different genealogical structure that will characterize the entire population.
Conclusions. Formation of the bank and its functioning is not only the accumulation and cryopreservation of genetic material of all kinds of animals, and in ensuring the implementation of scientific programs to maintain the diversity and specificity of gene pool facilities and breeding, biotechnology and other scientific research.
11
Kruglyak, O. V. "PERSPECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF AN ORGANIC PRODUCTION." Animal Breeding and Genetics 56 (December 4, 2018): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.56.20.
Full textAbstract:
The experience of function organic farms in Ukraine was analyzed. In the process of substantiating the organization of dairy cattle breeding under the conditions of an organic farm, the key role is played by the successful selection of cattle breed and the solution to the problem of ensuring effective channels for the sale of products in order to achieve profitability. It was established that Simmental and Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds showed themselves well in conditions of large-scale eco-production. In the small-scale sector, local breeds of cattle will work best to solve the problem of restoring and preserving the number of animals of local and endangered breeds of cattle. The experience of organizing the production of organic dairy products can be implemented in the experimental base of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine.
The purpose of the article is to investigate the organizational aspects of efficient production of organic products and its prospects in dairy cattle breeding Ukraine.
Materials and methods of research. The research was carried out on the data of the private enterprise "Galex-Agro" (Zhytomyr region), The State enterprise "Experimental farm "Niva" of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets NAAS (Cherkasy region); Observations of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, State Register of Pedigree Affairs in Animal Husbandry. In the course of research, patent research, content analysis of scientific sources and regulatory documents, structural analysis and synthesis, comparative methods, statistical, economical and mathematical methods were used.
The number of eco-farms is currently insignificant n Ukraine. Eco-friendly milk and beef are produced mainly by small farms, agricultural cooperatives and households. The largest number of domestic producers of organic dairy products is concentrated in the small-scale sector (farmers, households, production cooperatives, etc.). They are characterized by a close location to large cities or the presence of a compact cow population in ecologically clean areas, a closed cycle of production. Owners and managers of these farms are mostly supportive of the environmental lifestyle.
Among the largest "players" of this sector are companies with a closed cycle of production of organic agricultural products. This is a privately owned company “Galex-Agro” (Novograd-Volynskyi and Baranivskyi districts, Zhytomyr region), a Ukrainian-Swiss agrarian enterprise – a private joint-stock company “EthnoProduct” (northeast of Chernihiv region), limited liability company "Staryi Poritsk" (Volyn region).
The analysis of objective factors reducing the economic efficiency of domestic agricultural production, in particular due to the crisis in Ukraine's economic growth (the abolition of fiscal stimulation of the industry, the lack of access to external sources of financing, price disparity on agricultural products and means of production, and climate change, etc.), has necessitated the search for new ways of development of state research farms. So promising direction the scientists of IABG nd. a. M.V.Zubets and specialists of husbandry see introduction of organic farming system.
The first stage of the transition to eco-management was determined by the receipt of a certificate of growing of cereals with the subsequent registration of the production of organic dairy raw materials for the production of organic food. Creation of a special raw material zone for these needs involves the introduction of modern advanced technology of growing fodder crops (with elements of energy conservation and environmental feasibility) for the production of animal feed in accordance with the requirements of safety and quality.
In the process of substantiating the organization of dairy cattle breeding in the conditions of an organic farm, the key role belongs to the successful selection of the breed. Given the increased demands on cows' health and nutrition, more combined animals will be more productive. They have a rather high level of milk production and differ from specialized breeds with better meat qualities. Dairy cattle to achieve a sufficient level of productivity may more use rude and succulent feed with less concentrated costs. Dairy cattle to achieve a sufficient level of productivity may more use rude and succulent feed with less concentrated costs.
The main breed of the combined trend, which is well-known in the conditions of large-scale eco-production, is the Simmental (kept in privately owned company “Galex-Agro”). In the State enterprise "Experimental farm "Niva", as well as in PE "Agroecology ", the pedigree cattle of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds are kept (Table 1). The cows of this breed have a strong constitution, well adapted to contain in modern livestock complexes, machine milking in milking halls, have a high genetic potential of milk production. Average milk yields for one cow of this breed in Ukraine in 2017 amounted to 6236 kg with a fat content of 3.91%, protein – 3.23%. In the leading farms, Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed produce about 9–10 thousand kg of milk for 305 days of lactation.
In the conditions of PE" Galex-Agro" and PE "Agroecology", a high level of milk yield has been achieved, while simultaneously maintaining a high level of health and reproduction of animals (the output of calves for 100 cows is approaching 100 goals). Consequently, the Simmental and Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breeds showed themselves well in the conditions of large-scale eco-production, which gives grounds to predict the increase in productivity and reproduction of dairy cattle in State enterprise "Experimental farm "Niva" provided that the transition to the production of organic products of dairy cattle on the farm. Planned economic effect is expected at the level of 550 thousand UAH. per year.
For small producers, when choosing a breed, it is more important to focus on the ability of animals to adapt to environmental conditions, so local breeds of cattle are best placed under these conditions. These include Lebedynska, Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Brown Carpathian, Ukrainian Gray, Pinzgauer, Red Steppe and others. Animals of these breeds during the natural selection for a long time have improved adaptive ability and resistance to disease. In EU countries, farmers use local breeds of dairy cattle to produce high-quality, environmentally friendly livestock products. The experience of European countries shows that, due to the introduction of organic production in breeding dairy cattle breeding, it is also possible to solve the problem of restoring and preserving the number of animals of local and endangered breeds of cattle.
12
Board, Editorial. "IN MEMORY OF VASIL GRIGOROVICH KEBKO." Animal Breeding and Genetics 58 (November 29, 2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.58.20.
Full textAbstract:
On June 21, 2019, at the 82nd year, died a leading researcher, candidate of biological sciences, academician of the International Academy of Sciences of Ecological Safety, deserveded inventor of Ukraine Vasil Grigorovigh Kebko.
G. Kebko was born on February 4, 1938 in the village of Homutets, Myrhorod district, Poltava region. In 1961 he graduated from the zootechnical faculty of the Poltava Agricultural Institute.
From 1961 to 1963 he worked a state inspector of the Ruzaevsky Inspection by Provision of Agricultural Products, a senior zootechnician of the pedigree business and chief zootechnician of the supporting and exponential state farm "Victory of Illich" of the Ruzaevsky district of the Kokshetau region of Kazakhstan. In 1963–1968 he was the chief zootechnician of the collective farm named after Kirov city of Sambir, Lviv region.
From 1968 to 1970 – post-graduate student of the cathedra of feeding of agricultural animals of the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy. V. G. Kebko defended his dissertation for the get at scientific degree of candidate of biological sciences in the specialty "Feeding of agricultural animals and feed technology" in 1971, and in 1977 he was awarded the scientific title of senior researcher in the specialty of biochemistry.
Vasil Grigorovich's fruitful scientific researches are marked by versatility and practical importance for the development of animal husbandry in Ukraine. He engage in studied the nutritional value of feeds and the development of nitrogen-mineral-vitamin premixes for growing and fattening cattle according to detailed norms of feeding, carried out the prophylaxis of acidic disturbance of acid-alkaline balance and normalization of metabolic processes in organism of the cattle when fattening on rations with a high content acid gram-equivalents, carried out scientific securement of transaction branch of the meat cattle breeding and production of ecological friendly beef in the areas contaminated with radionuclides, developed new technology production feeds of animal origin.
According to the results of scientific researches, Vasil Grigorovich has published more than 250 scientific works alone and in creative co-authorship. His scientific developments are widely implemented in the production of agroindustrial sector different forms property of Ukraine, in particular SPE "Biokor-Argo" (ecological energy-saving technology for the production of feeds from wastes processing of fish, poultry and hydrolysed feathers raw material), CAE "Svitanok" Obuhiv district (nitrogen-mineral-vitamin premixes in animal feeding), SPE "Shupyky" of Boguslav district (mineral-vitamin preparations for balancing rations of cows and young animals) and others.
For the development of 38 authorial certificates and patents for inventions and useful models Vasil Grigorovich was awarded the honorary title of deserved inventor of Ukraine.
The personality of Vasil Grigorovich, who was able to inspire his foresight and constructiveness of approaches, originality of thinking and ability to realize his ideas, will forever remain in our memory and our hearts.
13
Gladiy, M. V., Yu F. Melnik, V. G. Kebko, Yu P. Polupan, and I. I. Murzha. "MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF PROCESSING OF POULTRY WASTES AND PRODUCTION OF HIGH-PROTEIN FEED ADDITIVES: DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (March 28, 2018): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.41.
Full textAbstract:
The article highlights different technologies of aviculture wastes recycling, first of all feather raw materials, for fodder purposes, in particular hydrothermal method, extrusion method, thermochemical method, and method of high temperature and high pressure. Hydrothermal method of recycling of meat and bone wastes in the horizontal vacuum boilers has quite satisfactory results, but ineffective in the processing of feather raw materials. More effective methods of raw feathers processing are ones with the use of extrusion process and thermochemical machining, but due to the complexity of processes, large amount of outlay and unsatisfactory sanitary and environmental conditions these technologies are not widely used in manufacturing. European experience of non-waste production and processing of aviculture wastes deserves deeper studying, particularly recycling of raw feathers, by processing method with high temperature and high pressure at continuous technological process and the possibility of using these technologies in the domestic large-scale production at poultry farms of industrial type.
The purpose of the work was to study domestic and foreign advanced technologies of processing of non-food wastes of poultry products and production of high-protein feed additives and to consider the widespread introduction of the most effective ones in domestic manufacture on an industrial scale.
The main wastes of processing of poultry products are gastrointestinal tract and its content, bone frame in the case of deep processing of carcasses, heads, legs, and other expired products, blood and, above all, feather raw materials, which totally constitute 20% of poultry weight. Recycling of meat and bone wastes from poultry slaughtering is carried out in horizontal vacuum boilers (so called Laps boilers), which are mainly used for animal origin wastes at sanitary-veterinary factories, united in association "Ukrvetsanzavod."
The vacuum horizontal boiler for the production of fodder flour from animal raw materials wastes at the sanitary-veterinary utilization factories is a cylindrical metal frame located on stilts, which has a loading manhole and unloading pipes and on the outside of a cylindrical frame – a shell for heating of the frame with pipes for filing and withdrawal of the heat carrier and shaft, which is mounted along the length of the frame, with a mixer, fixed on the ends by bearings. Hot steam is the heat carrier for temperature processing of raw materials, which is supplied directly from the boiler room into the frame shell.
In order to improve horizontal vacuum boiler for producing fodder flour from animal raw material wastes and to reduce its prime cost the special device was designed for its heating by using electricity. To do this on the outside of boiler (for its heating) there is a bullet made of the refractory material with three electric heaters, covered with a layer of insulation.
In our country animal origin feed production has recently decreased, and the price of imported fodder is extremely high due to the reduction in livestock numbers and their processing. At the same time, Ukraine has gained intensive development of the poultry industry, particularly growing the broiler chickens and processing their meat at the large poultry farms of industrial type. Herewith, the substantial amount of non-food wastes from poultry products processing (gastrointestinal tract, bone frame in the case of deep processing of carcasses, dead poultry, blood, feather raw materials etc.) is not used for fodder purposes in many poultry farms. Furthermore, in order to get rid of wastes from poultry and livestock products processing, and instead of organizing high protein feed additives production from them, the technologies of destruction them by burning are developed, which can’t be considered reasonable solution to this problem. It is not only the reason of significant losses of valuable high-protein raw material for animal origin fodder, but also leads to environmental pollution. Therefore, in the conditions of a shortage of animal origin fodder, the use of non-food poultry products processing wastes is not only a great resource saving value, but simultaneously solves some environmental problems.
14
Kosko, I. S., and I. P. Sheyko. "EFFECT OF HYBRID BOARS OF IMPORT SELECTION ON MEAT PERFORMANCE OF PIGS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 52 (November 1, 2016): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.52.06.
Full textAbstract:
Pig breeding is an industry the development of which makes it possible to provide an increase in accelerated meat production due to the precocity of animals, feed recoupment by weight gain, maximum adaptability to the conditions of industrial production at complexes. This makes it possible to provide an uninterrupted supply of the population with products in the shortest possible time.
Final assessment of meat productivity is set after slaughter of animal on the basis of quantitative and qualitative carcass parameters, which are subdivided into slaughter and meat traits. Performance of pigs is determined by quantity of the products obtained from them and suitable to be used in food products. The life determination of meat traits makes it possible to carry out their preliminary assessment.
The aim of the research – to determine the effect of hybrid boars (Duroc × Pietrain) on the progeny’s meat performance.
A graded cutting and boning of five left half-carcasses of pigs of each genotype was conducted to determine the morphological composition and meat content in carcasses.
Analysing the data, it should be noted that animals of genotype (BLW×Y)×(D×P) by slaughter traits surpassed their coevals in the control group for pre-slaughter live weight by 2.0 kg (2%), weight of pair carcass – by 3.8 kg (5.4%), slaughter output – by 6.3 p.p., respectively.
Young animals of genotype (BLW×Y)×(D×P) surpassed coevals of other experimental groups on the pre-slaughter live weight by 0.6-1.6 kg, or 0.6-1.6%, by weight of pair carcass – by 0.4-1.1 kg, or 0.6-1.6%, by slaughter output – by 0.9-2.4 p.p. respectively.
The variation ratio for slaughter yield ranged 1.56-3.86%, indicating the uniformity of index in all the experimental groups.
The degree of variability in pair carcass weight was within 0.57-4.00%. A high variability of this trait was noted in the control group animals of genotype (BLW×BM)×D, and was 4.00%.
It was determined that the highest percentage in composition of chilled carcasses is taken by shoulder cut. So, for the young animals of genotype (BLW×Y)×(D×P), it takes 34.17%, that is 0.07 p.p. higher than in the control group and 0.21-0.27 p.p. than in other experimental groups.
The yield of spinal rib cut was higher with combination of the I experimental group and was 31.90%, that is 0.13 p.p. higher than with the control group hybrids and 0.3-0.9 p.p. compared with the other experimental genotypes. As for specific weight of the rear third part of carcass, the highest figure was observed in the animals of combination (BLW×Y)×(D×P) – 34.83%, that is 0.7 p.p. higher compared with animals in the control group. According to this indicator, young animals of genotype (BLW×Y)×(D×P) surpassed their coevals of the other experimental groups by 0.39-0.63 p.p. respectively.
The most valuable part of pork is the meat, consisting mainly of muscle tissue, concentrated in the skeletal muscle area. The definition of “meat” includes muscle, fat and connective tissue. The most important and useful part of the muscle tissue is proteins. Adipose (fat) tissue is a type of loose connective tissue, the cells of which are filled with fatty inclusions. The fat in pigs is deposited under the skin almost uniformly (depending on the genotype). Uniform deposition of adipose tissue between the muscle fiber bundles gives “marbling” to meat, thus enhancing its taste, nutritional and culinary values.
When analysing morphological content of chilled half-carcass of pigs of different genotypes, it was determined that the young animals of genotype (L×Y)×(D×P) by meat yield significantly surpassed the control group coevals by 1.8 p.p. (R≤0.001) and coevals of other experimental groups – by 0.7-1.1 p.p., respectively.
Carcasses of pigs of genotypes (BLW×BM)×(D×P) and (BLW×Y)×(D×P) also surpassed the control group of animals of genotype (BLW×BM)×D on the meat yield by 1.1-0.7 p.p. (P≤0.05), respectively.
Carcasses of pigs of genotype (L×Y)×(D×P) had less lard in the body: so, the lard content in carcass was by 1.5 p.p. lower compared with the control group animals of (BLW×BM)×D (P≤0.01).
Content of bones in carcasses of pigs of all the groups was within 11.5-11.7% with a trend towards reduction of this indicator in animals of experimental groups by 0.1-0.2 p.p. (P≤0.05).
For the comparative assessment of carcasses an indicative criterion is the ratio of tissues: meat/bone – “meat content index” and meat/fat – “lean meat index”.
Having analysed the data we can say that the highest index of “meat content” was obtained in animals of genotype (L×Y)×(D×P) – 5.62. When defining index of “lean meat”, animals of genotype (L×Y)×(D×P) surpassed all the groups of animals with 3.81 index, which exceeded the index for the animals in the control and experimental groups.
Conclusions.
It was determined that hybrid young animals of genotype (BLW×Y)×(D×P) surpassed their coevals of other experimental groups on the pre-slaughter live weight by 0.6-1.6 kg, or 0.6-1.6% by weight of pair carcass – by 0.4-1.1 kg or 0.6-1.6%, on slaughter output – by 0.9-2.4 percentage points, respectively.
On the specific weight of rear third part of carcass the highest figure was observed in the animals of combination (BLW×Y)×(D×P) – 34.83%, that is 0.7 p.p. higher compared with animals in the control group. On this trait young animals of genotype (BLW×Y)×(D×P) surpassed their coevals of other experimental groups by 0.39-0.63 percentage points, respectively.
When analysing the morphological content of chilled half-carcasses of pigs of different genotypes it was determined that young animals of genotype (L×Y)×(D×P) by meat yield significantly surpassed their coevals of the control group by 1.8 p.p. (P ≤ 0.001), and coevals of other experimental groups – by 0.7-1.1 percentage points, respectively. Combination of this genotype also showed higher index of “meat content” (5.62) and index of “lean meat” (3.81).
15
De Mello Rodrigues, Ravena, Ricardo Luiz Fernandes Bella, Douglas Vieira Barboza, and Maria Helena Teixeira da Silva. "Stock Management and Control in a Local Shop of Animal Products." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 624–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss8.2570.
Full textAbstract:
Due to globalization, the achievement of competitiveness has become fundamental to the organizations that try to be leaner each day, reducing costs, and thus allowing other investments. Thereby, stocks are achieving each day more importance due to its relevance in the company economic stability. A great management allows products never miss in stock and a great management also avoids excess in leftovers. In this project, the importance of stock management carries the objective of optimizing the investments over stocks and of decreasing losses caused by obsolescence in a retail micro company that sells goods for animals. For that purpose, the ABC Classification has been applied in which the main products referred to demand and profits were identified. The supply policy adopted for those products was the Economic Lot Size, calculating the safety stock and the resupply point. It was possible to calculate order costs, maintenance and material through collected data during meetings with the company owners and this way it was possible to realize that the economic buying batch applicability would generate savings relating to the current company model. In addition to the decreasing of the risk of losing items and keeping the safety stock in order to face the demand fluctuations.
16
Metlytska, O. I., K. V. Kopylov, and A. V. Berezovsky. "MODERN MOLECULAR-GENETIC APPROACH TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY OF SELECTION PROCESS IN ANIMAL BREEDING OF UKRAINE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (March 28, 2018): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.26.
Full textAbstract:
Evaluation of livestock genomes to identify gene complexes which lead to expression of the quantitative trait desired for breeding is impossible without knowledge of its fine molecular structure and characteristics of "work" of this complex system – the interaction of genes at the level of their protein products, regulation of gene activity, and so on. To address such complex issues focused efforts of leading scientists in the world who have worked within the mapping and sequencing the genomes of the most economically important species of farm animals – "transcript" of the genome of some dog breeds was completed in 2003, the structure of the genome of cattle, pigs, rabbits, horses and turkeys was identified only in 2009, and the noticeabout completion of international program "Honeybee Genome" appeared only in 2010.
The rapid genesis of methods of molecular genetic analysis of farm animals’ genomes is not in vain called "DNA Revolution" and the number of methodological approaches and developments in this field is huge, so we consider it appropriate to be limited to developments of a leading scientific center of Ukraine to address these important issues – Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS of Ukraine.
The main focus of the institute is developments of scientists which help to solve an important problem of the state –preservation of the existing gene pool of domestic breeds. In this sense, the developments of genetic testing of cattle on the "major" genes of quantitative traits, involved in forming the qualitative indicators of milk and meat productivity (k-Cn, βLG, GH, TG5, CAPN1 530, MSTN), have shown uniqueness of domestic breeds and high frequency of genotypes desired for breeding aimed at improving quality of milk and meat products. For example, k-Cn (kappa-casein) gene can be determined in a herd of animals with genotypes determining the presence of milk protein with desirable properties for cheese-making and selection of animals on some genotypes of βLG, GH, TG5 not only helps to intensify breeding towards milk yield increase, but will increase its fat content. Some mutation, identified in CAPN1 530 (calpain) gene, will provide for its carrier –a representative of beef cattle breeds by expressed marbling of muscle and individuals with abnormalities in MSTN (myostatin) gene will have "double" hypertrophied muscle structure. By the way, convenience to address practical issues of production of molecular genetic markers is that any genetic material (blood, pinched hair from an ear at marking of animals, buccal scrape of mucous membranes, urine, manure, semen, hair with hair follicles and even a few cells of embryos, etc.) can be used for researches at any age of animals. The value of this information is an early assessment of a genotype of an animal, that is, its genetic potential immediately after birth.
Using crossbreeding of different local populations of farm animals with imported ones has helped to improve the genetic potential of productivity of many populations of animals in very short term and the widespread artificial insemination has created conditions for economically useful programmable transmission of genes from parents to offspring. But now, as a result of intensive breeding and breed formation the accumulated reserve of variability has been reduced that can’t affect the possibilityofstrategic breeding. Intensive processes of "holsteinisation" and use of the limited number of sires of leading lines of this breed at moderate inbreeding and limitation of effective population size have led to the accumulation of "genetic load" in herds of local breeds–mutant variants of gene with lethal and semi-lethal effects.
Determination of hidden genetic abnormalities in cattle (BLAD – Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency, CVM – Complex Vertebral Malformation, DUMPS – Deficiency of Uridine Monophosphate Synthase) using DNA diagnostics is carried out to prevent the accumulation of genetic load and reproductive losses. The vast number of spontaneous abortions and reasonsof early death of calves with birth defects is caused by gene mutations appearing phenotypically only if carriers of mutant alleles are both parents of a descendant. Identification of animals with heterozygous genotype as carriers of hidden abnormalities, is possible only if using proposed DNA technology.
Another type of testing breeding animals which is obligatory under law "On Livestock Breeding" is a cytogenetic analysis. In the selection and breeding work it is important not only to use methods for assessing the genetic potential of animals on the basis of productivity traits and availability of genetic diseases caused by mutations in specific genes. We must also take into account the sensitivity of animals’ genetic apparatus to different mutagenic environmental factors; it makes possible to select animals to improve genetic stability of their offspring and creating genetically stable populations at some farms that will significantly reduce the likelihood of chromosomal or genetic reconstructions in animals.
Reliable ways to assess genetic and population situation, genetic differences at interspecies, within species and individual level include a method of ISSR-PCR. Effective criteria for determining the impact of mutagenic environmental factors and selection factors on the structure of the investigated samples are implemented via this method and it is used as a tool for search of genetic loci associated with expression of the desired quantitative trait. This development is intended for use primarily in pig breeding for obtaining heterosis of offspring with high potential fattening and meat qualities.
As a result of long-term molecular genetic monitoring with use of own-created informative DNA markers in technology ISSR, RAPD, the confirmation of selection achievements in beekeeping was received– creating Khmelnytsky intra-breed type of Ukrainian Steppe bees with construction of unique genetic passport. The basic genetic criteria of "pure breed" of three bee species – Ukrainian, Carpathian and Grey Caucasian Mountain were determined, thus the degree of "pure breed"of bees can be determined accurately on the basis of morpho-metric and molecular genetic indicators. Using ISSR-S4 primer is able to identify the genome fragment of Ukrainian bees with size 950 bp, which is significantly associated with the expression of honey productivity; the research is carried out in this field.
Conducting DNA certification of bees to determine the purebred Ukrainian Steppe bees and Carpathian bees is a necessary part of the breeding work in beekeeping for the prevention and elimination of consequences of undesirable interbreed crossbreeding, linear consolidation, increase of traits of honey productivity.
In 2014,"Guidelines for morphological and genetic evaluation of Ukrainian bees" were formed and approved by the Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine as a result of long-term comprehensive studies on the genetics of honey bees.
Despite the difficult economic situation, a significant reduction in funding scientific support, reduction of scientific staff, low technological level of existing equipment, the work towards the development of effective technologies for the needs of the agricultural sector is conducted. The unique researches of peculiarities of genetic structure of major histocompatibility complex of cattle and pigs are carried out to identify animals with the best heredity for reproductive capacity and resistance to infectious diseases. Further study of protective and hygienic behaviour of bees, which is currently underway, will enable to improve breeding work in beekeeping with getting environmentally friendly products which can be exported and receive significant foreign exchange earnings to the state budget.
In general, livestock of Ukraine is the most important part of the socio-economic development and food security, as it is a manufacturer of biologically important products in the human diet. It is decidedly, that the progressive development of agriculture which defines export potential, quality of life and prosperity of citizens of Ukraine is impossible without the development of modern technologies and appropriate scientific support.
17
Zupančič, Marija, and Nataša Čelan Korošin. "Physico-Chemical Properties of the Pyrolytic Residue Obtained by Different Treatment Conditions of Meat and Bone Meal." Acta Chimica Slovenica 68, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2020.6419.
Full textAbstract:
The depletion of phosphate rock reserves has led to the search for new, alternative and environmentally friendly products and processes. One of the safe and environmentally friendly sources of phosphate is animal bone char (ABC), the residue from the pyrolysis of meat and bone meal (MBM), a slaughterhouse waste material. The presented study investigated the physico-chemical properties of the residues (ABC) obtained from the pyrolysis of MBM under different treatment conditions. Two different end temperatures (600 °C and 1000 °C) and five different heating rates (5 °C min−1, 10 °C min−1, 20 °C min−1, 50 °C min−1 and 100 °C min−1) were used. The ABC samples obtained were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy, elemental CHNS analysis and SEM/EDS analysis. The results showed the strong influence of both the pyrolysis end temperature and the heating rate on the morphology and chemical composition of the final products.
18
ZINTL, A., D. NEVILLE, D. MAGUIRE, S. FANNING, G. MULCAHY, H. V. SMITH, and T. DE WAAL. "Prevalence ofCryptosporidiumspecies in intensively farmed pigs in Ireland." Parasitology 134, no. 11 (June 13, 2007): 1575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007002983.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYNaturalCryptosporidiuminfections in pigs are widespread but generally apathogenic. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of zoonoticCryptosporidiumspp. in piggeries in Ireland, where the drinking water supply is particularly vulnerable to contamination with zoonotic species. Overall, infections were detected in 39 out of 342 animals (11·4%), with highest infection rates among weaners (15%) and sows (13·3%). Twenty-nine positive samples were genotyped based on SSU rRNA sequence analysis. Infections withCryptosporidium parvum, the most important zoonotic species were rare and are likely to be of greater concern to animal handlers than suppliers of drinking water. In addition toC. parvum,Cryptosporidium suis,Cryptosporidiumpig genotype II,Cryptosporidium murisand a previously undescribed genotype were identified. ABI-profiles indicated the presence of different alleles in at least 40% of all genotyped isolates. This was confirmed in 3 isolates by cloning of the PCR products. Since chronic mixed infections appear to be quite common in pigs they could be considered as models for mixed infections in immunocompromised humans.
19
Lei, Dawn K., and Leslie C. Grammer. "An overview of allergens." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 40, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2019.40.4247.
Full textAbstract:
Most allergens are proteins or glycoproteins that range in molecular weight from 5000 to 100,000 Da, although polysaccharides and low-molecular-weight substances may also be allergenic. Common allergens include pollens, fungal spores, house-dust mites, and animal epithelial materials but can also include drugs, biologic products, and insect venoms. The allergic response is dependent on the route of exposure. If the exposure is to an inhaled aeroallergen, then the allergic response will be respiratory in nature. Ingested or injected exposure gives rise to gastrointestinal, cutaneous, or anaphylactic reactions. The size of the pollen determines the clinical manifestation of allergy. For example, particles between 20 and 60 μm in diameter can be carried by the wind and cause nasal and ocular symptoms (allergic rhinoconjunctivitis). Particles of <7 μm can deposit in the airways and cause symptoms of asthma. Animals produce allergens in forms unique to each species. Cat allergen, most importantly Fel d 1, is buoyant and “sticky,” which means it easily remains airborne and may last in a home for up to 6 to 9 months after the source is removed. Cat allergen adheres to clothes and can be found in public places, e.g., schools. Dog allergen, particularly Can f 1, is present in dander, saliva, urine, and serum. All dog breeds produce allergenic proteins (even poodles and “hairless” dogs).
20
Basu, S. S., S. Dastgheib, S. Ghosh, M. Basu, P. Kelly, and S. Basu. "Purification and characterization of avian glycolipid: beta-galactosyltransferases (GalT-4 and GalT-3): cloning and expression of truncated betaGalT-4." Acta Biochimica Polonica 45, no. 2 (June 30, 1998): 451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1998_4239.
Full textAbstract:
Acidic glycolipid of ganglio-(containing sialic acid) and sialyl-lactofucosyl-type, SA-Lex (containing sialic acid and fucose) are developmentally regulated and appear to be ubiquitous on neuronal and cancer cell surfaces of animals. Two glycolipid: beta-galactosyltransferases, GalT-3 and GalT-4, were characterized in embryonic chicken brain (ECB). Based on substrate competition experiments, these two activities were believed to be due to expression of two gene products. A cDNA fragments (about 600 bp) encoding the catalytic domain of the GalT-4 (UDP-Gal:LcOse3Cer beta1,4galactosyltransferase) from ECB and human Colo-204 were isolated. These cDNAs were expressed as a soluble glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein (48 kDa) in Escherichia coli. Interactions between GlcNAc-, UDP-hexanolamine-, and alpha-lactalbumin were studied with the purified fusion protein (recombinant and truncated). Functionally it was similar to that of native GalT-4 purified (40000-fold) from 11-day-old ECB. GalT-3 (UDP-Gal:GM2beta1,3galactosyltransferase) was purified from 19-day-old ECB, and a polyclonal antibody was produced against the peptide backbone for immunoscreening of a lambdaZAP ECB cDNA expression library. Each of the GalT-3 peptides (62 and 65 kDa was analyzed by protein fingerprinting analysis indicating a similar peptide mapping pattern.
21
Mokhnachova, N., T. Suprovich, M. Dobrynska, and N. Fursa. "CHARACTERISTICS OF UKRAINIAN GREY CATTLE BY DNA-MARKERS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (March 28, 2018): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.38.
Full textAbstract:
Today conservation of biodiversity is one of the most important priorities in the world. Polymorphism of farm animals is a key to successful breeding; it provides animal adaptation to environmental changes. Impoverishment of genetic resources of farm animals can lead to various negative consequences, such as significant decrease of the effectiveness of selection, existing breeds will not be able to successfully resist to infectious agents evolving constantly; valuable material for the study and analysis of breed origin will be lost. Local breeds created by national selection are valuable genetic resources. Lacking high performance in most cases, they are usually characterized by high resistance to various diseases. Ukrainian Grey cattle, as a representative of the local native breeds, are an interesting object of population research in respect not only of adaptive characteristics, but also genetic mechanisms providing phenotypic expression of certain features of productivity. Recent advances in molecular genetics have made it possible to identify genes associated with qualitative and quantitative characteristics of cattle. The most informative one in this regard is the DNA marker systems based on structural analysis of polymorphisms of genes involved in formation and operation of economically useful traits. The most common potential DNA markers of characteristics of cattle productivity include genes of growth hormone (bGH), beta-lactoglobulin (βLG), thyroglobulin (TG5), calpain (CAPN). BGH gene is an important regulator of somatic growth of animals and has lactating and fat-mobilizing effects. CSN3 gene is linked to milk protein ability and technological properties of milk. Different allelic variants of βLG gene are associated with high content casein and whey proteins in milk, fat percentage and positive impact on milk production. Milk products and falsification detection of milk are controlled by this gene. Its role has been proved in antimicrobial activity to pathogens of mastitis. TG5 gene is a precursor of tyreoid hormones such as triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine participating in formation of fat cells and the formation of meat marbling. CAPN gene is involved in proteolysis during ripening of meat and leads to higher tenderness of meat. The aim was to investigate the allelic polymorphism of genes of growth hormone, beta-lactoglobulin, thyroglobulin and calpain in Ukrainian Grey cattle. Blood samples (n = 136) from Ukrainian Grey cattle at "Markeyevo" breeding farm (Kherson region) were studied. Molecular genetic studies were conducted at Laboratory of Genetics of Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V. Zubets of NAAS. DNA isolation from whole blood was performed using standard commercial kit "DNA-Sorb-B" (produced by AmpliSens, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russia). Polymorphisms of genes of GH, βLG5, TG and CAPN1530 was investigated by PCR-RFLP. Electrophoretic separation of restriction fragments of DNA was performed in 1.5% and 2% agarose gels in tris-borate electrophoresis buffer. The results of DNA testing of beta-lactoglobulin locus for A- and B-allele variants in animals of Ukrainian Grey breed found that most of the cows were carriers of homozygous BB genotype of βLG gene. It was determined at every second investigated animals. Homozygous AA genotype was found only at two cows or it is 4%. AB genotype was represented at 45% of animals. Thus, the study found a significant prevalence of frequencies B allele over A allele (0.736 and 0.264, respectively), which leads to overwhelming homozygotisation of one of these alleles. B allele in beta-lactoglobulin gene is associated with high content of casein protein in milk and a high percentage of fat. The values of expected and observed heterozygosity at this gene were not significantly different. The study of gene polymorphism of thyroglobulin found that at the population of the represented breed, the most often seen heterozygous genotype was CT, carriers of which were 57% of the animals. In homozygous state C allele was in 31% of the animals, and T allele – only in 11%. Regarding the level of heterozygosity, we received that actual heterozygosity exceeded theoretically expected one. However, difference is statistically insignificant. Consequently, for thyroglobulin gene Ukrainian Grey cattle belong to breeds that carry the highest frequency of desired C allele for marbling of meat. The analysis of gene polymorphism of bGH indicates the absence of the animals with genotype VV in the investigated sampling, low percentage of heterozygotes (3%) and a significant portion of homozygotes for L allele (98%). Significant differences on levels of actual and expected heterozygosity for somatotropin gene we haven’t found. One of the markers of quality characteristics of meat productivity of cattle is CAPN gene. In general, the animals of Ukrainian Grey breed are characterized by the absence of polymorphism for calpain gene. All the studied animals were carriers of homozygous genotype for preferred G allele (1,0). This feature of the genetic structure of the studied population by calpain gene, animals of which are reproduced in a small array, shows breed-specific high genetic potential by quality characteristic of meat productivity, namely, the tenderness of meat. It was revealed that the population of Ukrainian Grey breed was characterized by low level of polymorphism for genes which cause milk production and meat quality indicators. Thus, homozygous genotype BB dominated for beta-lactoglobulin gene; homozygous LL genotype (98%) was also significantly prevalent and VV genotype was not detected for growth hormone gene; only genotype GG was generally found for calpain gene. And heterozygous CT genotype (57%) dominated only for TG5 locus of thyroglobulin gene.
22
Оsipchuk, G. V. "REPRODUCTIVE INDICATORS OF SWINE AND ECOLOGICAL MEANS IN SOME PATHOLOGIES." Animal Breeding and Genetics 58 (November 29, 2019): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.58.14.
Full textAbstract:
With an increase in the world's population, the demand for environmentally friendly food is increasing. In this regard, the main task of animal husbandry is to intensify the reproduction of the herd and the maximum possible increase in animal productivity.
In this sector of agriculture, as in any industry, there are also various problems. One of these problems is that sows' productivity still averages around 40–60% of their potential
This is due to the fact that modern industrial pig breeding technologies do not always take into account the physiological needs of the pig’s body, which leads to weakened immunity and an increase in the frequency of various pathologies. Therefore, to increase the overall resistance of the animal organism and prevent postpartum pathologies, various means are systematically used. The most commonly used drugs are etiotropic therapy. But almost all of them have certain disadvantages: toxic effects on the body, irritating effects on tissues, long-term effects and various side effects, antibiotic resistance.
Therefore, veterinary specialists seek to limit the frequency of use of antibiotics by replacing them with drugs that do not potentiate antibiotic resistance, have immunostimulating properties and contain environmentally friendly and inexpensive components.
Such environmentally friendly drugs are effective due to the fact that the micronutrients or extracts of medicinal plants contained in them have good antibacterial and bactericidal, and sometimes fungicidal, immunostimulating and antiviral properties.
The use of such drugs, either alone or in combination with certain methods and drugs (synestrol, carbocholine, pituitrin, proserin, vitamins, UHF, EHF, etc.) allows you to get environmentally friendly products from the animal almost immediately after the course of treatment .
The aim of our research was to study the effectiveness of new, environmentally friendly and easy-to-use agents used for the treatment of postpartum endometritis in sows and their effect on some parameters of sows productivity.
The studies were carried out during 2018 in the conditions of the complex of selection and hybridization of pigs “Moldsudingbrid”, the city of Orhei, Republic of Moldova.
From the number of farrowing sows, queens with a diagnosis of postpartum endometritis were selected. The selected uterus was divided into 3 groups: one control and two experimental.
In the control group, all sows were treated according to the scheme adopted by the farm: injections of Enrofloxacin 50 were used according to the instructions 1 ml/20 kg body weight, once a day, intramuscularly 3–5 days.
The animals of both experimental groups were injected once, in the upper third of the neck (behind the ear), a tissue preparation was injected at the rate of 1 ml/100 kg of body weight. Before use, the drug was diluted with a 0.5% solution of novocaine in a ratio of 1:1. At the same time, 100–150 ml of a preparation made on the basis of an extract from plant D and a chelate compound of iodine were intrauterine administered to sows of the first experimental group. Animals of the second experimental group were intrauterine injected with 100–150 ml of a preparation made on the basis of an extract from plant C and a chelate compound of iodine. The frequency of administration was 1 time per day for 3–5 days.
Studies have shown that the duration of therapy in the experimental groups was less than in the control group. In the first experimental group, the duration of therapy was 4.44 ± 0.358 days and in the second experimental group 4.22 ± 0.386 days. This is 1.39 and 1.61 days (23.84% and 27.65%, respectively) less than in the control group.
The inter-porous period in the experimental groups after therapy was less than in the control group. In the first experimental group, the period between farrowing was 164.33 ± 6.645 days and in the second experimental group 180.75 ± 9.12 days. This is 12.17 and 5.85 days less than in the control group, where this indicator was 2.57 days.
The interval from weaning of piglets to the fruitful insemination of sows (when they first came to the hunt) in the experimental groups decreased by 5.15 and 6.6 days and amounted to 17.25 ± 5.01 and 9 ± 3.36 days. In the control group, the interval between weaning and insemination of sows was 18.8 ± 4.93 days, which is 2 days less than before the studies.
It has been established: 1) the new, environmentally friendly products that we offer are effective in the treatment of postpartum endometritis in sows; 2) do not adversely affect sow productivity; 3) contribute to improved reproductive performance and are more effective than antibiotic.
The data obtained will improve and specify the appropriate preventive, therapeutic and diagnostic and other measures necessary to increase the reproductive potential of sows
23
Мaherovska, О. M. "SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF ISSR-MARKERS FOR ANALYSIS OF SEPARATE CATTLE POPULATIONS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 61 (May 27, 2021): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.61.15.
Full textAbstract:
The article covers molecular genetic analysis of intermicrosatellite DNA sequences of dairy cattle productivity. Molecular markers based on DNA polymorphism were used for this monitoring. Such markers make it possible to assess quickly the genetic polymorphism of taprin in the herd. Іnsofar as a large number of intermicrosatellite repeats is in the genome of cattle, that increases the probability of detecting polymorphic loci. The ISSR markers selected for the study are based on multiclocus synthesis in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and allow an objective study of the breed and interbreed diversity. And it makes possible to assess quickly and accurately genetic diversity for the presence of genes associated with economically useful traits.
The purpose of this work is the selection and evaluation of ISSR-markers for the analysis and study of genetic diversity of Ukrainian and imported breeds of dairy cattle.
Samples of biological material from representatives of three herds of cattle (Ukrainian Red-and-White spotted dairy, Montbeliard breed and their crossbreeds) were selected for the study by the method of groups-analogues. For the analysis of this material the generally accepted zootechnical methods of studying of a selection material and methods of an estimation of animals on molecular – genetic markers are included. According to standard methods, DNA was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes using a set of reagents "DNA Sorb B". Amplification of total DNA with ISSR primers was performed on a thermal cycler "Tertsyk" ("DNA technology" of the Russian Federation). Electrophoretic separation of DNA fragments was performed in an agarose gel according to conventional methods. The size of the obtained PCR products was detected using a molecular weight marker SM1343.
As a result of the study of the biological material of these animals, the obtained ISSR-PCR products were quite heterogeneous. The vast majority of polylocus spectra had clear discrete bands, but there were amplicons without clear discrete bands. Analyzing the results of the study of the genetic structure of animals of the Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed, using primers ISSR-1, ISSR-2, ISSR-3 and ISSR-4, the range of obtained PCR products ranges from 250 bp. up to 3000 bp. The range of amplification products in Montbeliard animals has a smaller range and ranges from 250 bp, respectively. up to 1500 bp.The obtained amplicons for the use of primers ISSR-1 and ISSR-2, ISSR-3 and ISSR-4 in the turf of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy and Montbeliard breeds have sizes from 350 bp to 2000 bp.
Having analyzed the information you can determine the distribution of the number and length of DNA fragments using 4 ISSR-markers. The total number of amplified DNA fragments varies depending on the primer from 21 to 106, and their size ranges from 250 BP up to 3000 bp. Based on the analysis of DNA plymorphism, it is possible to assess the heterogeneity of selected populations of cattle.
Thus, as a result of studying the genetic structure of animals of two breeds of dairy cattle and their crossbreeds by intermicrosatellite DNA loci, their individual polymorphism was revealed. The amplification products have significant variations depending on the primer used. Primers ISSR-1 and ISSR-2 were the most informative for the analysis of cattle DNA polymorphism.
24
Vinogradova, E. V., Z. I. Mikashinovich, and E. S. Belousova. "Effect of Statins (Zocor) on Oxygen-Dependent Processes in Muscle Tissue and Erythrocytes in Animals with Hypercholesterolemia." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 4, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2019-4.3.14.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Statin therapy may be accompanied by a toxic effect on skeletal muscle and liver cells, the molecular mechanisms of which have not yet been fully understood.Aim. To clarify the peculiarities of changes in the oxygen transport function of erythrocytes and antioxidant mechanisms in erythrocytes and muscles of animals with prolonged administration of statins (simvastatin).Materials and methods. The study was conducted on outbred male rats, which during the experiment were randomly assigned to following groups: the control group contained animals on a common ration of the vivarium, the group of comparison – animals with induced hypercholesterolemia, the main group – animals with induced hypercholesterolemia treated with simvastatin. In erythrocytes and muscle tissue of animals, indicators characterizing the state of antioxidant defense and carbohydrate metabolism were determined.The results. The experiment showed that the administration of simvastatin to animals was characterized by aggravation of hypoxia due to hypercholesterolemia, as indicated by a sharp increase in the concentration of 2,3-BPG and lactate in erythrocytes of animals, as well as a significant decrease in the activity of G6PD. In the muscle tissue of animals, there was a decrease in the concentration of pyruvic acid and lactate relative to the comparison group, which indicates their intensive participation in metabolic processes.Conclusion. Based on the data obtained, it can be assumed that the peculiarity of the action of statins in erythrocytes is the increased oxygen delivery to the tissues, which in muscles was accompanied by a decrease in the level of oxidized products. At the same time, against the background of the use of statins, despite the positive direction of adaptive reactions, signs of oxidative stress remain, which is documented by the imbalance of the SOD-catalase system and a decrease in the activity of glutathione-dependent reactions
25
Gaidarska, V. M., M. M. Ignatova, and P. I. Lytskanov. "GENETIC RESOURCES OF FARM ANIMALS IN BULGARIA – CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT." Animal Breeding and Genetics 53 (April 27, 2017): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.53.05.
Full textAbstract:
During the resent years zootechnical science and practice have paid attention on the preservation, management, and rational use of genetic resources in farm animals. Currently genetic resources conservation and their effective use are the major factor for sustainable development of mankind. The aim of this study is to present the status and opportunities for preservation, use of genetic resources and management capabilities of genetic resources of farm animals. Still there are methods and technologies that can restore the gene pool of extinct breed in country, which is confirmed by the concepts of FAO irreversibility of lost genetic diversity within breeds and populations. Besides genetic factors in the literature are described and non-genetic (anthropogenic) factors behind the erosion and loss of genetic resources in livestock including cattle rearing-like economic, socio-political and demographics factors, climate chang and the associated immediate disaster and accidents: disease outbreaks affecting animals. There have not been developed programmes for conservation of any of the risk breeds. No stimuli are applied to help the population in storage and conservation of such breeds. The objectives of the conservation programmes in breeding farms animals are the conservation of the genetic resources through increasing the size of the population, conservation of the in-breed diversity and drawing the inbreeding to a minimum.
The main stimuli for maintenance and management of the genetic diversity are the subsidies for breeding stock animals. The goals of conservation are maintenance of breeds and lines and in the long-term improvement of breeds through new methods and techniques of contol, applied in selection. Conservation programmes in farm animals have been developed in the country, and have been foreign programmes. Such programmes do not affect the food resource of the country, but help to organized and manage genetic resources. Bulgaria has set out to achieve improvement and conservation genetic resources and genetic diversity and the quality of productivity and determining the breeding activity of the yielded production through improvement of the genetic potential of the animals, the products from the animals have to meet the requirements for food security and they have to have high consumer quality. In the last years significant changes have occurred in the country in the goal-oriented help for the storage of the endangered breeds. The most significant measure is the programme of the Ministry of Agriculture, The Agency for Selection and Reproduction on the Farm Animals, Agency for Conservation Genetic Resources on the Farm Animals.
26
Mitioglo, L. V., M. M. Peredriy, М. V. Gladiy, V. G. Кеbkо, Yu P. Polupan, M. G. Porhun, L. O. Dedova, and L. I. Ostapovets. "COMPUTER MODEL OF OPTIMIZATION OF FEEDING RATIONS FOR LACTATING COWS AS ONE OF THE EFFECTIVE FACTORS FOR THE REALIZATION OF THEIR SELECTION AND GENETIC POTENTIAL." Animal Breeding and Genetics 54 (November 29, 2017): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.54.10.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. With the development of computer technology, the ability to design and optimize rations with the use of special programs, which reduce the time spent on their conducting a dozen times
The majority of currently known methods of development of rations for farm animals with the usage of computer technology and software, which are published in the literature or are posted on the Internet, do not present accessible, concrete, clear and reliable data regarding their practical use and, as a rule, have significant realization costs.
The goal of this work is to develop computer model of the optimization of composition, nutritional value and cost of feeding rations for lactating cows with detailed standards, as well as predicted profitability of milk production on the basis of Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, which will be simple and accessible for wide use in the production conditions.
Materials and methods of research. The computer model of optimization of the composition, nutritional value and cost of feeding rations for lactating cows, as well as the expected profitability of milk production is developed based on Microsoft Excel spreadsheets under production conditions of the research farms of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS, SE RF “Nyva” (Hrystynivka village, Hrystynivskiy area, Cherkaskiy region) and SE RF “Hrystynivske” (Hrystynivka town of Cherkaskiy region).
Results of the research. The developed computer model of optimization of feeding rations for lactating cows is the computer matrix of the optimized ration that includes the database of detailed rates of cows feeding, main types of feeds and their nutritional value, prime cost of the farm-produced feeds and cost of the purchased feeds. At the first stage of ration optimization, the selection of the daily quantity of feeds to the ration is realized in the following sequence:
- to balance with dry matter - bulky farm-produced feeds (hay, silage, haylage, straw);
- to balance with metabolic energy – stock feed of corn, barley, non-food wheat;
- to balance with protein – peas, press cake, grist, brewers grain;
- balancing with macro-, microelements and vitamins – mineral and vitamin products.
At the final stage, based on the database entered to the computer, the programmed automated calculation of nutritional value, cost of the ration and predicted profitability of milk production is realized.
The proposed computer model envisages the inclusion of feeds of own production from the energy-protein units, which are most yielding on harvest, and the fodder crops, which are cheapest on the prime cost, with minimal use of purchased high-protein supplements and other fodder and mineral supplements to rations.
Advantages of the proposed computer model of ration development for lactation cows:
- availability of the method;
- the method does not require the usage of traditional expensive programs, which are complicated in application;
- simplicity of computer software in the development of rations;
- the availability of operative measures in order to make the necessary changes for the correction of rations in the process of their development;
- the labor costs for the development of rations, the calculation of their cost and the expected profitability of milk production decrease by 5–7 times;
- the introduction of a computer model of calculation of composition of feed rations into the production according to detailed rules makes it possible to maximize the genetically predetermined productive potential of animals and the production of high quality and competitive livestock products.
Conclusions:
A simple computer model of optimization of the composition, nutritional value and cost of feeding rations for lactating cows, which can be used in the production conditions, according to detailed norms and predicted profitability of milk production is developed.
The organization of optimized full feeding of lactation cows using computer technology according to detailed norms and the purposeful management of the selection and genetic process ensured the average annual milk yield from the cow in 2016 at research farms of Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS of SE RF “Nyva” and SE RF “Hrystynivske” at the level of 6514 and 6511 kg, respectively.
27
Mitterbauer, Rudolf, Hanna Weindorfer, Naser Safaie, Rudolf Krska, Marc Lemmens, Peter Ruckenbauer, Karl Kuchler, and Gerhard Adam. "A Sensitive and Inexpensive Yeast Bioassay for the Mycotoxin Zearalenone and Other Compounds with Estrogenic Activity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 2 (February 2003): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.2.805-811.2003.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Zearalenone (ZON) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by plant-pathogenic species of Fusarium. As a consequence of infection with Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum, ZON can be found in cereals and derived food products. Since ZON is suspected to be a cause of human disease, including premature puberty syndrome, as well as hyperestrogenism in farm animals, several countries have established monitoring programs and guidelines for ZON levels in grain intended for human consumption and animal feed. We developed a low-cost method for monitoring ZON contamination in grain based on a sensitive yeast bioassay. The indicator Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YZRM7 is unable to grow unless an engineered pyrimidine biosynthetic gene is activated by the expressed human estrogen receptor in the presence of exogenous estrogenic substances. Deletion of the genes encoding ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters Pdr5p and Snq2p increases net ZON uptake synergistically. Less than 1 μg of ZON per liter of medium is sufficient to allow growth of the indicator strain. To prevent interference with pyrimidines potentially present in biological samples, we also disrupted the genes FUR1 and URK1, blocking the pyrimidine salvage pathway. The bioassay strain YZRM7 allows qualitative detection and quantification of total estrogenic activity in cereal extracts without requiring further cleanup steps. Its high sensitivity makes this assay suitable for low-cost monitoring of contamination of maize and small grain cereals with estrogenic Fusarium mycotxins.
28
Marchenko, N. I. "FORMING ECONOMICALLY USEFUL TRAITS OF MEAT PRODUCTIVITY, INTRAMUSCULAR FATTING OF BULL-CALVES OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES AND AT DIFFERENT AGE PERIOD." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (March 28, 2018): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.14.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. In 1997, Valeriy P. Burkat proposed by one of the methodological and organizational approaches to creating Simmental Beef cattle, to launch a series of experiments to study effectiveness of Simmental crossing with other breeds and to study the best combination for interbreed industrial crossing. The studies of comparative determination of meat quality at crossing of Simmental with specialized beef breeds found that these hybrids were well fattening and they had highly meat productivity.
The methods of studying fattening and meat qualities of cattle recommend to conduct slaughtering and processing animals at meat processing plants, because under these conditions the standards for assessing meat productivity of animals and quality of their carcasses can be followed exactly. Compliance with instructions, recommendation for processing animal carcasses under such conditions and obtaining research results will be comparable with the slaughter of animals of different breeds, because all technological methods and sampling are conducted by specialists.
General rules for testing laboratories for determination of quality parameters of agricultural raw materials and products under market conditions require the following: availability of specialists, a plan of sampling and the fastest transportation of them to place of laboratory testing, determination of research methods and conducting specific research, identified according to program (task) with followed analysis.
Materials and methods. Experimental samples were the longest back muscle sampled from refrigerated right half-carcasses of bull-calves at the age of 12 months and 16 months. The animals were obtained from Black-and-White cows (BW) and bulls of Ukrainian Beef (UB), Volyn Beef (VB), Polesian Beef (PB), Simmental (S) breeds, grown in "Polesia", Ovruch district, Zhytomyr region. The control slaughter of experimental animals, followed deboned half-carcasses, was conducted by experts of Ovruch slaughterhouse, Zhytomyr region. The samples of the longest back muscle were taken at 9-12 ribs of refrigerated half-carcasses of clinically healthy bull-calves. The samples of muscle were labelled and fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin, cross sections were obtained using freezing microtome, histological specimens were produced by the method of colouring the muscle fat, performing a series of research works to enhance and improve existing methods for obtaining excellent results.
Microscopy, morphometry and microscopic photography of histological sections of the longest back muscle were carried out using biological research microscope (MBI-6), division of muscular fibers by their size was conducted via ocular grid. Analysis of research results was statistically processed on a PC.
Results. Based on the results of the experiment the higher live weight before slaughter was at bull-calves obtained from crossing with Simmental and Polesian Beef bulls, 304 kg and 285 kg, respectively in these groups, which was 53 kg and 72 kg more compared with animals of the same age of Black-and-White dairy breed. It is obvious that the formation of meat productivity from early age is associated with belonging to breed, specific soil and climatic and economic conditions at that time. All the cross-breeds of the research groups had better live weight before slaughter and weight of pair and chilled carcasses. But the greatest bone weight had animals of the same age of two research groups – ½PB½BW and ½UB½BW, respectively 16,8 kg and 15,8 kg. It is because of blood of Charolais bulls and consolidated trait of angularity during the selection.
The highest live weight before slaughter had half-blooded genotypes with Simmental and Polesian Beef – 354 and 343 kg; it was slightly below compared with the target breed standard. The largest weight of pair carcasses had genotypes ½S½BW and ½PM½BW – 194 ± 6,2 and 193 ± 5,0 kg, the highest meatiness index had Volyn Beef counterparts at the level of 4.3 units.
Medium muscle fibers (21-40mkm) had the highest share, from 72.4 to 43.6%, at the investigated bull-calves at the age of 12 months. Morphological structure of muscle of bulls at 16 months of age showed that average diameter of fine fibers at the animals of meat productivity was greater – 18.1mkm in combination with Simmental, 18.3 and 18.5 mkm – with Ukrainian and Polesian Beef against 17,9 mkm – at the counterparts of Black-and-White breed. The share of fine fibers was very high (15.3%) at the bull-calves of genotype with Ukrainian Beef against 7.3% and 7.2% – with Polesian Beef and Simmental. Some fat deposition and the small number of fat cells, located mainly around blood vessels, were observed in the longest back muscle of Black-and-White dairy bull-calves at the age of 12 months. Such changes in the number of fibers and size of their diameters, to some extent, affect the quantitative (meatiness index) and qualitative (the number of intramuscular fat) productivity characteristics of the investigated animals.
Conclusions. Trend towards more intense growth and accumulation of muscle and fat was revealed at the researched bull-calves of meat productivity. Formation of economically useful traits on meat productivity of bull-calves depends on age, breed, genotypic and phenotypic factors. The results of histological studies indicate that internal structure of the longest back muscle and the ratio of different types of muscle fibers (thin, medium, thick), show breed and age features of meat productivity formation at bull-calves.
29
Gyzieev, Yu V., О. V. Sydorenko, and L. V. Vishnevsky. "CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THE BULLS OF THE CARPATHIAN BROWN BREED BY KAPPA-KASEIN (CSN3) GENE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 54 (November 29, 2017): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.54.28.
Full textAbstract:
In Ukraine, especially in certain natural and climatic zones, an important role in the production of food and social life of the population is played by the Carpathian Brown breed of cattle that extremely efficiently uses the natural pastures of the Carpathians. Animals of this breed have unique biological characteristics, resistant to diseases, have high resistance, the ability to withstand stress, have a strong constitution, a high duration of productive use, reproductive and adaptive ability, the content of protein in milk, available for chewing the kappa-casein fraction, good parameters for realization of genetic potential.
The Carpathian Brown cattle with its high adaptability to the environment deserve the preservation and sustainable use, and for this purpose it is necessary to create a reliable genetic foundation. Moreover, it is important to know the genetic features of animals that are intended to produce specific products and still remain a significant functional element of the production system in the region.
The gene kappa-casein is one of the few known genes, is uniquely associated with the signs of protein digestibility and technological properties of milk. Allele In the kappa-casein gene is associated with a higher protein content in milk, a higher yield of cheese, as well as better coagulation properties of milk.
The purpose of this work was to establish the genotypes and to determine the genetic structure of the population of the Carpathian Brown breeders for the gene of kappa-casein (CSN3) with the determination of the possibility of their further use.
The material for research was the semen of the bulls of Carpathian Brown breed (n = 21 heads), which originate from the leading tribal herds of the Zakarpattia oblast and evaluated by origin, by their own productivity at the Zakarpattia Regional State Tribal Station (now Private Joint-stock company "Zakarpatske plempidpryyemstvo").
In accordance with FAO recommendations for assessing the risk status of animal genetic resources and calculations carried out, a brown Carpathian breed of cattle is in the critical state of risk of disappearance. This status depends on the effective size of the population, the number of females and males, trends in the dynamics of their changes and the way breeder breeding work. In 2005 in 16 controllable herds of Zakarpattia and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts there were 2866 heads of cattle of Carpathian Brown breed, including 1083 cows. And since 2014 according to the State Register of subjects of breeding business in livestock breeding, no breeding farm has left in Ukraine for breeding this kind of breed and there is no program of breeding the pedigrees. The breeding stock of Carpathian Brown breed is breeding only in private peasant farms.
According to FAO recommendations, a part of the genetic material from the breeders of the brown Carpathian breed that belongs to Private Joint-stock company "Zakarpatske plempidpryyemstvo" was deposited in the Bank of Animals of Genetic Resources of Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS. According to the data provided in the section "Reserve gene pool" of the Catalog of bulls of dairy and dairy-meat breeds, allowed to reproduce the mother stock in 2017, information is provided on 28 bulls of Carpathian Brown breed with available semen. Therefore, taking into account the results of the monitoring and analysis carried out, it should be noted that the possibility of restoration of the stock breed stock of Carpathian Brown breed has not been lost. Carpathian Brown breed as a local breed requires systematic population-genetic monitoring.
The genetic material of the breeders of Carpathian Brown breed according to the genealogical structure is diverse and belongs to 12 lines. The most numerous representatives of the fruit of the lines of the Sokola 553 i Malchyka 3, Kaplera 43, Stretcha 143612, Fitsko 33, Pishty 10, Eleyma 110327, Raneta 584, Rupora 6507, Siroho 1759, Shoni 6 i Yu. Yuvelira 273, which at one time were the most widespread in the breed. Representatives of these lines for the CSN3 gene revealed polymorphism of all possible variants of the genotypes AA, AB and BB.
According to the results of molecular genetic analysis, determination of frequency of distribution of genotypes and alleles of bulls of Carpathian Brown breed according to the gene of kapa-casein CSN3 has been determined. The frequency of the desired genotype BB among the examined animals was 0.143, and the frequency of carriers of the genotype AA was 0.381. Frequency of carriers of the heterozygous genotype AB was 0.476. The carrier frequency of the allele A in the animals tested is 0.619, which is twice as high as the allele B frequency of 0.381. By Hardy-Weinberg law, we did not determine the probable difference between the actual and expected distribution of genotype frequencies for the CSN3 gene.
Conclusions on the basis of the analysis of the established genotypes and the determined frequency of allelic variants for the kappa-casein (CSN3) gene in the explored bogs of Carpathian Brown breed Private Joint-stock company "Zakarpatske plempidpryyemstvo" it was revealed that the available genetic resources of the pedigrees are quite varied according to the genealogical and genetic structure.
30
Semenova, N. V., I. M. Madaeva, and L. I. Kolesnikova. "Free Radical Oxidation and Sleep Disorders in Andro- and Menopause (Literature Review)." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 5, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2020-5.1.4.
Full textAbstract:
This review presents data on changes in the physiology of sleep during reproductive aging. It is noted that insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) are the main sleep disorders. The results of foreign and domestic studies in the field of free radical oxidation during sleep deprivation in animal models are presented, indicating the dependence of processes on the duration of sleep deprivation. The largest number of studies of free radical processes in a person with somnological pathology was carried out in the study of OSAS. Blood, urine, saliva, condensate of exhaled air can be biomaterial for determining the parameters of free radical oxidation. It was shown that the intensity of oxidative stress depends on the severity of OSAS, as evidenced by the positive correlation of the level of active products of thiobarbituric acid, the products of oxidation of proteins and carbonyl groups with the apnea/hypopnea index, determining the development of not only oxidative, but also carbonyl stress in patients with a severe degree OSAS. Biomarkers such as thioredoxin, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and reduced iron have shown a more stable relationship between increased oxidative stress and OSA. Despite the results obtained, the question of the association of oxidative stress and hypoxia in OSA remains debatable, which is associated with the opposite results of some studies. Insomnia, which occurs mainly in females, is accompanied by a high level of end products of lipid peroxidation with a decrease in the activity of antioxidants such as paraoxonase, an enzymatic component of the glutathione system. Along with this, menopausal women present low levels of uric acid, which correlates with high scores of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index questionnaire. Recent studies have identified an association between the activity of the «lipoperoxidation – antioxidants» system and the Clock 3111T/C gene polymorphism in menopausal Caucasian women, indicating the protective role of the minor allele.
31
Ilnytska, T. Y. "EVALUATION OF SPORTS PERFORMANCE OF HORSES OF DIFFERENT BREEDS, WHO COMPETED IN THE SHOW JUMPING COMPETITIONS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 56 (December 4, 2018): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.56.04.
Full textAbstract:
The article gives an analysis of the results of horse performances in the competition for overcoming obstacles (jumping) by 2017, which took place in Ukraine. Was proposed the new unified 20-point scale for assessing the sporting performance of horses. Was made the analysis of breed consist and qualitative composition of the population, it showed that more than half (56%) of sports horses are not registered in noone studbook and have performance level are higher than in the Ukrainian riding breed. The best in the complex of features identified horses of a group of the West European breeds. Was made the raiting of sports horses and stallions, who have progene took part in the competitions. The results of the research showed that the sports horses in Ukraine has a high genetic potential, which allows obtaining competitive products. However, the system of registration and evaluation of pedigree horses does not meet the world requirements, which led to a significant reduction in the animals of the Ukrainian riding breed.
32
Mokhnachova, N. B., L. F. Starodub, and M. L. Dobryanska. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE METHOD OF DNA ISOLATION FROM FOSSILS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 60 (November 23, 2020): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.60.14.
Full textAbstract:
The history of the origin and domestication of farm animals has always interested mankind. However, these issues are covered in the literature in great detail only from the time when herds of domestic animals have already formed. Most often, the genesis of individual species, the original forms that formed the basis of domestication, remain unclear. [2] An example is the history of domestication of the horse, as the horse played a central role among other domestic animals in the development of human society. In the study of mammal fauna of the Pleistocene-Holocene of Europe there is a problem of studying the origin of the domestic horse Eguus cabalus L., ie, the establishment of wild ancestors of domesticated breeds, place, time and process of their domestication. Analysis of literature data on paleontological and archaeological finds in Ukraine showed that most researchers believe that the first domesticated horses began to recognize horses, the remains of which were found during archaeological excavations of the settlement of the third millennium BC. BC in Botai (Northern Kazakhstan), but from which taxon the opinions of scientists differ. Some believe that it could be Tarpan, however, there is an opinion that a large horse could not come from a small tarpan and Przewalski's horse. Therefore, preference was given to the hypothesis of the origin of the domestic horse from the ancient Pleistocene. At present, the problem of the origin of the domestic horse does not go beyond hypotheses and assumptions, and this is primarily due to the slight difference between the bones of the domestic and wild horse. The plasticity of the skeleton of the genus Eguus is very weak and this explains the problems faced by paleontologists in trying to develop the evolutionary history of horses. Thus, to understand the processes of domestication of this animal, in addition to archaeological and paleontological research methods, it is necessary to use tools from other fields of science, such as molecular genetic analysis of DNA samples. One of the variants of test systems for studying genetic polymorphism is the use of ISSR markers, which allow to analyze DNA fragments and make certain phylogenetic connections in the studied groups.
In the laboratory of genetics of the Institute of Breeding and Genetics of Animals named after M.V.Zubets NAAS began research in the field of paleogenetics, namely – the study of the molecular genetic component in the fossils of ancient members of the genus Eguus using ISSR-markers. Inverted repeats are of particular interest because they are unevenly distributed throughout the genome and do not require prior knowledge of the nucleotide sequence of the test DNA. A significant point in the selection of research methods for us was that intermicrosatellite polymorphism is used to study interspecific and intraspecific genetic variability. It is believed that DNA fragments obtained by ISSR analysis can be species- and breed-specific, and this method is widely used by researchers in the study of breed groups.
The purpose of our work is to develop a new method of DNA isolation from fossil remains (bones) of ancient horses and the production of ISSR-PCR with isolated DNA samples in the laboratory of genetics IRGT. M.V.Zubets NAAS according to the available reagents and existing protocols.
The research was carried out on samples of fossil bones of horses of the Pleistocene period (about 10 thousand years BC). One bone was found in the village. Beeches of Zhytomyr region in a career. Excavations were carried out in 1960, the metacarpal bone (os. Tarsicentral). Another bone was found in Novgorod-Siversky, Chernihiv region. in a career. Excavations were conducted by Boriskovsky PI in 1935. A tooth found in the village of Tarpan was used to study a wild tarpan horse (4.5 thousand years BC). Skibnytsia, Trostyanets district, Vinnytsia region. Excavations were conducted in 1959 by VM Danylenko. The paleontological material for the study was provided by the Kyiv National Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Paleontology.
As a result of this work for the first time in the Department of Genetics and Biotechnology IRGT. Research on paleogenetics has been started by M.V.Zubets. We optimized the method of extracting genetic material from fossils and obtained DNA from the bones of a horse of the Pleistocene period (about 10 thousand years BC) and the tooth of a wild horse tarpan (4.5 thousand years BC). Also, the optimal conditions for PCR were selected to work with DNA obtained from fossil remains, to study polymorphism with ISSR markers, and electrophoregrams of amplification products were obtained.
33
Malloy, Q. G. J., B. Warren, D. R. Cocker III, M. E. Erupe, and P. J. Silva. "Secondary organic aerosol formation from primary aliphatic amines with NO<sub>3</sub> radical." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 6 (March 23, 2009): 2051–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2051-2009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Primary aliphatic amines are an important class of nitrogen containing compounds emitted from automobiles, waste treatment facilities and agricultural animal operations. A series of experiments conducted at the UC-Riverside/CE-CERT Environmental Chamber is presented in which oxidation of methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, and butylamine with O3 and NO3 have been investigated. Very little aerosol formation is observed in the presence of O3 only. However, after addition of NO, and by extension NO3, large aerosol mass yields (~44% for butylamine) are seen. Aerosol generated was determined to be organic in nature due to the small fraction of NO and NO2 in the total signal (<1% for all amines tested) as detected by an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). We propose a reaction mechanism between carbonyl containing species and the parent amine leading to formation of particulate imine products. These findings can have significant impacts on rural communities with elevated nighttime PM loadings, when significant levels of NO3 exist.
34
Kruglyak, O. V., N. M. Chornoostrovets, M. B. Kulakova, and I. S. Martynyuk. "DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC RESOURCES OF DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING IN UKRAINE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 60 (November 23, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.60.06.
Full textAbstract:
At the present stage, the development of dairy farming needs to focus on increasing the livestock population with high productive indicators in the large-scale sector. In the period from 2000 to 2020, the number of cows in Ukraine decreased by 2.8 times (from 4958.3 thousand heads on 01.01.2001 to 1788.5 thousand heads on 01.01.2020), and in agricultural enterprises – by 4.2 times (from 1851.0 to 438.6 thousand heads respectively). An important factor in the growth of the large-scale sector should be the revival of the national selection system. Therefore, the issue of scientific substantiation of the organizational principles of effective management of breeding dairy cattle breeding is now of particular urgency.
The purpose of the article is to carry out an evaluation of genetic resources of breeding dairy cattle Ukraine. The research was conducted on the observation materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the International Committee for Animal Recording, the State Register of subjects of breeding business in livestock breeding by using statistical methods.
Cattle breeds are differ according to economic indicators of useful traits of animals, including the level of productivity, which significantly influences the economic efficiency of production. According to ICAR (The International Committee for Animal Recording), cows of the Holstein breed remain the leaders, whose productivity for the 305 days of lactation is at the level of 9–11 thousand kg of milk. Such achievements are the result of a long intensive breeding work aimed at increasing milk production.
Among other breeds, which cow' productivity approachs the animals Holstein breed, Ayrshire (up to 9.0 thousand kg), Braunvieh, Montbeliarde, Fleckvieh, Norwegian Red, Swedish Red, Jersey (7.0–8.0 thousand kg) are next. A number of breeds are distinguished by qualitative features of dairy productivity. For example, the fat content in milk of cows of the Jersey breed of Canadian breeding is 5.1%. The milk productivity of these breeds is lower than Holstein dairy cows. But they have significant benefits in functional traits such as high reproductive capacity, extended duration of economic use, high payment of feed by the resulting products, which increases their competitiveness to the level of animals of the Holstein breed.
In Ukraine, the highest milk productivity is Holstein (8965 kg), Fleckvieh (8877 kg), Ukrainian Black and White Dairy (7486 kg) and Ukrainian Red and White Dairy (6997 kg). Currently, in 344 breeding herds, 137.8 thousand cows are kept, which is one third less than 10 years ago. The most numerous is the Ukrainian Black and White Dairy – 68.829 purebred cows, or 49.9% in the structure of dairy cattle breeding herds. The share of Holstein – 25.2%, Ukrainian Red and White Dairy is 14.4%.
It should be noted the extremely insufficient number of cows of the active part of the livestock (breeding stock-rearing farms that are certified as subjects of the tribal affairs and conduct breeding records) – 29.5% of the number of cows kept in agricultural enterprises, and 7.7% – at farms all categories. For example, in Israel (the world leader in the cows’ milk productivity in level about 12 thousand kg per cow) it is more than 90%. In other countries with a developed dairy industry, this figure is at 90% – in Denmark, 86% in Sweden, and 70% in Canada. The low proportion of the recorded dairy livestock in Ukraine greatly complicates the process of improving high-yielding herds.
Over the past ten years, the number of breeding stock-rearing farms in Ukraine has doubled. Among them there was a tendency for livestock consolidation. Average number of cows in herds the breeding stock-rearing farms was: in 2007 – 241 heads, in 2012 – 334, in 2017 – 373, in 2019 – 401. In 2007–2019, as a result of ongoing concentrations of livestock, the average size of a purebred dairy herd increased almost one and a half times, which, due to the scale effect, made it possible for enterprises to reduce production costs per unit.
The average milk yield of purebred cows in industrial enterprises increased from 4606 kg in 2007 to 7653 kg in 2019, or almost one and a half times. Due to the effect of the factor of natural biological antagonism on the milk productivity and reproductive capacity of cows, the raising of productivity with an increase in the heredity of the Holstein breed has led to a decrease in the calving output of 100 cows, and a decrease in the length of the commercial use of cows. This trend is also characteristic of all newly created dairy breeds. In particular, from Ukrainian Black and White Dairy cows the calving output per 100 cows decreased from 82.8 heads in 2006 to 77.4 in 2019; Ukrainian Red and White Dairy respectively from 82.2 to 69.5 calves; Ukrainian Red Dairy, where the proportion of the heredity of the Holstein breed is slightly lower than the first two, the calving rate dropped at lower pace.
According to the results of dairy cattle recording, among the domestic breeds the highest milk productivity is in the Ukrainian Black and White Dairy cows – 7364 kg with a fat content of 3.74%, protein 3.22%; Ukrainian Red and White Dairy – respectively 6989; 3.78; 3.27; Ukrainian Red Dairy – 6549; 3.90; 3.26. Domestic breeds on genetic potential are at the level of the best European analogues, and according to indicators of reproduction and health they prevail them.
Consequently, the breed of cows is an important factor in the economic efficiency of dairy cattle-breeding. Due to the long intensive selection work on cattle breeds, the milk productivity of cows in developed livestock countries has reached levels of 8.0–10.0 thousand kg and more for 305 days of lactation. The number of cows in breeding farms in Ukraine for 2006–2019 has decreased by 38 thousand head, or by 22%. The average milk yield of purebred cows in industrial enterprises increased from 4606 kg in 2007 to 7653 kg in 2019, or almost one and a half times. But the extremely insufficient number of cows of the active part of the livestock greatly complicates the process of improving high-yielding herds. In the breeding structure of pedigree dairy cattle, animals of Ukrainian Black and White Dairy (49.9%), Holstein breeds (25.2%) and Ukrainian Red and White Dairy (14.4%) prevail.
35
Kruhlyk, S., V. Dzitsiuk, and V. Spyrydonov. "ANALYSIS OF GENETIC STRUCTURE OF DOGS OF FRENCH BULLDOG BREED USING MICROSATELLITE DNA MARKERS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (August 10, 2018): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.25.
Full textAbstract:
Genetic variability of domestic dogs is a source for effective process of breed formation and creating unique gene complexes. In the world, for preservation of genetic resources of dogs, there are dog training associations which have great confidence: American Club Dog Breeders (AKC), the British Kennel Club (KC) and the Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI), aimed at protecting breeding dogs, standards creation, registration of a breed, and issuance of accurate pedigrees.
Evaluation of the genetic diversity of dog breeds is able to significantly complement and improve their breeding programs. Since breeds of dog differ in morphological and economic characteristics, the problem of finding of the breed features in the genome of animals is becoming more topical. From this point of view, French Bulldog is an interesting breed of dog (FRANC.BULLDOGGE, FCI standard number 101) which belongs by the classification of breeds, adopted in FCI, to the group IX – a dog-companion for health and fun, but to a subgroup of fighting dogs of a small format. French Bulldog breed has been researched slightly not only in Ukraine and also abroad, as the main work of all dog association is focused on solving theoretical and practical issues of breeding, keeping, feeding, veterinary protection and others.
The study was conducted at Research Department of Molecular Diagnostic Tests of Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products. 33 animals of French Bulldog breed, admitted to use in dog breeding of Ukrainian Kennel Union (UKU), were involved for the genetic analysis using DNA markers. The materials of the research were buccal epithelial cells, selected before the morning feeding of animals by scraping mucous membrane of oral cavity with disposable, dry, sterile cotton swab. Genomic DNA was extracted using KIT-set of reagents for DNA isolation according to the manufacturer's instructions.
PEZ1, PEZ3, PEZ6, PEZ8, FHC 2010, FHC 2054 markers, recommended by International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG), ACN, КC and FCI, were used for research.
As a result of research 25 alleles for all the loci were detected in the experimental sample of dogs. The average number of alleles at the locus Na, obtained by direct counting, was 4.16. The most polymorphic loci for this breed were PEZ6 and PEZ3 with 8 and 6 allelic variants. Monomorphic loci were PEZ8 and FHC 2054 which had 4 and 3 alleles and the lowest level of polymorphism was observed for PEZ 1 and FHC 2010 loci in which only 2 alleles were identified.
On analyzing the molecular genetic characteristics of dogs of French Bulldog breed, we found a high variability of genotype on rare alleles, which included alleles: M, C, D, E, J, K, L, O, N and representing 60% of the total number of the identified alleles. C, D, E alleles for PEZ3 locus and O allele at PEZ6 locus are unique to the sampling of dogs because they are not repeated in other loci. Typical alleles: N, F, R, I, P, K, M are 40% of the total. But F, R alleles for PEZ3 locus and P allele for locus PEZ6 are not repeated either in standard allelic variants or in rare one, indicating a high information content of these alleles and loci to be used for further monitoring of allele pool, genetic certification and identification of dogs.
Microsatellite DNA loci were analyzed as a result of investigations of French Bulldogs and the most informative: PEZ3, PEZ6 and PEZ8 were found, which have high efficiency in individual and breed certification of dogs due to high variability. These data allow further monitoring of the state of genetic diversity of the breed and the development of measures for improvement of breeding to preserve the structure of breeding material. The study of individual and population genetic variability is advisable to continue for breeding of French Bulldogs "in purity" and preserving valuable gene complexes.
The results are the basis for further monitoring of the proposed informative panels of microsatellite DNA markers for genotyping dog of French Bulldog breed and their complex evaluation.
36
Kusche, M., U. Lindahl, L. Enerbäck, and L. Rodén. "Identification of oversulphated galactosaminoglycans in intestinal-mucosal mast cells of rats infected with the nematode worm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis." Biochemical Journal 253, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2530885.
Full textAbstract:
The oversulphated galactosaminoglycans synthesized by rat mucosal mast cells were isolated from the small intestine of animals infected with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which causes proliferation of these cells. The 35S-labelled polysaccharides were degraded by digestion with chondroitinase ABC, and the structures of the disaccharide products were determined by cleavage with mercuric acetate followed by electrophoretic characterization of the resultant sulphated monosaccharides. It was concluded that about half of the disulphated disaccharide units in the polysaccharide consisted of chondroitin sulphate E-type structures [GlcA-GalNAc(4,6-di-OSO3)], in which both sulphate groups were located on the N-acetylgalactosamine unit. The remainder consisted of isomeric structures with one sulphate group on the N-acetylgalactosamine residue and one on the hexuronic acid unit and presumably represented the dermatan sulphate-type sequence [IdoA(2-OSO3)-GalNAc(4-OSO3)].
37
Kucher, D. М., and A. М. Didkovsky. "FERTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF FIRST-CALF COWS OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED." Animal Breeding and Genetics 57 (April 24, 2019): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.57.10.
Full textAbstract:
The selection of animals at the lowest number of indicators is more effective compared to selection on many grounds. The main focus during the selection of Holstein cattle was to increase milk productivity, which meant the neglect of other important features, such as fertility (fecundity) of animals.
The purpose of the work was to determine the level of milk productivity of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed in conditions of a particular farm, in which there would be a successful combination of reproductive capacity support for adjusting the selection of animals.
The research was carried out in the breeding plant of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed of farm "Khliborob" of Kozyatinsky district of Vinnytsia region. The material of the research was the information of 212 first-calf cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed of this farm.
Indicators of dairy productivity were studied in 305 days of lactation according to zootechnical records.
Reproductive ability of cows evaluated index insemination, age 1 st calving (months), duration (days) of service period, the period of pregnancy, the period between calving, the dry period, a rate of reproductive capacity (CRF), the calves are emitted per 100 cows (%) and the fertility index.
The first-breed differentiation was carried out at a deviation of 0.7 σ from the mean of index (M) of the fertility index. Such a division makes it possible to divide the herd into 3 groups in a ratio of 1:2:1.
The highest level of dairy productivity have characterized by animals of the I group with low fertility (the fertility index was on average 40.8), which significantly surpassed their peers of the III group with good fertility for the livelihood for 305 days of lactation for 434 kg, milk protein production – by 15.2 kg, total milk fat and protein production – by 26.0 kg (P ≤ 0.05).
The increase in the duration of lactation and deterioration of fertility has associated with an increase in the duration of the service period, which is quite natural, since animals need more time to invade the genital organs and normalize their functioning and restore normal sexual cycle. The difference in the duration of the lactation period when comparing animals with different fertility in all cases was high-reliable at P ≤ 0.001 (td = 3.38–6.00).
The effect of cow fertility on the duration of their lactation was ηx = 0.160 (at P ≤ 0.001).
The main indicator that characterizes the economic efficiency of the industry is the profit received from the cow due to the receipt of the calfs and milk. Taking into account the duration of the service period, which exceeded the optimum terms, in the first days of the experimental groups, indicators of non-compliance of products in the form of calves per 100 cows were determined, which made 18.5%, 14.1% and 11.4% respectively.
The force of influence on the fertility of cows at the age of their first calving was ηx = 0.507 (at P ≤ 0.001).
According to the received data, the first-calf cows with a tiredness of 6274 kg of milk showed
the highest calving output in the herd is for 100 cows (89.6%) and reproductive capacity (0.91). The lowest calf output (82.5%) and reproductive capacity (0.84) was found in cows with a milk yield of 6708 kg for 305 days of lactation.
As the milk productivity increases, the duration of the service period extends from 123.1 to 158.3 days (r = 0.16 ± 0.07, at P ≤ 0.05), and the index of insemination – from 2.35 to 3,02 (r = 0.17 ± 0.08, at P ≤ 0.05). The relationship was straightforward and reliable.
It is necessary to focus on improving cow fertility, which is the basis of effective milk production. For the successful management of dairy cattle breeding in the conditions of the "Hliborob" farm, we recommend to select the herds of heifers to be retrieved from animals with satisfactory fertility, since this will be economically beneficial for the farm and physiologically optimal for animals.
A negative correlation was detected between milk productivity and reproductive capacity - with an increase in the fertility index per unit of hopes for cows, it would increase by 148.5 kg of milk.
Under existing conditions of feeding and keeping on the farm it is expedient to select for further breeding of animals with a productivity level of 6.5 thousand kg of milk for 305 days of lactation. For a more complete realization of the genetic potential of milk production of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White milk, it is necessary to improve the conditions of their feeding, maintenance.
38
Gaponov, Nikolay. "INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF PROPOLIS ON BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF BLOOD AND MORPHOMETRIC INDICATORS OF INTESTINE OF YOUNG PIGS." Adaptive Fodder Production 2021, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/afp-2222-5366-2021-1-55-64.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents the results of experimental studies the influence of biologically active substances of propolis on micromorphometric parameters of the ileum in young pigs. The results of the experiment make it possible to ascertain a change in the functional activity of the studied organ after the use of the drug from propolis. Since the most active process of absorption of monomeric hydrolysis products, especially amino acids and carboxylic acids, occurs in the ileum. Hydrolysis of intermediate products to monomers and preparation of the transition to absorption is carried out by enzymes fixed on the intestinal cell membranes. And the level of bioconversion of feed and retention of nutrients depends on their shape and structure, which ultimately affects the payment for feed with products. Therefore, the study of the histology of the small intestine and especially the ileum is of great importance. So, as a result of the study, it was found that the most characteristic histological changes in the structural components of the intestinal wall are observed in young animals of the experimental groups. The thickness of the main lamina of the mucous membrane of the ileum in piglets in the control group is 308.28 ± 2.81 µm, in piglets in the experimental group – 255.49 ± 0.75 µm. The height of the villi of the ileum, in the animals of the control group, is significantly lower and amounts to 193.89 ± 2.66 µm versus 280.97 ± 3.37 µm in the experimental group. Similar changes are observed in young animals of the older age group. The height of intestinal villi in pigs of the experimental group significantly exceeds the indicator of the control group and is 256.89 ± 1.62 µm and 163.96 ± 0.61 µm, respectively. The muscle plate of the intestinal mucosa of the pigs in the experimental group is significantly thicker than the control and is 17.8 ± 0.2 μm and 8.89 ± 0.08 μm, respectively. The obtained experimental material substantially supplements the information on the biological properties of propolis preparations. In practical veterinary medicine, research results can be taken into account when prescribing propolis for medicinal and prophylactic purposes. Since histological analysis of intestinal sections did not reveal destructive or pathological changes in any of the compared groups. In feeding, using the obtained practical material, we can specify the stimulating effect of the propolis preparation to intensify the growth of animals depending on the age of the pigs.
39
Bertouille, S. "Wildlife law and policy." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35, no. 2 (December 2012): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0159.
Full textAbstract:
One of the crucial issues of our decades is how to stop the loss of biodiversity. Policy–makers need reliable data to base their decisions on. Managing wildlife populations requires, first of all, science–based knowledge of their abundance, dynamics, ecology, behaviour and dispersal capacities based on reliable qualitative data. The importance of dialogue and communication with the local actors should be stressed (Sennerby Forsse, 2010) as bag statistics and other monitoring data in wildlife management could be more precise if local actors, notably hunters, were better informed and aware of their importance, especially in supporting existing and emerging policies at national and international levels. Another essential issue in wildlife management is the conflicts generated by humans and their activities when they interact with wildlife (Heredia & Bass, 2011). A sociologic approach is required to take into account those human groups whose interests are divergent, facilitating communication and collaborative learning among these users of the same ecosytem. Obstacles should be addressed and solutions devised to protect and encourage a sustainable use of this ecosystem in, as much as possible, a win–win relationship. Policy objectives and mana-gement strategies should be discussed and debated among the stakeholders involved, then formulated. Policies can be translated into different types of instruments, economic and legislative, but also informative and educa-tive. As awareness of the actors is a key factor of successful regulation, the regulations should be sufficiently explained and stakeholders should be involved in the implementation of these regulations as much as possible. Finally, the effectiveness of the regulations should be evaluated in light of their objectives, and where necessary, the regulations should be strengthened or adapted to improve their performance (Van Gossum et al., 2010).The various aspects of the processes described above were highlighted in the plenary talk and the five oral communications presented during the session on wildlife law and policy. In his plenary talk, Dr Borja Heredia, Head of the Scientific Unit of the Secretariat of the CMS/UNEP in Bonn, pointed out different sources of human–wildlife conflicts, such as the logging activities in subtropical forests that induce overexploitation and poaching for bushmeat consumption; the problem of predators on livestock and the poisoning of lions in the Masaï Reserve; animals invading the human territory; and game species as a vector of diseases in humans and livestock (Heredia & Bass, 2011). Heredia stressed the importance for wildlife managers to deal with the human dimension; he stressed the importance of successful conflict management based on principles such as a non–adversial framework, an analytical approach, a problem–solving orientation, the direct participation of the conflicting parties, dialogue as a basis for mutual understanding and facilitation by a trained third party. Heredia explained how the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (UNEP/CMS) contributes to confict resolution and in this way increases the chance of survival of these species. The CMS (see CMS website) works for the con-servation of a wide array of endangered migratory animals worldwide through the negotiation and implementation of agreements and action plans. Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed in Appendix I of the Con-vention. CMS parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. Besides establishing obligations for each State joining the CMS, CMS promotes concerted action among the Range States of many of these species. Migratory species that need, or would significantly benefit from, international co–operation are listed in Appendix II of the Convention. For this reason, the Convention encourages the Range states to reach global or regional agreements. The Convention acts, in this res-pect as a framework convention. The Agreements may range from legally binding treaties (called agreements, there are seven) to less formal instruments, such as Memoranda of Understanding, or actions plans (there are 20), and they can be adapted to the requirements of particular regions. The development of models tailored according to the conservation needs throughout the migratory range is a unique capacity to CMS. Heredia detailed inter alia the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, the Great Apes Survival Part-nership, the Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and their Habitats, the MoU on the Saïga Antelope, and the Programme for the Conservation and sustainable use of the wild saker falcon (Falco cherrug) in Mongolia.The talk of Sarah Wilks, research fellow at the School of Law, University of Western Sydney, illus-trated the importance of adequate transparency and public consultation in environmental and conservation law and decision making. Wilks (2012) examined the Australian legislation concerning animal welfare and the export of Australian wildlife products and, as a case study, explored the Tasmanian State Government’s recent decision to promote the com-mercial harvest and export of brushtail possums She pointed out that although the Enviromment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation 1999 (EPBC) process intended to be open and co–operative, it is not, in prac-tice, co–operative, public and transparent. The export of possum products requires Australian Government approval under the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (EPBC). Wilks (2012) assessed the Tasmanian Wildlife Trade Management Plan for Common Brushtail Possums developed by the EPBC, the public submissions to the Austra-lian Government, and the Australian Government’s response against the provisions of the EPBC. As a result, she deplored that welfare outcomes, like that of back or pouch juveniles whose mother had been trapped or killed have not been adequately considered either at Tasmanian State or at Australian Govenment level. She concluded by deploring that submissions on ethical grounds could not yet be considered by the Australian Government because the decision to harvest or not to harvest is made at State level, and yet the Tasmanian State legislation is deficient in mandating public consultation.Data on hunting and game resources provide quan-titative and qualitative information on game species, but moreover, game monitoring has shown to be efficient in identifying threats to biodiversity, such as biodiversity problems in agriculture and forest ecosystems, and also to be an early warning in assessing threats from invasive alien species (Sennerby Forsse, 2010). They are an essential tool for game managers, scientists and policy–makers, and hunters and hunter organisations are key resources in the collection of this information.The ARTEMIS data bank was initiated by the Federation of Asssociations of Hunting and Conservation of the Euro-pean Union FACE (see ARTEMIS website) to improve information about game in support of existing and emer-ging European policies. The objective of ARTEMIS is to centralise and analyse, in a coordinated and coherent Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35.2 (2012)161extending the ban to all waterfowl hunting and not only that undertaken in protected wetlands.The presentation of K. E. Skordas, from the Hunting Federation of Macedonia and Thrace, Research Divi-sion, Greece, illustrated the contribution of the Hellenic Hunters Confederation (HHC) to law enforcement for wildlife protection. It showed how stakeholders, hun-ters, set up heir own Game Warden Service in 1999, through their Hunting Associations, in order to assume responsibility for the control of illegal hunting and wil-dlife protection, in collaboration with the local Forest Service. These game wardens carry out repressive and preventive controls and prosecutions. Besides this initiative, information campaigns are organised by the HHC to improve hunters’ awareness (see website of the Hellenic Hunters Confederation, HHC). Skordas & Papaspyropoulos (2011) analysed the relation between law enforcement, hunter awareness and infringement categories, classed in degree of influencing wildlife protection. They observed a strong reduction in the number of infringements; particularly, they found that hunting out of season and hunting without a license decreased from 23.4% to 7.31% and from 30.12% to 11.8%, respectively.All the talks presented in this session stressed the importance of dialogue in wildlife management as a basis for mutual understanding. Communication and involvement of the local actors/stakeholders are key factors at different stages of wildlife management: when collecting reliable data on which policy–makers may draw up their decisions, when debating policy objectives and strategies, and when implementing regulations and administrative acts
40
Sy, M. S., K. T. Hayglass, and B. Benacerraf. "T cell development in B cell-deficient mice. II. Serological characterization of suppressor T cell factors (TsF1) produced in normal mice and in mice treated chronically with rabbit anti-mouse IgM antibodies." Journal of Experimental Medicine 161, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 1402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.161.6.1402.
Full textAbstract:
Serological analysis of idiotypic specificities present in azobenzenearsonate (ABA)-specific first-order suppressor T cell factors (TsF1) from C.AL-20 and BALB/c mice revealed a significant difference between TsF from these two strains of mice. The idiotypic composition of TsF1 from BALB/c mice appears to be more heterogeneous, and at least two different fractions can be readily identified. One bears the characteristic BALB/c-associated CRI(C) (crossreactive idiotype) determinants, and the other is non-CRI(C)-bearing. Analysis of ABA-specific TsF1 from animals lacking B cells uncovered a fundamental change in the expression of their idiotypic specificities. TsF from rabbit anti-mouse IgM (anti-mu)-treated C.AL-20 mice failed to express the characteristic CRI(A) determinants. Instead, they express CRI(C) specificities. Similarly, TsF1 from anti-mu-treated BALB/c mice did not express their characteristic CRI(C) specificities, but rather express CRI(A) determinants. These experiments provide strong evidence that the Igh restriction specificity of TsF is dictated by the particular idiotypic specificities expressed. They also clearly demonstrate that B cells and their products play an important role in establishing the idiotypic composition and repertoire of suppressor T cells.
41
Voitenko, S. L., and I. M. Zheliznyak. "MILK YIELD OF COWS DEPENDING ON A LINE ON LINEAR BELONGING AND METHOD OF MAINTENANCE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 57 (April 24, 2019): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.57.05.
Full textAbstract:
Modern market conditions require high quality products, that is why before the producers of animal husbandry, the issue is not only to constantly increase the productivity of animals but also to pay attention to the quality of products. Considering the need to increase milk production as one of the main types of livestock products, the most energy-saving technology should be chosen, which will provide comfortable conditions for keeping animals and displaying their genetic potential, especially for milk production. Taking into account that the purpose of other researches was to determine the influence of the linear dependence of Ukrainian Black-and-White breed cows and the method of keeping them on display of their milk productivity.
The researches were carried out on cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White milk breed of such lines as Bella 1667366, Eleveishn 1491007, Marshal 2290977, Starback 352790 and Chif 1427381. Two different technologies of keeping cows in the lactation period were investigated: industrial technology with unassociated keeping of cows at "Gogolevo" Ltd. and traditional technology with crying attachment in "Shyshatska" LLC, which are part of LLC "Agrofirma im. Dovzhenka" in Poltava region. The hopes of cows for the first and third lactations were determined by the standard techniques in cattle breeding. The analysis included the materials of the electronic database of the economy on the indicators of dairy productivity of cows in the format of the SUMS "ORSEC" as of 2018. Materials of scientific researches were worked out using the methods of variation statistics and software package of STATISTICA-10.
The researches have determined that in the case of a loose housing way of keeping ("Gogolevo" Ltd. ) cows – the firstborns of the five studied lines had hopes at the level of 7493–7913 kg. The highest dairy performance was characterized by firstborns of the line of Eleveishn – 7913 kg of milk which is higher than the average figures for the studied lines by 253 kg. Daughters of the Starbak line for the first lactation at loose housing way of keeping had low productivity – 7493 kg of milk that on 167 kg of milk less then the average values of the studied lines. In this case, in each studied line, especially Eleveishn, Marshall and Starbak, which cows were kept by loose housing during lactation, there is an opportunity to improve the dairy productivity by selection methods, as evidenced by the coefficients of variability of milk yield testify to (Сv = 15,8 ... 23,9%).
Keeping of cows on the leash (LLC "Shyshatska") milk yield of the firstborns varied at the level of 6328 kg of milk (the line Bella) to 7059 kg of milk (Marchal's line). The difference between the yields of cows of the most productive line and the low productivity in this herd was 731 kg, and between the most high-yielding and low-yielding lines compared with the averages to milk yield of the studied lines, respectively, 355 kg and 376 kg of milk. It is proved that keeping of cows on the leash there is an opportunity to increase the milk productivity of the firstborns by selection methods, the confirmation of which is the coefficient of variability of the sign (Сv = 15,3 ... 21,3%).
Comparing productivity of daughters of the studied lines, it should be noted reliable advantage on milk yield the firstborns which were at loose housing way of keeping in comparison with cows of similar lines, but which were kept during the lactation period on the leash. The difference between cows of the line of Bella was 1190 kg of milk (P < 0,05), line of Eleveishn – 1207 kg (P < 0,001), the line of Marshal – 767 kg (P < 0,001), the line of Starbak – 1007 kg (P < 0,001) and the line of Chif – 611 kg (P < 0,001). The difference between average milk yield of the firstborn cows of the studied lines in two herds was 956 kg of milk (P < 0,001), indicating production efficiency of milk for use of modern progressive technology.
The analysis of the milk yield of cows of the studied lines in the herds of the two farms has also led to the conclusion that a significant increase of milk yield of cows from the first to the third lactation. It is established that cows with the third lactation at loose housing way of keeping produced from 8575 kg to 10276 kg of milk depending on the line. At the same time, the cows of the line Eleveishn 1491007, having the highest tastes – 10276 kg of milk, surpassed another cows from of this herd of other lines, which were kept at loose housing, on 891 kg of milk. Cows of Starbak line 352790, although they increased their milk yield from the first lactation to the third one, but they showed the lowest milk yield, yielding 1701 kg of milk to the daughters of the line of Eleveishn and 810 kg – the average values for the studied lines of herds of "Gogolevo" Ltd.
In herd with keeping of cows on the leash (LLC "Shyshatska") daughters of the line of Marchal had the highest milk yield – 8128 kg of milk, and low ones – the line of Bella, respectively, 7092 kg. And though cows of this herd increased milk yield from first to the third lactation, all of them significantly conceded to cows of similar lines of "Gogolevo" Ltd. which were kept at loose housing during lactation.
We also investigated that the cows of the Bella line, which were kept at loose housing, exceeded the cows of the same line that were kept on the leech, by the number of milk for the third lactation by 2617 kg (P < 0,05), the Eleveishn line – by 2547 kg (P < 0,001), Marshall – by 872 kg, Starbak – by 956 kg (P < 0,05) and Chif – by 1903 kg of milk (P < 0,001). The difference between the average milk yield of cows of the studied lines in two herds was 1779 kg of milk (P < 0,01) for advantages of cows, which were kept at loose housing.
The possibility of selecting cows by the results of the third lactation was in direct dependence with the size of milk yield, that is the higher the yield, the lower the coefficient of variability of the indicator and consequently the effectiveness of selection.
42
Totté, Philippe, Arshad Mather, Lina Reslan, Yvan Boublik, Mamadou Niang, Dion Du Plessis, and Laurence Dedieu. "Identification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Genes Coding for T-Cell Antigens." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 8 (June 9, 2010): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00132-10.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Genes of the Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony biotype (MmmSC) coding for proteins capable of eliciting protective T-cell memory responses have potential for incorporation into a recombinant subunit vaccine against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Here we used lymphocytes from cattle that had completely recovered from infection to screen products of MmmSC genes for recognition by CD4+ effector memory (Tem) and central memory (Tcm) T lymphocytes. Six MmmSC genes (abc, gapN, glpO, lppA, lppB, and ptsG) were expressed as histidine-tagged recombinant polypeptides, or synthetic overlapping peptides, before inclusion in proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) assays. Only two MmmSC antigens, LppA and PtsG, consistently induced recall proliferation from immune CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ production in all animals tested. Moreover, LppA and PtsG were shown to possess epitopes recognized by both short-lived CD4+ Tem and long-lived CD4+ Tcm cells.
43
Frankel, W. N., B. A. Taylor, J. L. Noebels, and C. M. Lutz. "Genetic epilepsy model derived from common inbred mouse strains." Genetics 138, no. 2 (October 1, 1994): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.2.481.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The recombinant inbred mouse strain, SWXL-4, exhibits tonic-clonic and generalized seizures similar to the commonest epilepsies in humans. In SWXL-4 animals, seizures are observed following routine handling at about 80 days of age and may be induced as early as 55 days by rhythmic gentle tossing. Seizures are accompanied by rapid, bilateral high frequency spike cortical discharges and followed by a quiescent post-ictal phase. Immunohistochemistry of the immediate early gene products c-Fos and c-Jun revealed abnormal activation within cortical and limbic structures. The seizure phenotype of SWXL-4 can be explained and replicated fully by the inheritance of susceptibility alleles from its progenitor strains, SWR/J and C57L/J. Outcrosses of SWXL-4 with most other common inbred strains result in F1 hybrids that have seizure at least as frequently as SWXL-4 itself. Quantitative trait locus mapping reveals a seizure frequency determinant, Szf1, near the pink-eyed dilution locus on chromosome 7, accounting for up to 32% of the genetic variance in an F2 intercross between SWXL-4 and the linkage testing strain ABP/Le. These studies demonstrate that common strains of mice such as SWR and C57L contain latent epilepsy susceptibility alleles. Although the inheritance of susceptibility may be complex, these results imply that a number of potentially important and practical, noninvasive models for this disorder can be constructed and studied in crosses between common mouse strains.
44
Hladiy, M. V., O. V. Kruglyak, and I. S. Martynyuk. "CRITERIA FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION UNPRODUCTIVE COSTS FOR DAIRY CATTLE MAINTENANCE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 54 (November 29, 2017): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.54.02.
Full textAbstract:
Costs are an important economic category that have a decisive influence on the definition of pricing policies and the formation of financial performance of the enterprise, characterizing the level of organization of production and application of technologies. According to expediency of their spending, costs are divided into productive and unproductive. Unproductive costs arise in the event of a violation of technology, deficiencies in the organization of production, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the economic evaluation of unproductive costs in breeding dairy cattle is carried out in order to determine their volume and specific weight in total expenses.
An economic evaluation unproductive costs for dairy cattle maintenance should be carried out on the basis of criteria that take into account the main factors affecting the efficiency. These criteria include innovation, production, market, social and environmental. Their assessment under all criteria is conducted using the methods of economic analysis. The reasons and dynamics of their emergence should be the subject of a thorough study of management accounting and financial management of enterprises.
According to the analysis of the structure of the cost of livestock production in state enterprises "Experimental farm "Niva" and "Experimental farm "Khrystynivske" that are part of the network of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets NAAS (Cherkasy region) (Table 1 ), in the structure of the cost of milk production the largest share is the cost of feed (42.6%) and labor remuneration combined with accrual (20.4%). In the production of live weight of cattle for feed and wages account for 76.6% of all costs.
Rational use of feed is one of the main ways to strengthen the economy of the enterprise. In order to avoid unproductive costs, it is necessary to observe all technological stages of production, storage, distribution and feeding of forages. Provision for increasing the efficiency of feed costs is to increase the conversion of feed to products and reduce the cost of the diet and its individual components. In particular, finding suppliers with lower prices for concentrated feeds and milk replacers, growing fodder crops with higher nutrition.
The system for keeping animals is also important. For example, with untied, labor costs by 67% lower than with tied, the profitability of milk production is increased by 4%.
The most economic losses to farms are caused by diseases of the mammary gland, which lead to a decrease in the milk productivity of cows, the quality of milk; an increase in the incidence of calves, and the abandonment of livestock. At present, the total unproductive costs of udder disease are estimated at the equivalent of 5-8% of the gross annual income, or from 2.6 to 4.1 thousand UAH. per cow.
Other unproductive costs of dairy cattle maintenance of productivity direction are financial losses from the reduction of genetic potential, prolongation of the interotional period, the reduction of duration of the economic use of cows, the low quality of milk and the non-equivalent milk sales prices.
Comprehensive economic assessment of unproductive costs, determined in accordance with innovative production, market, social and environmental criteria, will allow, in conditions of relative limited resources, to ensure the effective management of production processes of breeding dairy cattle, aimed at increasing profits.
45
Nunes, Irene, Rosemary D. Higgins, Lucia Zanetta, Peter Shamamian, and Stephen P. Goff. "C-Abl Is Required for the Development of Hyperoxia-Induced Retinopathy." Journal of Experimental Medicine 193, no. 12 (June 18, 2001): 1383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.193.12.1383.
Full textAbstract:
The requirement for the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-abl in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was examined using the mouse model for ROP and c-abl–deficient mice. Hyperoxia-induced retinal neovascularization was observed in wild-type and heterozygous mice but animals that were homozygous null for c-abl did not develop a vasoproliferative retinopathy in response to hyperoxia. Two gene products, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ROP. The mRNA expression of ET-1 and VEGF was assessed in mice maintained in normoxia and in hyperoxia-exposed mice. ET-1 mRNA levels were unchanged in wild-type mice throughout the hyperoxia treatment, suggesting that ET-1 mRNA expression is not regulated by the increase in inspired oxygen. In wild-type mice maintained in room air, VEGF mRNA levels rose threefold from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P17. When wild-type mice were treated with the hyperoxia regimen, a fivefold decrease in VEGF mRNA expression was observed from P7 to P16. However, retinal VEGF expression in hyperoxia-treated homozygous null mice did not decrease and remained at control levels. These data suggest that c-abl is required for the hyperoxia-induced retinal neovascularization and hyperoxia-induced decrease in VEGF mRNA levels.
46
Musa, Laura, Patrizia Casagrande Proietti, Raffaella Branciari, Laura Menchetti, Sara Bellucci, David Ranucci, Maria Luisa Marenzoni, and Maria Pia Franciosini. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli and ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Diffusion in Conventional, Organic and Antibiotic-Free Meat Chickens at Slaughter." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071215.
Full textAbstract:
As a result of public health concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance in animal-based food products, conventional poultry companies have turned to ‘raised without antibiotics’ (ABF) and organic farming systems. In this work, we evaluated the influence of rearing systems on antimicrobial susceptibility in E. coli and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESLB) E. coli diffusion in conventional (C), organic (O) and antibiotic free (ABF) chicken samples collected from cloacal swabs and skin samples in slaughterhouse. The E. coli isolates from conventional (135), antibiotic-free (131) and organic (140) samples were submitted to the Kirby–Bauer method and ESBL E. coli were analyzed by the microdilution test. Conventional samples showed the highest number of strains resistant to ampicillin (89.6%; p < 0.01), cefotaxime (43.7%; p < 0.01), nalidixic acid (57.8%; p < 0.01), ciprofloxacin (44.4%; p < 0.001), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (62.2%; p < 0.01), with patterns of multi-resistance to three (35.1%) and to four antimicrobials (31.3%), whereas most of the E. coli isolated from antibiotic-free and organic chicken samples revealed a co-resistance pattern (29.2% and 39%, respectively). The highest number of ESBL E. coli was observed in conventional, in both cloacal and skin samples and the lowest in organic (p < 0.001). Our results are consistent with the effect of conventional farming practices on E. coli antimicrobial resistance and ESBL E. coli number, due to the use of antimicrobials and close contact with litter for most of the production cycle.
47
Cao, J. J., Y. K. Li, T. Jiang, and G. Hu. "Sulfur-containing particles emitted by concealed sulfide ore deposits: an unknown source of sulfur-containing particles in the atmosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 12 (June 26, 2015): 6959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6959-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Sources of sulfur dioxide, sulfates, and organic sulfur compounds, such as fossil fuels, volcanic eruptions, and animal feeding operations, have attracted considerable attention. In this study, we collected particles carried by geogas flows ascending through soil, geogas flows above the soil that had passed through the soil, and geogas flows ascending through deep faults of concealed sulfide ore deposits, and analysed them using transmission electron microscopy. Numerous crystalline and amorphous sulfur-containing particles or particle aggregations were found in the ascending geogas flows. In addition to S, the particles contained O, Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Na, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, As, Ti, Sr, Ba, Si, etc. Such particles are usually a few to several hundred nanometres in diameter with either regular or irregular morphology. The sulfur-containing particles originated from deep-seated weathering or faulting products of concealed sulfide ore deposits. The particles suspended in the ascending geogas flow migrated through faults from deep-seated sources to the atmosphere. This is a previously unknown source of the atmospheric particles. This paper reports, for the first time, the emission of sulfur-containing particles into the atmosphere from concealed sulfide ore deposits. The climatic and ecological influences of these sulfur-containing particles and particle aggregations should be assessed.
48
Rani, Anam, and Usman Ali. "Degree-Based Topological Indices of Polysaccharides: Amylose and Blue Starch-Iodine Complex." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (April 1, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6652014.
Full textAbstract:
Starch is a polymer of glucose where alpha-linkages are associated with glucopyranose units. It comprises a mixture of amylose and amylopectin. Furthermore, amylose is a linear chain of hundreds of glucose molecules. Starches are not allowed to be dissolved in water. They can be digested by breaking down alpha bonds (glycosidic bonds). Its cyclic degradation products, called cyclodextrins, are the best role models for amylose. They can be considered simple turns of the amylose propeller that has imploded into a circular path. Both humans and animals have amylases, which allow them to digest starches. The important sources of starch include potatoes, rice, wheat, and maize for human consumption. The production of starches is how plants store glucose. The blue colour of starch produced by an iodine solution or iodine reaction is used for its identification. Polysaccharides with a reduced degree of polymerization, known as dextrins, are produced in the starch’s partial acid hydrolysis. Complete hydrolysis leads to glucose. In this article, we compute the topological properties: Zagreb index M 1 Γ and M 2 Γ , Randić index R α Γ for α = − 1 / 2 , − 1 , 1 / 2 , 1 , atom-bond connectivity index ABC Γ , geometric-arithmetic index GA Γ , fourth atom-bond connectivity index ABC 4 Γ , fifth geometric-arithmetic index GA 5 Γ , and degree-based topological indices of a graph Γ representing polysaccharides, namely, amylose and blue starch-iodine complex. In the end, we compare these indices and depict their graphic behavior.
49
Abramyan, A. "IMPACT OF FEED AND SUPPLEMENTATION ON COW DAIRY PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE." Adaptive Fodder Production 2021, no. 2 (July 14, 2021): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/afp-2222-5366-2021-2-81-85.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of balancing rations of cows taking into account daily yields, additives, quality of volume feed, as well as the cost of rations, the economic efficiency of the complex of feed additives is deter-mined. The observations were carried out in farm in the Tver region, the Agrofirm Dmitrova Gora JSC. The branch, where the research was carried out, includes several sites for milk production and cultivation of young cattle. From lactating cows Holstein breed expect to receive the maximum amount of dairy products, both for lactation, and for the entire life of use. But the expectation should be active, the animal should be properly prepared for the physiologically stressful period of milk formation. Based on the re-sults, it can be stated that the volume feed in the farm, which breeds highly productive Holstein cattle, should be the 1 and 2 class. The additional cost of a complete balance of the diet while increasing the dai-ly yield from 17 kg to 39 kg using a set of feed additives pays off, reducing the total cost of feed in the calculation by 1 kg of milk received and increasing feed payment by 88.1%.
50
Guseev, Yu V., О. V. Мelnyk, E. A. Gladyr, and N. A. Zinovieva. "THE POLYMORPHISM OF THE POPULATION OF THE UKRAINIAN RIVER BUFFALO AT MICROSATELLITE DNA LOCI." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (March 28, 2018): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.37.
Full textAbstract:
According to the zoological classification Asian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are divided into two subspecies i.e. river buffalo and swamp buffalo. The river buffalo is bred in Ukraine. The water buffalo is a kind of farm animals, which has been used by the mankind as draft-cattle and for obtaining milk and meat for food since ancient times. Buffaloes have adapted to living in countries with hot humid climate, they are bred around the world, from tropical to temperate regions and even in highland areas. In many Asian countries they are used as financial guarantors for loans and as a financial asset that can be sold if necessary. The breeding of water buffaloes of Asian origin in livestock production does not compete with mankind in the food chain, because these farm animals are undemanding to fodder; they efficiently convert poor quality fodder, such as reed, sedge, shrub vegetation, straw of rice, of rye, of triticale, and of flax etc., and waste products of food and sugar industries caused by processing in foods with high biological value and production of biofertilizers for improving soil fertility and structure. Buffaloes are resistant to pyroplasmosis, anaplasmosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, hoofed rot, diseases of the reproductive system and other diseases distributed within the species Bos Taurus taurus. Nowadays there are more than 182 million head of the buffalo in the world. Most of their population is concentrated in Asia and is 96.99% (174 mil. head) of the world number; the number in Egypt is 2.24% (3.7 mil. head), in America – 0.64% (4.3 mil. head) and in Europe – 0.15% (459 tsd. head). In Australia, the swamp buffalo is mainly bred, its number is from 70 tsd. to 200 tsd. head. Regardless of the geographical location of countries the buffalo population is intensively increasing in all the continents. During the period of 1961 – 2007 the number of buffalo increased by 54.05% or 85.84 mil. head in Asia, by 37.69% (2.48 mil. head) in Africa, by 6.14% (1.07 mil. head) in America. In Europe, the number of buffalo has declined from 0.73 to 0.25 mil. head or by 270.37%. Unfortunately, the trend of growth of the species Bubalus bubalis in North America and Europe is not observed, the main reason for that is still excessive enthusiasm to the breeding of Holstein cattle. The number of buffaloes in these two continents is less than 1% of the global number of the buffaloes, but thanks to the Italian breeders the reduction of the buffalo population in Europe could be stopped. Developed European countries, the USA, Canada, Israel etc. are gradually increasing buffalo herd and forming a new branch of cattle husbandry i.e. buffalo-breeding. In Ukraine, the number of buffaloes is not significant, but on the total amount of derived milk it is not inferior to the "supermilk" Holstein breed. Milk and meat derived from buffalo may be the basic foundation of organic products for the Ukrainian population. Therefore, the study of genetic diversity of buffaloes is particularly important. One way to study it is to use molecular genetic markers, including sequences of DNA polymorphism of which is caused by differences in the nucleotide sequences of different alleles at one locus. One of these types of genetic markers is microsatellite loci of the DNA. In recent years genetic characteristics of buffaloes with using microsatellites has acquired special distribution. This is confirmed by numerous studies of foreign authors. Despite a number of existing microsatellite loci used for research, genetic analysis with using buffalo microsatellite loci for cattle is very efficient. This paper presents the results of studies of genetic diversity of domestic buffalo population (Bubalus bubalis), the number of which decreased significantly in the recent decades in Ukraine. The material for these studies was 64 buffalo head, which are bred in «Golosеevo» farm, Kyiv region, and private households of residents of the Transcarpathian region. Genomic DNA was isolated from cartilage tissues from ears. Genetic analysis was performed using 11 microsatellite loci (BM1818, BM2113, BM1824, INRA023, ILST006, ETH10, ETH185, ETH225, SPS115, TGLA126, TGLA227), which are recommended by ISAG for genotyping of cattle. The results of studies showed that the average number of alleles per locus was 6.55. The value of observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.260 to 0.980, expected one ranged from 0.291 (BM2113) to 0.753 (TGLA227). All microsatellite loci except BM1818, ETH185 and BM2113 showed high level of polymorphism. The most polymorphic locus was TGLA227. Despite the limited number of buffaloes, in the studied population an excess of heterozygous genotypes at the level of 5.5% was established. It indicates the existence of high genetic variability of population. For TGLA126 was determined the largest excess of heterozygous genotypes – 34.2%, while for BM1818 was fixed maximum deficit of heterozygotes – 27.3%. Despite the use of microsatellite loci, which are recommended for cattle genotyping, the efficiency of their use for genetic analysis of buffaloes was very high (more than 99.99%). It indicates the ability and efficiency of use of selected microsatellite loci for allele pool evaluation and genetic diversity characterization of Ukrainian buffalo population.